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<li id="toc-Religious_toleration_and_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_toleration_and_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Religious toleration and refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_toleration_and_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Economic growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amsterdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amsterdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Amsterdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amsterdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Stadtholderless_Period_(1650–1675)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Stadtholderless_Period_(1650–1675)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1675)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Stadtholderless_Period_(1650–1675)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_and_Second_Anglo-Dutch_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_Second_Anglo-Dutch_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_Second_Anglo-Dutch_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Dutch_War_and_Third_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1672–1702)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Dutch_War_and_Third_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1672–1702)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Dutch_War_and_Third_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1672–1702)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Stadtholderless_Period_(1702–1747)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Stadtholderless_Period_(1702–1747)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Second Stadtholderless Period (1702–1747)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Stadtholderless_Period_(1702–1747)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_decline_after_1730" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_decline_after_1730"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Economic decline after 1730</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_decline_after_1730-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Orangist_revolution_(1747–1751)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Orangist_revolution_(1747–1751)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>The Orangist revolution (1747–1751)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Orangist_revolution_(1747–1751)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency_and_indolent_rule_(1752–1779)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency_and_indolent_rule_(1752–1779)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency_and_indolent_rule_(1752–1779)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1780–1784)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1780–1784)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1780–1784)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriot_rebellion_and_its_suppression_(1785–1795)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriot_rebellion_and_its_suppression_(1785–1795)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriot_rebellion_and_its_suppression_(1785–1795)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_van_die_Sewe_Verenigde_Nederlande" title="Republiek van die Sewe Verenigde Nederlande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Republiek van die Sewe Verenigde Nederlande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جمهورية هولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية هولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincies_Xun%C3%ADes_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Baxos" title="Provincies Xuníes de los Países Baxos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Provincies Xuníes de los Países Baxos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeddi_Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_%C6%8Fyal%C9%99t_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Yeddi Birləşmiş Əyalət Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeddi Birləşmiş Əyalət Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یئددی بیرلشمیش ایالت جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئددی بیرلشمیش ایالت جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Рэспубліка Злучаных правінцый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспубліка Злучаных правінцый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Съединени провинции – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съединени провинции" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provi%C3%B1so%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Proviñsoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proviñsoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncies_Unides" title="Províncies Unides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Províncies Unides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_provincie_nizozemsk%C3%A9" title="Spojené provincie nizozemské – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené provincie nizozemské" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Gweriniaeth yr Iseldiroedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth yr Iseldiroedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Forenede_Nederlande" title="De Forenede Nederlande – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De Forenede Nederlande" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_der_Vereinigten_Niederlande" title="Republik der Vereinigten Niederlande – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Republik der Vereinigten Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandi_Vabariik" title="Hollandi Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hollandi Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ολλανδική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολλανδική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincias_Unidas_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respubliko_de_la_Sep_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Provincoj" title="Respubliko de la Sep Unuiĝintaj Provincoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respubliko de la Sep Unuiĝintaj Provincoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazpi_Herbehere_Batuen_Errepublika" title="Zazpi Herbehere Batuen Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zazpi Herbehere Batuen Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جمهوری هلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces-Unies" title="Provinces-Unies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Provinces-Unies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republyk_fan_de_S%C3%A2n_Feriene_Nederlannen" title="Republyk fan de Sân Feriene Nederlannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Republyk fan de Sân Feriene Nederlannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblacht_na_Seacht_nD%C3%BAiche_Aontaithe" title="Poblacht na Seacht nDúiche Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poblacht na Seacht nDúiche Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachd_nan_Seachd_Roinnean_Aonaichte" title="Poblachd nan Seachd Roinnean Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poblachd nan Seachd Roinnean Aonaichte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincias_Unidas" title="Provincias Unidas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Provincias Unidas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="네덜란드 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միացյալ նահանգների հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միացյալ նահանգների հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="डच गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डच गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Nizozemska" title="Republika Nizozemska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Republika Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandana_republiko" title="Nederlandana republiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nederlandana republiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Belanda" title="Republik Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollenska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Hollenska lýðveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hollenska lýðveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_delle_Sette_Province_Unite" title="Repubblica delle Sette Province Unite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica delle Sette Province Unite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה ההולנדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה ההולנדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бирикген провинцияла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бирикген провинцияла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გაერთიანებული პროვინციების რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაერთიანებული პროვინციების რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_la_Set_Provinzies_Unides" title="Republica de la Set Provinzies Unides – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republica de la Set Provinzies Unides" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublica_Provinciarum_Septem_Foederatarum" title="Respublica Provinciarum Septem Foederatarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Respublica Provinciarum Septem Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlandes_Republika" title="Nīderlandes Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīderlandes Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_vun_de_Siwe_Vereenegte_Prov%C3%ABnzen" title="Republik vun de Siwe Vereenegte Provënzen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Republik vun de Siwe Vereenegte Provënzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97s_Nyderland%C5%B3_provincijos" title="Jungtinės Nyderlandų provincijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinės Nyderlandų provincijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippubliek_vaan_de_Zeve_Vereinegde_Nederlen" title="Rippubliek vaan de Zeve Vereinegde Nederlen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rippubliek vaan de Zeve Vereinegde Nederlen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_nederlandes" title="Republica nederlandes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Republica nederlandes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyes%C3%BClt_Tartom%C3%A1nyok" title="Egyesült Tartományok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyesült Tartományok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Холандска Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холандска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="डच प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डच प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჰოლანდიაშ რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰოლანდიაშ რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جمهورية نيديرلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهورية نيديرلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هلند جمهوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هلند جمهوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Belanda" title="Republik Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden" title="Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_der_Zeuven_Veraenigde_Nederlaanden" title="Republiek der Zeuven Veraenigde Nederlaanden – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Republiek der Zeuven Veraenigde Nederlaanden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ネーデルラント連邦共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネーデルラント連邦共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_forente_Nederlandene" title="De forente Nederlandene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De forente Nederlandene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_sameinte_Nederlanda" title="Dei sameinte Nederlanda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei sameinte Nederlanda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncias_Unidas" title="Províncias Unidas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Províncias Unidas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Zjednoczonych_Prowincji" title="Republika Zjednoczonych Prowincji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republika Zjednoczonych Prowincji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_das_Sete_Prov%C3%ADncias_Unidas_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="República das Sete Províncias Unidas dos Países Baixos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República das Sete Províncias Unidas dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinciile_Unite" title="Provinciile Unite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Provinciile Unite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Република споеных Нидерландох – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Република споеных Нидерландох" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Республика Соединённых провинций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика Соединённых провинций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dutch Republic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dutch Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_siedmich_spojen%C3%BDch_provinci%C3%AD" title="Republika siedmich spojených provincií – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Republika siedmich spojených provincií" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Nizozemska" title="Republika Nizozemska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Republika Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کۆماری ھۆڵەندا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری ھۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Низоземска република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Низоземска република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska_Republika" title="Nizozemska Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nizozemska Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneet_provinssit" title="Yhdistyneet provinssit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistyneet provinssit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiken_F%C3%B6renade_Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Republiken Förenade Nederländerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Republiken Förenade Nederländerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இடச்சுக் குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடச்சுக் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C" title="สาธารณรัฐดัตช์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐดัตช์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="荷兰共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷蘭共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dutch_Republic&params=52_04_47_N_04_18_48_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°04′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°18′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.07972°N 4.31333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.07972; 4.31333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Predecessor state of the Netherlands (1581–1795)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Dutch state as it existed from 1579 to 1795. For the idea of a contemporary republic in the Netherlands, see <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism in the Netherlands</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the <span class="nowrap">Seven United Netherlands</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1579–1795</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statenvlag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of United Provinces"><img alt="Flag of United Provinces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/125px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/188px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/250px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Statenvlag" title="Statenvlag">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_republic_of_the_united_Netherlands_(after_1665).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of United Provinces"><img alt="Coat of arms of United Provinces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_republic_of_the_united_Netherlands_%28after_1665%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_republic_of_the_united_Netherlands_%28after_1665%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_republic_of_the_united_Netherlands_%28after_1665%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_republic_of_the_united_Netherlands_%28after_1665%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_republic_of_the_united_Netherlands_%28after_1665%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_republic_of_the_united_Netherlands_%28after_1665%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands#The_Dutch_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Unity_makes_strength" title="Unity makes strength">Eendracht maakt macht</a></i><br /><i>Concordia res parvæ crescunt</i><div>"Unity makes strength"<br />"Small things flourish by concord"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands_(1789).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in 1789"><img alt="Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands_%281789%29.svg/250px-Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands_%281789%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands_%281789%29.svg/375px-Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands_%281789%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands_%281789%29.svg/500px-Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands_%281789%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in 1789</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed">Dutch Reformed</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1581–1584 (assassinated) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1584–1625 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1625–1647 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1647–1650 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1672–1702 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_III,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William III, Prince of Orange">William III, Prince of Orange</a> <br />(from 1688, was also <br />King William III of England)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1747–1751 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1751–1795 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1581–1585 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Buys" title="Paulus Buys">Paulus Buys</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1586–1619 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1621–1629 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthonie_Duyck" title="Anthonie Duyck">Anthonie Duyck</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1631–1636 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Pauw" title="Adriaan Pauw">Adriaan Pauw</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1636–1651 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Cats" title="Jacob Cats">Jacob Cats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1651–1653 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Pauw" title="Adriaan Pauw">Adriaan Pauw</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1653–1672 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">Johan de Witt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1672–1689 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Fagel" title="Gaspar Fagel">Gaspar Fagel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1689–1720 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthonie_Heinsius" title="Anthonie Heinsius">Anthonie Heinsius</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1720–1727 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_van_Hoornbeek" title="Isaac van Hoornbeek">Isaac van Hoornbeek</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1727–1736 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_Slingelandt" title="Simon van Slingelandt">Simon van Slingelandt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1736–1746 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthonie_van_der_Heim" title="Anthonie van der Heim">Anthonie van der Heim</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1746–1749 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gilles" title="Jacob Gilles">Jacob Gilles</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1749–1772 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Steyn" title="Pieter Steyn">Pieter Steyn</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1772–1787 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Bleiswijk" title="Pieter van Bleiswijk">Pieter van Bleiswijk</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• State Council</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Netherlands)" title="Council of State (Netherlands)">Council of State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1579</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 July 1581</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vranck#The_Deduction" title="François Vranck">Vranck Deduction</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1588</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1648</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Rampjaar</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1672</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1713</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 1795</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1795 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,880,500<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Guilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_rijksdaalder" title="Dutch rijksdaalder">rijksdaalder</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bataafse_Republiek_nationale_vlag.svg/20px-Bataafse_Republiek_nationale_vlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bataafse_Republiek_nationale_vlag.svg/30px-Bataafse_Republiek_nationale_vlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bataafse_Republiek_nationale_vlag.svg/40px-Bataafse_Republiek_nationale_vlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg/20px-Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg/30px-Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg/40px-Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="938" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black_St_George%27s_Cross.svg/20px-Black_St_George%27s_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black_St_George%27s_Cross.svg/30px-Black_St_George%27s_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black_St_George%27s_Cross.svg/40px-Black_St_George%27s_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:70%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="font-size:130%;">History of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 1px 0 1px 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#996600; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae"><span style="color: white;">Belgae</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cana–<br />nefates</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi"><span style="color: white;">Chamavi</span></a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes"><span style="color: white;">Tubantes</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> <small>(55 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span> AD)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> <small>(83–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; border-top:none; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks"><span style="color: white;">Salian Franks</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; -align:top; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px"><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; -align:top; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><i>unpopulated</i><br /><small>(4th–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Saxons#Netherlands" title="Saxons"><span style="color: white;">Saxons</span></a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a><br /><small>(4th–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th</span>)</small> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 0"> </td> <td style="background:#CC99FF; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a><br /><small> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th</span>–734)</small> </td> <td style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a> <small>(481–843)</small>—<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> <small>(800–843)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"><a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> <small>(511–687)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> <small>(843–855)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West<br />Francia</a><br /><small>(843–)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Kingdom of Lotharingia</a> <small>(855– 959)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Duchy of Lower Lorraine</a> <small>(959–)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friesland_(kleine_wapen).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/20px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/30px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/40px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="643" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisian<br />Freedom</a><br /><small>(11–16th<br />century)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg/20px-Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg/30px-Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg/40px-Wapen_graafschap_Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of<br />Holland</a><br /><small>(880–1432)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png/20px-Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png/30px-Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png/40px-Utrecht_-_coat_of_arms.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="494" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht"><span class="nowrap">Bishopric of</span><br />Utrecht</a><br /><small>(695–1456)</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Brabant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="615" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of<br />Brabant</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(1183–1430)</small></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/20px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/30px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/40px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Duchy of<br />Guelders</a><br /><small>(1046–1543)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Flanders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/20px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/30px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/40px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of<br />Flanders</a><br /><small>(862–1384)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/20px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/30px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/40px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of<br />Hainaut</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(1071–1432)</small></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Namur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arms_of_Namur.svg/20px-Arms_of_Namur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arms_of_Namur.svg/30px-Arms_of_Namur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arms_of_Namur.svg/40px-Arms_of_Namur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">County of<br />Namur</a><br /><small><span class="nowrap">(981–1421)</span></small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/20px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/30px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/40px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">P.-Bish.<br />of Liège</a><br /><br /><small><span class="nowrap">(980–1794)</span></small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="419" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of<br />Luxem-<br />bourg</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><small>(1059–1443)</small></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 1px">  </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> <small>(1384–1482)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; padding:0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#efcccb; border:solid 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> <small>(1482–1795)</small><br />(<a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> <small>after 1543</small>) </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px">  </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statenvlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/20px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/30px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/40px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch Republic</a><br /><small>(1581–1795)</small> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a><br /><small>(1556–1714)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px">  </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg/20px-Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg/30px-Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg/40px-Austrian_Low_Countries_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a><br /><small>(1714–1795)</small> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; border-width:0 1px 0 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 1px 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Brabantine_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of Belgium">United States of Belgium</a><br /><small>(1790)</small> </td> <td style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LuikVlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/20px-LuikVlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/30px-LuikVlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LuikVlag.svg/40px-LuikVlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Republic of Liège">R. Liège</a><br /><small>(1789–'91)</small> </td> <td style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#efcccb; border:none; padding:0.25em 0.25em"> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em">  </td> <td style="background:#efcccb; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_navy_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> <small>(1795–1806)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> <small>(1806–1810)</small> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width:1px 1px 0 0"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br />associated with <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> <small>(1795–1804)</small><br />part of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> <small>(1804–1815)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#c1cbf2; border-width: 0 0 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Princip. of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1813–1815)</small> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1815–1830)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Developing_independence_(1815–1890)" title="History of Luxembourg">Gr D. L.</a><br /><small>(1815–)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> <small>(1839–)</small> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a> <small>(1830–)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 1px"> </td> <td style="background:#caf5f7; padding:0.25em 0.25em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Gr D. of<br />Luxem-<br />bourg</a><br /><small>(1890–)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Provinces of the Netherlands</b>, commonly referred to in <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> as the <b>Dutch Republic</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> that existed from 1579 until the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a> in 1795. It was a <a href="/wiki/Predecessor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Predecessor state">predecessor state</a> of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the first independent <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">revolted</a> against <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish rule</a>, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>) and declaring their independence in 1581 (the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>). The seven provinces it comprised were <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Groningen</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Frisia" title="Lordship of Frisia">Frisia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Guelders</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>), <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>), and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>). It was officially known as the <b>Republic of the Seven United Netherlands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden</i>). </p><p>Although the state was small and had only around 1.5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>. Through its trading companies, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (GWC), it established a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonial empire</a>. The income from this trade allowed the Dutch Republic to compete militarily against much larger countries. It amassed a huge fleet of 2,000 ships, initially larger than the fleets of England and France combined. Major conflicts were fought in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a> (1598–1663), four <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> (the first against the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, two against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, and a fourth against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">1665–1667</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">1672–1674</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">1780–1784</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> (1672–1678), <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Grand Alliance">War of the Grand Alliance</a> (1688–1697), the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1702–1713), the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Austrian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Austrian Succession">War of Austrian Succession</a> (1744–1748), and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> (1792–1795) against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>. </p><p>The republic was more tolerant of different religions and ideas than contemporary states, allowing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> to its residents. Artists flourished under this regime, including painters such as <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, and many others. So did scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>. Dutch trade, science, armed forces, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century, a period which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>. </p><p>The republic was a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of provinces, each with a high degree of independence from the federal assembly, known as the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands#Dutch_Republic" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648), the republic gained approximately 20% more territory, located outside the member provinces, which was ruled directly by the States General as <a href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a>. Each province was led by an official known as the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for 'steward'); this office was nominally open to anyone, but most provinces appointed a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orange">House of Orange</a>. The position gradually became hereditary, with the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a> simultaneously holding most or all of the stadtholderships, making him effectively the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. This created tension between political factions: the <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangists</a> favoured a powerful stadtholder, while the Republicans favoured a strong States General. The Republicans forced two <a href="/wiki/Stadtholderless_Period_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Stadtholderless Period (disambiguation)">Stadtholderless Periods</a>, 1650–1672 and 1702–1747, with the latter causing <a href="/wiki/Orangist_revolution" title="Orangist revolution">national instability</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> status. </p><p>Economic decline led to a period of political instability known as the <a href="/wiki/Patriottentijd" title="Patriottentijd">Patriottentijd</a> (1780–1787).<sup id="cite_ref-:022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unrest was temporarily suppressed by a <a href="/wiki/Prussian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Prussian invasion of Holland">Prussian invasion</a> in support of the stadtholder. The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> reignited these tensions. Following military defeat by France, the stadtholder was expelled in the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a> of 1795, ending the Dutch Republic, which was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_I,_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg/150px-William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg/225px-William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg/300px-William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4876" data-file-height="6728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William of Orange</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Thomasz_Key" title="Adriaen Thomasz Key">Adriaen Thomasz Key</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Until the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>—corresponding roughly to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>—consisted of a number of <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchies</a>, counties, and <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">prince-bishoprics</a>, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a>, most of which was under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>. </p><p>Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Burgundy</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. In 1549, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1549">Pragmatic Sanction</a>, which further unified the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. In 1568, the Netherlands, led by <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Orange">William I of Orange</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Hoorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn">Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont" title="Lamoral, Count of Egmont">Lamoral, Count of Egmont</a> revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the start of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. During the initial phase of the war, the revolt was largely unsuccessful. Spain regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. This period is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury" title="Spanish Fury">Spanish Fury</a>" due to the high number of massacres, instances of mass looting, and total destruction of multiple cities and in particular <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> between 1572 and 1579. </p><p>In 1579, a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a>. This was followed in 1581 by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. Dutch colonialism began at this point, as the Netherlands was able to swipe a number of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonies</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region. After the assassination of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William of Orange</a> on 10 July 1584, both <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I of England</a> declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of England (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch" title="Treaty of Nonsuch">Treaty of Nonsuch</a>, 1585), and sent the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_Earl_of_Leicester" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a> as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a>. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by Spain until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_toleration_and_refugees">Religious toleration and refugees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious toleration and refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">History of the Jews in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Portret_van_Baruch_de_Spinoza_-_MB01920_-_Jewish_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anonymous_-_Portret_van_Baruch_de_Spinoza_-_MB01920_-_Jewish_Museum.jpg/150px-Anonymous_-_Portret_van_Baruch_de_Spinoza_-_MB01920_-_Jewish_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anonymous_-_Portret_van_Baruch_de_Spinoza_-_MB01920_-_Jewish_Museum.jpg/225px-Anonymous_-_Portret_van_Baruch_de_Spinoza_-_MB01920_-_Jewish_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anonymous_-_Portret_van_Baruch_de_Spinoza_-_MB01920_-_Jewish_Museum.jpg/300px-Anonymous_-_Portret_van_Baruch_de_Spinoza_-_MB01920_-_Jewish_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Anonymous portrait of the Dutch philosopher <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>. He was of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Portuguese-Jewish</a> origin.</figcaption></figure> <p>An important factor in the growth of the Netherlands as an economic power was the influx of groups seeking <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> of the Dutch Republic. In particular, it became the destination of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_and_Spanish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese and Spanish Jews">Portuguese and Spanish Jews</a> fleeing the Inquisitions in Iberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, poorer <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">German Jews</a>. The Portuguese Jewish community had many wealthy merchants who, both lived openly as Jews and participated in the thriving economy on a par with wealthy Dutch merchants. The Netherlands became home to many other notable refugees, including Protestants from Antwerp and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, which remained under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Catholic rule</a>; French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>; and <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a>). Many immigrants came to the cities of Holland in the 17th and 18th century from the Protestant parts of Germany and elsewhere. The number of first-generation immigrants from outside the Netherlands in Amsterdam was nearly 50% in the 17th and 18th centuries. Amsterdam, which was a hub of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic world">Atlantic world</a>, had a population primarily of immigrants and others not considered Dutch, if one includes second and third generation immigrants. There were also migrants from the Dutch countryside. People in most parts of Europe were poor and many were unemployed. But in Amsterdam there was always work. Religious toleration was important, because a continuous influx of immigrants was necessary for the economy. Travellers visiting Amsterdam reported their surprise at the lack of control over the influx.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_growth">Economic growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Job_Adriaensz._Berckheyde_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Job_Adriaensz._Berckheyde_001.jpg/220px-Job_Adriaensz._Berckheyde_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Job_Adriaensz._Berckheyde_001.jpg/330px-Job_Adriaensz._Berckheyde_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Job_Adriaensz._Berckheyde_001.jpg/440px-Job_Adriaensz._Berckheyde_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Job_Adriaenszoon_Berckheyde" title="Job Adriaenszoon Berckheyde">Job Adriaenszoon Berckheyde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The era of explosive economic growth is roughly coterminous with the period of social and cultural bloom that has been called the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, and that actually formed the material basis for that cultural era. Amsterdam became the hub of world trade, the center into which staples and luxuries flowed for sorting, processing, and distribution, and then reexported around Europe and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1585 through 1622 there was the rapid accumulation of trade capital, often brought in by refugee merchants from Antwerp and other ports. The money was typically invested in high-risk ventures like pioneering expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> to engage in the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>. These ventures were soon consolidated in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC). There were similar ventures in different fields however, like the trade on Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. The profits of these ventures were ploughed back in the financing of new trade, which led to its exponential growth.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapid industrialization led to the rapid growth of the nonagricultural labor force and the increase in real wages during the same time. In the half-century between 1570 and 1620 this labor supply increased 3 percent per annum, a truly phenomenal growth. Despite this, nominal wages were repeatedly increased, outstripping price increases. In consequence, real wages for unskilled laborers were 62 percent higher in 1615–1619 than in 1575–1579.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amsterdam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Amsterdam" title="History of Amsterdam">History of Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Dam_in_Amsterdam,_by_Gerrit_Adriaensz_Berckheyde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Dam_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Gerrit_Adriaensz_Berckheyde.jpg/220px-The_Dam_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Gerrit_Adriaensz_Berckheyde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Dam_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Gerrit_Adriaensz_Berckheyde.jpg/330px-The_Dam_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Gerrit_Adriaensz_Berckheyde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Dam_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Gerrit_Adriaensz_Berckheyde.jpg/440px-The_Dam_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Gerrit_Adriaensz_Berckheyde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a></i> in the late 17th century: painting by <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Adriaenszoon_Berckheyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde">Gerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-1660s <a href="/wiki/History_of_Amsterdam" title="History of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> had reached the optimum population (about 200,000) for the level of trade, commerce and agriculture then available to support it. The city contributed the largest quota in taxes to the States of Holland which in turn contributed over half the quota to the States General. Amsterdam was also one of the most reliable in settling tax demands and therefore was able to use the threat to withhold such payments to good effect.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amsterdam was governed by a body of regents, a large, but closed, oligarchy with control over all aspects of the city's life, and a dominant voice in the foreign affairs of Holland. Only men with sufficient wealth and a long enough residence within the city could join the ruling class. The first step for an ambitious and wealthy merchant family was to arrange a marriage with a long-established regent family. In the 1670s one such union, that of the Trip family (the Amsterdam branch of the Swedish arms makers) with the son of Burgomaster Valckenier, extended the influence and patronage available to the latter and strengthened his dominance of the council. The oligarchy in Amsterdam thus gained strength from its breadth and openness. In the smaller towns family interest could unite members on policy decisions but contraction through intermarriage could lead to the degeneration of the quality of the members. </p><p>In Amsterdam the network was so large that members of the same family could be related to opposing factions and pursue widely separated interests. The young men who had risen to positions of authority in the 1670s and 1680s consolidated their hold on office well into the 1690s and even the new century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amsterdam's regents provided good services to residents. They spent heavily on the water-ways and other essential infrastructure, as well as municipal almshouses for the elderly, hospitals and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_view_of_Amsterdam_1665-1670.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_view_of_Amsterdam_1665-1670.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_view_of_Amsterdam_1665-1670.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_view_of_Amsterdam_1665-1670.jpg/330px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_view_of_Amsterdam_1665-1670.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_view_of_Amsterdam_1665-1670.jpg/440px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_view_of_Amsterdam_1665-1670.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>A view of Amsterdam, by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael">Jacob van Ruisdael</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Amsterdam's wealth was generated by its commerce, which was in turn sustained by the judicious encouragement of entrepreneurs whatever their origin. This open door policy has been interpreted as proof of a tolerant ruling class. But tolerance was practiced for the convenience of the city. Therefore, the wealthy Sephardic Jews from Portugal were welcomed and accorded all privileges except those of citizenship, but the poor Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe were far more carefully vetted and those who became dependent on the city were encouraged to move on.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, provision for the housing of Huguenot immigrants was made in 1681 when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s religious policy was beginning to drive these Protestants out of France; no encouragement was given to the dispossessed Dutch from the countryside or other towns of Holland. The regents encouraged immigrants to build churches and provided sites or buildings for churches and temples for all except the most radical sects and the Catholics by the 1670s<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although even the Catholics could practice quietly in a chapel within the Beguinhof).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Stadtholderless_Period_(1650–1675)"><span id="First_Stadtholderless_Period_.281650.E2.80.931675.29"></span>First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1675)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1675)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_Netscher_-_Johan_de_Witt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caspar_Netscher_-_Johan_de_Witt.jpg/150px-Caspar_Netscher_-_Johan_de_Witt.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caspar_Netscher_-_Johan_de_Witt.jpg/225px-Caspar_Netscher_-_Johan_de_Witt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caspar_Netscher_-_Johan_de_Witt.jpg/300px-Caspar_Netscher_-_Johan_de_Witt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">Johan de Witt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> of Holland, by <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Netscher" title="Caspar Netscher">Caspar Netscher</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the wars a tension had arisen between the Orange-Nassau leaders and the patrician merchants. The former—the Orangists—were soldiers and centralizers who seldom spoke of compromise with the enemy and looked for military solutions. They included many rural gentry as well as ordinary folk attached to the banner of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange</a>. The latter group were the Republicans, led by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> (a sort of prime minister) and the <a href="/wiki/Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Regents">regents</a> stood for localism, municipal rights, commerce, and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1650, the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William II, Prince of Orange">William II, Prince of Orange</a> suddenly died; his son was a baby and the <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangism (Netherlands)">Orangists</a> were leaderless. The regents seized the opportunity: there would be no new stadtholder in Holland for 22 years. <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">Johan de Witt</a>, a brilliant politician and diplomat, emerged as the dominant figure. Princes of Orange became the stadtholder and an almost hereditary ruler in 1672 and 1748. The Dutch Republic of the United Provinces was a true republic from 1650 to 1672 and 1702–1748. These periods are called the <a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_and_Second_Anglo-Dutch_wars">First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Scheveningen_(Slag_bij_Ter_Heijde)(Jan_Abrahamsz._Beerstraten).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_Scheveningen_%28Slag_bij_Ter_Heijde%29%28Jan_Abrahamsz._Beerstraten%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Scheveningen_%28Slag_bij_Ter_Heijde%29%28Jan_Abrahamsz._Beerstraten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_Scheveningen_%28Slag_bij_Ter_Heijde%29%28Jan_Abrahamsz._Beerstraten%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Scheveningen_%28Slag_bij_Ter_Heijde%29%28Jan_Abrahamsz._Beerstraten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_Scheveningen_%28Slag_bij_Ter_Heijde%29%28Jan_Abrahamsz._Beerstraten%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Scheveningen_%28Slag_bij_Ter_Heijde%29%28Jan_Abrahamsz._Beerstraten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5950" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Scheveningen, 10 August 1653</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch wars">Anglo-Dutch wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></div> <p>The Dutch and English were major rivals in world trade and naval power. Halfway through the 17th century the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Navy" title="Dutch States Navy">Dutch States Navy</a> was the rival of the English <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> as the most powerful navy in the world. The Republic fought a series of three <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch wars">naval wars against England</a> from 1652 to 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1651, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Act_1651" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation Act 1651">Navigation Act</a>, which restricted Dutch trade with English colonies. An incident at sea concerning the Act resulted in the First Anglo-Dutch War, which lasted from 1652 to 1654, ending in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1654)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1654)">Treaty of Westminster (1654)</a>, which left the Navigation Act in effect. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a> in 1660, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> tried to serve his dynastic interests by attempting to make <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">Prince William III of Orange</a>, his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> of the Republic, using some military pressure. King Charles thought a naval war would weaken the Dutch traders and strengthen the English economy and empire, so the Second Anglo-Dutch War was launched in 1665. At first many Dutch ships were captured and the English scored great victories. However, the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway" title="Raid on the Medway">Raid on the Medway</a>, in June 1667, ended the war with a Dutch victory. The Dutch recovered their trade, while the English economy was seriously hurt and its treasury nearly bankrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatly expanded Dutch navy was for years after the world's strongest. The Dutch Republic was at the zenith of its power.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franco-Dutch_War_and_Third_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1672–1702)"><span id="Franco-Dutch_War_and_Third_Anglo-Dutch_War_.281672.E2.80.931702.29"></span>Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Rampjaar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_III_of_England,_(1650-1702).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg/150px-King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg/225px-King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg/300px-King_William_III_of_England%2C_%281650-1702%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, also reigned as <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a> from 1689 to 1702 after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 1672 is known in the Netherlands as the "Disaster Year" (<i><a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Rampjaar</a></i>). England declared war on the Republic, (the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>), followed by France, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> and Cologne, which had all signed alliances against the Republic. France, Cologne and Münster invaded the Republic. Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis, who had accomplished a diplomatic balancing act for a long time, were now the obvious scapegoats. They were lynched, and a new <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a>, William III, was appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Anglo-French attempt to land on the Dutch shore was barely repelled in three desperate naval battles under command of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Netherlands)" title="Admiral (Netherlands)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Ruyter" title="Michiel de Ruyter">Michiel de Ruyter</a>. The advance of French troops from the south was halted by a costly inundation of its own heartland, by breaching river dikes. With the aid of friendly German princes, the Dutch succeeded in fighting back <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, after which the peace was signed with both of them, although some territory in the east was lost forever. Peace was signed with England as well, in 1674 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Second Treaty of Westminster</a>). In 1678, peace was made with France at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nijmegen</a>, although the Spanish and German allies of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch Republic</a> felt betrayed by this. </p><p>In 1688, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> with France, the relations with England reached crisis level once again. Convinced that he needed English support against France and that he had to prevent a second Anglo-French alliance, Stadtholder <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> decided he had to take a huge gamble and invade England. To this end he secured the support from the Dutch States-General and from Protestant English nobles opposed to William's Catholic father-in-law <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> and cemented the principle of parliamentary rule and Protestant ascendency in England. James fled to France, and William ascended to the English throne as co-monarch with his wife Mary, James' eldest daughter. This manoeuvre secured England as a critical ally of the United Provinces in its ongoing war with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>. William was the commander of the Dutch and English armies and fleets until his death in 1702. During William's reign as King of England, his primary focus was leveraging English manpower and finances to aid the Dutch against the French. The combination continued during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> after his death as the combined Dutch, English, and Imperial armies conquered Flanders and Brabant, and invaded French territory before the alliance collapsed in 1713 due to British political infighting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Stadtholderless_Period_(1702–1747)"><span id="Second_Stadtholderless_Period_.281702.E2.80.931747.29"></span>Second Stadtholderless Period (1702–1747)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Stadtholderless Period (1702–1747)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_Troost_-_De_inspecteurs_van_het_Collegium_Medicum_-_SA_7411_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cornelis_Troost_-_De_inspecteurs_van_het_Collegium_Medicum_-_SA_7411_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/220px-Cornelis_Troost_-_De_inspecteurs_van_het_Collegium_Medicum_-_SA_7411_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cornelis_Troost_-_De_inspecteurs_van_het_Collegium_Medicum_-_SA_7411_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/330px-Cornelis_Troost_-_De_inspecteurs_van_het_Collegium_Medicum_-_SA_7411_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cornelis_Troost_-_De_inspecteurs_van_het_Collegium_Medicum_-_SA_7411_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/440px-Cornelis_Troost_-_De_inspecteurs_van_het_Collegium_Medicum_-_SA_7411_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>The Inspectors of the Collegium Medicum in Amsterdam, by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Troost" title="Cornelis Troost">Cornelis Troost</a>, 1724. This period is known as the "Periwig Era".</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Second Stadtholderless Period</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Tweede Stadhouderloze Tijdperk</i>) is the designation in Dutch <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of the period between the death of <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> on 19 March<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1702 and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV, Prince of Orange</a> as stadtholder and captain general in all provinces of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch Republic</a> on 2 May 1747. During this period the office of stadtholder was left vacant in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>, though in other provinces that office was filled by members of the House of Nassau-Dietz (later called Orange-Nassau) during various periods. </p><p>During the period, the Republic lost its Great-Power status and its primacy in world trade, processes that went hand-in-hand, the latter causing the former. Though the economy declined considerably, causing deindustrialization and deurbanization in the maritime provinces, a <i>rentier</i>-class kept accumulating a large capital fund that formed the basis for the leading position the Republic achieved in the international capital market. A military crisis at the end of the period caused the <a href="/wiki/Orangist_revolution" title="Orangist revolution">Orangist revolution</a> and the restoration of the Stadtholderate in all provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_decline_after_1730">Economic decline after 1730</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic decline after 1730"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slow economic decline after 1730 was relative: other countries grew faster, eroding the Dutch lead and surpassing it. Wilson identifies three causes. Holland lost its world dominance in trade as competitors emerged and copied its practices, built their own ships and ports, and traded on their own account directly without going through Dutch intermediaries. Second, there was no growth in manufacturing, due perhaps to a weaker sense of industrial entrepreneurship and to the high wage scale. Third the wealthy turned their investments to foreign loans. This helped jump-start other nations and provided the Dutch with a steady income from collecting interest, but leaving them with few domestic sectors with a potential for rapid growth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995999–1018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995999–1018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Dutch fleet declined, merchant interests became dependent on the goodwill of Britain. The main focus of Dutch leaders was reducing the country's considerable budget deficits. Dutch trade and shipping remained at a fairly steady level through the 18th century, but no longer had a near monopoly and also could not match growing British and French competition. The Netherlands lost its position as the trading centre of Northern Europe to Britain. </p><p>Although the Netherlands remained wealthy, investments for the nation's money became more difficult to find. Some investment went into purchases of land for estates, but most went to foreign bonds and Amsterdam remained one of Europe's banking capitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutch culture also declined both in the arts and sciences. Literature for example largely imitated English and French styles with little in the way of innovation or originality. The most influential intellectual was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a> (1647–1706), a Protestant refugee from France who settled in Rotterdam where he wrote the massive <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Historique_et_Critique" title="Dictionnaire Historique et Critique">Dictionnaire Historique et Critique</a></i> (<i>Historical and Critical Dictionary</i>, 1696). It had a major impact on the thinking of <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">The Enlightenment</a> across Europe, giving an arsenal of weapons to critics who wanted to attack religion. It was an encyclopaedia of ideas that argued that most "truths" were merely opinions, and that gullibility and stubbornness were prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious life became more relaxed as well. Catholics grew from 18% to 23% of the population during the 18th century and enjoyed greater tolerance, even as they continued to be outside the political system. They became divided by the feud between moralistic Jansenists (who denied free will) and orthodox believers. One group of Jansenists formed a splinter sect, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a> in 1723. The upper classes willingly embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment, tempered by the tolerance that meant less hostility to organized religion compared to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael19951033–1036_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael19951033–1036-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch universities declined in importance, no longer attracting large numbers of foreign students. The Netherlands remained an important hub of intellectual exchange, creating reviews of foreign publications that made scholars aware of new works in French, German, and English. Dutch painting declined, no longer being innovative, with painters pursuing the styles of the old masters. </p><p>Life for the average Dutchman became slower and more relaxed in the 18th century. The upper and middle classes continued to enjoy prosperity and high living standards. The drive to succeed seemed less urgent. Unskilled laborers remained locked in poverty and hardship. The large underclass of unemployed required government and private charity to survive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Orangist_revolution_(1747–1751)"><span id="The_Orangist_revolution_.281747.E2.80.931751.29"></span>The Orangist revolution (1747–1751)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Orangist revolution (1747–1751)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orangist_revolution" title="Orangist revolution">Orangist revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Stadtholderates of William IV and William V</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1747–1795</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a></td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="class-skin-invert-image"><img alt="class-skin-invert-image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/10px-Arrright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/15px-Arrright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/20px-Arrright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StadhouderWillemIV(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/StadhouderWillemIV%284%29.jpg/220px-StadhouderWillemIV%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/StadhouderWillemIV%284%29.jpg/330px-StadhouderWillemIV%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/StadhouderWillemIV%284%29.jpg/440px-StadhouderWillemIV%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV, Prince of Orange</a>, stadholder from 1747 to 1751 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_v_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Willem_v_%282%29.jpg/220px-Willem_v_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Willem_v_%282%29.jpg/330px-Willem_v_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Willem_v_%282%29.jpg/440px-Willem_v_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="3848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willem_V_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem V of Orange">Willem V of Orange</a>, stadholder from 1751 to 1806, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Wilhelmina of Prussia</a> with three of their five children. From left to right: the future <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I of the Netherlands</a>, Frederick, and Frederica Louise Wilhelmina.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Anthonie_van_der_Heim" title="Anthonie van der Heim">Anthonie van der Heim</a>'s tenure as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> (1737–1746), the Dutch Republic was reluctantly drawn into the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Austrian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Austrian Succession">War of Austrian Succession</a>, despite efforts to remain neutral. French attacks on Dutch fortresses in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> and occupation of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a> led to the Republic joining the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1745)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1745)">Quadruple Alliance</a>, which suffered a significant defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a>. The French invasion exposed the weaknesses of Dutch defenses, leading to memories of <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">"Disaster Year" of 1672</a> and widespread calls for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholderate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtholderate">stadtholderate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV, Prince of Orange</a>, seized this opportunity to consolidate power and place loyal officials in strategic government positions to wrest control from the <a href="/wiki/Regenten" title="Regenten">regenten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The struggle involved religious, anti-Catholic, and democratic elements, as well as mob violence and political agitation. The war concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a>, and the French voluntarily retreated from the Dutch frontier. However, William IV died unexpectedly in 1751 at the age of 40.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency_and_indolent_rule_(1752–1779)"><span id="Regency_and_indolent_rule_.281752.E2.80.931779.29"></span>Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His son, <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V</a>, was 3 years old when his father died, and a long regency characterised by corruption and misrule began. His mother delegated most of the powers of the regency to Bentinck and her favorite, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Louis_Ernest_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>. All power was concentrated in the hands of an unaccountable few, including the Frisian nobleman <a href="/wiki/Douwe_Sirtema_van_Grovestins" title="Douwe Sirtema van Grovestins">Douwe Sirtema van Grovestins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still a teenager, William V assumed the position of <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> in 1766, the last to hold that office. In 1767, he married <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_William_of_Prussia" title="Prince Augustus William of Prussia">Augustus William of Prussia</a>, niece of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>. </p><p>The position of the Dutch during the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> (1775–1783) was one of <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a>. William V, leading the pro-British faction within the government, blocked attempts by anti-Orangist, and later pro-French, elements to drag the government to war. However, things came to a head with the Dutch attempt to join the Russian-led <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a>, leading to the outbreak of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a> in 1780. After the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, the impoverished nation grew restless under William's rule. </p><p>An English historian summed him up uncharitably as "a Prince of the profoundest lethargy and most abysmal stupidity."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And yet he would guide his family through the difficult French-Batavian period and his son would be crowned king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War_(1780–1784)"><span id="Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War_.281780.E2.80.931784.29"></span>Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1781)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)">Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luny" title="Thomas Luny">Thomas Luny</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo%E2%80%93Dutch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Anglo–Dutch War">Fourth Anglo–Dutch War</a> (1780–1784) was a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch Republic</a>. The war, tangentially related to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. </p><p>Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the United States and their allies, U.S. ambassador (and future President) <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognize the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> in April 1782. In October 1782, a treaty of amity and commerce was concluded as well. </p><p>Most of the war consisted of a series of largely successful British operations against Dutch colonial economic interests, although British and Dutch naval forces also <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1781)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)">met once off the Dutch coast</a>. The war ended disastrously for the Dutch and exposed the weakness of the political and economic foundations of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1784)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Paris (1784)">Treaty of Paris (1784)</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>, "sounded the knell of Dutch greatness."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriot_rebellion_and_its_suppression_(1785–1795)"><span id="Patriot_rebellion_and_its_suppression_.281785.E2.80.931795.29"></span>Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonas_Zeuner_-_Vuurgevecht_aan_de_Vaartse_Rijn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jonas_Zeuner_-_Vuurgevecht_aan_de_Vaartse_Rijn.jpg/220px-Jonas_Zeuner_-_Vuurgevecht_aan_de_Vaartse_Rijn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jonas_Zeuner_-_Vuurgevecht_aan_de_Vaartse_Rijn.jpg/330px-Jonas_Zeuner_-_Vuurgevecht_aan_de_Vaartse_Rijn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jonas_Zeuner_-_Vuurgevecht_aan_de_Vaartse_Rijn.jpg/440px-Jonas_Zeuner_-_Vuurgevecht_aan_de_Vaartse_Rijn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Firefight on the <a href="/wiki/Vaartse_Rijn" title="Vaartse Rijn">Vaartse Rijn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jutphaas" title="Jutphaas">Jutphaas</a> on 9 May 1787. The pro-revolutionary Utrecht <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(Dutch_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (Dutch Republic)">Patriots</a> are on the right; the troops of <a href="/wiki/Stadholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadholder">stadholder</a> <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a> on the left. (Painted by Jonas Zeuner, 1787)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war with Great Britain ended disastrously in 1784, there was growing unrest and a rebellion by the anti-Orangist <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(Dutch_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (Dutch Republic)">Patriots</a>. Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the Patriots sought a more democratic form of government. The opening shot of this revolution is often considered to be the 1781 publication of a manifesto called <i><a href="/wiki/Aan_het_Volk_van_Nederland" title="Aan het Volk van Nederland">Aan het Volk van Nederland</a></i> ("To the People of the Netherlands") by <a href="/wiki/Joan_van_der_Capellen_tot_den_Pol" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol">Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol</a>, who would become an influential leader of the Patriot movement. Their aim was to reduce corruption and the power held by the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the Patriots came mostly from the middle class. They formed <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Exercitiegenootschap" title="Exercitiegenootschap">exercitiegenootschappen</a></i>. In 1785, there was an open Patriot rebellion, which took the form of an armed insurrection by local militias in certain Dutch towns, <i>Freedom</i> being the rallying cry. <a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a> attempted to organise an overthrow of various municipal governments (<a href="/wiki/Vroedschap" title="Vroedschap">vroedschap</a>). The goal was to oust government officials and force new elections. "Seen as a whole this revolution was a string of violent and confused events, accidents, speeches, rumours, bitter enmities and armed confrontations", wrote French historian <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>, who saw it as a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Patriot movement focused more on local political power, where they had no say in their towns' governance. Although they were able to curtail the power of the stadholder, and hold democratic elections in select towns, they were divided in their political vision, which was more local than national. Supporters were drawn from religious dissenters and Catholics in particular places, while pro-stadholder Orangists had more widespread geographical support of sections of the lower classes, the Dutch Reformed clergy, and the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1785 <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">the stadholder</a> left The Hague and moved his court to <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a>, a city remote from the heart of Dutch political life. In June 1787, his energetic wife <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Wilhelmina</a> (the sister of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II of Prussia</a>) tried to travel to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. Outside <a href="/wiki/Schoonhoven" title="Schoonhoven">Schoonhoven</a>, she was stopped by Patriot militiamen and taken to a farm near <a href="/wiki/Goejanverwellesluis" title="Goejanverwellesluis">Goejanverwellesluis</a>. She was forced to return to Nijmegen. She appealed to her brother for help, and he sent some 26,000 troops to invade, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Prussian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Prussian invasion of Holland">suppress the rebellion</a>. The Patriot militias could not contend with these forces, melting away.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch banks at this time still held much of the world's <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>. Government-sponsored banks owned up to 40% of Great Britain's <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">national debt</a> and there were close connections to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>. The stadholder had supported British policies after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and in foreign policy, the stadholder was "little more than a pawn of the British and Prussians", so that Patriot pressure was ignored by William.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This severe military response overwhelmed the Patriots and put the stadholder firmly back in control. A small unpaid Prussian army was billeted in the Netherlands and supported themselves by looting and extortion. The <i>exercitiegenootschappen</i> continued urging citizens to resist the government. They distributed pamphlets, formed "Patriot Clubs" and held public <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrations</a>. The government responded by pillaging those towns where opposition continued. Five leaders were sentenced to death, forcing them to flee. Lynchings also occurred. For a while, no one dared appear in public without an orange cockade to show their support for <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangism (Netherlands)">Orangism</a>. Many Patriots, perhaps around 40,000 in all, fled to Brabant, France (especially <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">St. Omer</a>) and elsewhere. Before long the French became involved in Dutch politics and the tide turned toward the Patriots. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> was popular, and numerous underground clubs were promoting it when in January 1795 the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">French army invaded</a>. The underground rose up, overthrew the municipal and provincial governments, and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution_in_Amsterdam" title="Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam">in Amsterdam</a>. Stadtholder William V fled to England and the States General dissolved itself.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Financial history of the Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder#History" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emanuel_de_Witte_-_De_binnenplaats_van_de_beurs_te_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Emanuel_de_Witte_-_De_binnenplaats_van_de_beurs_te_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Emanuel_de_Witte_-_De_binnenplaats_van_de_beurs_te_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Emanuel_de_Witte_-_De_binnenplaats_van_de_beurs_te_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Emanuel_de_Witte_-_De_binnenplaats_van_de_beurs_te_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Emanuel_de_Witte_-_De_binnenplaats_van_de_beurs_te_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Emanuel_de_Witte_-_De_binnenplaats_van_de_beurs_te_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a> courtyard, 1653</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> in the late-16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated <a href="/wiki/History_of_international_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="History of international trade">world trade</a>, conquering a vast <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">colonial empire</a> and operating the largest fleet of <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchantmen</a> of any nation. When Southern Europe was experiencing poor harvests, the Dutch very profitably exported surplus grain from Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a> was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. In 1650 the <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban population</a> of the Dutch Republic as a percentage of total population was 31.7 percent, while that of the Spanish Netherlands was 20.8 percent, of Portugal 16.6 percent, and of Italy 14 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1675 the urban population density of Holland alone was 61 percent, compared to the rest of the Dutch Republic, where 27 percent lived in urban areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> in the Low Countries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands has the oldest <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> in the world, founded in 1602 by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> has the oldest <a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">bourse</a> in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prakash_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch Republic was a master of banking, often compared to 14th century Florence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Politics and government of the Dutch Republic">Politics and government of the Dutch Republic</a></div> <p>The republic was a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called <a href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a>. The latter were governed directly by the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands#Dutch_Republic" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>, the federal government. The States General were seated in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Duchy of Guelders</a> (corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a> (corresponding to the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">County of Zeeland</a> (corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Lordship of Utrecht</a> (corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Lordship of Overijssel</a> (corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Frisia" title="Lordship of Frisia">Lordship of Frisia</a> (corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Lordship of Groningen</a> (corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>)</li></ol> <p>There was an eighth province, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Drenthe" title="County of Drenthe">County of Drenthe</a> (corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>), but this area was so poor that it was exempt from paying federal taxes, and as a consequence, it was denied representation in the States General, which is why the official name of the state was the "Seven United Netherlands" and not the "Eight United Netherlands". </p><p>Each province was governed by the Provincial States, their main executive official (though not the official head of state) being a <i><a href="/wiki/Raadpensionaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Raadpensionaris">raadpensionaris</a></i> or <i>landsadvocaat</i>. In times of war, the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a>, who commanded the army, would have more power than the <i>raadpensionaris</i>. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">princes of Orange</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. </p><p>Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally governed <a href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a>. These were Staats-Brabant, Staats-Vlaanderen, Staats-Overmaas, and (after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>) Staats-Opper-Gelre. The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>, but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and Zeeland. </p><p>The framers of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._20" title="Federalist No. 20">Federalist No. 20</a>, by <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, shows.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States did not intend to emulate the United Provinces; Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." However, the 1776 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">American Declaration of Independence</a> is similar to the 1581 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-UWM06291998_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UWM06291998-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is no evidence of direct influence. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart_van_de_Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden_Belgii_pars_septentrionalis_communi_nomine_vulgo_Hollandia_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-AO-1-51B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands with colonies, c1707-1729"><img alt="Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands with colonies, c1707-1729" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kaart_van_de_Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden_Belgii_pars_septentrionalis_communi_nomine_vulgo_Hollandia_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-AO-1-51B.jpg/180px-Kaart_van_de_Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden_Belgii_pars_septentrionalis_communi_nomine_vulgo_Hollandia_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-AO-1-51B.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kaart_van_de_Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden_Belgii_pars_septentrionalis_communi_nomine_vulgo_Hollandia_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-AO-1-51B.jpg/270px-Kaart_van_de_Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden_Belgii_pars_septentrionalis_communi_nomine_vulgo_Hollandia_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-AO-1-51B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kaart_van_de_Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden_Belgii_pars_septentrionalis_communi_nomine_vulgo_Hollandia_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-AO-1-51B.jpg/360px-Kaart_van_de_Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden_Belgii_pars_septentrionalis_communi_nomine_vulgo_Hollandia_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-AO-1-51B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5596" data-file-height="4694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands with colonies, c1707-1729</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The united provinces, with Drenthe and the Generality Lands"><img alt="The united provinces, with Drenthe and the Generality Lands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg/177px-Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg/265px-Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg/353px-Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="3250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The united provinces, with <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#Refugees" title="History of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands § Refugees</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emanuel_de_Witte_-_Interior_of_the_Oude_Kerk_at_Delft_during_a_Sermon_-_WGA25811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Emanuel_de_Witte_-_Interior_of_the_Oude_Kerk_at_Delft_during_a_Sermon_-_WGA25811.jpg/170px-Emanuel_de_Witte_-_Interior_of_the_Oude_Kerk_at_Delft_during_a_Sermon_-_WGA25811.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Emanuel_de_Witte_-_Interior_of_the_Oude_Kerk_at_Delft_during_a_Sermon_-_WGA25811.jpg/255px-Emanuel_de_Witte_-_Interior_of_the_Oude_Kerk_at_Delft_during_a_Sermon_-_WGA25811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Emanuel_de_Witte_-_Interior_of_the_Oude_Kerk_at_Delft_during_a_Sermon_-_WGA25811.jpg/340px-Emanuel_de_Witte_-_Interior_of_the_Oude_Kerk_at_Delft_during_a_Sermon_-_WGA25811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Sermon at the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk_(Delft)" title="Oude Kerk (Delft)">Oude Kerk at Delft</a>, 1651</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> became the "public" or "privileged" church in the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled <a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">tradesman</a>) and banned from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor—along with economic reasons—in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the first years of the republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. This has become known as the struggle between <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gomarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomarism">Gomarism</a>, or between <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contra-Remonstrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra-Remonstrants">Contra-Remonstrants</a>. In 1618, the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a> tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith. </p><p>Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_church" title="Clandestine church">private churches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlandse_troepen_tijdens_de_Slag_bij_Malplaquet_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nederlandse_troepen_tijdens_de_Slag_bij_Malplaquet_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nederlandse_troepen_tijdens_de_Slag_bij_Malplaquet_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nederlandse_troepen_tijdens_de_Slag_bij_Malplaquet_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nederlandse_troepen_tijdens_de_Slag_bij_Malplaquet_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nederlandse_troepen_tijdens_de_Slag_bij_Malplaquet_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nederlandse_troepen_tijdens_de_Slag_bij_Malplaquet_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>Dutch troops led by the <a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso" title="John William Friso">Prince of Orange</a> assault the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malplaquet" title="Battle of Malplaquet">battle of Malplaquet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in Dutch society, the <i>Staatsgezinden</i> (Republicans, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Party" title="Dutch States Party">Dutch States Party</a>) and the <i>Prinsgezinden</i> (Royalists or <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangism (Netherlands)">Orangists</a>), sapped the strength and unity of the country. <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">Johan de Witt</a> and the Republicans did reign supreme for a time at the middle of the 17th century (the <a href="/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_Period" title="First Stadtholderless Period">First Stadtholderless Period</a>) until his overthrow and murder in 1672. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of Orange</a> became stadtholder. After a 22-year stadtholderless era, the Orangists regained power, and his first problem was to survive the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> (with the derivative <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>), when France, England, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Münster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a> united against his country. </p><p>Wars to contain the expansionist policies of France in various coalitions after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> burdened the republic with huge debts, although little of the fighting after 1673 took place on Dutch territory. The necessity to maintain a vast army against France meant that less money could be spent on the navy, weakening the republic's economy. After William III's death in 1702 the <a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a> was inaugurated. Despite having contributed much in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the Dutch Republic gained little from the peace talks in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (1713). However, the Dutch had over a period of forty years successfully defended their positions in the Southern Netherlands and their troops were central in the alliances which had halted French territorial expansion in Europe until <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020354_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020354-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> in 1748, and Austria becoming allies with France against Prussia, marked the end of the republic as a major military power.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fierce competition for trade and colonies, especially from France and England, furthered the economic downturn of the country. The three Anglo-Dutch Wars and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> had a negative effect on Dutch shipping and commerce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_Spain" title="List of countries that have gained independence from Spain">List of countries that have gained independence from Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Katzenstein2006" class="citation book cs1">J. Katzenstein, Peter (2006). <i>Religion in an Expanding Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139450942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139450942"><bdi>978-1139450942</bdi></a>. <q>... European Christendom remained divided, and second, because the Spanish monarchy explicitly recognized the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic, despite the fact that the Reformed Church was the official state religion of that polity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+an+Expanding+Europe&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1139450942&rft.aulast=J.+Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Europe/netherlc.htm">Demographics of the Netherlands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226211443/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/netherlc.htm">Archived</a> 26 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jan Lahmeyer. Retrieved on 10 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:022_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietbergen2000" class="citation book cs1">Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131"><i>A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day</i></a> (4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2"><bdi>90-6109-440-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131">52849131</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126115046/https://search.worldcat.org/title/52849131">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Netherlands%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Amersfoort&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Bekking&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52849131&rft.isbn=90-6109-440-2&rft.aulast=Rietbergen&rft.aufirst=P.+J.+A.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52849131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Geyl, <i>History of the Dutch-Speaking Peoples, 1555–1648</i>. Phoenix Press, 2001, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodian, Miriam, <i>Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoost_Jonker1996" class="citation book cs1">Joost Jonker (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xwWAQAAMAAJ"><i>Merchants, bankers, middlemen: the Amsterdam money market during the first half of the 19th century</i></a>. NEHA. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789057420016" title="Special:BookSources/9789057420016"><bdi>9789057420016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants%2C+bankers%2C+middlemen%3A+the+Amsterdam+money+market+during+the+first+half+of+the+19th+century&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=NEHA&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789057420016&rft.au=Joost+Jonker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xwWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Boxer, <i>The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800</i> (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan de Vries and A. van der Woude, <i>The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815</i> (1997) pp. 668–672</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marjolein 't Hart Zanden, et al., <i>A financial history of the Netherlands</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1997). pp 29–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deric Regin, <i>Traders, Artists, Burghers: A Cultural History of Amsterdam in the 17th century</i> (Van Gorcum, 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Elizabeth, "Amsterdam and William III", <i>History Today,</i> (Dec 1993), Vol. 43, Issue 12 pp. 25–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElise_Van_Nederveen_MeerkerkGriet_Vermeesch2010" class="citation book cs1">Elise Van Nederveen Meerkerk; Griet Vermeesch (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyqI-UjSTy8C&pg=PA158"><i>Serving the Urban Community: The Rise of Public Facilities in the Low Countries</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052603506" title="Special:BookSources/9789052603506"><bdi>9789052603506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serving+the+Urban+Community%3A+The+Rise+of+Public+Facilities+in+the+Low+Countries&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789052603506&rft.au=Elise+Van+Nederveen+Meerkerk&rft.au=Griet+Vermeesch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyqI-UjSTy8C%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_BernardiniNorman_Fiering2004" class="citation book cs1">Paolo Bernardini; Norman Fiering (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0JAGMuePO0C&pg=PA372"><i>The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1400–1800</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571814302" title="Special:BookSources/9781571814302"><bdi>9781571814302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+and+the+Expansion+of+Europe+to+the+West%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781571814302&rft.au=Paolo+Bernardini&rft.au=Norman+Fiering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm0JAGMuePO0C%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2003" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NCvyi5_m6ScC&pg=PA111"><i>The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521544061" title="Special:BookSources/9780521544061"><bdi>9780521544061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Dutch+Moment%3A+Essays+on+the+Glorious+Revolution+and+Its+World+Impact&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521544061&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNCvyi5_m6ScC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Dunford2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin Dunford; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16nrEWPp-GQC&pg=PA58"><i>The Rough Guide to Amsterdam</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858288987" title="Special:BookSources/9781858288987"><bdi>9781858288987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Amsterdam&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781858288987&rft.au=Martin+Dunford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16nrEWPp-GQC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugen Weber, <i>A Modern History of Europe</i> (1971) p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Richard_Hill2002" class="citation book cs1">John Richard Hill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzrya4r-2n8C&pg=PA73"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198605270" title="Special:BookSources/9780198605270"><bdi>9780198605270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Royal+Navy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780198605270&rft.au=John+Richard+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbzrya4r-2n8C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gijs Rommelse, "Prizes and Profits: Dutch Maritime Trade during the Second Anglo-Dutch War", <i>International Journal of Maritime History</i> (2007) 19#2 pp. 139–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. R. Hainsworth, et al. <i>The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652–1674</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johan-De-Witt">"Johan De Witt"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 20 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Johan+De+Witt&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohan-De-Witt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the date from the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> that was followed at the time in the Dutch Republic; according to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, still used in England at the time, the date of death was 8 March.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. H. Wilson, "The Economic Decline of the Netherlands", <i>Economic History Review</i> (1939) 9#2 pp. 111–127, esp. p. 113 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590218">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995999–1018-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995999–1018_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel (1995)</a>, pp. 999–1018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson, "Pierre Bayle", <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayle/">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael19951033–1036-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael19951033–1036_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel (1995)</a>, pp. 1033–1036.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995996–997,_1069–1087_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel (1995)</a>, pp. 996–997, 1069–1087.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulford, Roger <i>Royal Dukes</i> William Collins and Son London 1933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edler, Friedrich, <i>The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution</i> (1911, reprinted 2001) Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a>, <i>The Perspective of the World</i> vol. III of <i>Civilization and Capitalism</i> 1984. p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, James C. <i>A Concise History of The Netherlands</i>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, <i>A Concise History of the Netherlands</i>, pp. 258-59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, <i>A Concise History of the Netherlands</i>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, <i>A Concise History of the Netherlands</i>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Cook & J. Stevenson, <i>The routledge companion to European history since 1763</i> (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), p. 66; J. Dunn, <i>Democracy: A history</i> (NY: Atlantic Books, 2005), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittell" class="citation book cs1">Littell, McDougal. "21". <i>World History Pattern of Interaction</i>. pp. 594b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21&rft.btitle=World+History+Pattern+of+Interaction&rft.pages=594b&rft.aulast=Littell&rft.aufirst=McDougal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookBroadhead2006" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chris; Broadhead, Philip (2006). "Population, Urbanisation and Health". <i>The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453–1763</i>. Abingdon and New York. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population%2C+Urbanisation+and+Health&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Early+Modern+Europe%2C+1453%E2%80%931763&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=186&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Broadhead%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrighi2002" class="citation book cs1">Arrighi, G. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri/page/47"><i>The Long Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. London, New York: Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri/page/47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-015-9"><bdi>1-85984-015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85984-015-9&rft.aulast=Arrighi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongtwentiethcen00arri%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijnhardt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mijnhardt, Wijnand W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fbmgn-lchr.7118">"Urbanization, Culture and the Dutch Origins of the European Enlightenment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMGN:_Low_Countries_Historical_Review" title="BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review">BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review</a></i>. <b>125</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): 143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fbmgn-lchr.7118">10.18352/bmgn-lchr.7118</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMGN%3A+Low+Countries+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Urbanization%2C+Culture+and+the+Dutch+Origins+of+the+European+Enlightenment&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18352%2Fbmgn-lchr.7118&rft.aulast=Mijnhardt&rft.aufirst=Wijnand+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18352%252Fbmgn-lchr.7118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrighi2002" class="citation book cs1">Arrighi, G. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri/page/47"><i>The Long Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. London, New York: Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri/page/47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-015-9"><bdi>1-85984-015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85984-015-9&rft.aulast=Arrighi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongtwentiethcen00arri%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrighi2002" class="citation book cs1">Arrighi, G. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri/page/47"><i>The Long Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. London, New York: Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri/page/47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-015-9"><bdi>1-85984-015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85984-015-9&rft.aulast=Arrighi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongtwentiethcen00arri%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tong-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tong_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunie_T._Tong2016" class="citation book cs1">Junie T. Tong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7"><bdi>978-1-317-13522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Society+in+21st+Century+China%3A+Chinese+Culture+Versus+Western+Markets&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-13522-7&rft.au=Junie+T.+Tong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UQGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esposito_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190"><i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i></a>. Vol. 1: Abba – Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3"><bdi>978-0-19-516520-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111739/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516520-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZcohRpc4OsC%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanda, J. N (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Bengal: the unique state</i>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-149-2</bdi></a>. <q>Bengal ... was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+the+unique+state&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company.+p.+10.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-149-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_(historian)" title="Om Prakash (historian)">Om Prakash</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320">Empire, Mughal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>History of World Trade Since 1450</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">John J. McCusker</a>, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, <i>World History in Context</i>. Retrieved 3 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Madison1787" class="citation book cs1">James Madison (11 December 1787). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers/No._20"><i>Fœderalist No. 20</i></a>. Morrisiana, NY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235836/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers/No._20">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C5%93deralist+No.+20&rft.pub=Morrisiana%2C+NY&rft.date=1787-12-11&rft.au=James+Madison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Federalist_Papers%2FNo._20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UWM06291998-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UWM06291998_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Wolff1998" class="citation news cs1">Barbara Wolff (29 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049">"Was Declaration of Independence inspired by Dutch?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213022057/http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Was+Declaration+of+Independence+inspired+by+Dutch%3F&rft.date=1998-06-29&rft.au=Barbara+Wolff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.wisc.edu%2F3049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Unie_van_Utrecht">"Unie van Utrecht – Wikisource"</a>. <i>nl.wikisource.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723212902/http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Unie_van_Utrecht">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nl.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Unie+van+Utrecht+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FUnie_van_Utrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel (1995)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Maanen2003" class="citation book cs1">van Maanen, R. C. J. (2003). <i>Leiden: de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad. II. 1574–1795</i>. Stichitng Geschiedschrijving Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-806754-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-806754-2-3"><bdi>90-806754-2-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leiden%3A+de+geschiedenis+van+een+Hollandse+stad.+II.+1574%E2%80%931795&rft.pub=Stichitng+Geschiedschrijving+Leiden&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-806754-2-3&rft.aulast=van+Maanen&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020354-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020354_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2020">Van Nimwegen (2020)</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. van Nimwegen, <i>De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid. Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog (1740–1748)</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2005" class="citation book cs1">Adams, J. (2005). <i>The Familial State: Ruling Families and Merchant Capitalism in Early Modern Europe</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3308-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3308-8"><bdi>0-8014-3308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Familial+State%3A+Ruling+Families+and+Merchant+Capitalism+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-3308-8&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxe1990" class="citation book cs1">Boxe, C. R. (1990). <i>The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013618-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013618-5"><bdi>0-14-013618-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Seaborne+Empire%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-013618-5&rft.aulast=Boxe&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtl2008" class="citation book cs1">Ertl, A. W. (2008). <i>Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration</i>. Universal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1599429830" title="Special:BookSources/978-1599429830"><bdi>978-1599429830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Understanding+of+Europe%3A+A+Political+Economic+Pr%C3%A9cis+of+Continental+Integration&rft.pub=Universal+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1599429830&rft.aulast=Ertl&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoftijzer, Paul G., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/hintergruende/buchmarkt/the-dutch-republic-centre-of-the-european-book-trade-in-the-17th-century-dutch-book-trade-be-freigabe"><i>The Dutch Republic, Centre of the European Book Trade in the 17th Century</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230756/http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/hintergruende/buchmarkt/the-dutch-republic-centre-of-the-european-book-trade-in-the-17th-century-dutch-book-trade-be-freigabe">Archived</a> 12 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208042444/http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">Archived</a> 8 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Archived</a> 19 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2015, retrieved: 8 March 2020 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1125542144/34">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227150354/https://d-nb.info/1125542144/34">Archived</a> 27 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Israel, J. I. (1995). <i>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall%2C+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=J.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznicki2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kuznicki, J. T. (2008). "Dutch Republic". <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks: Sage. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dutch+Republic&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Kuznicki&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1998" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, C. G. (1998). <i>Navies in History</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+in+History&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, S.</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/The_Embarrassment_of_Riches:_An_Interpretation_of_Dutch_Culture_in_the_Golden_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age"><i>The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394510750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394510750"><bdi>978-0394510750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embarrassment+of+Riches%3A+An+Interpretation+of+Dutch+Culture+in+the+Golden+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0394510750&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Burg2010" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Burg, M. (2010). "Transforming the Dutch Republic into the Kingdom of Holland". <i>European Review of History</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507481003660811">10.1080/13507481003660811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:217530502">217530502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=Transforming+the+Dutch+Republic+into+the+Kingdom+of+Holland&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507481003660811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A217530502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Van+der+Burg&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). <i>De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning</i> [<i>The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King</i>] (in Dutch). Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-446-3871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-446-3871-4"><bdi>978-90-446-3871-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Veertigjarige+Oorlog+1672%E2%80%931712%3A+de+strijd+van+de+Nederlanders+tegen+de+Zonnekoning&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-446-3871-4&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands">Republic of the Seven United Netherlands</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Netherlands_articles505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands_topics" title="Template talk:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Netherlands_articles505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a 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224.364 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.72% 199.400 25 Template:Cite_book"," 8.89% 112.727 1 Template:Republicanism_sidebar"," 8.71% 110.465 1 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 8.55% 108.391 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.68% 97.429 1 Template:Native_name"," 5.52% 69.970 1 Template:Netherlands_topics"," 5.38% 68.292 1 Template:ISO_3166_code"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.762","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18175501,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrighi2002\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_Wolff1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxe1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookBroadhead2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElise_Van_Nederveen_MeerkerkGriet_Vermeesch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtl2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Katzenstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Madison1787\"] = 1,\n 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historical era\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-for\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Netherlands topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowr\"] = 2,\n [\"Pn\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-w6tcj","timestamp":"20250220012237","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_Republic","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170072","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170072","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-20T14:46:47Z","dateModified":"2025-01-07T22:36:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5d\/Statenvlag.svg","headline":"predecessor state of the Netherlands (1581\u20131795)"}</script> </body> </html>