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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Development Economics</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">848,688 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Development Economics</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Development_Economics">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31271128" data-work_id="31271128" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31271128/Method_Data_Envelopment_Analysis_for_Estimating_of_Efficiency_in_Indication_of_Poverty">Method Data Envelopment Analysis for Estimating of Efficiency in Indication of Poverty</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper studies the pattern of poverty, discusses various strategies of poverty reduction. The level of poverty is being analyzed according to various criteria. In this paper we propose to build the changes in relevant indicators of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31271128" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper studies the pattern of poverty, discusses various strategies of poverty reduction. The level of poverty is being analyzed according to various criteria. In this paper we propose to build the changes in relevant indicators of poverty level on the basis of various programs such as targeted social support. Method of Data Envelopment Analysis which operates with the concepts of economics and system analysis is being implied in this economic study.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31271128" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7f14d3c796c780882035ecbb621f9e2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51674507,"asset_id":31271128,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51674507/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="656912" href="https://ijera.academia.edu/ijera">IJERA Journal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="656912" type="text/json">{"id":656912,"first_name":"IJERA","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"ijera","page_name":"ijera","display_name":"IJERA Journal","profile_url":"https://ijera.academia.edu/ijera?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/656912/1164437/1458041/s65_ijera._www.ijera.com_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31271128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31271128"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31271128, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31271128", }); 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Despite this, tourism scholars have been slow to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34067845" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In recent years, resilience theory has come to occupy the core of our understanding and management of the adaptive capacity of people and places in complex social and environmental systems. Despite this, tourism scholars have been slow to adopt resilience concepts, at a time when the emergence of new frameworks and applications is pressing. <br /><br />Drawing on original empirical and theoretical insights in resilience thinking, this book explores how tourism communities and economies respond to environmental changes, both fast (natural hazard disasters) and slow (incremental shifts). It explores how tourism places adapt, change, and sometimes transform (or not) in relation to their environmental context, with an awareness of intersection with societal dynamics and links to political, economic and social drivers of change. Contributions draw on empirical research conducted in a range of international settings, including indigenous communities, to explore the complexity and gradations of environmental change encounters and resilience planning responses in a range of tourism contexts. <br /><br />As the first book to specifically focus on environmental change from a resilience perspective, this timely and original work makes a critical contribution to tourism studies, tourism management and environmental geography, as well as environmental sciences and development studies.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Tourism-Resilience-and-Adaptation-to-Environmental-Change/Lew-Cheer/p/book/9781138206793" rel="nofollow">https://www.routledge.com/Tourism-Resilience-and-Adaptation-to-Environmental-Change/Lew-Cheer/p/book/9781138206793</a><br /><br />(Please contact the authors if you have any questions).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34067845" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b134f8d0493df777fe6a9dacf124486" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54003817,"asset_id":34067845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54003817/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2932" href="https://nau.academia.edu/AlanLew">Alan A Lew</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2932" type="text/json">{"id":2932,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Lew","domain_name":"nau","page_name":"AlanLew","display_name":"Alan A Lew","profile_url":"https://nau.academia.edu/AlanLew?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2932/1276/690061/s65_alan_a..lew.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-34067845">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-34067845"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://westernsydney.academia.edu/JosephCheer">Joseph M Cheer</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-34067845'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-34067845').html(); 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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29989458 coauthored" data-work_id="29989458" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29989458/D%C3%BCnya_Yoksulluk_ve_E%C5%9Fitsizlik_Raporu">Dünya Yoksulluk ve Eşitsizlik Raporu</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">En zengin 62 kişinin, dünyanın %50’sine tekabül eden 3,6 milyar insan ile eşit mal varlığına sahip olduğu bir dünyada yaşıyoruz. En zengin 20 ülkenin geliri, en fakir 20 ülke gelirinin tam 46 katı daha fazla. Küresel adaletsizliğin bu... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29989458" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En zengin 62 kişinin, dünyanın<br />%50’sine tekabül eden 3,6 milyar<br />insan ile eşit mal varlığına sahip olduğu<br />bir dünyada yaşıyoruz. En zengin<br />20 ülkenin geliri, en fakir 20 ülke<br />gelirinin tam 46 katı daha fazla. Küresel<br />adaletsizliğin bu kadar rahatsız<br />edici boyutlarda olması ve servetin<br />bu kadar adaletsiz paylaşımı, yoksulluk<br />gibi ciddi sosyal problemlerin<br />ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır.<br />Bu durumun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi<br />adına bu çalışmada, eşitsizliğin<br />hangi sebeplerden kaynaklandığı, sonuçlarının<br />ne olduğu ve önümüzdeki<br />yıllarda daha vahim bir tablonun ortaya<br />çıkmaması için neler yapılması<br />gerektiği ele alınacaktır.<br />Bu bağlamda, raporun ilk kısmında<br />yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik kavramlarına<br />değinilecektir. İkinci kısmında Dünya<br />Bankası, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM)<br />gibi uluslararası resmî kurumların<br />yayınladıkları veriler incelenecektir.<br />Sonrasında yoksulluk ve eşitsizliğin<br />ortaya çıkmasının nedenleri ele alınacak<br />olup, son kısımda uluslararası<br />literatürde bu sorunların aşılması<br />için önerilen uygulamalar dikkatlere<br />sunulacaktır</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29989458" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69f895ed40ecf795bd521a45d8cab6a0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50448652,"asset_id":29989458,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50448652/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14714327" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HumanitarianandSocialResearchCenterINSAMER">Humanitarian and Social Research Center (INSAMER)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14714327" type="text/json">{"id":14714327,"first_name":"Humanitarian and Social","last_name":"Research Center (INSAMER)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HumanitarianandSocialResearchCenterINSAMER","display_name":"Humanitarian and Social Research Center (INSAMER)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HumanitarianandSocialResearchCenterINSAMER?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14714327/4033303/14353025/s65_humanitarian_and_social.research_center_insamer_.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-29989458">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-29989458"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ukim.academia.edu/EminEmin">Emin Emin</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-29989458'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-29989458').html(); 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En zengin\n20 ülkenin geliri, en fakir 20 ülke\ngelirinin tam 46 katı daha fazla. Küresel\nadaletsizliğin bu kadar rahatsız\nedici boyutlarda olması ve servetin\nbu kadar adaletsiz paylaşımı, yoksulluk\ngibi ciddi sosyal problemlerin\nortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır.\nBu durumun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi\nadına bu çalışmada, eşitsizliğin\nhangi sebeplerden kaynaklandığı, sonuçlarının\nne olduğu ve önümüzdeki\nyıllarda daha vahim bir tablonun ortaya\nçıkmaması için neler yapılması\ngerektiği ele alınacaktır.\nBu bağlamda, raporun ilk kısmında\nyoksulluk ve eşitsizlik kavramlarına\ndeğinilecektir. 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=727"},{"id":385234,"name":"Political Economy and History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History?f_ri=727"},{"id":967211,"name":"Poverty Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Dynamics?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39216185" data-work_id="39216185" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39216185/Methods_of_data_collection_in_agriculture_statistics_now_and_in_the_future_">Methods of data collection in agriculture statistics - now and in the future"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Understanding and proper use of statistics is an integral part of everyday business environment. Statistics as a scientific discipline deals with collection, analysis and interpretation of data referring to the observed phenomena, and it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39216185" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Understanding and proper use of statistics is an integral part of everyday business environment. Statistics as a scientific discipline deals with collection, analysis and interpretation of data referring to the observed phenomena, and it is linked to a numeric indicator. Increasing demand for high-quality statistical data and speed of availability of those caused the development of new modern technologies, particularly in the data collection process. One of the solutions to increase the speed, accuracy and availability of data is precisely the use of modern information technology tools in the process of data production. Bearing the foregoing in mind, one of the development goals of the Statistical Office is to improve the organization and control of statistical processes by introducing modern technologies in the process of not only collecting data, but also of their processing and dissemination. In addition, the goal is to improve the organization of work in the direction of centralization of data collection phase and improvement in standardization of statistical processes through the development of existing and adoption of new procedures and guidelines that standardize the production process of official statistics. Application of new technologies increases data quality as well, but also reduces the research costs. This work aims to present the methods of data collection in agriculture statistics that are currently used in the Statistical Office of Montenegro, the manner of control of field work (through the introduction of a controllers system), as well as plans for modernization of data collection in the context of surveys research in agriculture statistics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39216185" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba4b40ee8111738f7f3850365db8df5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59345354,"asset_id":39216185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59345354/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="105424689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JelenaZvizdojevic">Jelena Zvizdojevic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="105424689" type="text/json">{"id":105424689,"first_name":"Jelena","last_name":"Zvizdojevic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JelenaZvizdojevic","display_name":"Jelena Zvizdojevic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JelenaZvizdojevic?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/105424689/24160677/23120191/s65_jelena.zvizdojevic.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39216185 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39216185"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39216185, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39216185", }); 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Statistics as a scientific discipline deals with collection, analysis and interpretation of data referring to the observed phenomena, and it is linked to a numeric indicator. Increasing demand for high-quality statistical data and speed of availability of those caused the development of new modern technologies, particularly in the data collection process. One of the solutions to increase the speed, accuracy and availability of data is precisely the use of modern information technology tools in the process of data production. Bearing the foregoing in mind, one of the development goals of the Statistical Office is to improve the organization and control of statistical processes by introducing modern technologies in the process of not only collecting data, but also of their processing and dissemination. In addition, the goal is to improve the organization of work in the direction of centralization of data collection phase and improvement in standardization of statistical processes through the development of existing and adoption of new procedures and guidelines that standardize the production process of official statistics. Application of new technologies increases data quality as well, but also reduces the research costs. This work aims to present the methods of data collection in agriculture statistics that are currently used in the Statistical Office of Montenegro, the manner of control of field work (through the introduction of a controllers system), as well as plans for modernization of data collection in the context of surveys research in agriculture statistics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59345354,"asset_id":39216185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":105424689,"first_name":"Jelena","last_name":"Zvizdojevic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JelenaZvizdojevic","display_name":"Jelena Zvizdojevic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JelenaZvizdojevic?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/105424689/24160677/23120191/s65_jelena.zvizdojevic.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":4060,"name":"Applied Statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Statistics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":7312,"name":"Agricultural Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20105758" data-work_id="20105758" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20105758/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa_Walter_Rodney_1973">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. 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Walter Rodney 1973","created_at":"2016-01-08T08:54:12.567-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20105758/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa_Walter_Rodney_1973?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_20105758","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41010529,"asset_id":20105758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41140631,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Othman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NadiaOthman1","display_name":"Nadia Othman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NadiaOthman1?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=727"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35121879" data-work_id="35121879" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35121879/Analisis_Daya_Saing_Komoditas_Ekspor_Sektor_Unggulan_Kakao">Analisis Daya Saing Komoditas Ekspor Sektor Unggulan Kakao</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35121879" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="decd0217deca5db46711e612764b8b2d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54982805,"asset_id":35121879,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54982805/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3286642" href="https://unhas.academia.edu/AnasIswantoAnwar">Anas Iswanto Anwar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3286642" type="text/json">{"id":3286642,"first_name":"Anas Iswanto","last_name":"Anwar","domain_name":"unhas","page_name":"AnasIswantoAnwar","display_name":"Anas Iswanto Anwar","profile_url":"https://unhas.academia.edu/AnasIswantoAnwar?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3286642/1091497/18077951/s65_anas_iswanto.makatutu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35121879 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35121879"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35121879, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35121879", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35121879]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35121879").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35121879").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35121879"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="735" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics">International Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="735" type="text/json">{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35121879]'), work: {"id":35121879,"title":"Analisis Daya Saing Komoditas Ekspor Sektor Unggulan Kakao","created_at":"2017-11-11T23:04:38.704-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35121879/Analisis_Daya_Saing_Komoditas_Ekspor_Sektor_Unggulan_Kakao?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_35121879","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54982805,"asset_id":35121879,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3286642,"first_name":"Anas Iswanto","last_name":"Anwar","domain_name":"unhas","page_name":"AnasIswantoAnwar","display_name":"Anas Iswanto Anwar","profile_url":"https://unhas.academia.edu/AnasIswantoAnwar?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3286642/1091497/18077951/s65_anas_iswanto.makatutu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38891704" data-work_id="38891704" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38891704/Is_Green_Growth_Possible">Is Green Growth Possible?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The notion of green growth has emerged as a dominant policy response to climate change and ecological breakdown. Green growth theory asserts that continued economic expansion is compatible with our planet’s ecology, as technological... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38891704" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The notion of green growth has emerged as a dominant policy response to climate change and ecological breakdown. Green growth theory asserts that continued economic expansion is compatible with our planet’s ecology, as technological change and substitution will allow us to absolutely decouple GDP growth from resource use and carbon emissions. This claim is now assumed in national and international policy, including in the Sustainable Development Goals. But empirical evidence on resource use and carbon emissions does not support green growth theory. Examining relevant studies on historical trends and model-based projections, we find that: (1) there is no empirical evidence that absolute decoupling from resource use can be achieved on a global scale against a background of continued economic growth, and (2) absolute decoupling from carbon emissions is highly unlikely to be achieved at a rate rapid enough to prevent global warming over 1.5°C or 2°C, even under optimistic policy conditions. We conclude that green growth is likely to be a misguided objective, and that policymakers need to look toward alternative strategies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38891704" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce3900300ac2b1faddab73dbe164ebf4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58989855,"asset_id":38891704,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58989855/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1280814" href="https://lse.academia.edu/JasonHickel">Jason Hickel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1280814" type="text/json">{"id":1280814,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Hickel","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"JasonHickel","display_name":"Jason Hickel","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/JasonHickel?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1280814/470190/17246846/s65_jason.hickel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38891704 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38891704"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38891704, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38891704", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38891704 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38891704; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38891704"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38891704 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38891704"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38891704; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38891704]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38891704").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38891704").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38891704"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2585" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development">International Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2585" type="text/json">{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38891704]'), work: {"id":38891704,"title":"Is Green Growth Possible?","created_at":"2019-04-22T06:51:00.183-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38891704/Is_Green_Growth_Possible?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_38891704","summary":"The notion of green growth has emerged as a dominant policy response to climate change and ecological breakdown. Green growth theory asserts that continued economic expansion is compatible with our planet’s ecology, as technological change and substitution will allow us to absolutely decouple GDP growth from resource use and carbon emissions. This claim is now assumed in national and international policy, including in the Sustainable Development Goals. But empirical evidence on resource use and carbon emissions does not support green growth theory. Examining relevant studies on historical trends and model-based projections, we find that: (1) there is no empirical evidence that absolute decoupling from resource use can be achieved on a global scale against a background of continued economic growth, and (2) absolute decoupling from carbon emissions is highly unlikely to be achieved at a rate rapid enough to prevent global warming over 1.5°C or 2°C, even under optimistic policy conditions. We conclude that green growth is likely to be a misguided objective, and that policymakers need to look toward alternative strategies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58989855,"asset_id":38891704,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1280814,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Hickel","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"JasonHickel","display_name":"Jason Hickel","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/JasonHickel?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1280814/470190/17246846/s65_jason.hickel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":4011,"name":"Ecological Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=727"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727"},{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=727"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=727"},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=727"},{"id":45405,"name":"Global Warming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Warming?f_ri=727"},{"id":123600,"name":"Green Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Green_Growth?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23652213" data-work_id="23652213" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23652213/Introduction_The_Iron_Law_of_Megaproject_Management">Introduction: The Iron Law of Megaproject Management</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Megaprojects are large, they are constantly growing ever larger, and more and more are being built in what has been called the biggest investment boom in history. This chapter serves as an introduction to megaprojects, and to The Oxford... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23652213" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Megaprojects are large, they are constantly growing ever larger, and more and more are being built in what has been called the biggest investment boom in history. This chapter serves as an introduction to megaprojects, and to The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management. First, megaprojects are defined and the size of the global megaprojects business is estimated. Second, drivers of the megaproject boom are identified, including monumentalism and the technological sublime. Third, ten things you must know about megaprojects are detailed, from their tendency to suffer from uniqueness bias to their overexposure to black-swan events. Fourth, the "iron law of megaprojects" is identified as a main challenge to megaproject management: "Over budget, over time, under benefits, over and over again." Finally, the main structure of the Handbook is set out as covering the what, the why, and the how of megaproject management, in terms of the challenges, causes, and cures that students of megaprojects must decipher to better understand and better manage megaprojects.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23652213" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f1516fe822e8d5fbff3d66564acca909" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53341116,"asset_id":23652213,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53341116/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81790" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg">Bent Flyvbjerg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81790" type="text/json">{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23652213 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23652213"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23652213, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23652213", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23652213]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23652213").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23652213").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23652213"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior">Organizational Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32" type="text/json">{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management">Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38" type="text/json">{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration">Business Administration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="45" type="text/json">{"id":45,"name":"Business Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23652213]'), work: {"id":23652213,"title":"Introduction: The Iron Law of Megaproject Management","created_at":"2016-03-24T03:25:15.174-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23652213/Introduction_The_Iron_Law_of_Megaproject_Management?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_23652213","summary":"Megaprojects are large, they are constantly growing ever larger, and more and more are being built in what has been called the biggest investment boom in history. This chapter serves as an introduction to megaprojects, and to The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management. First, megaprojects are defined and the size of the global megaprojects business is estimated. Second, drivers of the megaproject boom are identified, including monumentalism and the technological sublime. Third, ten things you must know about megaprojects are detailed, from their tendency to suffer from uniqueness bias to their overexposure to black-swan events. Fourth, the \"iron law of megaprojects\" is identified as a main challenge to megaproject management: \"Over budget, over time, under benefits, over and over again.\" Finally, the main structure of the Handbook is set out as covering the what, the why, and the how of megaproject management, in terms of the challenges, causes, and cures that students of megaprojects must decipher to better understand and better manage megaprojects.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53341116,"asset_id":23652213,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":45,"name":"Business Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=727"},{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=727"},{"id":55,"name":"Environmental 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Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727"},{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=727"},{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":13805,"name":"Behavioral Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=727"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=727"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15117484" data-work_id="15117484" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15117484/Il_crollo_dell_URSS_e_la_transizione_della_Russia_verso_un_economia_di_mercato_Gorbachev_Yeltsin_Putin_e_il_ruolo_della_BERS_in_Russia">Il crollo dell’URSS e la transizione della Russia verso un’economia di mercato: Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Putin e il ruolo della BERS in Russia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">L’intento di questo lavoro è presentare un quadro che sia il più completo possibile nell’analizzare il percorso dell’Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche dalla sua nascita, nel 1922, fino al suo crollo, nel 1991 e,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15117484" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">L’intento di questo lavoro è presentare un quadro che sia il più completo possibile nell’analizzare il percorso dell’Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche dalla sua nascita, nel 1922, fino al suo crollo, nel 1991 e, successivamente, la delicata fase di transizione russa dal comunismo all’economia di mercato, cercando di mettere in luce i problemi incontrati dal Paese nell’instaurare la democrazia. L'ultima parte analizza la figura della Banca Europea per la Ricostruzione e lo Sviluppo ed il suo ruolo specifico nella delicata fase di transizione economica della Russia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15117484" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f2dc14d448691097180730245dbb7c04" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38548269,"asset_id":15117484,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38548269/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6167688" href="https://royalholloway.academia.edu/StefaniaDelMonte">Stefania Del Monte</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6167688" type="text/json">{"id":6167688,"first_name":"Stefania","last_name":"Del Monte","domain_name":"royalholloway","page_name":"StefaniaDelMonte","display_name":"Stefania Del Monte","profile_url":"https://royalholloway.academia.edu/StefaniaDelMonte?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6167688/3136367/19551891/s65_stefania.del_monte.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15117484 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15117484"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15117484, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15117484", }); 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L'ultima parte analizza la figura della Banca Europea per la Ricostruzione e lo Sviluppo ed il suo ruolo specifico nella delicata fase di transizione economica della Russia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38548269,"asset_id":15117484,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6167688,"first_name":"Stefania","last_name":"Del Monte","domain_name":"royalholloway","page_name":"StefaniaDelMonte","display_name":"Stefania Del Monte","profile_url":"https://royalholloway.academia.edu/StefaniaDelMonte?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6167688/3136367/19551891/s65_stefania.del_monte.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=727"},{"id":1567,"name":"Soviet History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_History?f_ri=727"},{"id":3516,"name":"Contemporary History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_History?f_ri=727"},{"id":4424,"name":"Post-conflict Reconstruction and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-conflict_Reconstruction_and_Development?f_ri=727"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=727"},{"id":5895,"name":"Russian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Politics?f_ri=727"},{"id":6990,"name":"Post-Soviet Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Politics?f_ri=727"},{"id":7443,"name":"Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism?f_ri=727"},{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=727"},{"id":12396,"name":"Post-Soviet Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=727"},{"id":18977,"name":"Soviet Union (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_Union_History_?f_ri=727"},{"id":27641,"name":"Soviet, post-Soviet, Russian politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_post-Soviet_Russian_politics?f_ri=727"},{"id":35124,"name":"Post-Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Communism?f_ri=727"},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia?f_ri=727"},{"id":51360,"name":"Economia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economia?f_ri=727"},{"id":73569,"name":"Geografia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geografia?f_ri=727"},{"id":102828,"name":"History of Communism; Soviet; Post-Soviet; Russia; Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Communism_Soviet_Post-Soviet_Russia_Eastern_Europe?f_ri=727"},{"id":169102,"name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vladimir_Putin?f_ri=727"},{"id":202728,"name":"Post-Communist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Communist_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":288611,"name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mikhail_Gorbachev?f_ri=727"},{"id":385234,"name":"Political Economy and History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History?f_ri=727"},{"id":537676,"name":"Stabilization and Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stabilization_and_Reconstruction?f_ri=727"},{"id":701200,"name":"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37359892" data-work_id="37359892" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37359892/Do_Trade_and_Investment_Agreements_Foster_Development_or_Inequality_New_Evidence_on_the_Impact_of_Global_Value_Chains_and_Top_2000_Trans_National_Corporations">Do Trade and Investment (Agreements) Foster Development or Inequality? New Evidence on the Impact of Global Value Chains and Top 2000 Trans-National Corporations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper proposes to revisit the debate on trade and investment agreements (TIAs), development and inequality, looking at the role of global value chains (GVCs) and trans-national corporations (TNCs). It first presents stylized facts... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37359892" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper proposes to revisit the debate on trade and investment agreements (TIAs), development and inequality, looking at the role of global value chains (GVCs) and trans-national corporations (TNCs). It first presents stylized facts about trade and investment (agreements), declining global economic growth and rising inequality under the latest round of globalization. It then provides a long-run perspective on the mixed blessings of external opening, summarizing some key contributions of the mainstream literature, which are converging with long-standing research findings of more heterodox economists, and the eroding consensus today. Based on this stock-taking, it takes a fresh critical look at the TIAs-GVCs-TNCs nexus and their impact. Using data on value-added in trade and new firm-level data from the consolidated financial statements of the top 2000 TNCs going back to 1995, it examines whether the fragmentation of production along GVCs led to positive structural change or rather stimulated unsustainable trends in extractive and FIRE sectors. It then turns to the role of TNC-driven GVCs as a vehicle for economic concentration. Finally, it presents evidence linking TIAs and their correlates to rising inequality. Key findings include the fact that the ratio of top 2000 TNCs profits over revenues increased by 58 percent between 1995 and 2015. Moreover, the rise in top 2000 TNCs profits accounts for 69 percent of the 2.5 percentage points decline in the global labour income share between 1995 and 2015, with the correlation coefficient between annual changes in both variables as high as 0.82. The paper concludes by calling for a less ideological policy debate on TIAs, which acknowledges the mixed blessings of external financial and trade opening, especially their negative distributional impact and destabilizing macro-financial feedback effects, which both call for policy intervention. As an alternative to short-sighted protectionism, it further discusses possible options for anticipating undesirable effects arising from TIAs (e.g. rising carbon emissions, economic instability, inequality, etc.) and addressing those in TIAs themselves.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37359892" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="657a07aa4a93cbcce34b4c81f62c79a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57320754,"asset_id":37359892,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57320754/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7181995" href="https://unctad.academia.edu/PierreKohler">Pierre Kohler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7181995" type="text/json">{"id":7181995,"first_name":"Pierre","last_name":"Kohler","domain_name":"unctad","page_name":"PierreKohler","display_name":"Pierre Kohler","profile_url":"https://unctad.academia.edu/PierreKohler?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7181995/2686896/3127296/s65_pierre.kohler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37359892 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37359892"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37359892, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37359892", }); 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New Evidence on the Impact of Global Value Chains and Top 2000 Trans-National Corporations","created_at":"2018-09-07T05:35:04.587-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37359892/Do_Trade_and_Investment_Agreements_Foster_Development_or_Inequality_New_Evidence_on_the_Impact_of_Global_Value_Chains_and_Top_2000_Trans_National_Corporations?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_37359892","summary":"This paper proposes to revisit the debate on trade and investment agreements (TIAs), development and inequality, looking at the role of global value chains (GVCs) and trans-national corporations (TNCs). It first presents stylized facts about trade and investment (agreements), declining global economic growth and rising inequality under the latest round of globalization. It then provides a long-run perspective on the mixed blessings of external opening, summarizing some key contributions of the mainstream literature, which are converging with long-standing research findings of more heterodox economists, and the eroding consensus today. Based on this stock-taking, it takes a fresh critical look at the TIAs-GVCs-TNCs nexus and their impact. Using data on value-added in trade and new firm-level data from the consolidated financial statements of the top 2000 TNCs going back to 1995, it examines whether the fragmentation of production along GVCs led to positive structural change or rather stimulated unsustainable trends in extractive and FIRE sectors. It then turns to the role of TNC-driven GVCs as a vehicle for economic concentration. Finally, it presents evidence linking TIAs and their correlates to rising inequality. Key findings include the fact that the ratio of top 2000 TNCs profits over revenues increased by 58 percent between 1995 and 2015. Moreover, the rise in top 2000 TNCs profits accounts for 69 percent of the 2.5 percentage points decline in the global labour income share between 1995 and 2015, with the correlation coefficient between annual changes in both variables as high as 0.82. The paper concludes by calling for a less ideological policy debate on TIAs, which acknowledges the mixed blessings of external financial and trade opening, especially their negative distributional impact and destabilizing macro-financial feedback effects, which both call for policy intervention. As an alternative to short-sighted protectionism, it further discusses possible options for anticipating undesirable effects arising from TIAs (e.g. rising carbon emissions, economic instability, inequality, etc.) and addressing those in TIAs themselves.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57320754,"asset_id":37359892,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7181995,"first_name":"Pierre","last_name":"Kohler","domain_name":"unctad","page_name":"PierreKohler","display_name":"Pierre Kohler","profile_url":"https://unctad.academia.edu/PierreKohler?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7181995/2686896/3127296/s65_pierre.kohler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":19287,"name":"International trade law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_trade_law?f_ri=727"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=727"},{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy?f_ri=727"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=727"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28757790" data-work_id="28757790" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28757790/Institutionalism_and_psychoanalysis_a_basis_for_interdisciplinary_cooperation">Institutionalism and psychoanalysis: a basis for interdisciplinary cooperation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract: In this paper, we outline a number of features of an interdisciplinary and pluralistic approach to economics. As a suitable example of how an interdisciplinary cooperation can unfold, we focus attention on the relations between... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28757790" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract: In this paper, we outline a number of features of an interdisciplinary and pluralistic approach to economics. As a suitable example of how an interdisciplinary cooperation can unfold, we focus attention on the relations between institutional economics and psychoanalysis. In the first ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28757790" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d61a3e9774386ffa3a7599c174b956a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49851726,"asset_id":28757790,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49851726/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53705201" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArturoHermann">Arturo Hermann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53705201" type="text/json">{"id":53705201,"first_name":"Arturo","last_name":"Hermann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArturoHermann","display_name":"Arturo Hermann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArturoHermann?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28757790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28757790"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28757790, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28757790", }); 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As a suitable example of how an interdisciplinary cooperation can unfold, we focus attention on the relations between institutional economics and psychoanalysis. 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Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":29393,"name":"Healthcare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthcare?f_ri=727"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=727"},{"id":80872,"name":"Scientific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10262886" data-work_id="10262886" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10262886/Livestock_Policies_and_its_Impact_on_India_and_Bihar_State">Livestock Policies and its Impact on India and Bihar, State</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In an economy like Bihar, dependence of population on livestock as an alternative source of income is significant. Acceleration in the availability of livestock to marginal and small farmers can offer significant opportunities for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10262886" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In an economy like Bihar, dependence of population on livestock as an alternative source of income is significant. Acceleration in the availability of livestock to marginal and small farmers can offer significant opportunities for household income augmentation and employment generation in Bihar. In this context, an analysis of performance of livestock sector in Bihar has been carried out. The growth of livestock sector has been found slower in the Bihar than at the national level. The share of Bihar in India's livestock sector income has not changed significantly. Besides, low milk productivity, decline in the Bihar’s share in India's egg and meat sector income is a major factor responsible for insignificant changes in livestock sector of Bihar. Several demand and supply side factors have been identified for the above trends. Availability of health infrastructure, grazing land and immunisation are significantly affecting livestock across the districts of Bihar. The study has also shown policy initiatives for the improvement of livestock sector resources and outcomes of Bihar.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10262886" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2895dcbdfa6d6d86550d741e3f73676d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36348526,"asset_id":10262886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36348526/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13423462" href="https://premierpublishers.academia.edu/PremierPublishers">Premier Publishers</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13423462" type="text/json">{"id":13423462,"first_name":"Premier","last_name":"Publishers","domain_name":"premierpublishers","page_name":"PremierPublishers","display_name":"Premier Publishers","profile_url":"https://premierpublishers.academia.edu/PremierPublishers?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13423462/3772542/4416604/s65_premier.publishers.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10262886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10262886"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10262886, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10262886", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10262886]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10262886").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10262886").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10262886"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3474" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development">Community Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3474" type="text/json">{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10262886]'), work: {"id":10262886,"title":"Livestock Policies and its Impact on India and Bihar, State","created_at":"2015-01-21T06:07:32.402-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10262886/Livestock_Policies_and_its_Impact_on_India_and_Bihar_State?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_10262886","summary":"In an economy like Bihar, dependence of population on livestock as an alternative source of income is significant. Acceleration in the availability of livestock to marginal and small farmers can offer significant opportunities for household income augmentation and employment generation in Bihar. In this context, an analysis of performance of livestock sector in Bihar has been carried out. The growth of livestock sector has been found slower in the Bihar than at the national level. The share of Bihar in India's livestock sector income has not changed significantly. Besides, low milk productivity, decline in the Bihar’s share in India's egg and meat sector income is a major factor responsible for insignificant changes in livestock sector of Bihar. Several demand and supply side factors have been identified for the above trends. Availability of health infrastructure, grazing land and immunisation are significantly affecting livestock across the districts of Bihar. The study has also shown policy initiatives for the improvement of livestock sector resources and outcomes of Bihar.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36348526,"asset_id":10262886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13423462,"first_name":"Premier","last_name":"Publishers","domain_name":"premierpublishers","page_name":"PremierPublishers","display_name":"Premier Publishers","profile_url":"https://premierpublishers.academia.edu/PremierPublishers?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13423462/3772542/4416604/s65_premier.publishers.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2351950" data-work_id="2351950" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2351950/The_Zambian_Economy_and_the_IMF">The Zambian Economy and the IMF</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2351950" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f1d8f784b3270746b8296497f3c87de4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30392792,"asset_id":2351950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30392792/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3004486" href="https://morgan.academia.edu/LLarryLiu">L. Larry Liu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3004486" type="text/json">{"id":3004486,"first_name":"L. Larry","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"morgan","page_name":"LLarryLiu","display_name":"L. Larry Liu","profile_url":"https://morgan.academia.edu/LLarryLiu?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3004486/991126/1239941/s65_l._larry.liu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2351950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2351950"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2351950, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2351950", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2351950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2351950; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2351950"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2351950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2351950"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2351950; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2351950]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2351950").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2351950").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2351950"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4527" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa">Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4527" type="text/json">{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_science_Africa_">Social science (Africa)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5988" type="text/json">{"id":5988,"name":"Social science (Africa)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_science_Africa_?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2351950]'), work: {"id":2351950,"title":"The Zambian Economy and the IMF","created_at":"2013-01-02T11:16:46.567-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2351950/The_Zambian_Economy_and_the_IMF?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_2351950","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30392792,"asset_id":2351950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3004486,"first_name":"L. Larry","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"morgan","page_name":"LLarryLiu","display_name":"L. Larry Liu","profile_url":"https://morgan.academia.edu/LLarryLiu?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3004486/991126/1239941/s65_l._larry.liu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":5988,"name":"Social science (Africa)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_science_Africa_?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":6191,"name":"Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa?f_ri=727"},{"id":25922,"name":"Zambia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zambia?f_ri=727"},{"id":26067,"name":"Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development?f_ri=727"},{"id":62707,"name":"Developmental Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":127262,"name":"Social Change, Community Economic Development, Public Management, Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research, Project/program Management, Strategic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Change_Community_Economic_Development_Public_Management_Policy_Analysis_and_Evaluation_Res?f_ri=727"},{"id":131606,"name":"Structural adjustment policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_adjustment_policies?f_ri=727"},{"id":955320,"name":"African Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Economy?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11784375" data-work_id="11784375" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11784375/Foreign_direct_investments_and_its_role_in_economic_growth_in_Egypt">Foreign direct investments and its role in economic growth in Egypt</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract: Capital flows have emerged during the past two decades as one of the new economic phenomena in the economic performance of the countries. The foreign direct investment (FDI) one of the most important forms of capital flows,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11784375" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract:<br />Capital flows have emerged during the past two decades as one of the new<br />economic phenomena in the economic performance of the countries. The foreign<br />direct investment (FDI) one of the most important forms of capital flows, which<br />occupied a large place in theoretical explanations. This role of foreign direct<br />investment was reflected in increased economic growth, creation of employment<br />opportunities, technology transfer, and increase competitive strength.<br />The test of this paper the relationship between foreign direct investment and<br />economic growth, using the curriculum standard, and the study found that foreign<br />direct investment has effect positive and significant economic growth in Egypt,<br />and study highlighted the importance of attention to the element of human capital<br />and increase process export, and seek to attract more investment flows foreign<br />Direct to Egypt and especially productive, and remove all the obstacles that lie<br />ahead.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11784375" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71645cb05b55c80b1285b01006b02094" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37202589,"asset_id":11784375,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37202589/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1829175" href="https://must-eg.academia.edu/KHALEDELBAGORY">KHALED ELBAGORY</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1829175" type="text/json">{"id":1829175,"first_name":"KHALED","last_name":"ELBAGORY","domain_name":"must-eg","page_name":"KHALEDELBAGORY","display_name":"KHALED ELBAGORY","profile_url":"https://must-eg.academia.edu/KHALEDELBAGORY?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1829175/623055/773157/s65_khaled.elbagory.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11784375 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11784375"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11784375, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11784375", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11784375 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11784375; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11784375"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11784375 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11784375"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11784375; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11784375]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11784375").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11784375").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11784375"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2074" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business">International Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2074" type="text/json">{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25116" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance">International Finance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25116" type="text/json">{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11784375]'), work: {"id":11784375,"title":"Foreign direct investments and its role in economic growth in Egypt","created_at":"2015-04-03T13:36:55.324-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11784375/Foreign_direct_investments_and_its_role_in_economic_growth_in_Egypt?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_11784375","summary":"Abstract:\nCapital flows have emerged during the past two decades as one of the new\neconomic phenomena in the economic performance of the countries. The foreign\ndirect investment (FDI) one of the most important forms of capital flows, which\noccupied a large place in theoretical explanations. This role of foreign direct\ninvestment was reflected in increased economic growth, creation of employment\nopportunities, technology transfer, and increase competitive strength.\nThe test of this paper the relationship between foreign direct investment and\neconomic growth, using the curriculum standard, and the study found that foreign\ndirect investment has effect positive and significant economic growth in Egypt,\nand study highlighted the importance of attention to the element of human capital\nand increase process export, and seek to attract more investment flows foreign\nDirect to Egypt and especially productive, and remove all the obstacles that lie\nahead.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37202589,"asset_id":11784375,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1829175,"first_name":"KHALED","last_name":"ELBAGORY","domain_name":"must-eg","page_name":"KHALEDELBAGORY","display_name":"KHALED ELBAGORY","profile_url":"https://must-eg.academia.edu/KHALEDELBAGORY?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1829175/623055/773157/s65_khaled.elbagory.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44091265 coauthored" data-work_id="44091265" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44091265/_The_case_for_degrowth_Polity_Press_2020_By_Giorgos_Kallis_Susan_Paulson_Giacomo_DAlisa_and_Federico_Demaria">"The case for degrowth" (Polity Press, 2020) By Giorgos Kallis, Susan Paulson, Giacomo D'Alisa and Federico Demaria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Buy it for 8 euro here (discout code FAL20): <a href="https://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509535620" rel="nofollow">https://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509535620</a> Covid-19 has lain bare the fragility of existing economic systems. Any decline in market activity threatens systemic collapse. But it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44091265" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Buy it for 8 euro here (discout code FAL20): <a href="https://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509535620" rel="nofollow">https://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509535620</a><br /><br />Covid-19 has lain bare the fragility of existing economic systems. Any decline in market activity threatens systemic collapse. But it doesn’t have to be this way. To be more resilient to future crises –pandemic, climatic, financial, or political – we need to build systems capable of scaling back production in ways that do not cause loss of livelihood or life. We need to make the case for degrowth.<br /><br />Degrowth is not simply a contraction of the economy, it is living meaningfully, enjoying simple pleasures, working less, and sharing and relating more with others and working less, in more equal societies. Its goal is to purposefully slow things down in order to minimize harm to humans and earth systems. The world will change after the virus, and there will be struggles over which paths to take. But the time is ripe for us to refocus on what really matters: not GDP, but the health and wellbeing of our people and our planet. In a word, degrowth.<br /><br />You can buy it here for 8 euros, with the discount code: FAL20<br /><br />Find here a short article about the book by the authors in Open Democracy: “The case for degrowth in a time of pandemic” <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/case-degrowth-time-pandemic/" rel="nofollow">https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/case-degrowth-time-pandemic/</a><br /><br />We hope you like it. In case, please help us out with dissemination! 🙂<br /><br />Best,<br /><br />the authors (Giorgos, Susan, Giacomo and Federico)<br /><br />Giorgos Kallis is ICREA Professor at the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona.<br />Susan Paulson is Professor at the Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida.<br />Giacomo D’Alisa is a FCT post-doctoral fellow at the Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra.<br />Federico Demaria is Serra Hunter lecturer in ecological economics and political ecology, University of Barcelona.<br /><br /><br />REVIEWS:<br />“COVID-19 is the symptom; the profit-driven destruction of natural and social habitants is the disease. There’s only one cure consistent with global social justice.  Read this eloquent and urgent book and find out what it is.”<br />Mike Davis, University of California and author of Ecology of Fear and Planet of Slums  <br /><br />“This is a major contribution to the current debate on growth and degrowth. The authors lay bare the innards of each and show us the importance of degrowth. Wellbeing, equity, and sustainability are key vectors organizing this text. These should be understood in the fullness of their capacities to move us out of our current modernity –a decaying order that is today still dominant. But history has shown us across the centuries that no system of power can last for ever, and nor will our current system. Indeed, it is busy destroying itself.”<br />Saskia Sassen, Columbia University and author of Expulsions<br /><br />“Degrowth is one of the most important ideas of the 21st century. Here it is in compact form. Clear, timely, urgent. Don’t miss this book.”<br />Jason Hickel, London School of Economics and author of The Divide and Less is More<br /><br />“Is there life after economic growth? Kallis and his co-authors have taken up the baton from the early proponents of degrowth and created a vibrant, accessible discourse for the 21st Century. The Case for Degrowth provides the why, the where and the how of a better economy and a richer society. Its vision is needed now more than ever.”<br />Tim Jackson, Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity and author of Prosperity without Growth<br /><br />“The COVID pandemic is laying bare dysfunctions of the growth model and the urgency of a pathway to sanity, climate protection, and security for all. This wonderful and accessible introduction by leading degrowth scholars is a vital resource for anyone interested in viable alternatives, rooted in cooperative economic relations and respect for planetary limits.”<br />Juliet Schor, author of After the Gig: how the sharing economy got hijacked and how to win it back<br /><br />“A superb account of why capitalist economies fail life on Earth, even as peoples initiatives in community sharing already revive joy and hope for our futures. This small book teaches economics like no other. It will reply to your doubts about change. It should be on every public library shelf and every syllabus; give copies to your friends.”<br />Ariel Salleh, activist and editor of Eco-Sufficiency and Global Justice: Women write Political Ecology<br /><br />“The case for degrowth as argued in this book is so well rounded and compelling that it is difficult to imagine how progressive politicians could avoid integrating the many policies advocated here into their party manifestos . . . unless of course they cannot escape the growth mentality that has suffocated progressive policies for decades. But even in this case, the book offers ways of changing that mentality through commoning and collective action.”<br />Massimo De Angelis, University of East London, editor of The Commoner, and author of Omnia Sunt Communia<br /><br />“The degrowth movement now has its Manifesto. A rigorous, practical analysis that will guide grassroots and institutional politics so they can realize a transformation akin to degrowth and turn the current global crisis into a new opportunity and pathway towards more sustainable and carrying societies.”<br />Isabelle Anguelovski, Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability (BCNUEJ) and author of Neighborhood as Refuge<br /><br />“By this book, degrowth finally becomes adult. No longer a simple game of hide-and-seek with the growth regime. No longer a vague illusion postponed until the advent of a catastrophe that never comes. No longer a generous experimentation among circles of virtuosos nor an extreme form of resilience by the excluded from the banquet of the consumer society, but a mature and innovative political project, facing the hegemony challenge in the open field of the social arena. The authors are the best fruits of the degrowth movement: activists at the forefront and at the same time leading scholars.”<br />Onofrio Romano, University of Bari and author of Towards a society of degrowth<br /><br />“Decrecer es la consigna. Más y más crecimiento económico en un mundo finito es una locura. Más todavía si éste ahonda las diferencias sociales, las frustraciones y la infelicidad. No podemos mantener ese ritmo despiadado de acumulación del que afloran múltiples pandemias, como la del coronavirus. No hay duda, requerimos una desaceleración programada de la actividad económica para reencontrarnos armónicamente con los ritmos de la Madre Tierra, así como para construir otras sociedades basadas en la diversidad, la sostenibilidad, la pluralidad y la reciprocidad; bases fundamentales del Pluriverso: un mundo donde quepan todos los mundos posibles que aseguren una vida digna a humanos y no humanos.”<br />Alberto Acosta, former president of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador and author of Buen Vivir<br /><br /> <br /><br />The Case for Degrowth<br /><br />Giorgos Kallis, Susan Paulson, Giacomo D’Alisa, Federico Demaria<br />The relentless pursuit of economic growth is the defining characteristic of contemporary societies. Yet it benefits few and demands monstrous social and ecological sacrifice. Is there a viable alternative? How can we halt the endless quest to grow global production and consumption and instead secure socio-ecological conditions that support lives worth living for all? <br /><br />In this compelling book, leading experts Giorgos Kallis, Susan Paulson, Giacomo D’Alisa and Federico Demaria make the case for degrowth – living well with less, by living differently, prioritizing wellbeing, equity and sustainability.  Drawing on emerging initiatives and enduring traditions around the world, they advance a radical degrowth vision and outline policies to shape work and care, income and investment that avoid exploitative and unsustainable practices. Degrowth, they argue, can be achieved through transformative strategies that allow societies to slow down by design, not disaster. <br /><br />Essential reading for all concerned citizens, policy-makers, and students, this book will be an important contribution to one of the thorniest and most pressing debates of our era.<br /><br />More Info<br /><br />September 2020<br />140 pages<br />Available Formats: Hardback £35.00 €39.60; Paperback £9.99 €11.30;  Open eBook £8.49 €9.99<br /><br />Table of Contents<br />Acknowledgements<br />1. A case for degrowth<br />2. Sacrifices of growth<br />3. Making changes on the ground<br />4. Path-breaking reforms<br />5. Strategies for mobilization<br />Frequently asked questions<br />Notes</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44091265" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0aaec56871441923278acce5f679e809" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64437903,"asset_id":44091265,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64437903/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81508089" href="https://uc-pt.academia.edu/GiacomoDAlisa">Giacomo D'Alisa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81508089" type="text/json">{"id":81508089,"first_name":"Giacomo","last_name":"D'Alisa","domain_name":"uc-pt","page_name":"GiacomoDAlisa","display_name":"Giacomo D'Alisa","profile_url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/GiacomoDAlisa?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44091265">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44091265"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ub.academia.edu/FedericoDemaria">Federico Demaria</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44091265'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44091265').html(); 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Any decline in market activity threatens systemic collapse. But it doesn’t have to be this way. To be more resilient to future crises –pandemic, climatic, financial, or political – we need to build systems capable of scaling back production in ways that do not cause loss of livelihood or life. We need to make the case for degrowth.\n\nDegrowth is not simply a contraction of the economy, it is living meaningfully, enjoying simple pleasures, working less, and sharing and relating more with others and working less, in more equal societies. Its goal is to purposefully slow things down in order to minimize harm to humans and earth systems. The world will change after the virus, and there will be struggles over which paths to take. But the time is ripe for us to refocus on what really matters: not GDP, but the health and wellbeing of our people and our planet. In a word, degrowth.\n\nYou can buy it here for 8 euros, with the discount code: FAL20\n\nFind here a short article about the book by the authors in Open Democracy: “The case for degrowth in a time of pandemic” https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/case-degrowth-time-pandemic/\n\nWe hope you like it. In case, please help us out with dissemination! 🙂\n\nBest,\n\nthe authors (Giorgos, Susan, Giacomo and Federico)\n\nGiorgos Kallis is ICREA Professor at the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona.\nSusan Paulson is Professor at the Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida.\nGiacomo D’Alisa is a FCT post-doctoral fellow at the Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra.\nFederico Demaria is Serra Hunter lecturer in ecological economics and political ecology, University of Barcelona.\n\n\nREVIEWS:\n“COVID-19 is the symptom; the profit-driven destruction of natural and social habitants is the disease. There’s only one cure consistent with global social justice. Read this eloquent and urgent book and find out what it is.”\nMike Davis, University of California and author of Ecology of Fear and Planet of Slums \n\n“This is a major contribution to the current debate on growth and degrowth. The authors lay bare the innards of each and show us the importance of degrowth. Wellbeing, equity, and sustainability are key vectors organizing this text. These should be understood in the fullness of their capacities to move us out of our current modernity –a decaying order that is today still dominant. But history has shown us across the centuries that no system of power can last for ever, and nor will our current system. Indeed, it is busy destroying itself.”\nSaskia Sassen, Columbia University and author of Expulsions\n\n“Degrowth is one of the most important ideas of the 21st century. Here it is in compact form. Clear, timely, urgent. Don’t miss this book.”\nJason Hickel, London School of Economics and author of The Divide and Less is More\n\n“Is there life after economic growth? Kallis and his co-authors have taken up the baton from the early proponents of degrowth and created a vibrant, accessible discourse for the 21st Century. The Case for Degrowth provides the why, the where and the how of a better economy and a richer society. Its vision is needed now more than ever.”\nTim Jackson, Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity and author of Prosperity without Growth\n\n“The COVID pandemic is laying bare dysfunctions of the growth model and the urgency of a pathway to sanity, climate protection, and security for all. This wonderful and accessible introduction by leading degrowth scholars is a vital resource for anyone interested in viable alternatives, rooted in cooperative economic relations and respect for planetary limits.”\nJuliet Schor, author of After the Gig: how the sharing economy got hijacked and how to win it back\n\n“A superb account of why capitalist economies fail life on Earth, even as peoples initiatives in community sharing already revive joy and hope for our futures. This small book teaches economics like no other. It will reply to your doubts about change. It should be on every public library shelf and every syllabus; give copies to your friends.”\nAriel Salleh, activist and editor of Eco-Sufficiency and Global Justice: Women write Political Ecology\n\n“The case for degrowth as argued in this book is so well rounded and compelling that it is difficult to imagine how progressive politicians could avoid integrating the many policies advocated here into their party manifestos . . . unless of course they cannot escape the growth mentality that has suffocated progressive policies for decades. But even in this case, the book offers ways of changing that mentality through commoning and collective action.”\nMassimo De Angelis, University of East London, editor of The Commoner, and author of Omnia Sunt Communia\n\n“The degrowth movement now has its Manifesto. A rigorous, practical analysis that will guide grassroots and institutional politics so they can realize a transformation akin to degrowth and turn the current global crisis into a new opportunity and pathway towards more sustainable and carrying societies.”\nIsabelle Anguelovski, Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability (BCNUEJ) and author of Neighborhood as Refuge\n\n“By this book, degrowth finally becomes adult. No longer a simple game of hide-and-seek with the growth regime. No longer a vague illusion postponed until the advent of a catastrophe that never comes. No longer a generous experimentation among circles of virtuosos nor an extreme form of resilience by the excluded from the banquet of the consumer society, but a mature and innovative political project, facing the hegemony challenge in the open field of the social arena. The authors are the best fruits of the degrowth movement: activists at the forefront and at the same time leading scholars.”\nOnofrio Romano, University of Bari and author of Towards a society of degrowth\n\n“Decrecer es la consigna. Más y más crecimiento económico en un mundo finito es una locura. Más todavía si éste ahonda las diferencias sociales, las frustraciones y la infelicidad. No podemos mantener ese ritmo despiadado de acumulación del que afloran múltiples pandemias, como la del coronavirus. No hay duda, requerimos una desaceleración programada de la actividad económica para reencontrarnos armónicamente con los ritmos de la Madre Tierra, así como para construir otras sociedades basadas en la diversidad, la sostenibilidad, la pluralidad y la reciprocidad; bases fundamentales del Pluriverso: un mundo donde quepan todos los mundos posibles que aseguren una vida digna a humanos y no humanos.”\nAlberto Acosta, former president of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador and author of Buen Vivir\n\n \n\nThe Case for Degrowth\n\nGiorgos Kallis, Susan Paulson, Giacomo D’Alisa, Federico Demaria\nThe relentless pursuit of economic growth is the defining characteristic of contemporary societies. Yet it benefits few and demands monstrous social and ecological sacrifice. Is there a viable alternative? How can we halt the endless quest to grow global production and consumption and instead secure socio-ecological conditions that support lives worth living for all? \n\nIn this compelling book, leading experts Giorgos Kallis, Susan Paulson, Giacomo D’Alisa and Federico Demaria make the case for degrowth – living well with less, by living differently, prioritizing wellbeing, equity and sustainability. Drawing on emerging initiatives and enduring traditions around the world, they advance a radical degrowth vision and outline policies to shape work and care, income and investment that avoid exploitative and unsustainable practices. Degrowth, they argue, can be achieved through transformative strategies that allow societies to slow down by design, not disaster. \n\nEssential reading for all concerned citizens, policy-makers, and students, this book will be an important contribution to one of the thorniest and most pressing debates of our era.\n\nMore Info\n\nSeptember 2020\n140 pages\nAvailable Formats: Hardback £35.00 €39.60; Paperback £9.99 €11.30; Open eBook £8.49 €9.99\n\nTable of Contents\nAcknowledgements\n1. A case for degrowth\n2. Sacrifices of growth\n3. Making changes on the ground\n4. Path-breaking reforms\n5. Strategies for mobilization\nFrequently asked questions\nNotes\n ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64437903,"asset_id":44091265,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":81508089,"first_name":"Giacomo","last_name":"D'Alisa","domain_name":"uc-pt","page_name":"GiacomoDAlisa","display_name":"Giacomo D'Alisa","profile_url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/GiacomoDAlisa?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":276956,"first_name":"Federico","last_name":"Demaria","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"FedericoDemaria","display_name":"Federico Demaria","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/FedericoDemaria?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/276956/6834431/7713967/s65_federico.demaria.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=727"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=727"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=727"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=727"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=727"},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=727"},{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=727"},{"id":4011,"name":"Ecological Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=727"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=727"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=727"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=727"},{"id":29903,"name":"DeGrowth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DeGrowth?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21121625" data-work_id="21121625" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21121625/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Megaproject_Management">The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The ambition for this inaugural edition of The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management is to become the ultimate source for state-of-the-art scholarship in the emerging field of megaproject management. The book offers a rigorous,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21121625" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The ambition for this inaugural edition of The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management is to become the ultimate source for state-of-the-art scholarship in the emerging field of megaproject management. The book offers a rigorous, research-oriented, up-to-date academic view of the discipline based on high-quality data and strong theory. Until lately, the literature in this new field was scattered over a large number of publications and disciplines making it difficult to obtain an overview of the history, key issues, and core readings. Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings, Vols. I-II (2014) assembled the key historical texts in the field. Now the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management has been designed to provide the most important contemporary readings. Taken together, the two books are intended to map out the best of what is worth reading in the megaproject management literature, past and present.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21121625" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b92148accda5c6d8025d6c06844e9a72" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53276444,"asset_id":21121625,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53276444/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81790" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg">Bent Flyvbjerg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81790" type="text/json">{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21121625 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21121625"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21121625, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21121625", }); 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Taken together, the two books are intended to map out the best of what is worth reading in the megaproject management literature, past and present.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53276444,"asset_id":21121625,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":277,"name":"Urban Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Geography?f_ri=727"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=727"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":2277,"name":"Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy?f_ri=727"},{"id":3105,"name":"Construction Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":4367,"name":"Infrastructure Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrastructure_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727"},{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":5009,"name":"Strategic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":6007,"name":"Transport Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transport_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":6842,"name":"Construction Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Project_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":7739,"name":"Strategic Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":14469,"name":"Sustainable Water Resources Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Water_Resources_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":17688,"name":"Environmental Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=727"},{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":20805,"name":"Land-use planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land-use_planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":27826,"name":"Megaprojects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Megaprojects?f_ri=727"},{"id":47813,"name":"Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":55840,"name":"Business Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":65470,"name":"City and Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/City_and_Regional_Planning?f_ri=727"},{"id":77342,"name":"Infrastructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrastructure?f_ri=727"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=727"},{"id":2325634,"name":"Megaproject Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Megaproject_Management?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36141729" data-work_id="36141729" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36141729/Paul_A_Haslam_Jessica_Schafer_and_Pierre_Beaudet_eds_Introduction_to_International_Development_Approaches_Actors_Issues_and_Practice_3rd_Ed_Don_Mills_Oxford_University_Press_2017_">Paul A. Haslam, Jessica Schafer and Pierre Beaudet, eds. Introduction to International Development: Approaches, Actors, Issues and Practice, 3rd Ed. (Don Mills, Oxford University Press, 2017)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Table of Contents and Chapter 1 (Meaning, Measurement and Morality in International Development)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36141729" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a3c73e0125d0bfde4227c8b0600f8e5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56034450,"asset_id":36141729,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56034450/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19330704" href="https://uottawa.academia.edu/PaulAlexanderHaslam">Paul Alexander Haslam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19330704" type="text/json">{"id":19330704,"first_name":"Paul Alexander","last_name":"Haslam","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"PaulAlexanderHaslam","display_name":"Paul Alexander Haslam","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/PaulAlexanderHaslam?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19330704/5382777/6144138/s65_paul_alexander.haslam.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36141729 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36141729"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36141729, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36141729", }); 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Haslam, Jessica Schafer and Pierre Beaudet, eds. Introduction to International Development: Approaches, Actors, Issues and Practice, 3rd Ed. (Don Mills, Oxford University Press, 2017)","created_at":"2018-03-12T09:34:14.940-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36141729/Paul_A_Haslam_Jessica_Schafer_and_Pierre_Beaudet_eds_Introduction_to_International_Development_Approaches_Actors_Issues_and_Practice_3rd_Ed_Don_Mills_Oxford_University_Press_2017_?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_36141729","summary":"Table of Contents and Chapter 1 (Meaning, Measurement and Morality in International Development)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56034450,"asset_id":36141729,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19330704,"first_name":"Paul Alexander","last_name":"Haslam","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"PaulAlexanderHaslam","display_name":"Paul Alexander Haslam","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/PaulAlexanderHaslam?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19330704/5382777/6144138/s65_paul_alexander.haslam.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":29898,"name":"Development ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_ethics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":154993,"name":"International Aid and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Aid_and_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42233758 coauthored" data-work_id="42233758" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42233758/Has_Globalization_Been_Benefical_For_Turkey_A_Socio_Economic_and_Political_Analysis">Has Globalization Been Benefical For Turkey? A Socio-Economic and Political Analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Globalization generally has a meaning with more economic aspects covering “joint action with the world” and/or “opening to competition” by stretching the national borders while it is a concept with its borders with regards to definition... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42233758" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Globalization generally has a meaning with more economic aspects covering “joint action with the world” and/or “opening to competition” by stretching the national borders while it is a concept with its borders with regards to definition and scope not defined yet (Kutlu, 1998: 365). The word “global” was first used in the 1890s while the word “globalization” entered into dictionaries in the 1960s (Scholte, 1999: 9-11). The weight and meaning of the concept, which indicates a development in life standards with the increase of global interaction, developed rapidly since the 1980s which had fast technological advances (Eren and Çütçü, 2018: 48). Globalization includes social and political processes while it is generally defined over the economic activities. Social globalization, which is deeper and more permanent compared to economic globalization, includes examples such as the differentiation of perception-fact interaction, erosion of languages, the trend in socio-cultural practices like birthday, marriage and valentine’s day to become homogeneous (Sandbrook, 2003: 14). Political globalization can manifest itself as the recommendation/imposition of unique concepts and practices of developed countries such as freedom, human rights and democracy to other countries. In this respect, it is worth the mention the statement of Henry Kissinger (1999), former Secretary of State of the USA: “globalisation is really another name for the dominant role of the United States” (Ritzer, 2011: 35-36).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42233758" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2eabdd823814ab8bed0f5c21fb123968" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62383219,"asset_id":42233758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62383219/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50427340" href="https://isparta.academia.edu/MusaOzturk">Musa Öztürk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50427340" type="text/json">{"id":50427340,"first_name":"Musa","last_name":"Öztürk","domain_name":"isparta","page_name":"MusaOzturk","display_name":"Musa Öztürk","profile_url":"https://isparta.academia.edu/MusaOzturk?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50427340/13281416/33579734/s65_musa._zt_rk.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-42233758">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-42233758"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/%C3%96zekY">Yavuz Özek</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-42233758'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-42233758').html(); 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Tags: Companies Act 2006 model articles, Companies Act 2006 summary companies act... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4550919" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This Paper explores and summarises the Director's Duties of the UK Companies Act 2006 with emphasis on "the duty to promote the success of the company. <br /> <br />Tags: <br />Companies Act 2006 model articles, Companies Act 2006 summary <br />companies act 2006 pdf <br />companies act 2006 model articles <br />companies act 2006 regulations 2013 <br />Companies Act 2006 UK <br />UK Companies Act 2006</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4550919" data-share-source="work_strip" 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İktisadi faaliyet olarak tanımlanan bu eylem,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33255148" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tarihin her döneminde ve insanoğlunun yaşadığı her yerde, bir taraftan ihtiyaç duyulan mal ve hizmetler üretilmekte, diğer taraftan da üretilen bu mal ve hizmetler tüketilmektedir. İktisadi faaliyet olarak tanımlanan bu eylem, insanoğlunun yaradılışından itibaren var olagelmiştir ve hayat devam ettiği müddetçe var olmaya devam edecektir. Bu şekilde fevkalade basite indirgenmiş olarak tanımlanan iktisadi faaliyet, aslında son derece karmaşık süreçler içermektedir. Etrafımıza şöyle bir baktığımızda, söz konusu faaliyetin içerdiği karmaşık süreçlere ilişkin birtakım ipuçları elde edebiliriz. Bilindiği gibi, on binlerce firma yüz binlerce mal ve hizmet üretmektedir. Üretilen mal ve hizmetlerin bir bölümü kısa ve uzun dönemde, bizzat üreticileri tarafından, bir bölümü de toplumun diğer üyeleri tarafından mahalli tüketilmektedir. Mal ve hizmetlerin geriye kalan bölümü ise, başka yerlerde bulunan ekonomik aktörler kullanmaktadır. Tüketim faaliyeti, söz konusu mal ve hizmetlerin yeniden üretilmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bir başka ifade ile üretim-tüketim kısır döngüsü başlamaktadır. Bu nedenledir ki, iktisadi faaliyet olgusu üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerinin bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu faaliyet gerçekleştirilirken cevabı aranan temel soru şudur: üretim ve tüketim en üst seviyeye nasıl çıkarılacak? Nitekim daha çok mal ve hizmet tüketmek bireyin maddi refah seviyesinin yükselmesi anlamına geldiği için, üretilen mal ve hizmet miktarının arttırılması önem kazanmaktadır. Üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerini inceleyen ve kısaca kıtlık bilimi olarak tanımlanan iktisat, gerek üreticilerin gerekse tüketicilerin mevcut şartlar altında çıkarlarını (üretici için kar, tüketici için fayda) maksimum seviyeye nasıl çıkaracaklarını araştırmakta ve bu amaca yönelik olarak ilkeler/yasalar ortaya koymaktadır. İktisat bilimi, esas itibariyle iki ana damar ihtiva etmektedir: mikroekonomik analiz ve makroekonomik analiz.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33255148" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7813e71a5176d101538fb68c5fd6ae27" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53325914,"asset_id":33255148,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53325914/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57333441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DegisimYayinlari">Değişim Yayınları</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57333441" type="text/json">{"id":57333441,"first_name":"Değişim","last_name":"Yayınları","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DegisimYayinlari","display_name":"Değişim Yayınları","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DegisimYayinlari?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57333441/15285559/15947000/s65_deg_is_im.yayinlari.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33255148 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33255148"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33255148, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33255148", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33255148]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33255148").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33255148").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33255148"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33255148]'), work: {"id":33255148,"title":"İktisat Bilimine Giriş","created_at":"2017-05-29T23:44:50.399-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33255148/%C4%B0ktisat_Bilimine_Giri%C5%9F?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_33255148","summary":"Tarihin her döneminde ve insanoğlunun yaşadığı her yerde, bir taraftan ihtiyaç duyulan mal ve hizmetler üretilmekte, diğer taraftan da üretilen bu mal ve hizmetler tüketilmektedir. İktisadi faaliyet olarak tanımlanan bu eylem, insanoğlunun yaradılışından itibaren var olagelmiştir ve hayat devam ettiği müddetçe var olmaya devam edecektir. Bu şekilde fevkalade basite indirgenmiş olarak tanımlanan iktisadi faaliyet, aslında son derece karmaşık süreçler içermektedir. Etrafımıza şöyle bir baktığımızda, söz konusu faaliyetin içerdiği karmaşık süreçlere ilişkin birtakım ipuçları elde edebiliriz. Bilindiği gibi, on binlerce firma yüz binlerce mal ve hizmet üretmektedir. Üretilen mal ve hizmetlerin bir bölümü kısa ve uzun dönemde, bizzat üreticileri tarafından, bir bölümü de toplumun diğer üyeleri tarafından mahalli tüketilmektedir. Mal ve hizmetlerin geriye kalan bölümü ise, başka yerlerde bulunan ekonomik aktörler kullanmaktadır. Tüketim faaliyeti, söz konusu mal ve hizmetlerin yeniden üretilmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bir başka ifade ile üretim-tüketim kısır döngüsü başlamaktadır. Bu nedenledir ki, iktisadi faaliyet olgusu üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerinin bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu faaliyet gerçekleştirilirken cevabı aranan temel soru şudur: üretim ve tüketim en üst seviyeye nasıl çıkarılacak? Nitekim daha çok mal ve hizmet tüketmek bireyin maddi refah seviyesinin yükselmesi anlamına geldiği için, üretilen mal ve hizmet miktarının arttırılması önem kazanmaktadır. Üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerini inceleyen ve kısaca kıtlık bilimi olarak tanımlanan iktisat, gerek üreticilerin gerekse tüketicilerin mevcut şartlar altında çıkarlarını (üretici için kar, tüketici için fayda) maksimum seviyeye nasıl çıkaracaklarını araştırmakta ve bu amaca yönelik olarak ilkeler/yasalar ortaya koymaktadır. İktisat bilimi, esas itibariyle iki ana damar ihtiva etmektedir: mikroekonomik analiz ve makroekonomik analiz.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53325914,"asset_id":33255148,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57333441,"first_name":"Değişim","last_name":"Yayınları","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DegisimYayinlari","display_name":"Değişim Yayınları","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DegisimYayinlari?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57333441/15285559/15947000/s65_deg_is_im.yayinlari.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":7235,"name":"Social Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Economy?f_ri=727"},{"id":46429,"name":"Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economy?f_ri=727"},{"id":115044,"name":"Microeconomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microeconomy?f_ri=727"},{"id":260936,"name":"Iktisat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iktisat?f_ri=727"},{"id":413015,"name":"Mikro Iktisat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mikro_Iktisat?f_ri=727"},{"id":476424,"name":"Macroeconomy, Monetary Policies, Economic Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomy_Monetary_Policies_Economic_Crisis?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8120514" data-work_id="8120514" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8120514/Muhammad_Baqir_As_Sadr_Iqtisaduna_Our_Economics_Volume_01_I">Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr - Iqtisaduna (Our Economics) - Volume 01 - I</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In Our Economy, al-Sadr strives to show that Islam has answers to problems of the modern world by presenting an Islamic alternative to both capitalism and socialism. He rejects socialism on the basis that Islam distinguishes between the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8120514" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In Our Economy, al-Sadr strives to show that Islam has answers to problems of the modern world by presenting an Islamic alternative to both capitalism and socialism. He rejects socialism on the basis that Islam distinguishes between the individual and the ruler in an Islamic state in a manner that requires a distinction between private and public property. However, he also rejects capitalism's notion that private property is justified in its own right, arguing instead that both private and public property originate from God, and that the rights and obligations of both private individuals and rulers are therefore dictated by Islam. He also rejects the conclusion that this makes Islamic economics a mixture between capitalism and socialism, arguing that capitalism and socialism each come about as the natural conclusion of certain ideologies, while Islamic economics comes about as the natural conclusion of Islamic ideology and therefore is justified entirely independently of other systems of economics. <br /><br />This book is divided into 4 sections. Volume 1 - I, Volume 1 - II, Volume 2 - I and Volume 2 - II.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8120514" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6df607a07ee77965200b85c9087fdffe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34565142,"asset_id":8120514,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34565142/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1292314" href="https://szabist.academia.edu/HasnainRizvi">S M Hasnain Rizvi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1292314" type="text/json">{"id":1292314,"first_name":"S M Hasnain","last_name":"Rizvi","domain_name":"szabist","page_name":"HasnainRizvi","display_name":"S M Hasnain Rizvi","profile_url":"https://szabist.academia.edu/HasnainRizvi?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1292314/475575/3327471/s65_syed_muhammad_hasnain.rizvi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8120514 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8120514"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8120514, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8120514", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8120514 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8120514; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8120514"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8120514 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8120514"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8120514; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8120514]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8120514").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8120514").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8120514"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="736" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics">Islamic Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="736" type="text/json">{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6908" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Banking">Banking</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6908" type="text/json">{"id":6908,"name":"Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Banking?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8120514]'), work: {"id":8120514,"title":"Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr - Iqtisaduna (Our Economics) - Volume 01 - I","created_at":"2014-08-28T18:53:41.513-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8120514/Muhammad_Baqir_As_Sadr_Iqtisaduna_Our_Economics_Volume_01_I?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_8120514","summary":"In Our Economy, al-Sadr strives to show that Islam has answers to problems of the modern world by presenting an Islamic alternative to both capitalism and socialism. He rejects socialism on the basis that Islam distinguishes between the individual and the ruler in an Islamic state in a manner that requires a distinction between private and public property. However, he also rejects capitalism's notion that private property is justified in its own right, arguing instead that both private and public property originate from God, and that the rights and obligations of both private individuals and rulers are therefore dictated by Islam. He also rejects the conclusion that this makes Islamic economics a mixture between capitalism and socialism, arguing that capitalism and socialism each come about as the natural conclusion of certain ideologies, while Islamic economics comes about as the natural conclusion of Islamic ideology and therefore is justified entirely independently of other systems of economics. \n\nThis book is divided into 4 sections. Volume 1 - I, Volume 1 - II, Volume 2 - I and Volume 2 - II.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34565142,"asset_id":8120514,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1292314,"first_name":"S M Hasnain","last_name":"Rizvi","domain_name":"szabist","page_name":"HasnainRizvi","display_name":"S M Hasnain Rizvi","profile_url":"https://szabist.academia.edu/HasnainRizvi?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1292314/475575/3327471/s65_syed_muhammad_hasnain.rizvi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":6908,"name":"Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Banking?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":21923,"name":"Islamic Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Banking?f_ri=727"},{"id":21928,"name":"Islamic Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Finance?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33036475" data-work_id="33036475" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33036475/AN_INVESTIGATION_OF_THE_IMPACT_OF_VILLAGE_SAVINGS_AND_LOAN_ASSOCIATIONS_IN_SOCIAL_AND_ECONOMIC_DEVELOPMENT_AND_ITS_MANAGEMENT_A_CASE_OF_MKUTA_MWANA_PROJECT_IN_SALIMA_DISTRICT">AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF VILLAGE SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS IN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ITS MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF MKUTA MWANA PROJECT IN SALIMA DISTRICT</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The study aimed at assessing the impact of the Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) in economic development, through an assessment of the Economic Strengthening Program, in which the VSLA approach was used by Network of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33036475" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The study aimed at assessing the impact of the Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) in economic development, through an assessment of the Economic Strengthening Program, in which the VSLA approach was used by Network of Organizations for Vulnerable and Orphaned Children (NOVOC) in Salima district, as a way of uplifting the social economic status of rural people especially women in the district. The objectives of the study were to assess the impact of VSLAs in economic development for rural people of Salima district, to identify the key integrated approaches reflecting economic strengthening expertise that could be adopted or modified to best suit the local context and rural households’ capacities, and to understand how economic strengthening activities should be designed to reflect families’ needs, capacities and constraints. <br />The study used Rostow stages of economic growth and the graduation model theories. These theories were used to measure if VSL members’ economic status grow from under development to development – that is from traditional society, to pre-conditioning, to take-off, then drive to maturity and finally to maturity; and to test if indeed families that are engaged in VSLAs, will graduate from extreme poverty to sustainable livelihoods within 18 to 36 months. The study used a mixed method approach in which both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. Under the quantitative method, the study sampled 392 respondents to whom a standardized household questionnaire was administered. While under the qualitative method, the data was collected from Focus Groups of about 8 to 12 people as well as from key informants. All quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS in which frequencies, averages, mean and percentages were calculated, and all the qualitative data was analyzed using thematic/ long-table analysis.<br />The study revealed that VSL members managed to make household improvements using both loans and payouts from VSLs; improved their food security, health and social needs; and accumulated assets as a result of their participation in VSLs. It was also discovered that VSL accelerate growth and diversification in IGAs; and that the status of the members changed since joining the VSLs. It is evident from the findings that as a result of participating in VSL program, there was improvements in the economic and social welfare of households; there was acceleration in IGA growth and diversification; and improvement in the health and food security of VSL members. It is therefore recommended that economic strengthening activities/ interventions should be holistically designed; local people must be trained to run the groups; CBOs must be empowered to coordinate VSLs; and that VSL groups that have completed two or three cycles must be engaged in group IGAs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33036475" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c004760e298b35492df6037e470748c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53145590,"asset_id":33036475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53145590/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15898238" href="https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/clementsilungwe">clement silungwe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15898238" type="text/json">{"id":15898238,"first_name":"clement","last_name":"silungwe","domain_name":"unisouthafr","page_name":"clementsilungwe","display_name":"clement silungwe","profile_url":"https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/clementsilungwe?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15898238/20500127/20141019/s65_clement.silungwe.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33036475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33036475"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33036475, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33036475", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33036475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33036475; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33036475"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33036475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33036475"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33036475; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33036475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33036475").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33036475").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33036475"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33036475]'), work: {"id":33036475,"title":"AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF VILLAGE SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS IN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ITS MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF MKUTA MWANA PROJECT IN SALIMA DISTRICT","created_at":"2017-05-16T03:13:18.278-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33036475/AN_INVESTIGATION_OF_THE_IMPACT_OF_VILLAGE_SAVINGS_AND_LOAN_ASSOCIATIONS_IN_SOCIAL_AND_ECONOMIC_DEVELOPMENT_AND_ITS_MANAGEMENT_A_CASE_OF_MKUTA_MWANA_PROJECT_IN_SALIMA_DISTRICT?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_33036475","summary":"The study aimed at assessing the impact of the Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) in economic development, through an assessment of the Economic Strengthening Program, in which the VSLA approach was used by Network of Organizations for Vulnerable and Orphaned Children (NOVOC) in Salima district, as a way of uplifting the social economic status of rural people especially women in the district. The objectives of the study were to assess the impact of VSLAs in economic development for rural people of Salima district, to identify the key integrated approaches reflecting economic strengthening expertise that could be adopted or modified to best suit the local context and rural households’ capacities, and to understand how economic strengthening activities should be designed to reflect families’ needs, capacities and constraints. \nThe study used Rostow stages of economic growth and the graduation model theories. These theories were used to measure if VSL members’ economic status grow from under development to development – that is from traditional society, to pre-conditioning, to take-off, then drive to maturity and finally to maturity; and to test if indeed families that are engaged in VSLAs, will graduate from extreme poverty to sustainable livelihoods within 18 to 36 months. The study used a mixed method approach in which both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. Under the quantitative method, the study sampled 392 respondents to whom a standardized household questionnaire was administered. While under the qualitative method, the data was collected from Focus Groups of about 8 to 12 people as well as from key informants. All quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS in which frequencies, averages, mean and percentages were calculated, and all the qualitative data was analyzed using thematic/ long-table analysis.\nThe study revealed that VSL members managed to make household improvements using both loans and payouts from VSLs; improved their food security, health and social needs; and accumulated assets as a result of their participation in VSLs. It was also discovered that VSL accelerate growth and diversification in IGAs; and that the status of the members changed since joining the VSLs. It is evident from the findings that as a result of participating in VSL program, there was improvements in the economic and social welfare of households; there was acceleration in IGA growth and diversification; and improvement in the health and food security of VSL members. It is therefore recommended that economic strengthening activities/ interventions should be holistically designed; local people must be trained to run the groups; CBOs must be empowered to coordinate VSLs; and that VSL groups that have completed two or three cycles must be engaged in group IGAs. \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53145590,"asset_id":33036475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15898238,"first_name":"clement","last_name":"silungwe","domain_name":"unisouthafr","page_name":"clementsilungwe","display_name":"clement silungwe","profile_url":"https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/clementsilungwe?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15898238/20500127/20141019/s65_clement.silungwe.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40102902" data-work_id="40102902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40102902/Mongolia_Wolf_Economy">Mongolia- Wolf Economy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A brief overview of Mongolia's recent economic developments, and the hurdles impacting economic growth in a post-communist state.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40102902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span 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class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="103690975" href="https://independent.academia.edu/anudariganbold">Anudari Ganbold</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="103690975" type="text/json">{"id":103690975,"first_name":"Anudari","last_name":"Ganbold","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"anudariganbold","display_name":"Anudari Ganbold","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/anudariganbold?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/103690975/24761112/23614238/s65_wolfy.on_tour.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40102902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40102902"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40102902, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40102902", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40102902 InlineList-item 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class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2738" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy">Renewable Energy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2738" type="text/json">{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade">International Trade</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3180" type="text/json">{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40102902]'), work: {"id":40102902,"title":"Mongolia- Wolf Economy","created_at":"2019-08-16T17:43:12.274-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40102902/Mongolia_Wolf_Economy?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_40102902","summary":"A brief overview of Mongolia's recent economic developments, and the hurdles impacting economic growth in a post-communist state.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60313516,"asset_id":40102902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":103690975,"first_name":"Anudari","last_name":"Ganbold","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"anudariganbold","display_name":"Anudari Ganbold","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/anudariganbold?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/103690975/24761112/23614238/s65_wolfy.on_tour.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=727"},{"id":6034,"name":"Mongolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolian_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":8223,"name":"East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=727"},{"id":42649,"name":"Small States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_States?f_ri=727"},{"id":44503,"name":"International Energy Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Energy_Security?f_ri=727"},{"id":71056,"name":"Northeast Asian Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_Asian_Security?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3160229" data-work_id="3160229" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3160229/CAN_THERE_EVER_BE_A_SINGLE_UNIFIED_THEORY_OF_DEVELOPMENT">CAN THERE EVER BE A SINGLE, UNIFIED THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3160229" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="417f191d90d6ed11a9e14ded334debcd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31060446,"asset_id":3160229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31060446/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2731479" href="https://iqraisb.academia.edu/SidraPervez">Sidra Pervez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2731479" type="text/json">{"id":2731479,"first_name":"Sidra","last_name":"Pervez","domain_name":"iqraisb","page_name":"SidraPervez","display_name":"Sidra Pervez","profile_url":"https://iqraisb.academia.edu/SidraPervez?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3160229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3160229"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3160229; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3160229]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3160229").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3160229").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3160229"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="735" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics">International Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="735" type="text/json">{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory">Economic Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6208" type="text/json">{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3160229]'), work: {"id":3160229,"title":"CAN THERE EVER BE A SINGLE, UNIFIED THEORY OF 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Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":198063,"name":"Economics of the informal sector, Labour Economics, Economics of development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_the_informal_sector_Labour_Economics_Economics_of_development?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23854638" data-work_id="23854638" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23854638/Pre_Feasibility_Study_Report_PICOCO_III_HOUSING_DEVELOPMENT_PROJECT">Pre-Feasibility Study Report (PICOCO III HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECT</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This report elaborates the technical, market and financial feasibility of implementing a housing development project in the greater Matola Municipal area, Boane District, close to the city of Maputo, Mozambique. Prior to the presentation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23854638" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This report elaborates the technical, market and financial feasibility of implementing a housing development project in the greater Matola Municipal area, Boane District, close to the city of Maputo, Mozambique. Prior to the presentation of site specific details it also includes some general information about the demographics and economic highlights of Mozambique as background information on the project.<br />According to the mobilized funding for the project, potential capacity of the allocated land (271ha) is around 4000 housing units, stand-alone houses and apartments included. Capacity projected to be utilized in the first phase of the project is around 1000 housing units.<br />The agreement between the Fundo para o Fomento Habitacao and Imbani Projects (Pty) Ltd to develop the Boane district using the latest construction technology from South African will retain up to 60% of professionals considering relocating from Mozambique due to accommodation challenges.<br />The total cost of the project in the initial stage will be US$133 391 940, the subsequent phases will be funded from sales and rental proceeds. The Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is estimated at US$11 018 000 and 53% respectively. It was FFH’s wish that the project be a minimal profit project.<br />The growth of the Mozambican economy has brought about need for industrial, light industrial and warehousing space. The general growth of the population over available infrastructure has increased the demand for space to rent and buy.<br />The technical, financial and market feasibility of this project is satisfactory and it can be recommended as a very good investment opportunity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23854638" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d562bb88bcce0179020c3a7178b3120" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44249118,"asset_id":23854638,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44249118/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4597863" href="https://msuwebac.academia.edu/AlexMadziwa">Alex Madziwa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4597863" type="text/json">{"id":4597863,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Madziwa","domain_name":"msuwebac","page_name":"AlexMadziwa","display_name":"Alex Madziwa","profile_url":"https://msuwebac.academia.edu/AlexMadziwa?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4597863/1916641/2270368/s65_alex.madziwa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23854638 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23854638"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23854638, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23854638", }); 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Prior to the presentation of site specific details it also includes some general information about the demographics and economic highlights of Mozambique as background information on the project.\nAccording to the mobilized funding for the project, potential capacity of the allocated land (271ha) is around 4000 housing units, stand-alone houses and apartments included. Capacity projected to be utilized in the first phase of the project is around 1000 housing units.\nThe agreement between the Fundo para o Fomento Habitacao and Imbani Projects (Pty) Ltd to develop the Boane district using the latest construction technology from South African will retain up to 60% of professionals considering relocating from Mozambique due to accommodation challenges.\nThe total cost of the project in the initial stage will be US$133 391 940, the subsequent phases will be funded from sales and rental proceeds. The Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is estimated at US$11 018 000 and 53% respectively. It was FFH’s wish that the project be a minimal profit project.\nThe growth of the Mozambican economy has brought about need for industrial, light industrial and warehousing space. The general growth of the population over available infrastructure has increased the demand for space to rent and buy.\nThe technical, financial and market feasibility of this project is satisfactory and it can be recommended as a very good investment opportunity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44249118,"asset_id":23854638,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4597863,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Madziwa","domain_name":"msuwebac","page_name":"AlexMadziwa","display_name":"Alex Madziwa","profile_url":"https://msuwebac.academia.edu/AlexMadziwa?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4597863/1916641/2270368/s65_alex.madziwa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":2277,"name":"Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":141969,"name":"Ecconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecconomics?f_ri=727"},{"id":296918,"name":"Feasibility Study for Real Estate Developmet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feasibility_Study_for_Real_Estate_Developmet?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23908958" data-work_id="23908958" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23908958/Fuck_Neoliberalism">Fuck Neoliberalism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Yep, fuck it. Neoliberalism sucks. We don't need it.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23908958" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5917c810334c2ece5902c761f6fb4ae9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61271804,"asset_id":23908958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61271804/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="271934" href="https://newcastle-au.academia.edu/SimonSpringer">Simon Springer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="271934" type="text/json">{"id":271934,"first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Springer","domain_name":"newcastle-au","page_name":"SimonSpringer","display_name":"Simon Springer","profile_url":"https://newcastle-au.academia.edu/SimonSpringer?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271934/56494/36120073/s65_simon.springer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23908958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23908958"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23908958, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23908958", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23908958]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23908958").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23908958").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23908958"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">180</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management">Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38" type="text/json">{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23908958]'), work: {"id":23908958,"title":"Fuck Neoliberalism","created_at":"2016-04-01T07:33:34.667-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23908958/Fuck_Neoliberalism?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_23908958","summary":"Yep, fuck it. Neoliberalism sucks. We don't need it.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61271804,"asset_id":23908958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":271934,"first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Springer","domain_name":"newcastle-au","page_name":"SimonSpringer","display_name":"Simon Springer","profile_url":"https://newcastle-au.academia.edu/SimonSpringer?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271934/56494/36120073/s65_simon.springer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural 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Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Education?f_ri=727"},{"id":613505,"name":"Neoliberalismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalismo?f_ri=727"},{"id":840224,"name":"Neoliberalizm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalizm?f_ri=727"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39692614" data-work_id="39692614" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39692614/_Pluriverse_A_Post_Development_Dictionary_AUF_2019_NEW_BOOK_edited_by_Ashish_Kothari_Ariel_Salleh_Arturo_Escobar_Federico_Demaria_and_Alberto_Acosta_Download_full_ebook_for_free_PDF_License_Creative_Commons">"Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary" (AUF, 2019). NEW BOOK edited by Ashish Kothari, Ariel Salleh, Arturo Escobar, Federico Demaria and Alberto Acosta. Download full ebook for free (PDF). License: Creative Commons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">You can buy it for 15 dollars at AbeBooks (they ship worldwide): <a href="https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30337321496&searchurl=kn%3Dpluriverse%2Bdictionary%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1" rel="nofollow">https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30337321496&searchurl=kn%3Dpluriverse%2Bdictionary%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1</a> FOR BUYING THE BOOK at a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39692614" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">You can buy it for 15 dollars at AbeBooks (they ship worldwide):  <a href="https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30337321496&searchurl=kn%3Dpluriverse%2Bdictionary%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1" rel="nofollow">https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30337321496&searchurl=kn%3Dpluriverse%2Bdictionary%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1</a><br />FOR BUYING THE BOOK at a discounted rate, please get directly in touch with our publisher AUF at <a href="mailto:info@authorsupfront.com" rel="nofollow">info@authorsupfront.com</a>. <br /><br />"Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary" is a stimulating collection of over 100 essays on transformative alternatives to the currently dominant processes of globalized development, including its structural roots in modernity, capitalism, state domination, and masculinist values. In the post-development imagination, 'development' would no longer be the organizing principle of social life. The book presents worldviews and practices from around the world in a collective search for an ecologically wise and socially just world. It also offers critical essays on a number of false solutions that those in power are proposing in an attempt to 'greenwash' development. The 120+ contributors to the volume include activists, academics, and practitioners, with a wealth of experience in their respective fields of engagement.<br /><br />The book focuses on the conceptualisation and practice of radical alternatives to ‘development’. It also challenges mainstream or superficial solutions to global crises, including ‘green economy’ and ‘sustainable development’. What has been missing is a broad transcultural compilation of concrete concepts, worldviews and practices from around the world, challenging the modernist ontology of universalism in favour of a multiplicity of possible worlds. This is what it means to call for a pluriverse.<br /><br />The book follows the structure of an encyclopedia, with short 1000-word entries for each of the key terms. The entries are written by invited authors. In the list of authors you might recognize Vandana Shiva, Serge Latouche, Wolfgang Sachs, Silvia Federici, Nnimmo Bassey, Gustavo Esteva, Katherine Gibson, Maristella Svampa and many more.<br /><br />FOR BUYING THE BOOK at a discounted rate, please get directly in touch with our publisher AUF at <a href="mailto:info@authorsupfront.com" rel="nofollow">info@authorsupfront.com</a>: <a href="https://www.authorsupfront.com/pluriverse.htm" rel="nofollow">https://www.authorsupfront.com/pluriverse.htm</a><br /><br />Publisher: Authors Up Front (self-publishing platform for the creative community; Delhi, India). See: <a href="http://authorsupfront.com/" rel="nofollow">http://authorsupfront.com/</a> <br /><br />License: Creative Commons <br /><br />EDITORS<br /><br />Ashish Kothari is with Kalpavriksh and Vikalp Sangam in India, and co-editor of Alternative Futures: India Unshackled.<br /><br />Ariel Salleh is an Australian scholar-activist, author of Ecofeminism as Politics and editor of Eco-Sufficiency and Global Justice. <br /><br />Arturo Escobar teaches at University of North Carolina, and is author of Encountering Development.<br /><br />Federico Demaria is with Autonomous University of Barcelona, and co-editor of Degrowth: A Vocubalary for a New Era. <br /><br />Alberto Acosta is an Ecuadorian economist and activist, and former President of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39692614" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="34293eb27f1ed16f587b97144994c7f1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59862289,"asset_id":39692614,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59862289/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="276956" href="https://ub.academia.edu/FedericoDemaria">Federico Demaria</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="276956" type="text/json">{"id":276956,"first_name":"Federico","last_name":"Demaria","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"FedericoDemaria","display_name":"Federico Demaria","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/FedericoDemaria?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/276956/6834431/7713967/s65_federico.demaria.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39692614 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39692614"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39692614, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39692614", }); 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NEW BOOK edited by Ashish Kothari, Ariel Salleh, Arturo Escobar, Federico Demaria and Alberto Acosta. Download full ebook for free (PDF). License: Creative Commons","created_at":"2019-06-25T09:19:41.739-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39692614/_Pluriverse_A_Post_Development_Dictionary_AUF_2019_NEW_BOOK_edited_by_Ashish_Kothari_Ariel_Salleh_Arturo_Escobar_Federico_Demaria_and_Alberto_Acosta_Download_full_ebook_for_free_PDF_License_Creative_Commons?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_39692614","summary":"You can buy it for 15 dollars at AbeBooks (they ship worldwide): https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30337321496\u0026searchurl=kn%3Dpluriverse%2Bdictionary%26sortby%3D17\u0026cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1\nFOR BUYING THE BOOK at a discounted rate, please get directly in touch with our publisher AUF at info@authorsupfront.com. \n\n\"Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary\" is a stimulating collection of over 100 essays on transformative alternatives to the currently dominant processes of globalized development, including its structural roots in modernity, capitalism, state domination, and masculinist values. In the post-development imagination, 'development' would no longer be the organizing principle of social life. The book presents worldviews and practices from around the world in a collective search for an ecologically wise and socially just world. It also offers critical essays on a number of false solutions that those in power are proposing in an attempt to 'greenwash' development. The 120+ contributors to the volume include activists, academics, and practitioners, with a wealth of experience in their respective fields of engagement.\n\nThe book focuses on the conceptualisation and practice of radical alternatives to ‘development’. It also challenges mainstream or superficial solutions to global crises, including ‘green economy’ and ‘sustainable development’. What has been missing is a broad transcultural compilation of concrete concepts, worldviews and practices from around the world, challenging the modernist ontology of universalism in favour of a multiplicity of possible worlds. This is what it means to call for a pluriverse.\n\nThe book follows the structure of an encyclopedia, with short 1000-word entries for each of the key terms. The entries are written by invited authors. In the list of authors you might recognize Vandana Shiva, Serge Latouche, Wolfgang Sachs, Silvia Federici, Nnimmo Bassey, Gustavo Esteva, Katherine Gibson, Maristella Svampa and many more.\n\nFOR BUYING THE BOOK at a discounted rate, please get directly in touch with our publisher AUF at info@authorsupfront.com: https://www.authorsupfront.com/pluriverse.htm\n\nPublisher: Authors Up Front (self-publishing platform for the creative community; Delhi, India). See: http://authorsupfront.com/ \n\nLicense: Creative Commons \n\nEDITORS\n\nAshish Kothari is with Kalpavriksh and Vikalp Sangam in India, and co-editor of Alternative Futures: India Unshackled.\n\nAriel Salleh is an Australian scholar-activist, author of Ecofeminism as Politics and editor of Eco-Sufficiency and Global Justice. \n\nArturo Escobar teaches at University of North Carolina, and is author of Encountering Development.\n\nFederico Demaria is with Autonomous University of Barcelona, and co-editor of Degrowth: A Vocubalary for a New Era. \n\nAlberto Acosta is an Ecuadorian economist and activist, and former President of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59862289,"asset_id":39692614,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":276956,"first_name":"Federico","last_name":"Demaria","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"FedericoDemaria","display_name":"Federico Demaria","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/FedericoDemaria?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/276956/6834431/7713967/s65_federico.demaria.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=727"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=727"},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=727"},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=727"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=727"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=727"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=727"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=727"},{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=727"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=727"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=727"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=727"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50920483" data-work_id="50920483" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50920483/Non_Fungible_Tokens_NFT_Innovation_beyond_the_craze">Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) - Innovation beyond the craze</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed digitalization and digitization across all industry sectors and blockchain is considered an innovative frontrunning technology with regards to applicability and usability in these challenging times.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50920483" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed digitalization and digitization across all industry sectors and blockchain is considered an innovative frontrunning technology with regards to applicability and usability in these challenging times. Blockchain technology has enabled access, through the process of tokenization, to assets that, until now, could not be traded quickly and easily. Tokenization is one of the cornerstones of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and a native functionality of multiple blockchain architectures. The properties and features of a token unlocks a variety of economic possibilities, besides the main function of using it as fuel for the network itself. A basic definition of a token refers to a digital asset that is created, issued and managed on a Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) infrastructure, and is designed to be highly secure with an instant transferability property. With the advancement of smart contracts, some built-in functionalities have been developed and programmed, which helped push the tokenization process to new heights. From real estate security tokens that represent fractionalized properties to platformspecific tokens that incentivize the use of a particular application, tokens have emerged as a secure and digital alternative for users across the world to access, trade and store value. The Content Creators and Art industry is going through a paradigm shift with the introduction of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), as the space is acquiring a large number or artists hoping to capitalize on the innovation and distribution power that blockchain technology is offering. What digitization first removed from art, blockchain is trying to bring it back, reshaping the art world with viable tools for provenance, authenticity and distribution. In this paper we will assess the innovative approach of NFTs in different sectors, with an in-depth analysis of their usability and impact. We will be focusing on the features of NFTs to ensure scarcity, traceability and proof of ownership, amongst the most essential properties needed to create, store and maintain the value of an asset.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50920483" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c09f4c1fa42b120ff9b66819fd2366b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68796447,"asset_id":50920483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68796447/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="174080753" href="https://imst.academia.edu/AndreiPopescu">Andrei-Dragos Popescu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="174080753" type="text/json">{"id":174080753,"first_name":"Andrei-Dragos","last_name":"Popescu","domain_name":"imst","page_name":"AndreiPopescu","display_name":"Andrei-Dragos Popescu","profile_url":"https://imst.academia.edu/AndreiPopescu?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/174080753/48290357/41532529/s65_andrei.popescu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50920483 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50920483"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50920483, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50920483", }); 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Blockchain technology has enabled access, through the process of tokenization, to assets that, until now, could not be traded quickly and easily. Tokenization is one of the cornerstones of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and a native functionality of multiple blockchain architectures. The properties and features of a token unlocks a variety of economic possibilities, besides the main function of using it as fuel for the network itself. A basic definition of a token refers to a digital asset that is created, issued and managed on a Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) infrastructure, and is designed to be highly secure with an instant transferability property. With the advancement of smart contracts, some built-in functionalities have been developed and programmed, which helped push the tokenization process to new heights. From real estate security tokens that represent fractionalized properties to platformspecific tokens that incentivize the use of a particular application, tokens have emerged as a secure and digital alternative for users across the world to access, trade and store value. The Content Creators and Art industry is going through a paradigm shift with the introduction of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), as the space is acquiring a large number or artists hoping to capitalize on the innovation and distribution power that blockchain technology is offering. What digitization first removed from art, blockchain is trying to bring it back, reshaping the art world with viable tools for provenance, authenticity and distribution. In this paper we will assess the innovative approach of NFTs in different sectors, with an in-depth analysis of their usability and impact. We will be focusing on the features of NFTs to ensure scarcity, traceability and proof of ownership, amongst the most essential properties needed to create, store and maintain the value of an asset.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68796447,"asset_id":50920483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":174080753,"first_name":"Andrei-Dragos","last_name":"Popescu","domain_name":"imst","page_name":"AndreiPopescu","display_name":"Andrei-Dragos Popescu","profile_url":"https://imst.academia.edu/AndreiPopescu?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/174080753/48290357/41532529/s65_andrei.popescu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":16542,"name":"Cryptography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptography?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":57424,"name":"Digital Asset Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Asset_Management?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":140420,"name":"Token Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Token_Economy?f_ri=727"},{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=727"},{"id":881069,"name":"Business \u0026 Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Finance-1?f_ri=727"},{"id":1450126,"name":"Blockchains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blockchains?f_ri=727"},{"id":1722857,"name":"Digital Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Finance?f_ri=727"},{"id":2199949,"name":"Blockchain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blockchain?f_ri=727"},{"id":2199951,"name":"Blockchain Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blockchain_Technologies?f_ri=727"},{"id":2476804,"name":"Digital Financial Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Financial_Services?f_ri=727"},{"id":2484956,"name":"Blockchains Technology and Creative Industries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blockchains_Technology_and_Creative_Industries?f_ri=727"},{"id":2910830,"name":"Blockchain technology in financial sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blockchain_technology_in_financial_sector?f_ri=727"},{"id":3952711,"name":"NFT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NFT?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79830257" data-work_id="79830257" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79830257/China_s_2008_Labor_Contract_Law_Implementation_and_implications_for_China_s_workers">China’s 2008 Labor Contract Law: Implementation and implications for China’s workers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article presents empirical evidence from household and firm survey data collected during 2009−2010 on the implementation of the 2008 Labor Contract Law and effects on China’s workers. The Government and local labor bureaus have made... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79830257" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article presents empirical evidence from household and firm survey data collected during 2009−2010 on the implementation of the 2008 Labor Contract Law and effects on China’s workers. The Government and local labor bureaus have made substantial efforts to enforce the provisions of the new Law, which has likely contributed to reversing a trend toward increasing informalization of the urban labor market. Enforcement of the Law, however, varies substantially across cities. The article analyzes the determinants of worker satisfaction with the Law’s enforcement, workers’ propensity to have a labor contract, their awareness of the Law’s content and their likelihood of initiating disputes, and finds that all are highly correlated with education level, especially for migrants. Although higher labor costs may have had a negative impact on manufacturing employment growth, this has not led to an overall increase in aggregate unemployment or prevented the rapid growth of real wages. Less p...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79830257" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5419688df3153694cd6c4bbef9892a17" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86413141,"asset_id":79830257,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86413141/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41828164" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnGiles3">John Giles</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41828164" type="text/json">{"id":41828164,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Giles","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnGiles3","display_name":"John Giles","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnGiles3?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79830257 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79830257"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79830257, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79830257", }); 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The Government and local labor bureaus have made substantial efforts to enforce the provisions of the new Law, which has likely contributed to reversing a trend toward increasing informalization of the urban labor market. Enforcement of the Law, however, varies substantially across cities. The article analyzes the determinants of worker satisfaction with the Law’s enforcement, workers’ propensity to have a labor contract, their awareness of the Law’s content and their likelihood of initiating disputes, and finds that all are highly correlated with education level, especially for migrants. Although higher labor costs may have had a negative impact on manufacturing employment growth, this has not led to an overall increase in aggregate unemployment or prevented the rapid growth of real wages. Less p...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86413141,"asset_id":79830257,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41828164,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Giles","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnGiles3","display_name":"John Giles","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnGiles3?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":751,"name":"Labor Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=727"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=727"},{"id":9521,"name":"Housing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing?f_ri=727"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=727"},{"id":17580,"name":"Human Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources?f_ri=727"},{"id":23675,"name":"Labor law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_law?f_ri=727"},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=727"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":73757,"name":"Informal Sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Sector?f_ri=727"},{"id":88382,"name":"Primary Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Education?f_ri=727"},{"id":214707,"name":"Human Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Relations?f_ri=727"},{"id":216730,"name":"Informal Employment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Employment?f_ri=727"},{"id":466484,"name":"Private Sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_Sector?f_ri=727"},{"id":1221208,"name":"Human Resources Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources_Management?f_ri=727"},{"id":1470936,"name":"Age Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Groups?f_ri=727"},{"id":1663303,"name":"Cross sectional data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_sectional_data?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77633118" data-work_id="77633118" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77633118/Foreign_Direct_Investment_and_its_Literature_Review">Foreign Direct Investment and its Literature Review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77633118" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d080e183ac8855415579d07b479d339" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84950154,"asset_id":77633118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84950154/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="95463997" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KhaldounMAlQaisi">Khaldoun M. Al-Qaisi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="95463997" type="text/json">{"id":95463997,"first_name":"Khaldoun M.","last_name":"Al-Qaisi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KhaldounMAlQaisi","display_name":"Khaldoun M. Al-Qaisi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KhaldounMAlQaisi?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77633118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77633118"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77633118, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77633118", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77633118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77633118; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77633118"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77633118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77633118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77633118; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77633118]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77633118").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77633118").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77633118"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance">Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47" type="text/json">{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="747" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics">Econometrics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="747" type="text/json">{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77633118]'), work: {"id":77633118,"title":"Foreign Direct Investment and its Literature Review","created_at":"2022-04-25T23:43:58.275-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77633118/Foreign_Direct_Investment_and_its_Literature_Review?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_77633118","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84950154,"asset_id":77633118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":95463997,"first_name":"Khaldoun M.","last_name":"Al-Qaisi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KhaldounMAlQaisi","display_name":"Khaldoun M. Al-Qaisi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KhaldounMAlQaisi?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=727"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=727"},{"id":44293,"name":"Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_Review?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72433850 coauthored" data-work_id="72433850" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72433850/EXPORT_DIVERSIFICATION_AND_SUSTAINABLE_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_IN_NIGERIA_AN_EMPIRICAL_EVALUATION_">EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION..</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Major arguments within export diversification parlance has been that, if developing countries do not put in place strategic measures to mitigate the current persistent depreciation in the price of crude-oil in the global oil market, they... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72433850" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Major arguments within export diversification parlance has been that, if developing countries do not put in place strategic measures to mitigate the current persistent depreciation in the price of  crude-oil in the global oil market, they will experience untold economic hardship in the near future. Based on this, the paper empirically examined the impact of export diversification philosophy on sustainable economic growth in Nigeria from 1984 to 2018. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model to ascertain the short and long-run impact of export diversification as well as other determining factors which affect the growth of the Nigerian economy. The regression results revealed that, the extent of Trade Openness had indirect (negative) impact on the present and past values of GDP Per Capita. Conversely, IMF Export Diversification Index, Foreign investment inflows (% of GDP inflows), and Real Exchange Rate all had direct (positive) impact on the present and past values GDP Per Capita in Nigeria. Notably, only IMF Export Diversification and extent of Trade Openness passed the test of statistical significance on the short run. The study recommended that; the Nigerian government should intensify her export diversification philosophy by expanding her product reach. They may as well engage in export subsidization as well as create a more free trade business environment. However, this must be done with caution due to the fact that increased trade openness may make an economy to be more susceptible to global shock.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72433850" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="743eb38ee53b183a1f7bbc3951049ac1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81359539,"asset_id":72433850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81359539/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="215293340" href="https://wdu.academia.edu/AbrahamAgbonkhese">Abraham O N I Agbonkhese</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="215293340" type="text/json">{"id":215293340,"first_name":"Abraham","last_name":"Agbonkhese","domain_name":"wdu","page_name":"AbrahamAgbonkhese","display_name":"Abraham O N I Agbonkhese","profile_url":"https://wdu.academia.edu/AbrahamAgbonkhese?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/215293340/161344193/151065240/s65_abraham.agbonkhese.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-72433850">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-72433850"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://mob.academia.edu/OboroGO">Oboro G. O</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-72433850'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-72433850').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72433850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72433850"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72433850, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72433850", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72433850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72433850; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72433850"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72433850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72433850"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72433850; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72433850]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72433850").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72433850").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72433850"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="748" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Economics">Financial Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="748" type="text/json">{"id":748,"name":"Financial Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="764" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="764" type="text/json">{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3671" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Econometrics">Applied Econometrics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3671" type="text/json">{"id":3671,"name":"Applied Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Econometrics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72433850]'), work: {"id":72433850,"title":"EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION..","created_at":"2022-02-24T12:10:08.627-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72433850/EXPORT_DIVERSIFICATION_AND_SUSTAINABLE_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_IN_NIGERIA_AN_EMPIRICAL_EVALUATION_?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_72433850","summary":"Major arguments within export diversification parlance has been that, if developing countries do not put in place strategic measures to mitigate the current persistent depreciation in the price of crude-oil in the global oil market, they will experience untold economic hardship in the near future. Based on this, the paper empirically examined the impact of export diversification philosophy on sustainable economic growth in Nigeria from 1984 to 2018. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model to ascertain the short and long-run impact of export diversification as well as other determining factors which affect the growth of the Nigerian economy. The regression results revealed that, the extent of Trade Openness had indirect (negative) impact on the present and past values of GDP Per Capita. Conversely, IMF Export Diversification Index, Foreign investment inflows (% of GDP inflows), and Real Exchange Rate all had direct (positive) impact on the present and past values GDP Per Capita in Nigeria. Notably, only IMF Export Diversification and extent of Trade Openness passed the test of statistical significance on the short run. The study recommended that; the Nigerian government should intensify her export diversification philosophy by expanding her product reach. They may as well engage in export subsidization as well as create a more free trade business environment. However, this must be done with caution due to the fact that increased trade openness may make an economy to be more susceptible to global shock.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81359539,"asset_id":72433850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":215293340,"first_name":"Abraham","last_name":"Agbonkhese","domain_name":"wdu","page_name":"AbrahamAgbonkhese","display_name":"Abraham O N I Agbonkhese","profile_url":"https://wdu.academia.edu/AbrahamAgbonkhese?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/215293340/161344193/151065240/s65_abraham.agbonkhese.jpg"},{"id":216583778,"first_name":"Oboro G.","last_name":"O","domain_name":"mob","page_name":"OboroGO","display_name":"Oboro G. O","profile_url":"https://mob.academia.edu/OboroGO?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/216583778/74988309/63492835/s65_oboro_g..o.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":748,"name":"Financial Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":3671,"name":"Applied Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Econometrics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":12620,"name":"Quantitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54467072 coauthored" data-work_id="54467072" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54467072/PORTRAIT_OF_ECONOMIC_POTENTIAL_IN_BADUNG_REGENCY_BALI">PORTRAIT OF ECONOMIC POTENTIAL IN BADUNG REGENCY, BALI</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Successful of regional development is inseparable from region ability in exploring and developing its economic potential. Economic potential is dynamic according to the conditions. Aims of this study is to find out Badung regency economic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54467072" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Successful of regional development is inseparable from region ability in exploring and developing its economic potential. Economic potential is dynamic according to the conditions. Aims of this study is to find out Badung regency economic potential in 2011-2018. Data comes from Central Bureau of Statistics of Bali province and Badung regency, using location quotient, Dynamic Location Quotient, Klassen Typology and Shift Share method. Result of this analysis is Badung regency has economic potential to be developed into a locomotive of regional development in the real estate sector that has become the base sector, superior, and due to its location, then followed by the agricultural, forestry, and fishery sectors that have become the base sector, developing, and due to its location. This sector needs to be supported by synergistic policies in order to provide multiplier effect in other sectors.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54467072" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e665e3bd1e2ce2e09a884775d269594f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70814696,"asset_id":54467072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70814696/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39276504" href="https://mercibuana.academia.edu/LuckyNugroho">Lucky Nugroho</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39276504" type="text/json">{"id":39276504,"first_name":"Lucky","last_name":"Nugroho","domain_name":"mercibuana","page_name":"LuckyNugroho","display_name":"Lucky Nugroho","profile_url":"https://mercibuana.academia.edu/LuckyNugroho?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39276504/10991782/12266756/s65_lucky_nugroho.prastowo.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-54467072">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-54467072"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RoikhanMochamadAziz">Roikhan M Aziz</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-54467072'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-54467072').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54467072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54467072"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54467072; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54467072]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54467072").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54467072").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54467072"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54467072]'), work: {"id":54467072,"title":"PORTRAIT OF ECONOMIC POTENTIAL IN BADUNG REGENCY, BALI","created_at":"2021-09-30T17:23:15.634-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54467072/PORTRAIT_OF_ECONOMIC_POTENTIAL_IN_BADUNG_REGENCY_BALI?f_ri=727","dom_id":"work_54467072","summary":"Successful of regional development is inseparable from region ability in exploring and developing its economic potential. Economic potential is dynamic according to the conditions. Aims of this study is to find out Badung regency economic potential in 2011-2018. Data comes from Central Bureau of Statistics of Bali province and Badung regency, using location quotient, Dynamic Location Quotient, Klassen Typology and Shift Share method. Result of this analysis is Badung regency has economic potential to be developed into a locomotive of regional development in the real estate sector that has become the base sector, superior, and due to its location, then followed by the agricultural, forestry, and fishery sectors that have become the base sector, developing, and due to its location. This sector needs to be supported by synergistic policies in order to provide multiplier effect in other sectors.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70814696,"asset_id":54467072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39276504,"first_name":"Lucky","last_name":"Nugroho","domain_name":"mercibuana","page_name":"LuckyNugroho","display_name":"Lucky Nugroho","profile_url":"https://mercibuana.academia.edu/LuckyNugroho?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39276504/10991782/12266756/s65_lucky_nugroho.prastowo.jpg"},{"id":57273743,"first_name":"Roikhan","last_name":"Aziz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RoikhanMochamadAziz","display_name":"Roikhan M Aziz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RoikhanMochamadAziz?f_ri=727","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57273743/19335155/19255937/s65_roikhan.aziz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45031019" data-work_id="45031019" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45031019/InTraders_Call_For_Chapter">InTraders Call For Chapter</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">InTraders Academic Platform Call for Book Chapter InTraders Academic Platform, International Trade Congress is a non-profit academic organization aiming to contribute to the international congress of international trade with the titles... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45031019" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">InTraders Academic Platform<br /><br />Call for Book Chapter<br /><br />InTraders Academic Platform, International Trade Congress is a non-profit academic organization aiming to contribute to the international congress of international trade with the titles of October Congress, May Congress, Academic Journal, Book Chapter and Foreign Market Research.<br /><br />*We publish Turkish and English International Books. Book Chapter fee is 150 euro and free of charge to our conference participants and who writes blogs to us. For blog details pls check the link.<br /><br />You may be our editors:<br /><br />*Single Editor-editorship Fee: 100 Euro, Two editors: co-editorship Fee: 70 euro Three editors: co-editorship Fee:50 Euro  Editorship is free of charge for our bloggers. For blog details pls check the link<br /><br />Until the end of 2020, We published 3 international books. 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It proposes that minimum wage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41549240" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article explores the patterns of class inequality and capital accumulation in Brazil, showing the drivers and limits of the decline in inequality that occurred during the Workers' Party governments. It proposes that minimum wage hikes and greater social security changed the demand pattern and kick-started a cumulative causation process. Growth and redistribution thus reinforced each other for a period, and then spelled their own limits. As growth accelerated in the 2000s, a Gini decomposition indicates that class inequality decreased, but confined to changes between workers-capitalist income and social stratification were preserved. This also endogenously led to a re-gressive structural change, as low-productivity, labour-intensive services grew and international trade patterns worsened. This created a medium-term dependence on commodity prices for balance-of-trade solvency, and heightened cost-push inflation, which could not be overcome under the limited policy framework in place. The constrained basis for reducing inequality and the regressive structural change underscore that developmental strategies requires broad, multi-dimensional inequality-reducing measures and an encompassing catching-up project.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41549240" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc6b4e89cd11576f191238dc87601535" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61706706,"asset_id":41549240,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61706706/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5087290" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/PedroMendesLoureiro">Pedro Mendes Loureiro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5087290" type="text/json">{"id":5087290,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Mendes Loureiro","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"PedroMendesLoureiro","display_name":"Pedro Mendes Loureiro","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/PedroMendesLoureiro?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41549240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41549240"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41549240, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41549240", }); 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It proposes that minimum wage hikes and greater social security changed the demand pattern and kick-started a cumulative causation process. Growth and redistribution thus reinforced each other for a period, and then spelled their own limits. As growth accelerated in the 2000s, a Gini decomposition indicates that class inequality decreased, but confined to changes between workers-capitalist income and social stratification were preserved. This also endogenously led to a re-gressive structural change, as low-productivity, labour-intensive services grew and international trade patterns worsened. This created a medium-term dependence on commodity prices for balance-of-trade solvency, and heightened cost-push inflation, which could not be overcome under the limited policy framework in place. 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78853563/The_effects_of_tax_structure_on_economic_growth_evidence_from_Pakistan_economies">The effects of tax structure on economic growth: evidence from Pakistan economies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The study has been conducted to find out the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in Pakistan. Taxes are selected as a proxy for fiscal policy and GDP as an economic growth. In this study the time series analysis was used. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78853563" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The study has been conducted to find out the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in Pakistan. Taxes are selected as a proxy for fiscal policy and GDP as an economic growth. In this study the time series analysis was used. The study used difference tests and models. These tests were unit root test which at different levels was used for stationary and non-stationary another model was co-integration the co-integration further used two tests one was trace test and second one was maximum Eigen value these tests used for long run relationships between taxes and GDP. In this study Granger causality test lag 2 and lag 4 also for checking the effects of taxes on Pakistan GDP. The objectives of the study are to find out the relationship between taxes and GDP and also to testify the random walk between taxes and GDP. The data were taken from 1981 to 2012. Taxes dealt as an independent and GDP as a dependent variable of the study. Data were collected from Federal Bureau of Statistics an...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78853563" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="21fa392fb722613935299c390d5284be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85750914,"asset_id":78853563,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85750914/download_file?st=MTczMjc4NzMwMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50417550" href="https://ciit-isb.academia.edu/SaifAmin">Saif Amin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50417550" type="text/json">{"id":50417550,"first_name":"Saif","last_name":"Amin","domain_name":"ciit-isb","page_name":"SaifAmin","display_name":"Saif Amin","profile_url":"https://ciit-isb.academia.edu/SaifAmin?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78853563 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78853563"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78853563, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78853563", }); 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Taxes are selected as a proxy for fiscal policy and GDP as an economic growth. In this study the time series analysis was used. The study used difference tests and models. These tests were unit root test which at different levels was used for stationary and non-stationary another model was co-integration the co-integration further used two tests one was trace test and second one was maximum Eigen value these tests used for long run relationships between taxes and GDP. In this study Granger causality test lag 2 and lag 4 also for checking the effects of taxes on Pakistan GDP. The objectives of the study are to find out the relationship between taxes and GDP and also to testify the random walk between taxes and GDP. The data were taken from 1981 to 2012. Taxes dealt as an independent and GDP as a dependent variable of the study. Data were collected from Federal Bureau of Statistics an...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85750914,"asset_id":78853563,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50417550,"first_name":"Saif","last_name":"Amin","domain_name":"ciit-isb","page_name":"SaifAmin","display_name":"Saif Amin","profile_url":"https://ciit-isb.academia.edu/SaifAmin?f_ri=727","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":12175,"name":"Tax Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Policy?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":58905,"name":"GDP estimation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP_estimation?f_ri=727","nofollow":false},{"id":119182,"name":"Economics of Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Pakistan?f_ri=727"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78081259" data-work_id="78081259" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78081259/ICT_Financial_Access_and_Gender_Inclusion_in_the_Formal_Economic_Sector_Evidence_From_Africa">ICT, Financial Access and Gender Inclusion in the Formal Economic Sector: Evidence From Africa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78081259" 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u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the global economy of the 21st century, international trade will be a key source of economic growth and development. Recent surveys conducted in several countries by the National Foundation of Women Business Owners (NFWBO) indicate... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64323290" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the global economy of the 21st century, international trade will be a key source of economic growth and development. Recent surveys conducted in several countries by the National Foundation of Women Business Owners (NFWBO) indicate that women-owned firms involved in the global marketplace have greater revenues, are more optimistic about their business prospects and are more focused on business expansion than women-owned firms that are domestically oriented. Obviously, expanding into international trade can pay off for women-owned firms. However, it is not clear that smaller enterprises are benefiting from these potential as much as larger firms. In connection with the above here an attempt has made to study the role of women entrepreneurs in economic development. © 2017 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Fin. Mgmt 113 (2017) 49177-49181 Finance Management Available online at <a href="http://www.elixirpublishers.com" rel="nofollow">www.elixirpublishers.com</a> (Elixir International Journal) B S.Navi / Elixir Fin. 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