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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Karbono" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Karbono" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Karbono" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Karbono" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ezaugarriak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotopoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Isotopoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alotropoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alotropoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Alotropoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alotropoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diamantea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamantea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Diamantea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamantea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grafitoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grafitoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Grafitoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grafitoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fulerenoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fulerenoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Fulerenoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fulerenoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grafenoa_eta_karbonozko_nanotutuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grafenoa_eta_karbonozko_nanotutuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Grafenoa eta karbonozko nanotutuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grafenoa_eta_karbonozko_nanotutuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugaritasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugaritasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ugaritasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugaritasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izarretako_nukleosintesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izarretako_nukleosintesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Izarretako nukleosintesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izarretako_nukleosintesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karbonoaren_zikloa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karbonoaren_zikloa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Karbonoaren zikloa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karbonoaren_zikloa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konposatuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konposatuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Konposatuak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konposatuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Konposatuak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Konposatuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konposatu_organikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konposatu_organikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Konposatu organikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konposatu_organikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konposatu_inorganikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konposatu_inorganikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Konposatu inorganikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konposatu_inorganikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxidoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Oxidoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karbono_monoxidoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karbono_monoxidoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Karbono monoxidoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karbono_monoxidoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karbono_dioxidoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karbono_dioxidoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Karbono dioxidoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karbono_dioxidoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haluroak_eta_klorofluorokarbonoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haluroak_eta_klorofluorokarbonoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Haluroak eta klorofluorokarbonoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haluroak_eta_klorofluorokarbonoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karburoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karburoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Karburoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karburoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_eta_etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_eta_etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia eta etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_eta_etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erabilerak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erabilerak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erabilerak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erabilerak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arriskuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arriskuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arriskuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arriskuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karbono</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 203 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95" title="ካርቦን – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቦን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كربون – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কাৰ্বন – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্বন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کربون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97" title="Onglė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглерод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কার্বন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སོལ་རྗས། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོལ་རྗས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ng" title="Táng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Táng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94_%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85_%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A8" title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86" title="کاربۆن – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniu" title="Carboniu – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Carboniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Кăмрăкамăш – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăкамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuglik" title="Wuglik – behe-sorabiera" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wuglik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="behe-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άνθρακας – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsinik" title="Süsinik – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کربن – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiili" title="Hiili – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolevni" title="Kolevni – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolevni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboon_(element)" title="Karboon (element) – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karboon (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalstof" title="Koalstof – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonn" title="Karbonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Karbonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualan" title="Gualan – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatap%E1%BB%B9i" title="Tatapỹi – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatapỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A8" title="કાર્બન – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાર્બન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboan" title="Carboan – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Carboan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than" title="Than – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalepona" title="Kalepona – hawaiiera" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kalepona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פחמן – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koila" title="Koila – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Koila" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlik" title="Wuhlik – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kab%C3%B2n" title="Kabòn – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9n" title="Szén – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ածխածին – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Բնածուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բնածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolefni" title="Kolefni – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="炭素 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaban" title="Kaaban – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaban" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabno" title="tabno – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tabno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირბადი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%E1%B9%9Bbun" title="Akaṛbun – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akaṛbun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C9%A9b%C9%94n%C9%A9" title="Karɩbɔnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Karɩbɔnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – kikuyuera" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyuera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Көміртегі – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көміртегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಇಂಗಾಲ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Шомувтыр – komi-permyakera" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шомувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permyakera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – koloniera" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="koloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шомчужысь – komiera" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шомчужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Көмүртек – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүртек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium" title="Carbonium – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelestoff" title="Kuelestoff – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelestoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonie" title="Carbonie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Carbonie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ຄາບອນ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາບອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglis" title="Anglis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogleklis" title="Ogleklis – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogleklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Седель – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Седель" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karb%C3%B4nina" title="Karbônina – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karbônina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B1%D0%B9%D0%B4%D3%B1%D2%A5" title="Шӱйдӱҥ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӱйдӱҥ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waro" title="Waro – maoriera" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јаглерод – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглерод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA" title="കാർബൺ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Нүүрстөрөгч – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрстөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ – manipurera" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonju" title="Karbonju – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karbonju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Седь – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Седь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecolli" title="Tecolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tecolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%A1bin" title="Káábin – navajoera" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Káábin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilisuadu" title="Hiilisuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hiilisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboonii" title="Kaarboonii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95" title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Æвзалыгуыр – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਰਬਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बोन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कार्बोन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99giel_(pierwiastek)" title="Węgiel (pierwiastek) – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgiel (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاربون – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaq" title="K'illimsayaq – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Харыалык – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыалык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurbon" title="Caurbon – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caurbon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪاربان – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="කාබන් – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Čiđđâ – Inariko samiera" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čiđđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inariko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhoni" title="Kabhoni – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kabhoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon" title="Kaarboon – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboni" title="Karboni – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karboni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљеник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolestof" title="Koolestof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolestof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கரிமம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คาร์บอน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์บอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вуглець – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglerod" title="Uglerod – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglerod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27nik" title="Hil'nik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'nik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbong" title="Carbong – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Carbong" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbin" title="Karbin – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karbin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – kalmykera" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmykera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-carbon" title="I-carbon – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-carbon" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="קוילנשטאף – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוילנשטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Kárbọ̀nù – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kárbọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danq" title="Danq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ – amazigera estandarra" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazigera estandarra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCalahle" title="UmCalahle – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCalahle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Karbono" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karbono"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karbono"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Karbono" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Karbono" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&oldid=9607771" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Karbono&id=9607771&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKarbono"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKarbono"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Karbono"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Karbono&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carbon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1-Wikipedia10000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluen_zerrenda/3._maila" title="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="hd" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: rgb(160, 255, 160)">Karbonoa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/220px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/330px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold">6</span> <span style="font-size: 95%"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">Boroa</a></span> ← <span style="font-size: 120%">Karbonoa</span> → <span style="font-size: 95%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">Nitrogenoa</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;">  </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"> <br />6</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>C</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float: left; width: 5px; height: 7px; font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;border:1px solid black"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Eskandio" title="Eskandio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; 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title="Zink"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Artseniko" title="Artseniko"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; 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7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Teknezio" title="Teknezio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td 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9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalo" title="Tantalo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Wolframio" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolframio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Astato" title="Astato"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Frantzio" title="Frantzio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinio" title="Aktinio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinio" title="Protaktinio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Amerizio" title="Amerizio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einstenio" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstenio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrentzio" title="Lawrentzio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernizio" title="Kopernizio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovio" title="Moskovio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa">Taula periodikoa</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(160, 255, 160)">Ezaugarri orokorrak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimikoen_zerrenda_izenaren_arabera" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementu kimikoen zerrenda izenaren arabera">Izena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimikoen_zerrenda_ikurraren_arabera" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementu kimikoen zerrenda ikurraren arabera">ikurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenbaki_atomiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenbaki atomiko">zenbakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Karbonoa, C, 6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Serie_kimiko" title="Serie kimiko">Serie kimikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ez-metal" title="Ez-metal">ez-metalak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_talde" title="Taula periodikoko talde">Taldea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_periodo" title="Taula periodikoko periodo">periodoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atomiko" title="Orbital atomiko">orbitala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/14._taldeko_elementu" title="14. taldeko elementu">14</a>, <a href="/wiki/2._periodoko_elementu" title="2. periodoko elementu">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/P_orbitala" class="mw-redirect" title="P orbitala">p</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Masa_atomiko" title="Masa atomiko">Masa atomikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,0107 g/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurazio_elektroniko" title="Konfigurazio elektroniko">Konfigurazio elektronikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">Elektroiak</a> orbitaleko</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(160, 255, 160)">Propietate fisikoak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Materiaren_egoera" title="Materiaren egoera">Egoera</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solido</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">Dentsitatea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(0 °C, 101,325 kPa) (grafitoa) 1,9-2,3 g/L</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Urtze-entalpia" title="Urtze-entalpia">Urtze-entalpia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(grafitoa) 100 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_moleko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule moleko">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Irakite-entalpia" title="Irakite-entalpia">Irakite-entalpia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">715 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_moleko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule moleko">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bero_espezifiko" title="Bero espezifiko">Bero espezifikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(25 °C) (grafitoa) 8,517 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Lurrun-presio" title="Lurrun-presio">Lurrun-presioa</a></b><br /> <table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Presio" title="Presio">P</a></i>/<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitatea)" title="Pascal (unitatea)">Pa</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>10</td> <td>100</td> <td>1 k</td> <td>10 k</td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">T</a></i>/<a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unitatea)" title="Kelvin (unitatea)">K</a></td> <td></td> <td>2.839</td> <td>3.048</td> <td>3.289</td> <td>3.572</td> <td>3.908 </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(160, 255, 160)">Propietate atomikoak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">Kristal-egitura</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(grafitoa) hexagonala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-zenbaki" title="Oxidazio-zenbaki">Oxidazio-zenbakia(k)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>4</b>, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, <b>-4</b> (oxido <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azido</a> ahula)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">Elektronegatibotasuna</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,55 (Paulingen eskala)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ionizazio-potentzial" title="Ionizazio-potentzial">Ionizazio-potentziala</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.a: 1.086,5 <a href="/wiki/Joule_moleko" title="Joule moleko">kJ/mol</a><br />2.a: 2.352,6 <a href="/wiki/Joule_moleko" title="Joule moleko">kJ/mol</a><br />3.a: 4.620,5 <a href="/wiki/Joule_moleko" title="Joule moleko">kJ/mol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Erradio_atomiko" title="Erradio atomiko">Erradio atomikoa</a> (batezbestekoa)</th><td class="infobox-data">70 <a href="/wiki/Pikometro" title="Pikometro">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Erradio atomikoa (kalkulatua)</th><td class="infobox-data">67 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Erradio_kobalente" title="Erradio kobalente">Erradio kobalentea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">77 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_erradio" title="Van der Waalsen erradio">Van der Waalsen erradioa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170 pm</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(160, 255, 160)">Datu gehiago</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Eroankortasun_termiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroankortasun termiko">Eroankortasun termikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(300 K) 7,81</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Soinuaren_abiadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Soinuaren abiadura">Soinuaren abiadura</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5150 <a href="/wiki/Metro_segundoko" title="Metro segundoko">m/s</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(160, 255, 160)">Isotopo egonkorrenak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonoaren_isotopoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonoaren isotopoak (sortu gabe)">Karbonoaren isotopoak</a> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">iso</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ugaritasun_natural" title="Ugaritasun natural">UN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Semidesintegrazio-periodo" title="Semidesintegrazio-periodo">Sd-P</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo">D</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio-energia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegrazio-energia (sortu gabe)">DE</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>)</small> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio-produktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegrazio-produktu (sortu gabe)">DP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>12</sup>C </td> <td>%98,9 </td> <td colspan="4">C egonkorra da 6 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>13</sup>C </td> <td>%1,1 </td> <td colspan="4">C egonkorra da 7 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>14</sup>C </td> <td>aztarnak </td> <td>5.730 <a href="/wiki/Urte" title="Urte">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">β<sup>-</sup></a> </td> <td>0,156 </td> <td><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">N</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karbono</b> (Latinetik <i>carbo</i>, "ikatz") edo <b>ikazkaia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elementu kimiko bat da, ikurra C eta zenbaki atomikoa 6 dituena. Taula periodikoan, 14. taldeko eta 2. periodoko elementu tetrabalente ez-metalikoa da. Naturan karbonoaren hiru <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopo</a> daude: <sup>12</sup>C eta <sup>13</sup>C egonkorrak dira, baina <sup>14</sup>C erradioaktiboa da eta bere <a href="/wiki/Semidesintegrazio-periodo" title="Semidesintegrazio-periodo">semidesintegrazio-periodoa</a> 5730 urtekoa da.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karbonoa antzinatik ezagutzen den elementuetako gutxietako bat da eta <a href="/wiki/Kimika_organiko" title="Kimika organiko">kimika organikoaren</a> oinarria.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unibertsoan 4. elementurik ugariena da, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogenoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigenoaren</a> ondoren. Lurrazalean 15. elementu ugariena da, non aurkitu daitekeen egoera elementalean (<a href="/wiki/Harrikatz" title="Harrikatz">ikatza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamantea</a>), eta baita <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_inorganiko" title="Konposatu inorganiko">konposatu inorganiko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">karbono dioxidoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_monoxido" title="Karbono monoxido">karbono monoxidoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbonato" title="Karbonato">karbonatoak</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_organiko" title="Konposatu organiko">organiko</a> askotan ere (<a href="/wiki/Biomasa" title="Biomasa">biomasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio">petrolio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural">gas naturalean</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bizitzaren forma guztietan dago, eta giza gorputzean bigarren elementurik arruntena da masan oxigenoaren ondoren.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ugaritasun honek, osatzen dituen konposatu organiko guztiekin eta <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimeroak</a> eratzeko duen ahalmenarekin batera, bizi-mota ezagun guztien oinarrizko elementu kimikoa izatea eragin du. </p><p>Hainbat <a href="/wiki/Alotropia" title="Alotropia">forma alotropiko</a> dauzka, ezagunenak <a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">grafitoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamantea</a> eta karbono amorfoa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karbonoaren propietate fisikoak oso aldakorrak dira forma alotropikoaren arabera. Adibidez, grafitoa opakoa eta beltza da, diamantea oso gardena den bitartean. Grafitoa ahula da, nahikoa paper batean idazteko (hortik datorkio "<i>γράφειν</i>" izena, "idatzi"), eta diamantea naturan dagoen mineral ezagunik gogorrena da. Grafitoa eroale elektriko ona da, diamantea oso eroale txarra den bitartean. Egoera normalean, diamanteak, <a href="/wiki/Karbonozko_nanotutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbonozko nanotutu">karbonozko nanotutuek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Grafeno" title="Grafeno">grafenoak</a> material ezagunen artean <a href="/wiki/Eroankortasun_termiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroankortasun termiko">eroankortasun termikorik</a> altuenak dituzte. Karbonoaren alotropo guztiak solidoak dira baldintza normaletan, kimikoki egonkorrak dira eta tenperatura oso altua behar dute erreakzionatzeko. </p><p>Konposatu inorganikoetan aurki daitekeen <a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera">oxidazio egoerarik</a> ohikoena +4 da, karbono dioxidoan eta karbonatoetan, baina karbono monoxidoan eta <a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">trantsizio-metalekin</a> osatutako <a href="/wiki/Karbonilo" title="Karbonilo">karboniloetan</a> +2 oxidazio-egoeran ageri da. Karbono inorganikoaren iturri nagusiak <a href="/wiki/Kareharri" title="Kareharri">kareharria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomita" title="Dolomita">dolomita</a> eta karbono dioxidoa dira, baina ikatz, <a href="/wiki/Zohikatz" title="Zohikatz">zohikatz</a>, petrolio eta <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> hobietan ere kopuru nabarmena dago.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karbonoak beste edozein elementuk baino konposatu gehiago eratzen ditu: orain arte hamar milioi konposatu organiko deskribatu dira,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta hala ere, baldintza estandarretan sor daitezkeen mota honetako konposatu posible guztien ehuneko txikia osatzen dute. Horregatik, karbonoari "elementuen erregea" izena ematen zaio.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aurrehistoriatik karbonoaren errekuntzaren produktuak garapen teknologikoaren oinarria izan dira. Gaur ere, karbonotan oinarritutako materialak teknologiaren arlo askotan oso erabiliak dira: <a href="/wiki/Material_konposatu" title="Material konposatu">material konposatuak</a>, litio-ioi bateriak, ur eta airearen arazketan, arku-labeen <a href="/wiki/Elektrodo" title="Elektrodo">elektrodo</a>ak, <a href="/wiki/Metalgintza" title="Metalgintza">metalgintzan…</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarriak">Ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbono atomoen kimikak mekano baten itxura dauka. Naturak berak bizirako molekulak sortzen ditu, karbono-atomoak arau batzuen arabera konbinatuta eta beste atomo batzuk gehituta. </p><p>Karbonoaren <a href="/wiki/Konfigurazio_elektroniko" title="Konfigurazio elektroniko">konfigurazio elektroniko</a>a 1<i>s</i><sup>2</sup>2<i>s</i><sup>2</sup>2<i>p</i><sup>2</sup> da, edo [He]2<i>s</i><sup>2</sup>2<i>p</i><sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atomo neutro bakoitzak 4 <a href="/wiki/Balentzia-elektroi" title="Balentzia-elektroi">balentzia-elektroi</a> ditu funtsezko egoeran, elektroi pare bat <i>2s</i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atomiko" title="Orbital atomiko">orbital</a>ean eta beste pare bat <i>2p</i> orbitaletan. Hala ere, beste atomo batzuekin <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">lotura kobalente</a>ak sortu ahal izateko, balentzia-elektroien orbitalek hibridazioa jasan behar dute. Hau da, geometria ezagunak dituzten nolabaiteko orbital tartekariak eratzen dira, <i>sp</i><sup>3</sup>, <i>sp</i><sup>2</sup> eta <i>sp</i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hibridoak" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital hibridoak">orbital hibridoak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><i>sp</i><sup>3</sup> hibridazioa</b> - Karbono atomo batek geometria tetraedrikoan lau lotura bakun osatu behar dituenean gertatzen da, metanoan CH<sub>4</sub> adibidez. 2s orbital atomikoa eta 2p hiru orbital atomikoak konbinatzen dira lau sp<sup>3</sup> orbital hibridoak eratzeko. Lau orbital hibridoak aurrez aurreko gainezarpenen bidez atomo desberdinetako beste lau orbitalekin konbinatuko dira, eta lau lotura kobalente bakun (σ-motakoak) osatuko dira.</li> <li><b><i>sp</i><sup>2</sup> hibridazioa</b> - Bi lotura bakun eta bikoitz bat geometria triangeluar launean osatzen direnean gertatzen da, etenoan CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2</sub> adibidez. Kasu honetan, 3 orbital atomiko (<i>2s + 2p<sub>x</sub> + 2p<sub>y</sub></i>) hibridatzen dira, <i>p<sub>z</sub></i> orbitala hibridatu gabe geratuz. Hiru <i>sp<sup>2</sup></i> orbital hibridoak aurrez aurreko gainezarpenen bidez atomo desberdinetako beste hiru orbitalekin konbinatuko dira. Honetaz gain, hibridatu gabeko <i>p<sub>z</sub></i> orbitala, albo-gainezarpen baten bidez  beste atomo baten orbital batekin ere konbinatu daiteke. Horrela, C bakoitzak <i>sp<sup>2</sup></i> hibridazioan lotura bikoitz bat eratu dezake, σ lotura batez eta π lotura batez osatua. Guztira, bi lotura kobalente bakun eta lotura bikoitz bat osatuko dira.</li> <li><i><b>sp</b></i> <b>hibridazioa</b> - Lotura bakun eta hirukoitz bat geometria linealean osatzen direnean gertatzen da, etinoan CH≡CH adibidez. Kasu honetan, 2<i>s</i> eta 2<i>p<sub>x</sub></i> orbitalak hibridatzen dira, bi <i>sp</i> orbital sortuz, eta <i>p<sub>y</sub></i> eta <i>p<sub>z</sub></i> orbitalak hibridatu gabe utziz. Bi <i>sp</i> orbital hibridoak aurrez aurreko gainezarpenen bidez atomo desberdinetako beste bi orbitalekin konbinatuko dira. Honetaz gain, hibridatu gabeko <i>p<sub>y</sub></i> eta <i>p<sub>z</sub></i> orbitalak, albo-gainezarpenen bidez beste bi atomoren orbitalekin ere konbinatu daitezke. Horrela, C bakoitzak <i>sp</i> hibridazioan lotura hirukoitz bat era dezake, <i>σ</i> lotura batez eta 2<i>π</i> loturez osatua (CH≡CH).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Sp3-Orbital.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="sp3 orbital hibridoak"><img alt="sp3 orbital hibridoak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sp3-Orbital.svg/280px-Sp3-Orbital.svg.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sp3-Orbital.svg/419px-Sp3-Orbital.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sp3-Orbital.svg/559px-Sp3-Orbital.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">sp<sup>3</sup> orbital hibridoak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Sp2-Orbital.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="sp2 orbital hibridoak"><img alt="sp2 orbital hibridoak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sp2-Orbital.svg/348px-Sp2-Orbital.svg.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sp2-Orbital.svg/522px-Sp2-Orbital.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sp2-Orbital.svg/696px-Sp2-Orbital.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">sp<sup>2</sup> orbital hibridoak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Sp-Orbital.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="sp orbital hibridoak"><img alt="sp orbital hibridoak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sp-Orbital.svg/348px-Sp-Orbital.svg.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sp-Orbital.svg/522px-Sp-Orbital.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sp-Orbital.svg/696px-Sp-Orbital.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">sp orbital hibridoak</div> </li> </ul> <p>Karbonoak lotura bikoitzak eta hirukoitzak ezartzeko erraztasun handia azaltzen du, bere taldeko beste elementuek ez bezala. Erraztasun hau bere tamaina txikiaren baitan dago, <i>π</i> loturak osatzen dituzten albo-gainezarpenak egon daitezen, hibridatu gabeko orbitalek nahiko hurbil egon behar dutelako. Hau dela eta, handiagoak diren talde bereko elementuek, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">silizio</a>ak, zailtasun handiak dituzte π loturak ezartzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">Pauling-en eskalan</a>, karbonoaren <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">elektronegatibotasuna</a> 2,55-ekoa da. Hau da, <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigenoak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluorrak</a> ez bezala, karbonoak ez du loturaren elektroiak erakartzeko joera handirik. Horren ondorioz, bere loturak polarizatu gabeko lotura kobalenteak izaten dira. </p><p>Bestetik, bere elektronegatibotasun ertainaren ondorioz, karbonoak erraztasun handia dauka beste elementuekin zein beste karbono atomoekin loturak ezartzeko. Hona hemen zenbait  loturen <a href="/wiki/Entalpia" title="Entalpia">entalpiak</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Elementua </th> <th colspan="3">Lotura entalpia (kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bakuna </th> <th>Bikoitza </th> <th>Hirukoitza </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">H</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">414 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td style="text-align:right">347 </td> <td style="text-align:right">620 </td> <td style="text-align:right">812 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">N</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">276 </td> <td style="text-align:right">615 </td> <td style="text-align:right">891 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">O</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">351 </td> <td style="text-align:right">745 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">488 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">P</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">263 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">S</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">255 </td> <td style="text-align:right">477 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">Cl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">327 </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td> <td style="text-align:center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopoak">Isotopoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Isotopoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Isotopoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbono naturalak bi isotopo egonkor ditu, <sup>12</sup>C (%98,89) eta <sup>13</sup>C (%1,11), eta hirugarren bat (<sup>14</sup>C) <a href="/wiki/Erradioaktibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradioaktibo">erradioaktiboa</a>. Azken honen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erdibizitza-denbora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erdibizitza-denbora (sortu gabe)">erdibizitza-denbora</a> 5760 urtekoa da.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1961an <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>ek <sup>12</sup>C isotopoaren masa elementuen <a href="/wiki/Masa_atomiko" title="Masa atomiko">masa atomiko</a>en eredutzat ezarri zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14">Karbono-14</a> isotopo erradioaktiboa desintegratuz doan arren, aldi berean atmosferako goialdean etengabe ekoizten ari da: </p><p><sup>14</sup><sub>7</sub>N + <sup>1</sup><sub>0</sub>n  → <sup>14</sup><sub>6</sub>C + <sup>1</sup><sub>1</sub>H </p><p>Oreka honetan oinarrituz, jatorri organikoa duten laginen datazioan erabiltzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alotropoak">Alotropoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Alotropoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Alotropoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png/251px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png" decoding="async" width="251" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png/377px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png/502px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1895" /></a><figcaption>Karbono alotropoak. a) diamantea; b) grafitoa; c) londsdaleita; d-f) fullerenoak; g) karbono amorfoa; h) karbono nanohodia</figcaption></figure> <p>Karbono elementalak hainbat substantzia osa ditzake, bakoitzaren <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">egitura kristalinoa</a> bereizgarria delarik, hauek, karbono alotropoak dira. Karbonoaren alotropo desberdinak ezagunak dira, garrantzitsuenak diamantea, grafitoa, londsdaleita, fullerenoak <sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karbonozko nanotutuak<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta grafenoa izanik. Baina baldintza estandarretan (298,15 K eta 100 kPa), grafitoa da termodinamikoki alotroporik egonkorrena. Hala ere, alotropo guztiak oso egonkorrak dira eta soilik tenperatura oso altuetan erreakziona dezakete.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karbonoaren propietate fisikoak bere forma alotropikoaren araberakoak dira. Esate baterako, diamantea eta grafitoa baldintza normaletan solidoak dira; diamantea solido gardena eta grafitoa opakua eta beltza; diamantea mineral gogorrenetarikoa da eta grafitoa paperan marra bat uzteko bezain biguna da; diamanteak isolatzaile elektriko da eta grafitoa eroalea. Bestetik, diamanteak eroankortasun termikorik altuena duen minerala da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diamantea">Diamantea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Diamantea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Diamantea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">Diamante</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">Diamantea</a> solido oso gogorra da, kolorgea, gardena, isolatzaile elektrikoa eta beroaren eroale oso ona. 3D <a href="/wiki/Solido_kobalente" title="Solido kobalente">solido kobalente</a>a eta tetraedroetan oinarritutako egitura du. Soilik C-C lotura kobalenteak ditu non C atomoa sp<sup>3</sup> hibridazioan dagoen. Lotura kobalenteen ondorioz, elektroien higikortasuna ez da suertatzen eta <a href="/wiki/Isolatzaile_elektriko" title="Isolatzaile elektriko">isolatzaile elektriko</a>a da; bere <a href="/wiki/Urtze-puntu" title="Urtze-puntu">fusio-tenperatura</a> 3500 °C-koa da eta bere <a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">dentsitatea</a> 3,5 g · cm<sup>−3</sup>. Material urratzailea da eta bere gogortasunagatik erremintak egiteko erabiltzen da. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png/220px-Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png/330px-Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png/440px-Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Karbonoaren fase-diagrama</figcaption></figure> <p>Diamante arruntean tetraedroek paketatze kubikoa azaltzen dute, baina tenperatura eta presioa oso altuetan tetraedroek paketatze hexagonala ere har dezakete, <a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleita" title="Lonsdaleita">lonsdaleita</a> mineralean. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diamante naturalak karbonoa presio eta tenperatura altuetan egon den metakinetan sortu dira. Diamantea naturala izateaz gain, diamante sintetikoak ere grafitotik sintetizatu daitezke tenperatura eta presio altuetan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grafitoa">Grafitoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Grafitoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Grafitoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">Grafito</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">Grafitoa</a> karbonoaren alotropo termodinamikoki egonkorrena da. Karbono amorfo natural gehiena guztiz kristalinoa ez den grafitoa da, hauxe, ikatz gehienetan eta kedarrean dagoen egitura da. </p><p>Grafito kristalinoak egitura bidimentsionala (2D) du non C bakoitza beste hiru C atomoekin lotuta dagoen sp<sup>2</sup> hibridazioan geometria triangeluar lauean. Horrela, xafletan karbonoren eraztun hexagonalak daude non C=C distantzia (141 pm) lotura kobalente bikoitzarena den. Horren ondorioz, bentzenoan bezala, geruzetatik zehar p elektroi deslekutuak daude, eta grafitoa eroalea da. Beste alde batetik, xaflen arteko distantzia handiagoa (335 pm) da, hots, geruzen arteko loturak askoz ahulagoak dira, eta ez dira kobalenteak, <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_indar" title="Van der Waalsen indar">Van der Waals lotura</a>k baizik. Hau dela eta, grafitoa esfoliatzea edo xafletan banatzea erraza da eta lubrifikatzaile ona da. </p><p>Grafitoaren 2D-egitura dela-eta, propietate bereziak ditu, hala nola, eroankortasun <a href="/wiki/Anisotropia" title="Anisotropia">anisotropikoa</a>. Hau da, geruzetatik zehar eroalea da baina isolatzailea eroankortasuna xaflekiko perpendikularki neurtzen bada. </p><p>Grafitoa meategietatik ateratzeaz gain, karbono amorfotik ere kristaldu daiteke, 2500 °C-tan. Lubrifikaitzailea da, eta elektrodoak eta arkatzak (buztinarekin batera) egiteko erabiltzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fulerenoak">Fulerenoak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fulerenoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Fulerenoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Fulereno" title="Fulereno">Fulereno</a>»</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fullerene-C60.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fullerene-C60.png/148px-Fullerene-C60.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fullerene-C60.png/222px-Fullerene-C60.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fullerene-C60.png/296px-Fullerene-C60.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>C<sub>60</sub> fullereno</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fulereno" title="Fulereno">Fulerenoak</a> 1985. urtean aurkitu ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bere egiturak grafitoren antza du baina karbonoz osaturiko pentagonoak eta hexagonoak konbinatzen ditu egitura esferikoak edo ia esferikoak (C<sub>20</sub>, C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>70</sub>...) dituzten <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulak</a> eratzeko. Molekula hauetan, C atomoek sp<sup>3</sup> edo sp<sup>2</sup> hibridazioak dituzte. Egitura egonkorrena C<sub>60</sub>-a da, eta futbol baloi baten egitura du. Fullerenoak laborategian prestatu dira grafitotik abiatuz: C (grafito) → C<sub>60</sub> (1000 °C-tan eta laser batez irradiatuz) </p><p>Solido molekularren propietate tipikoak azaltzen dituzte: tenperatura igotzean <a href="/wiki/Sublimazio" title="Sublimazio">sublimatu</a> egiten dira, dentsitate baxua dute, 1,5 g · cm<sup>-3</sup> eta isolatzaile elektrikoak dira. Gainera, diamantea eta grafitoa ez bezala, fullerenoak solugarriak izaten dira disolbatzaile apolarretan. Solido beltzak izan arren, disoluzioan kolore desberdinak hartzen dituzte, hala nola, C<sub>60</sub> morea, C<sub>70</sub> gorria, C<sub>76</sub> berde-horixka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grafenoa_eta_karbonozko_nanotutuak">Grafenoa eta karbonozko nanotutuak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Grafenoa eta karbonozko nanotutuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Grafenoa eta karbonozko nanotutuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Grafeno" title="Grafeno">Grafeno</a>» eta «<a href="/wiki/Karbonozko_nanotutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbonozko nanotutu">Karbonozko nanotutu</a>»</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Grafeno.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Grafeno.png/161px-Grafeno.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Grafeno.png/242px-Grafeno.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Grafeno.png/322px-Grafeno.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Grafenoa </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Grafeno" title="Grafeno">Grafenoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Karbonozko_nanotutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbonozko nanotutu">karbonozko nanotutuek</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ere grafitoren egitura dute oinarri. Grafenoa grafitoren xafla bakarrak dira eta karbonozko nanotutuak grafeno-xaflak zilindrikoki kiribilduak. Grafenoa bidimentsionala 2D da eta nanotutuak luzeak izaten dira eta 1D edo egitura monodimentsionalak kontsideratzen dira. Nanotutuak irekiak zein itxiak izan daitezke, egitura itxiak fullerenoaren egitura dute hodiko bazterretan. Zilindroak edo tutuak ere geruza bakarrekoak eta geruza anitzekoak izan daitezke, propietate fisikoak aldatuz. Gainera, grafeno-xaflak kiribiltzeko norantza ere desberdina izan daiteke. Guzti hau dela eta, propietate fisiko oso desberdinak azaldu ditzakete eta garrantzi handikoak dira <a href="/wiki/Nanoteknologia" title="Nanoteknologia">nanoteknologia</a> arloan. </p><p>Azkenik, badaude guztiz kristalinoak ez diren beste forma batzuk: <a href="/wiki/Koke" title="Koke">kokea</a>, energiaren iturri eta erreduzitzaile moduan erabiltzen dena, <a href="/wiki/Karbono-beltz" title="Karbono-beltz">karbono beltza</a> (tinta edo pigmento eta gomak egiteko), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono_aktibatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbono aktibatu (sortu gabe)">karbono aktibatua</a> (gainazal handia 10<sup>3</sup> m<sup>2</sup> · g<sup>-1</sup> eta zurgatzaile ona) eta <a href="/wiki/Karbonozko_zuntz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbonozko zuntz">karbonozko zuntzak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugaritasuna">Ugaritasuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ugaritasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ugaritasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbonoa ez zen Big Bang-ean sortu, izarretan baizik. Hau dela eta, karbonoa ugaria da izarretan, kometetan eta beste planeten atmosferetan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grafitoa  Errusian, Estatu Batuetan, Mexikon, Groenlandian eta Indian dago kantitate handitan. Diamante naturalak arroka bolkanikoekin batera (kimberlita eta lamproita) agertzen dira. Diamanteen metakin handienak Afrikan (Hegoafrika, Namibia, Botsuana, Kongo Errepublika eta Sierra Leona) daude. Hauetaz gain, Kanadan, Errusian, Brasilen eta Australian ere metakin garantzitsuak daude. </p><p>Beste elementuekin konbinatuta, lurrazaleko atmosferan dago (CO<sub>2</sub>), uretan disolbatuta (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) eta mineral solido askotan (kaliza, dolomita, marmol, etabar). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izarretako_nukleosintesia">Izarretako nukleosintesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izarretako nukleosintesia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Izarretako nukleosintesia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Nukleogenesi" title="Nukleogenesi">Nukleogenesi</a>»</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karbonoaren_zikloa">Karbonoaren zikloa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karbonoaren zikloa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Karbonoaren zikloa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Karbonoaren_ziklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbonoaren ziklo">Karbonoaren ziklo</a>»</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konposatuak">Konposatuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konposatuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Konposatuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm/220px--Mekano_atomikoa.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="149" data-mwtitle="Mekano_atomikoa.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mekano_atomikoa.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm/Mekano_atomikoa.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm/Mekano_atomikoa.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm/Mekano_atomikoa.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm/Mekano_atomikoa.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm/Mekano_atomikoa.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Mekano_atomikoa.webm/Mekano_atomikoa.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Karbono atomoen kimikak mekano baten itxura dauka. Naturak berak bizirako molekulak sortzen ditu, karbono-atomoak arau batzuen arabera konbinatuta eta beste atomo batzuk gehituta.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konposatu_organikoak">Konposatu organikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konposatu organikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Konposatu organikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Kimika_organiko" title="Kimika organiko">Kimika organiko</a>»</div> <p>Karbonoak oso <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">lotura kobalente</a> egonkorrak era ditzake beste karbono batekin. Ondorioz, konposatu asko eta asko era daitezke, eta horixe da, hain zuzen, <a href="/wiki/Kimika_organiko" title="Kimika organiko">kimika organikoaren</a> oinarria. Izan ere, ezagutzen diren konposatu guztien artean, %95 konposatu organikoak dira. Gaur egun, 16 milioi konposatu organiko ezagutzen dira, eta konposatuen egiturak askotarikoak izan daitezke. Egitura-aniztasun horrek beste ondorio hau dakar: iturri naturaletatik eskuratutako eta laborategian prestaturiko konposatu organiko ugari daude aktibitate biologikoa dutenak. Hala, <a href="/wiki/Izaki_bizidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Izaki bizidun">izaki bizidunek</a> osatzen dituzten konposatu kimiko gehienak konposatu organikoak dira; hala nola <a href="/wiki/Azukre" title="Azukre">azukreak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">proteinak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipido" title="Lipido">lipidoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azido_nukleiko" title="Azido nukleiko">azido nukleikoak</a> eta abar. Orobat, bizitza sortzen duten prozesu kimikoak erreakzio organikoak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konposatu_inorganikoak">Konposatu inorganikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konposatu inorganikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Konposatu inorganikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Konposatu_inorganiko" title="Konposatu inorganiko">Konposatu inorganiko</a>»</div> <p>Karbonoa agente erreduzitzaile aktiboa denez, elementu askorekin erreakziona dezake, bai metalekin bai ez-metalekin konposatu asko eta oso desberdinak emateko,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxidoak">Oxidoak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oxidoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Oxidoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Oxido" title="Oxido">Oxido</a>»</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Karbono_monoxidoa">Karbono monoxidoa</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karbono monoxidoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Karbono monoxidoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Karbono_monoxido" title="Karbono monoxido">Karbono monoxido</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karbono_monoxido" title="Karbono monoxido">Karbono monooxidoa</a>, CO, gas kolorgea, usaingabekoa eta toxikoa da. Errekuntzetan ekoizten da oxigeno gutxi dagoenean, eta laborategian ere <a href="/wiki/Azido_formiko" title="Azido formiko">azido formikotik</a> lortu daiteke: </p><p>C (s) + ½ O<sub>2</sub> (g)  → CO (g) </p><p>HCOOH (l) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (l) →  CO (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (aq) </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png/137px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png/206px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png/274px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Karbono monoxido molekula</figcaption></figure> <p>Karbono monooxidoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erreduzitzaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erreduzitzaile (sortu gabe)">erreduzitzaile</a> ona da eta nahiko erreaktiboa: </p><p>2 CO (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2 CO<sub>2</sub> (g) (∆H° = −565 kJ/mol, erregaia da) </p><p>CO (g) + Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) →  COCl<sub>2</sub> (g)  </p><p>3 CO (g) + Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (s) →  3 CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2 Fe (l) (Metalgintzan) </p><p>Kontzentrazio altuetan gas toxikoa da oxigenoaren ordez <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobina" title="Hemoglobina">hemoglobinari</a> lotzen baitzaio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Karbono_dioxidoa">Karbono dioxidoa</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karbono dioxidoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Karbono dioxidoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">Karbono dioxido</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">Karbono dioxidoa</a>, CO<sub>2</sub>, erretzen ez den gas dentsua da, eta suteak itzaltzeko erabili daiteke. Presio atmosferikoan solidotik gasara zuzen sublimatzen da eta likidoa garraiatzeko ontzietan presiopean gorde behar da. Presioa askatzean likidoa baporizatzen da energia zurgatuz eta tenperatura jaitsiz, honen ondorioz izoztu egiten da<i>, izotz lehorra</i> deritzona lortuz. </p><p>Uretan arinki solugarria da <a href="/wiki/Azido_karboniko" title="Azido karboniko">azido karboniko</a>a emateko, beraz, gas hau azidoa da: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Carbon_dioxide_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carbon_dioxide_structure.png/153px-Carbon_dioxide_structure.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Carbon_dioxide_structure.png 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="167" /></a><figcaption>Karbono dioxido molekula</figcaption></figure> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)  ↔ H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) ↔ HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq) </p><p>Laborategian erraz lor daiteke karbonato basikoetatik: </p><p>2 HCl (aq) + CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) →  CaCl<sub>2</sub> (aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) </p><p>Industrian oso garrantzitsua da, hotzailea, edariak karbonatatzeko, aerosoletan, extintoretan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Berotegi-efektua" title="Berotegi-efektua">Negutegi efektuaren</a> eragile nagusia da CO<sub>2</sub>-a. Erregai fosilen errekuntzen ondorioz, beste gas batzuekin batera, atmosferan metatuz doa eta lurrazalak askatzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">infragorri</a> izpiak zurgatzen ditu, gure atmosferako tenperatura igoz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haluroak_eta_klorofluorokarbonoak">Haluroak eta klorofluorokarbonoak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Haluroak eta klorofluorokarbonoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Haluroak eta klorofluorokarbonoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Haluro" title="Haluro">Haluro</a>» eta «<a href="/wiki/Klorofluorokarbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Klorofluorokarbono">Klorofluorokarbono</a>»</div> <p>Karbono tetrahaluroak CF<sub>4</sub>, CCl<sub>4</sub>, CBr<sub>4</sub>, CI<sub>4</sub> oso inportanteak dira beste konposatu batzuk sintetizatzeko, hala nola, CHCl<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Kloroformo" title="Kloroformo">kloroformoa</a>) eta karbonil-haluroak COX<sub>2</sub> (CO + Cl<sub>2</sub> → Cl<sub>2</sub>C=O) </p><p>CFCl<sub>3</sub>, CF<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, CF<sub>3</sub>Cl konposatuei freons edo CFC deritzegu, hauek hotzaile gisa eta aerosoletan erabiltzen hasi ziren baina gaur egun ingurunea erasotzen dutela badakigu. Atmosferako goialdean argi ultramorearen ondorriz oso erreaktiboak diren erradikalak askatzen dituzte eta ozono geruza erasotzen dute: </p><p>CF<sub>3</sub>Cl  →  Cl </p><p>Cl + O<sub>3</sub>  → O<sub>2</sub> + ClO  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karburoak">Karburoak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Karburoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Karburoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Karburo" title="Karburo">Karburo</a>»</div> <p>Beste elementu batekin konbinatzean sortzen den konposatu binarioari karburo deritzogu. Solido gogorrak dira eta fusio-tenperaturak oso altuak dituzte. </p><p>Metal elektropositiboekin, <a href="/wiki/Metal_alkalino" title="Metal alkalino">alkalino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_lurralkalino" title="Metal lurralkalino">lurralkalino</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a>arekin karburo estekiometrikoak eta ionikoak sortu daitezke. Gehienetan dikarburo (−2) ioia C<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup> dago eta batzuetan, Be<sub>2</sub>C, Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>, C<sup>4-</sup> ioia. Karburoak oso erreaktiboak dira (CaC<sub>2</sub>). </p><p>Karburo kobalenteak gutxi dira, SiC eta B<sub>4</sub>C, urragarriak, solido oso gogorrak eta  erremintak egiteko erabiltzen dira. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleazio" title="Aleazio">Aleazio</a> metalikoetan ere karbonoa metalaren paketatze trinkoan sartzen da, hutsuneetan, hauek zirrikituetako karburoak dira. Metalen propietateak dituzte, itxura metalikoa eta eroale elektriko onak baina metalak baino fusio-tenperatura altuagoak dituzte eta gogorragoak dira, gainera metal puruak baino kimikoki geldoagoak ere badira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_eta_etimologia">Historia eta etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia eta etimologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Historia eta etimologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbonoa aurrehistorian aurkitua izan zen eta antzinatik ezaguna da, material organikoen errekuntza osatugabean erraz lortzen baitzen. Jadanik 1704an, <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-disambig" title="Newton">Newton</a>-ek diamantea erregaia izan litekeela proposatu zuen, baina 1772ra arte ez zen lortu diamante bat erretzen. Esperimentu honetan <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>-ek errekuntzaren produktua CO<sub>2</sub> gasa zela demostratu zuen eta azkenik, 1797an diamantea karbono purua zela Tennant-ek  zehaztu zuen. </p><p>Karbonoaren isotopo ugariena <sup>12</sup>C, <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>-ek 1961an pisu atomiken oinarritzat aukeratu zuen <sup>16</sup>O-aren ordez, eta zehazki 12-ko <a href="/wiki/Masa_atomiko" title="Masa atomiko">masa atomikoa</a> esleitu zioten. </p><p>Karbonoaren lehenengo konposatuak bizidunetan aurkitu ziren XIX. mendearen hasieran, eta hau dela eta karbonoaren konposatuaren kimikari <a href="/wiki/Kimika_organiko" title="Kimika organiko">kimika organikoa</a> esaten zaio. </p><p>XX. mendean, 1985. urtean, fullerenoak (C<sub>60</sub>) aurkitu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta 1991an, karbonozko nanotutuak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erabilerak">Erabilerak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erabilerak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Erabilerak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industria-mailan karbonoaren konposatu erabilienak <a href="/wiki/Hidrokarburo" title="Hidrokarburo">hidrokarburo</a>ak dira, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Erregai_fosil" title="Erregai fosil">erregai fosil</a>ak, hala nola, petrolioa eta gas naturala. Petrolioaren findegitik <a href="/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina">gasolina</a>k, <a href="/wiki/Keroseno" title="Keroseno">keroseno</a>a eta olioak lortzen dira, material plastikoen lehengai erabiliena petrolioa da. Bestetik, gas naturalaren errekuntza energiaren iturri nagusia da. </p><p>Karbonoaren beste erabilera garrantzitsu batzuk: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14">Karbono-14</a> isotopo erradioaktiboa datazioan erabiltzen da.</li> <li>Grafitoa <a href="/wiki/Buztin" title="Buztin">buztin</a><a href="/wiki/Buztin" title="Buztin">ekin</a> batera arkatzen minak egiteko erabiltzen da. Industrian, lubrifikatzaileen gehigarria da.</li> <li>Diamantea bitxigintzan oso erabilia da eta bere gogortasuna dela eta ebaketa-erremintak egiteko erabiltzen da.</li> <li>Altzairuen osagaia da.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreaktore_nuklear" title="Erreaktore nuklear">Erreaktore nuklear</a><a href="/wiki/Erreaktore_nuklear" title="Erreaktore nuklear">retan</a> material babeslea da, neutroien zurgatzailea baita.</li> <li>Medikuntzan, “karbonozko pilulak” <a href="/wiki/Digestio-aparatu" title="Digestio-aparatu">digestio-aparatu</a><a href="/wiki/Digestio-aparatu" title="Digestio-aparatu">an</a> <a href="/wiki/Toxina" title="Toxina">toxina</a><a href="/wiki/Toxina" title="Toxina">k</a> zurgatzeko erabiltzen dira.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono_aktibatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbono aktibatu (sortu gabe)">Karbono aktibatua</a> ura iragazteko eta purifikatzeko erabiltzen da.</li> <li>Kedar edo karbono amorfoa gomaren sintesian erabiltzen da gomaren propietate mekaniko hobeak lortzeko. Fullurenoen sintesian eta elektrodoen fabrikazioan ere erabiltzen da.</li> <li>Karbonozko zuntzak oso erresistenteak dira eta nagusiki tenis-erraketak egiteko erabiltzen dira. Erresistentzia altuko eta pisu arineko materialak egiteko ere erabiltzen dira, esate baterako, bizikletak.</li> <li>Nanoteknologian, bai fullerenoak bai nanotutuak bai grafenoa interes handiko materialak dira.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arriskuak">Arriskuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arriskuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Arriskuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbono eta bere konposatuak toxikoak izan daitezke. <a href="/wiki/Karbono_monoxido" title="Karbono monoxido">Karbono monoxidoa</a>, errekuntza askotan askatutako gasa, eta <a href="/wiki/Zianuro" title="Zianuro">zianuroak</a> (CN<sup>−</sup>) oso toxikoak izan daitezke ugaztunentzat. Konpusatu organikoen gas batzuk, <a href="/wiki/Eteno" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteno">eteno</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etino (sortu gabe)">etino</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metanoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukoitasun" title="Sukoitasun">sukoiak</a> eta leherkorrak izan daitezke airean. Baina beste alde batetik, karbonoaren konposatu asko oinarrizkoak dira bizidunentzat. </p><p>Karbono puruak toxizitate ia nulua dauka gizakiengan, kantitate txikietan grafito edo ikatz gisa maneiatu eta irentsi ere egin daiteke. Karbonoak ez du erraz erreakzionatzen ezta disolbatzen ere, hau dela eta, digestio-traktuan sartu ezkero ez da erraz kanporatzen. Karbono-beltza <a href="/wiki/Pigmentu" title="Pigmentu">pigmentu</a> gisa erabili da betidanik. Hala ere, karbon edo kedar hautsa kantitate handitan arnastea arriskutsua izan daiteke, birikien ehunak narrita baititzake. Neumokoniosis izeneko gaisotasuna ohikoa da ikatz-meatzarien artean. Era berean, diamante hautsa ere kaltegarria izan daiteke arnaztean edo irenstean. Erregaien errekuntzetan askatzen diren ikatz mikropartikulek ere birikietan kalteak sortu ditzakete.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bestetik, karbonoren metaketa handiek, oxigenorik gabeko atmosferantan miloika urtetan egon direnek, berez su hartu dezakete airean jartzean. </p><p>Karbonoren konposatuen artean pozoi hilgarriak ere badaude, hala nola, tetradotoxina, <a href="/wiki/Akain-belar" title="Akain-belar">errizino</a>-hazietan, zianuroa (CN<sup>−</sup>) eta karbono monoxidoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbono&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20756487"><i>Radiocarbon dating. </i></a> Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0714120472" title="Berezi:BookSources/0714120472">0714120472</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20756487">20756487</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAitken,_M._J._(Martin_Jim)(1994_printing)">Aitken, M. J. (Martin Jim).  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(1967-5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/214587a0">«Lonsdaleite, a Hexagonal Polymorph of Diamond»</a> <i>Nature</i> 214 (5088): 587–589.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F214587a0">10.1038/214587a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45093694"><i>Carbon nanotubes : synthesis, structure, properties, and applications. </i></a> Springer 2001 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3540410864" title="Berezi:BookSources/3540410864">3540410864</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=45093694">45093694</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHoover2014-02-21">Hoover, Rachel.  (2014-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/ames/need-to-track-organic-nano-particles-across-the-universe-nasas-got-an-app-for-that">«Need to Track Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe? NASA's Got an App for That»</a> <i>NASA</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus/terminoa/eu/kimika%20organiko">«ZT Hiztegi Berria»</a> <i>zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKrotoHeathO'BrienCurl1985-11">Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E..  (1985-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/318162a0">«C60: Buckminsterfullerene»</a> <i>Nature</i> 318 (6042): 162–163.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F318162a0">10.1038/318162a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDonaldson2001-03-01">Donaldson, K.  (2001-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oem.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/oem.58.3.211">«Ultrafine particles»</a> <i>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</i> 58 (3): 211–216.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.58.3.211">10.1136/oem.58.3.211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11171936">11171936</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC1740105">PMC1740105</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-04-03)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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/></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbon">Carbon</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q623%22">Q623</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX526055">XX526055</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976417k">11976417k</a> <a 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href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-chemical-element">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002244">D002244</a></span></li> <li><b>Kimikako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_erregistro_zenbakia" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS erregistro zenbakia">CAS erregistro zenbakia</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-44-0">7440-44-0</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChEBI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChEBI (sortu gabe)">ChEBI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:33415">33415</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChemSpider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChemSpider (sortu gabe)">ChemSpider</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4575370.html">4575370</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DrugBank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DrugBank (sortu gabe)">DrugBank</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09278">DB09278</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubChem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubChem (sortu gabe)">PubChem</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5462310">5462310</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unique_Ingredient_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier (sortu gabe)">UNII</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/4XYU5U00C4">4XYU5U00C4</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=KEGG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KEGG (sortu gabe)">KEGG</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C06265">C06265</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMILES&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMILES (sortu gabe)">SMILES</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simolecule.com/cdkdepict/depict/bow/svg?smi=%5BC%5D&zoom=2.0&annotate=cip">ID</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Chemical_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Chemical Identifier (sortu gabe)">InChI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?&model=InChI=1S/C">ID</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">InChI key:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pccompound&term=%22OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N%22%5BInChIKey%5D">ID</a></span></li> <li><b>Biologiako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouse_Genome_Informatics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mouse Genome Informatics (sortu gabe)">MGI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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