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</li> <li id="toc-Zastupljenost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zastupljenost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zastupljenost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zastupljenost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osobine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osobine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Osobine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Osobine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Osobine</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Osobine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alotropske_modifikacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alotropske_modifikacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alotropske modifikacije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alotropske_modifikacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amorfni_ugljik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amorfni_ugljik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Amorfni ugljik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amorfni_ugljik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentagrafen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentagrafen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pentagrafen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentagrafen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izotopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upotreba_ugljenika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upotreba_ugljenika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Upotreba ugljenika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upotreba_ugljenika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hemija_ugljika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemija_ugljika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hemija ugljika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hemija_ugljika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Hemija ugljika</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hemija_ugljika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ugljikovi_halogenidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugljikovi_halogenidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ugljikovi halogenidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugljikovi_halogenidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oksidi_ugljika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oksidi_ugljika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Oksidi ugljika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oksidi_ugljika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karbidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karbidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Karbidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karbidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ugljenik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 203 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95" title="ካርቦን — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቦን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كربون — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কাৰ্বন — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্বন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کربون — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Balinezijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97" title="Onglė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглерод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কার্বন — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སོལ་རྗས། — Tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོལ་རྗས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ng" title="Táng — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Táng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94_%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85_%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A8" title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86" title="کاربۆن — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniu" title="Carboniu — Korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Carboniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korzikanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Кăмрăкамăш — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăкамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuglik" title="Wuglik — Niski Sorbijanski" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wuglik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Niski Sorbijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άνθρακας — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsinik" title="Süsinik — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کربن — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiili" title="Hiili — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni — Fidžijski" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidžijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolevni" title="Kolevni — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolevni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboon_(element)" title="Karboon (element) — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karboon (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni — Friulijski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalstof" title="Koalstof — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 — gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonn" title="Karbonn — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Karbonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualan" title="Gualan — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatap%E1%BB%B9i" title="Tatapỹi — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatapỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A8" title="કાર્બન — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાર્બન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboan" title="Carboan — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Carboan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than" title="Than — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalepona" title="Kalepona — Havajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kalepona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Havajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פחמן — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koila" title="Koila — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Koila" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlik" title="Wuhlik — Gornji sorbijski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Gornji sorbijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kab%C3%B2n" title="Kabòn — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9n" title="Szén — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ածխածին — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Բնածուխ — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բնածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolefni" title="Kolefni — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="炭素 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaban" title="Kaaban — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaban" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabno" title="tabno — Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tabno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირბადი — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%E1%B9%9Bbun" title="Akaṛbun — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akaṛbun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C9%A9b%C9%94n%C9%A9" title="Karɩbɔnɩ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Karɩbɔnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Көміртегі — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көміртегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಇಂಗಾಲ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Шомувтыр — komi-permski" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шомувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff — kelnski" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kelnski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шомчужысь — Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шомчужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Көмүртек — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүртек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium" title="Carbonium — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelestoff" title="Kuelestoff — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelestoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonie" title="Carbonie — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Carbonie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni — Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ຄາບອນ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາບອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglis" title="Anglis — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogleklis" title="Ogleklis — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogleklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Седель — Mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Седель" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karb%C3%B4nina" title="Karbônina — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karbônina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B1%D0%B9%D0%B4%D3%B1%D2%A5" title="Шӱйдӱҥ — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӱйдӱҥ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waro" title="Waro — Maorski" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maorski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јаглерод — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглерод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA" title="കാർബൺ — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Нүүрстөрөгч — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрстөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ — Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод — Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonju" title="Karbonju — Melteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karbonju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Melteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Седь — Erzija" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Седь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecolli" title="Tecolli — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tecolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%A1bin" title="Káábin — Navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Káábin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilisuadu" title="Hiilisuadu — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hiilisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboonii" title="Kaarboonii — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95" title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ — Orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Æвзалыгуыр — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਰਬਨ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बोन — Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कार्बोन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99giel_(pierwiastek)" title="Węgiel (pierwiastek) — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgiel (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاربون — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaq" title="K'illimsayaq — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu — Aromanijski" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Харыалык — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыалык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurbon" title="Caurbon — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caurbon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪاربان — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="කාබන් — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Čiđđâ — Inari sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čiđđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhoni" title="Kabhoni — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kabhoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon" title="Kaarboon — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboni" title="Karboni — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karboni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљеник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolestof" title="Koolestof — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolestof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கரிமம் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คาร์บอน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์บอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод — Tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вуглець — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglerod" title="Uglerod — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglerod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27nik" title="Hil'nik — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'nik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbong" title="Carbong — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Carbong" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbin" title="Karbin — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karbin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод — Kalmik" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-carbon" title="I-carbon — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-carbon" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Khosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="קוילנשטאף — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוילנשטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Kárbọ̀nù — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kárbọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danq" title="Danq — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ — standardni marokanski tamazigt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamazigt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘ — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCalahle" title="UmCalahle — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCalahle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Ugljenik" rel="discussion" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ugljenik"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ugljenik"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Ugljenik" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Ugljenik" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&oldid=42231906" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Ugljenik&id=42231906&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUgljenik"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUgljenik"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ugljenik"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ugljenik&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carbon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r42165048">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Disambig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/20px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/30px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/40px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span> „Karbon” preusmjerava ovdje. Za ostala značenja, v. <a href="/wiki/Karbon_(razvrstavanje)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karbon (razvrstavanje)">Karbon (razvrstavanje)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="7"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="entete science" style="background-color:#B0C4DE">Ugljenik (<small><sub>6</sub></small>C) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table align="center" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bor_(hemijski_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bor (hemijski element)">Bor</a> – <b>Ugljenik</b> – <a href="/wiki/Azot" class="mw-redirect" title="Azot">Azot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="center"> <br /><b>C</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Silicijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicijum">Si</a>  <br /> <br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:C-TableImage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/C-TableImage.svg/250px-C-TableImage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/C-TableImage.svg/375px-C-TableImage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/C-TableImage.svg/500px-C-TableImage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="202" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata">periodni sistem</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="{{{opis_slike}}}"><img alt="{{{opis_slike}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg/290px-Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg/435px-Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg/580px-Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><br /><small></small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#B0C4DE">Opšti podaci </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pripadnost skupu </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemetali" title="Nemetali">Nemetali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grupa, perioda </td> <td><a href="/wiki/14._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="14. grupa hemijskih elemenata">IVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/2._perioda_hemijskih_elemenata" class="mw-redirect" title="2. perioda hemijskih elemenata">2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustina" title="Gustina">gustina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tvrdo%C4%87a_po_Mosovoj_skali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvrdoća po Mosovoj skali">tvrdoća</a> </td> <td>2267 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_kroz_metar_kubni" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilogram kroz metar kubni">kg/m<sup>3</sup></a><sup id="cite_ref-arnold_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 0.5 (grafit)<br />10.0 (dijamant) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Boja" title="Boja">boja</a> </th> <td>crna; bezbojna(dijamant) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#B0C4DE">Osobine atoma </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">atomska masa</a> </th> <td>12.0107 <a href="/wiki/Jedinica_atomske_mase" title="Jedinica atomske mase">u</a><sup id="cite_ref-wieser_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wieser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomski_radijus" title="Atomski radijus">atomski radijus</a> </th> <td>70 (67)<a href="/wiki/Pikometar" title="Pikometar">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kovalentni_radijus" title="Kovalentni radijus">kovalentni radijus</a> </th> <td>77 pm </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Valsov_radijus" title="Van der Valsov radijus">van der Valsov radijus</a> </th> <td>170 pm </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elektronska_konfiguracija" title="Elektronska konfiguracija">elektronska konfiguracija</a> </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">He</a>]2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">e</a><sup>-</sup> na <a href="/wiki/Energetski_nivo" title="Energetski nivo">energetskim nivoima</a> </th> <td>2, 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Oksidacioni_broj" title="Oksidacioni broj">oksidacioni broj</a> </th> <td><b>4</b>, 2 (blago <a href="/wiki/Kiselina" title="Kiselina">kiseo</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Osobine oksida </th> <td>slabo kiseli </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kristalna struktura </th> <td>Heksagonalna </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#B0C4DE">Fizičke osobine </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Agregatno stanje">agregatno stanje</a> </th> <td>čvrsto </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_topljenja" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura topljenja">temperatura topljenja</a> </th> <td>3773 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_klju%C4%8Danja" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura ključanja">temperatura ključanja</a> </th> <td>5100 K </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molska_zapremina" class="mw-redirect" title="Molska zapremina">molska zapremina</a> </th> <td>5.29 ×10<sup>-6</sup> m³/<a href="/wiki/Mol_(jedinica)" title="Mol (jedinica)">mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Toplota_isparavanja" title="Toplota isparavanja">toplota isparavanja</a> </th> <td>355.8 <a href="/wiki/Kilod%C5%BEul_po_molu" title="Kilodžul po molu">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Toplota_topljenja" title="Toplota topljenja">toplota topljenja</a> </th> <td>bez podataka </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pritisak_zasi%C4%87ene_pare" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak zasićene pare">pritisak zasićene pare</a> </th> <td>0 <a href="/wiki/Paskal_(jedinica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paskal (jedinica)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brzina_zvuka" title="Brzina zvuka">brzina zvuka</a> </th> <td>18350 m/s<sup id="cite_ref-kuchling_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuchling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#B0C4DE">Ostale osobine </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativnost" title="Elektronegativnost">Elektronegativnost</a> </th> <td>2.55 (<a href="/wiki/Paulingova_skala" title="Paulingova skala">Pauling</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplota" title="Specifična toplota">specifična toplota</a> </th> <td>710 <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEul_kroz_kilogram-kelvin" title="Džul kroz kilogram-kelvin">J/(kg*K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_elektri%C4%8Dna_provodljivost" class="mw-redirect" title="Specifična električna provodljivost">specifična provodljivost</a> </th> <td>0.061 × 10<sup>6</sup>/(m·<a href="/wiki/Ohm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohm">ohm</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Toplotna_provodljivost" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplotna provodljivost">toplotna provodljivost</a> </th> <td>129 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vat_kroz_metae-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vat kroz metae-kelvin (stranica ne postoji)">W/(m*K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>I <a href="/wiki/Energija_jonizacije" title="Energija jonizacije">energija jonizacije</a> </th> <td>1.086,5 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-nautilus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautilus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>II <a href="/wiki/Energija_jonizacije" title="Energija jonizacije">energija jonizacije</a> </th> <td>2352.6 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-nautilus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautilus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>III <a href="/wiki/Energija_jonizacije" title="Energija jonizacije">energija jonizacije</a> </th> <td>4620.5 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-nautilus_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautilus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV <a href="/wiki/Energija_jonizacije" title="Energija jonizacije">energija jonizacije</a> </th> <td>6222.7 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-nautilus_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautilus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>V <a href="/wiki/Energija_jonizacije" title="Energija jonizacije">energija jonizacije</a> </th> <td>37831 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-nautilus_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautilus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>VI <a href="/wiki/Energija_jonizacije" title="Energija jonizacije">energija jonizacije</a> </th> <td>47.277,0 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-nautilus_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nautilus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#B0C4DE">Najstabilniji izotopi </th></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ugljenik</b>, <b>ugljik</b> ili <b>karbon</b> (<b>C</b>, <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>carboneum</i>), je <a href="/wiki/Nemetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemetal">nemetal</a>, <a href="/wiki/14._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="14. grupa hemijskih elemenata">IVA</a> grupe.<sup id="cite_ref-Housecroft3rd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housecroft3rd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stabilni <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopi</a> su mu: <sup>12</sup>C i<sup>13</sup>C. Bitan nestabilan izotop je <sup>14</sup>C (nastaje od <a href="/wiki/Azot" class="mw-redirect" title="Azot"><sup>14</sup>N</a> u gornjim slojevima <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">atmosfere</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ParkesNeorganskaHemija_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkesNeorganskaHemija-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovaj četvorovalentni nemetal ima nekoliko <a href="/wiki/Alotropske_modifikacije" class="mw-redirect" title="Alotropske modifikacije">alotropskih modifikacija</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant">dijamant</a> (najtvrđi poznati prirodni <a href="/wiki/Mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral">mineral</a>). Hemijska formula <b>C</b>. Vezivna struktura: 4 elektrona u 3-dimenzionim sp3-orbitalama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> (jedna od najmekših supstanci). Iste hemijske formule kao dijamant <b>C</b>. Vezivna struktura: 3 elektrona u 2-dimenzionalnim sp2-orbitalama i 1 elektron u p-orbitali.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuleren" title="Fuleren">fuleren</a> Hemijska formula <b>C60</b>, danas ima široku primenu u poljoprivredi.</li></ul> <p>Ugljenik je zastupljen u <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">zemljinoj</a> kori u količini od 0,09%. </p><p>Ugljenik je bio poznat još u praistoriji. Da je hemijski element prvi je utvrdio <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoan Lavoazije</a>. Međunarodni naziv je izveden od latinske reči <i>carbo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ugalj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugalj">ugalj</a>. </p><p>Ugljenik je veoma rasprostranjen u prirodi. Broj poznatih jedinjenja ugljenika je preko 10 puta veći od poznatih jedinjenja svih ostalih elemenata. </p><p>Cela jedna grana hemije, <a href="/wiki/Organska_hemija" title="Organska hemija">organska hemija</a>, se bazira na jedinjenjima koja u sebi sadrže ugljenik. Sem organskih jedinjenja veliki značaj imaju ugljen(II)oksid, ugljenik(IV)oksid, <a href="/wiki/Ugljena_kiselina" title="Ugljena kiselina">ugljena kiselina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbidi">karbidi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Karbonati" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbonati">karbonati</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zastupljenost">Zastupljenost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Zastupljenost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zastupljenost"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugljik je esencijalni element u <a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosferi</a>, te po masenom udjelu drugi najrasprostranjeniji element nakon <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kisika</a> u živim organizmima. Sva živa tkiva su sastavljena iz <a href="/wiki/Organska_hemija" title="Organska hemija">organskih spojeva</a> ugljika. Međutim, geološki gledano on se ne ubraja u najrasprostranjenije elemente. Ugljik je zastupljen u <a href="/wiki/Zemlja_(planeta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemlja (planeta)">zemljinoj</a> kori u količini od 0,087%.<sup id="cite_ref-binder_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binder-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On se nalazi u neživoj prirodi pretežno u obliku spojeva, ali i slobodan u obliku <a href="/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant">dijamanta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafita</a>. Glavna nalazišta dijamanata nalaze se u Africi (<a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEnoafri%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Južnoafrička Republika">Južnoafrička Republika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Demokratska_Republika_Kongo" title="Demokratska Republika Kongo">Kongo</a>) i <a href="/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija">Rusiji</a>. Oni se često mogu naći u vulkanskim stijenama poput <a href="/wiki/Kimberlit" title="Kimberlit">kimberlita</a>. Grafit se javlja relativno rijetko u metamorfnim stijenama bogatim ugljikom. Najznačajnija nalazišta su u Indiji i Kini. </p><p>Ugljik se u prirodi najčešće može naći u obliku neorganskih karbonatnih stijena (oko 2,8 · 10<sup>16</sup> t). Karbonatne stijene su veoma rasprostranjene na Zemlji i ponegdje formiraju i cijele planine. Jedna od najpoznatijih primjera planina sastavljenih iz ovih stijena su <a href="/wiki/Dolomiti" title="Dolomiti">Dolomiti</a> u Italiji. Najvažniji karbonatni minerali su <a href="/wiki/Kalcij_karbonat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalcij karbonat">kalcij karbonat</a> CaCO<sub>3</sub> (sa brojnim modifikacijama: <a href="/wiki/Kre%C4%8Dnjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Krečnjak">krečnjak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreda_(materijal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreda (materijal) (stranica ne postoji)">kreda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mramor" title="Mramor">mramor</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalcijum_magnezijum_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalcijum magnezijum karbonat (stranica ne postoji)">kalcijum magnezijum karbonat</a> CaCO<sub>3</sub> · MgCO<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Dolomit" title="Dolomit">dolomit</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDeljezo(II)_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Željezo(II) karbonat (stranica ne postoji)">željezo(II) karbonat</a> FeCO<sub>3</sub> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cink_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cink karbonat (stranica ne postoji)">cink karbonat</a> ZnCO<sub>3</sub>. </p><p>Poznati spojevi ugljika su <a href="/wiki/Fosilna_goriva" title="Fosilna goriva">fosilna goriva</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugalj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugalj">ugalj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta">nafta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zemni_plin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemni plin">zemni plin</a>. Oni nisu čisti ugljikovi spojevi, nego mješavine mnogih različitih organskih spojeva. Oni nastaju pretvaranjem biljnih (ugalj) i životinjskih (nafta i plin) ostataka pod velikim pritiskom. Najveća nalazišta uglja nalaze se u SAD, Kini i Rusiji, a u Bosni i Hercegovini veća nalazišta uglja se nalaze u okolini <a href="/wiki/Banovi%C4%87i" title="Banovići">Banovića</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenica" title="Zenica">Zenice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakanj" title="Kakanj">Kaknja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanski_Most" title="Sanski Most">Sanskog Mosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breza" class="mw-disambig" title="Breza">Breze</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivinice" title="Živinice">Živinica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doboj" title="Doboj">Doboja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stanari" title="Stanari">Stanari</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ugljevik" title="Ugljevik">Ugljevika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gacko" title="Gacko">Gacka</a> i drugih mjesta. Najvažnije rezerve nafte se nalaze na Arapskom poluostrvu (<a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija">Saudijska Arabija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuvajt" title="Kuvajt">Kuvajt</a>), Meksičkom zalivu i Sjevernom moru. Nešto manje poznata su nalazišta čvrstog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metan_hidrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metan hidrat (stranica ne postoji)">metan hidrata</a> u velikim dubinama. </p><p>Ugljik se nalazi u atmosferi u obliku <a href="/wiki/Ugljen-dioksid" title="Ugljen-dioksid">ugljen-dioksida</a> (ugljik(IV) oksida). On je sastavni dio <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zraka</a>. U zraku ima prosječni udio od oko 0,04%. Ugljik dioksid nastaje pri sagorijevanju spojeva koji sadrže ugljik, prilikom <a href="/wiki/Disanje" title="Disanje">disanja</a> svih živih bića, vulkanskom aktivnošću i putem <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosinteze</a> biljaka. Čak i u <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">morskoj vodi</a> rastvoreno je oko 0,01% CO<sub>2</sub> (po masenom udjelu). </p><p>U pogledu količine najveći dio ugljika nalazi se u sastavu stijena (<a href="/wiki/Litosfera" title="Litosfera">litosfera</a>). Svi ostali oblici ugljika čine samo oko 0,1% ukupne količine ugljika na Zemlji. </p><p>Stvaranje jezgra atoma ugljika zahtijeva gotovo simultani trostruki sudar alfa čestica (jezgara <a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">helijuma</a>) unutar središta ogromne zvijezde <i>giganta</i> ili supergiganta, u procesu poznatim pod nazivom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trostruki_alfa_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trostruki alfa proces (stranica ne postoji)">trostruki alfa proces</a>, kao proizvod daljnjih reakcija nuklearne fuzije helija sa vodonikom ili drugom jezgrom helija stvara se izotop <a href="/wiki/Litijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Litijum">litijuma</a> Li-5 i <a href="/wiki/Berilijum" title="Berilijum">berilijuma</a> Be-8, respektivno, a oba su vrlo nestabilni i gotovo odmah se raspadaju nazad u manja jezgra.<sup id="cite_ref-Audi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovo se dešava u uslovima temperature iznad 100 megakelvina i koncentracije helija koja se brzo širi i hladi što nije bilo slučaj u ranom svemiru, tako da ne postoje dokazi da su se značajne količine ugljika kreirale tokom <a href="/wiki/Veliki_prasak" title="Veliki prasak">Velikog praska</a>. Umjesto toga, u unutrašnjosti zvijezda u horizontalnoj ravni H-R dijagrama transformiraju se tri jezgra atoma helija u ugljik pomoću ovog trostrukog alfa procesa.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostlie_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostlie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da bi ugljik bio dostupan za formiranje života kakvog danas znamo, ovaj ugljik mora biti raširen u svemir kao prašina nakon eksplozije <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, kao dio materijala od kojeg se kasnije formira druga i treća generacija zvjezdanih sistema koje imaju prisutne planete formirane od takve prašine.<sup id="cite_ref-dust2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dust2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_sistem" title="Sunčev sistem">Sunčev sistem</a> je jedan zvjezdani sistem treće generacije. Drugi mehanizam fuzije kojeg pogone zvijezde je <a href="/w/index.php?title=CNO_ciklus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNO ciklus (stranica ne postoji)">CNO ciklus</a>, u kojem ugljik djeluje kao <a href="/wiki/Katalizator" title="Katalizator">katalizator</a> omogućavajući odvijanje reakcije. </p><p>Rotacijska tranzicija različitih izotopskih oblika ugljik monoksida (naprimjer <sup>12</sup>CO, <sup>13</sup>CO i C<sup>18</sup>O) se može otkriti u submilimetarskom rasponu talasnih dužina i koristi se u proučavanju formiranja novih zvijezda u molekularnim oblacima.<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osobine">Osobine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Osobine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Osobine"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Carbon-phase-diagram_bs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carbon-phase-diagram_bs.svg/220px-Carbon-phase-diagram_bs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carbon-phase-diagram_bs.svg/330px-Carbon-phase-diagram_bs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Carbon-phase-diagram_bs.svg/440px-Carbon-phase-diagram_bs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Fazni dijagram ugljika</figcaption></figure> <p>Pri normalnom pritisku i temperaturama ispod 4000 K grafit je termodinamički stabilnija modifikacija ugljika, što se vidi na faznom dijagramu. Zbog visoke energije aktiviranja i dijamant je stabilan na sobnoj temperaturi, a tek na temperaturi iznad 500 °C uočljivo se pretvara u grafit. Obrnuta transformacija iz grafita u dijamant je moguća uz <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak">pritisak</a> od najmanje 20.000 bara (2 GPa). Za dovoljno brzu reakciju, temperatura bi trebala biti iznad 1500 °C a pritisak oko 60.000 bara što odgovara faznom dijagramu. </p><p>Ugljik ima najveću otpornost na visoke temperature od svih poznatih materijala. Ne topi se pri normalnom pritisku, nego <a href="/wiki/Sublimacija_(fizika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimacija (fizika)">sublimira</a> pri temperaturi od 3915 K (3642 °C),<sup id="cite_ref-crc90_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc90-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bez prethodnog gubljenja čvrstoće. <a href="/wiki/Trojna_ta%C4%8Dka" title="Trojna tačka">Trojna tačka</a> ugljika je na 10,8 ± 0,2 MPa i 4600 ± 300 K.<sup id="cite_ref-triple_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triple-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zazula_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zazula-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ugljik je dijamagnetičan. Pirolitički izdvojen grafit ima visoku <a href="/wiki/Anizotropija" title="Anizotropija">anizotropiju</a> u magnetskom susceptibilitetu (paralelno: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/028c3f2da9e3c445be4515565e4c8954d19ea960" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.13ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"></span> = −85 · 10<sup>−6</sup>, vodoravno: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/028c3f2da9e3c445be4515565e4c8954d19ea960" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.13ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"></span> = −450 · 10<sup>−6</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_Geim_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_Geim-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, nasuprot njemu dijamant je izotropan (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/028c3f2da9e3c445be4515565e4c8954d19ea960" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.13ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"></span> = −22 · 10<sup>−6</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alotropske_modifikacije">Alotropske modifikacije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Alotropske modifikacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Alotropske modifikacije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članci: <a href="/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant">Dijamant</a> i <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">Grafit</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Ovaj <a href="/wiki/Valencija_(hemija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencija (hemija)">četvorovalentni</a> <a href="/wiki/Nemetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemetal">nemetal</a> ima nekoliko <a href="/wiki/Alotropske_modifikacije" class="mw-redirect" title="Alotropske modifikacije">alotropskih modifikacija</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant">Dijamant</a> je najtvrđi poznati <a href="/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali">mineral</a>, kod kojeg atomi ugljika prave sp<sup>3</sup>-hibridizaciju sa tetraedarskim prostornim rasporedom. Svaki atom ugljika u dijamantu je povezan s četiri druga ugljikova atoma <a href="/wiki/Sigma_veza" title="Sigma veza">sigma vezom</a>, te je čitav <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a> jedna velika molekula. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Diamond_and_graphite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diamond_and_graphite.jpg/220px-Diamond_and_graphite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diamond_and_graphite.jpg/330px-Diamond_and_graphite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diamond_and_graphite.jpg/440px-Diamond_and_graphite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Alotropske modifikacije ugljika: <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant">dijamant</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">Grafit</a> (jedna od najmekših supstanci) ima lisnatu strukturu. Svaki ugljikov atom je povezan s tri druga ugljikova atoma. To znači da je prisutna sp<sup>2</sup>-<a href="/wiki/Hibridizacija_orbitala" title="Hibridizacija orbitala">hibridizacija</a> i tri hibrida leže u jednoj ravni. Preostali π-elektron pravi dvostruku vezu, te je prisutna <a href="/wiki/Rezonancija" title="Rezonancija">rezonancija</a>. Kod grafita je zbog toga svaka od tri veze nešto pojačana, pa je on <i>stabilniji</i> od dijamanta za energiju rezonancije.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipović_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipović-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Razlike u fizikalnim osobinama ove dvije modifikacije su ekstremne. Dijamant je jedan od najtvrđih minerala, dok je grafit mehka supstanca. Dijamant je najbolji provodnik toplote, dok je grafit izolator. Dijamant je izrazito transparentan, a grafit neproziran. Grafit je provodnik <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električne struje</a>, dok je dijamant izolator. Osim grafita i dijamanta poznate su još neke alotropske modifikacije, kao npr. <a href="/wiki/Fuleren" title="Fuleren">fulereni</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lonsdaleit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lonsdaleit (stranica ne postoji)">Lonsdaleit</a>, nazvan također i <i>heksagonalni dijamant</i>, jeste jedna veoma rijetka modifikacija dijamanta. Ime je dobio po irskoj kristalografinji Kathleen Lonsdale, a pronađen je u Barringerovom krateru u <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizoni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-krater_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krater-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On nastaje kada se grafit izloži određenim ekstremnim uslovima, tj. veoma visokom pritisku i temperaturi koji se dešavaju naprimjer pri udaru <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteora</a> ili asteroida. Pri tome se zadržava heksagonalni karakter kristalne strukture grafita, ali za razliku od običnog grafita svaki atom ugljika se veže kovalentnom vezom sa još četiri atoma.<sup id="cite_ref-nemeth_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nemeth-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amorfni_ugljik">Amorfni ugljik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Amorfni ugljik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Amorfni ugljik"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postoji više oblika elementarnog ugljika, pod zajedničkim nazivom <i>amorfni ugljik</i>. Rentgenskom analizom je utvrđeno da čestice amorfnog ugljika sadrže grafitnu strukturu, pa zbog toga amorfni ugljik nije posebna alotropska modifikacija. Glavne vrste amorfnog ugljika su: <a href="/wiki/Aktivni_ugalj" title="Aktivni ugalj">aktivni ugalj</a>, mineralni <a href="/wiki/Ugalj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugalj">ugalj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koks" title="Koks">koks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Ca%C4%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čađ (stranica ne postoji)">čađ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipović_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipović-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentagrafen">Pentagrafen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Pentagrafen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pentagrafen"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istraživači na Univerzitetu Virginia Commonwealth i univerzitetima u <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanu</a> i Kini sačinili su u augustu 2014. novu strukturnu varijantu ugljika nazvanu <i>pentagrafen</i>. On se sastoji iz veoma tankih slojeva čistog ugljika koji ima jedinstvenu strukturu, inspiriranu pentagonalnom shemom koja podsjeća na popločane ulicu u <a href="/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo">Kairu</a>. Ovaj novootkriveni materijal je dinamički, termalno i mehanički stabilan. Istraživanja su pokazala da kada se pentagrafen umota u obliku valjka, takve nanocijevi posjeduju poluprovodničke osobine, bez obzira na njihovu <a href="/wiki/Hiralnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiralnost">hiralnost</a>. Očekuje se da će ovaj materijal naći široku primjenu u nanoelektronici i nanomehanici.<sup id="cite_ref-pentagrafen_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentagrafen-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izotopi">Izotopi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Izotopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izotopi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:C14_metoda_fizikalna_osnova.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C14_metoda_fizikalna_osnova.png/220px-C14_metoda_fizikalna_osnova.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C14_metoda_fizikalna_osnova.png/330px-C14_metoda_fizikalna_osnova.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C14_metoda_fizikalna_osnova.png/440px-C14_metoda_fizikalna_osnova.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Ciklus <sup>14</sup>C</figcaption></figure> <p>Ugljik ima dva stabilna <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a>: <sup>12</sup>C i<sup>13</sup>C. Izotop <sup>12</sup>C je daleko uobičajeniji u prirodi i čini 98,9 % prirodnog ugljika, dok na izotop <sup>13</sup>C otpada 1,1%. Po definiciji izotop <sup>12</sup>C je osnova za jedinicu atomske mase. Izotop <sup>13</sup>C se može detektirati u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_magnetna_rezonanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuklearna magnetna rezonanca">NMR spektroskopskim</a> ispitivanjima, jer ima drugačiji magnetski momenat od <sup>12</sup>C. </p><p>Osim ova dva stabilna izotopa postoji još nekoliko nestabilnih. Najpoznatiji nestabilni izotop ugljika je <sup>14</sup>C koji ima <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_poluraspada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrijeme poluraspada">vrijeme poluraspada</a> od 5730 godina. On nastaje prirodnim raspadanjem <a href="/wiki/Azot" class="mw-redirect" title="Azot"><sup>14</sup>N</a> u gornjim slojevima <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">atmosfere</a>. </p><p>Organski materijal, koji učestvuje u ugljikovom ciklusu u prirodi, ima isti udio <sup>14</sup>C u odnosu na stabilne izotope kao i ugljik u atmosferi. Nakon završetka razmjene materija, naprimjer pri opadanju lišća sa drveta, ovaj odnos se postepeno smanjuje zbog radioaktivnog raspada. Mjerenjem odnosa količina izotopa <sup>14</sup>C i stabilnih izotopa moguće je tačno procijeniti starost predmeta koji je nastao od organskog materijala, što je poznato kao <i>metoda datiranja ugljikom C-14</i> a našla je primjenu u <a href="/wiki/Arheologija" title="Arheologija">arheologiji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Historija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Historija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (stranica ne postoji)">René A. F. de Réaumur</a> je 1772. pokazao da se <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a> prevodi u <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelik</a> apsorpcijom suspstance, za koju se danas zna da je ugljik.<sup id="cite_ref-reaumur_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reaumur-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godine 1772, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> je dokazao da je dijamant forma ugljika, spaljivanjem uzorka ugljika i dijamanta, pri čemu je dokazao da ne nastaje voda kao produkt i da i jedan i drugi oslobađaju istu količinu <a href="/wiki/Ugljen-dioksid" title="Ugljen-dioksid">ugljen-dioksida</a> po gramu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele (stranica ne postoji)">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> je dokazao da je grafit, za koji se mislilo da je oblik olova, u stvari oblik ugljika.<sup id="cite_ref-antoine_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antoine-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godine 1786, francuski naučnici <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Louis_Berthollet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Louis Berthollet (stranica ne postoji)">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_Monge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspard Monge (stranica ne postoji)">Gaspard Monge</a> i C. A. Vandermonde pokazali su da je ova supstanca ugljik.<sup id="cite_ref-giolitti_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giolitti-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oni su predložili ime <b>karbon</b> za ovaj element (<a href="/wiki/Latinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinski">latinski</a> <i>carbonum</i>). Antoine Lavoisier uveo je ugljik kao hemijski element u svojoj knjizi iz 1789. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-antoine_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antoine-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upotreba_ugljenika">Upotreba ugljenika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Upotreba ugljenika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Upotreba ugljenika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Grafit</b> se upotrebljava za proizvodnju olovaka, u strojarstvu kao mazivo za ležajeve i ključanice, u nuklearnoj industriji za izgradnju nuklearnih reaktora itd. Ljepši primjerci dijamanta upotrebljavaju se za izradu skupocjenog nakita, a oni manje lijepi za izradu alata za rezanje, bušenje, brušenje i poliranje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hemija_ugljika">Hemija ugljika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Hemija ugljika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Hemija ugljika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Methane-2D-stereo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/100px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/150px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/200px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Najjednostavniji organski spoj: <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ugljik je element koji poslije <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a> može graditi najveći broj poznatih spojeva među svim elementima (vodik je na prvom mjestu, jer većina spojeva ugljika također sadrži i vodik). Posebnost ugljika je da može praviti duge lance i prstenove molekula sa samim sobom kao i sa drugim elementima, a u molekulama može se spajati i dvostrukom i trostrukom vezom koristeći π-orbitale. Prilikom stvaranja višestrukih veza ugljiku preostaje i jedan slobodan elektron, koji može dalje reagirati, za razliku od takvih veza kod kisika i dušika. To znači da se otvaraju mogućnosti za dalje reakcije i formiranje spojeva. Zbog svoje srednje snažne <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativnost" title="Elektronegativnost">elektronegativnosti</a> ima izuzetno dobre mogućnosti spajanja bilo sa elektropozitivnim kao i sa elektronegativnim elementima. U prirodnim organskim i neorganskim spojevima nalazi se u oksidacijskim stanjima u cijelom rasponu od -IV do +IV. </p><p>Spojevi ugljika se tradicionalno ubrajaju u <a href="/wiki/Organska_hemija" title="Organska hemija">organsku hemiju</a>, uz samo nekoliko izuzetaka. Ova grana hemije ponekad se naziva i <i>hemija ugljika</i>. Organska hemija obuhvata, zbog posebnih sposobnosti ugljika, da gradi duge molekulske lance i kovalentne veze sa drugim atomima, više spojeva nego cijela <a href="/wiki/Neorganska_hemija" title="Neorganska hemija">neorganska hemija</a>. I <a href="/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija">biohemija</a> je također dio organske ugljikove hemije. Među najjednostavnije organske spojeve ubrajaju se alkani <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Etan" title="Etan">etan</a>. </p><p>Samo relativno malehni broj spojeva ugljika se tradicionalno ubraja u neorganske spojeve, među njima količinski najvažniji spojevi sa kisikom: </p> <ul><li>karbidi; spojevi ugljika tipa E<sub>x</sub>C<sub>y</sub>, u kojima je ugljik elektronegativniji dio molekule. Mnogi metali mogu graditi karbide, a koji su djelimično izuzetno tvrdi i pogodni za izradu alata za rezanje (naprimjer <a href="/wiki/Volfram_karbid" title="Volfram karbid">volfram karbid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugljen-monoksid" title="Ugljen-monoksid">ugljen-monoksid</a> (CO, ugljik monoksid), vrlo otrovni plin, koji djeluje kao jako redukciono sredstvo i igra značajnu ulogu u industrijskom topljenju metala (naprimjer <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugljen-dioksid" title="Ugljen-dioksid">ugljen-dioksid</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>, ugljik(IV) oksid) je staklenički plin koji se otpušta u velikim količinama sagorijevanjem fosilnih goriva (uglja, nafte i zemnog plina). Otpuštaju ga i većina živih bića u procesu disanja, a za biljke je neophodan za proces <a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosinteze</a>. Ugljik dioksid čini oko 0,038% Zemljine atmosfere, a procjenjuje se da je prije industrijske ere njegova koncentracija u atmosferi iznosila oko 0,028%.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljeni%C4%8Dna_kiselina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljenična kiselina (stranica ne postoji)">ugljenična kiselina</a> (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) je metastabilni proizvod sastavljen od vode i u vodi otopljenog CO<sub>2</sub>; srednje jaka kiselina, ali se zbog neprestanog prelaska između ugljične kiseline i otopljenog CO<sub>2</sub>, najčešće se obuhvata zajedno sa ugljik dioksidom.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suboksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suboksid (stranica ne postoji)">Suboksidi</a> kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen_suboksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljen suboksid (stranica ne postoji)">triugljik dioksid</a> (C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraugljik_dioksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraugljik dioksid (stranica ne postoji)">tetraugljik dioksid</a> (C<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaugljik_dioksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaugljik dioksid (stranica ne postoji)">pentaugljik dioksid</a> (C<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anhidrid_oksalne_kiseline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anhidrid oksalne kiseline (stranica ne postoji)">anhidrid oksalne kiseline</a> (C<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-oksalnianh_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oksalnianh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Hidrogenkarbonat ili bikarbonat E<sup>+</sup> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, čiji je najpoznatiji predstavnik <a href="/wiki/Natrijum_hidrogen_karbonat" class="mw-redirect" title="Natrijum hidrogen karbonat">natrijum hidrogen karbonat</a>, šire poznat i pod trgovačkim nazivom <i>soda bikarbona</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat">Karbonati</a> E<sup>2+</sup> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> su dvovalentne soli ugljične kiseline. Dva najpoznatija karbonata su natrij karbonat (sa trivijalnim imenom <i>soda</i>), važna sirovina za proizvodnju stakla i <a href="/wiki/Kalcijum_karbonat" title="Kalcijum karbonat">kalcijum karbonat</a> koji se može izdvojiti iz školjki, oklopa puževa i slično, a gradi i kamene korale. Tokom Zemljine geneze kalcij karbonat koji se taložio i drugim procesima sakupljao od školjki i sličnih životinja te danas su od njega građene cijele planine. Kalcij karbonat je važan građevinski materijal.</li> <li>Spojevi ugljika i sumpora, među kojima je najpoznatiji spoj <a href="/wiki/Ugljen-disulfid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljen-disulfid">ugljen-disulfid</a> (CS<sub>2</sub>), koji je vrlo otrovna tekućina.</li> <li>Spojevi ugljika i dušika, poput <a href="/wiki/Cijanid" title="Cijanid">cijanida</a>, čiji je najpoznatiji predstavnik <a href="/wiki/Kalijum_cijanid" title="Kalijum cijanid">kalijum cijanid</a>, vrlo snažni otrov koji blokira disanje čovjeka. Mnogi drugi cijanidi su također otrovni za čovjeka.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugljikovi_halogenidi">Ugljikovi halogenidi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Ugljikovi halogenidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ugljikovi halogenidi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Tetrafluorougljik</b> je stabilna tvar koja se dobiva kao krajnji produkt fluoriranja organskih spojeva. U laboratoriju se pripravlja fluoriranjem <a href="/wiki/Silicijum_karbid" title="Silicijum karbid">silicijevog karbida</a>. </p><p><b>Tetraklorougljik</b> je bezbojna tekućina pri sobnoj temperaturi i atmosferskim tlakom. Često se koristi kao otapalo. </p><p><b>Tetrabromougljik</b> je tamno žuta krutina na sobnoj temperaturi. Netopljiv je u vodi i drugim polarnim otapalima. </p><p><b>Tetrajodougljik</b> je svjeto crvena krutina mirisa sličnog jodu. Pripravlja se reakcijom etil-jodida i tetraklorougljika uz aluminijev tri klorid. </p> <table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td>tvar </td> <td>talište </td> <td>vrelište </td> <td>stabilnost </td></tr> <tr> <td>CF4 </td> <td>'-185' </td> <td>'-128' </td> <td>stabilan </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCl4 </td> <td>'-23' </td> <td>76 </td> <td>umjereno stabilan </td></tr> <tr> <td>CBr4 </td> <td>93 </td> <td>190 </td> <td>sporo se raspada na temperaturi vrelišta </td></tr> <tr> <td>CI4 </td> <td>171 </td> <td> </td> <td>raspada se prije vrelišta </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oksidi_ugljika">Oksidi ugljika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Oksidi ugljika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Oksidi ugljika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ugljen_monoksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljen monoksid">Ugljikov monoksid</a></b> (CO) nastaje pri izgaranju ugljikovih spojeva uz ograničeni dotok kisika. Industrijski se proizvodi kao generatoski plin, izgaranjem koksa u generatoru, ili kao vodeni plin, u smjesi sa vodikom, reakcijom generatorskog plina s vodenom parom. Ugljikov monoksid je vrlo toksičan jer se veže s hemoglobinom na sličan način kao i kisik. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Ugljen-dioksid" title="Ugljen-dioksid">Ugljikov dioksid</a></b> (CO<sub>2</sub>) je bezbojni plin, bez mirisa. Dobiva se izgaranjem ugljika ili ugljikovih spojeva, ili reakcijom kiselina s karbonatima. Ugljikov dioksid je inertni plin i često se koristi kao inertna atmosfera u slučajevima gdje prisutnost kisika može biti štetna. </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen_suboksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljen suboksid (stranica ne postoji)">Ugljen suboksid</a></b> (C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) je plin neugodnog mirisa, koji se formira dehidriranjem malonske kiseline fosforovim 5 oksidom u vakuumu pri 140 do 150 °C. Ugljikov suboksid ima linearnu molekulu: O=C=C=C=O. Stabilan je na temperaturi vrelišta dušika: –78 °C, a na 25 °C polimerizira. </p><p><b>Anhidrid melne kiseline</b>(C<sub>12</sub>O<sub>9</sub>) </p><p>Ugljik formira i druge, nestabilne okside: C<sub>2</sub>O, C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, CO<sub>3</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karbidi">Karbidi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Karbidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Karbidi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karbidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbidi">Karbidi</a> 1., 2., 12. grupe, te aluminija su ionski karbidi. Struktura ovih karbida sadrže izoliranje ugljikove atome (Be<sub>2</sub>C, Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>), acetilidne ione (C<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup>) (CaC<sub>2</sub>, MgC<sub>2</sub>, BeC<sub>2</sub>, BaC<sub>2</sub>, ZnC<sub>2</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>), ili C<sub>3</sub><sup>4-</sup> anion. Hidrolizom ovih karbida dobiva se metan, acetilen ili alen, ovisno od kojeg iona je karbid sastavljen. </p><p>Karbidi prijelaznih metala: Rani prijelazni metali (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) tvore karbide s metalnim karakterom. Ovi metali, u svojoj strukturi, imaju međuprostore koji odgovaraju veličini ugljikovog atoma. Ugljik u međuprostorima čini ovakve karbide izuzetno stabilnima, vrlo visokih tališta i kemijski inertnim materijalima. Karbidi 7. 8. 9. i 10. skupine su nestabilniji od karbida ranih prijelaznih metala, otapaju se u vodi ili kiselinama. Karbidi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantanidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantanidi (stranica ne postoji)">lantanida</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinidi (stranica ne postoji)">aktinida</a> imaju formulu i strukturu sličnu acetilidima, ali hidrolizom s vodom daju <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a>. </p><p>Kovalentni karbidi su karbidi nemetala. Odlikuju se velikom tvrdoćom i lesto se koriste kao abrazivna sredstva. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Razugljeni%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Razugljeničenje">Razugljeničenje</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-arnold-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-arnold_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold F. Holleman, Nils Wiberg: <i>Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</i>, 102. izd., de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, str. 864, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-11-017770-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-11-017770-1">978-3-11-017770-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wieser-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wieser_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael E. Wieser, Tyler B. Coplen: <i>Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)</i>. u: Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2010, str. 1, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REP-10-09-14">10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuchling-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kuchling_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Kuchling: <i>Taschenbuch der Physik</i>. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nautilus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nautilus_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nautilus_4-1">4,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nautilus_4-2">4,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nautilus_4-3">4,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nautilus_4-4">4,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nautilus_4-5">4,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022054232/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e00692.html">„Carbon: Properties Atomic”</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e00692.html">originala</a> na datum 2017-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-05-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Carbon%3A+Properties+Atomic&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171022054232%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fnautilus.fis.uc.pt%2Fst2.5%2Fscenes-e%2Felem%2Fe00692.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Housecroft3rd-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Housecroft3rd_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Housecroft C. E., Sharpe A. G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Housecroft-Inorganic-Chemistry-3e/9780131755536.page"><i>Inorganic Chemistry</i></a> (3rd izd.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-13-175553-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-13-175553-6">978-0-13-175553-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Housecroft+C.+E.%2C+Sharpe+A.+G.&rft.au=Housecroft+C.+E.%2C+Sharpe+A.+G.&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=978-0-13-175553-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearsonhighered.com%2Feducator%2Fproduct%2FHousecroft-Inorganic-Chemistry-3e%2F9780131755536.page&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkesNeorganskaHemija-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ParkesNeorganskaHemija_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Parkes, G.D. & Phil, D. (1973). <i>Melorova moderna neorganska hemija</i>. Beograd: Naučna knjiga.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melorova+moderna+neorganska+hemija&rft.aulast=Parkes%2C+G.D.+%26+Phil%2C+D.&rft.au=Parkes%2C+G.D.+%26+Phil%2C+D.&rft.date=1973&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Nau%C4%8Dna+knjiga&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-binder-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-binder_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry H. Binder: <i>Lexikon der chemischen Elemente</i>, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-7776-0736-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-7776-0736-3">3-7776-0736-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Audi_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Audi, G, et. al. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928003647/http://amdc.in2p3.fr/nubase/nubase97.pdf">„The Nubase evaluation of nuclear and decay properties”</a>. <i>Nuclear Physics A</i> <b>624</b>: 1. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amdc.in2p3.fr/nubase/nubase97.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-05-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Nubase+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G%2C+et.+al.&rft.au=Audi%2C%26%2332%3BG%2C+et.+al.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=624&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110928003647%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Famdc.in2p3.fr%2Fnubase%2Fnubase97.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0375-9474%2897%2900482-X">10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00482-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostlie-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ostlie_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ostlie, D.A. and Carroll, B.W. (2007). <i>An Introduction to Modern Stellar Astrophysics</i>. Addison Wesley, San Francisco.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Modern+Stellar+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Ostlie%2C+D.A.+and+Carroll%2C+B.W.&rft.au=Ostlie%2C+D.A.+and+Carroll%2C+B.W.&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley%2C+San+Francisco&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8053-0348-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8053-0348-0">0-8053-0348-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dust2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dust2_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Whittet, D. C. B. (2003). <i>Dust in the Galactic Environment</i>. CRC Press. str. 45–46.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust+in+the+Galactic+Environment&rft.aulast=Whittet&rft.aufirst=D.+C.+B.&rft.au=Whittet%2C%26%2332%3BD.+C.+B.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B45%E2%80%9346&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7503-0624-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7503-0624-6">0-7503-0624-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solomon-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-solomon_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Pikelʹner, Solomon Borisovich (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qbGLgcxnfpIC&pg=PA38"><i>Star formation</i></a>. Springer. str. 38–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 6.6.2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+formation&rft.aulast=Pikel%CA%B9ner%2C+Solomon+Borisovich&rft.au=Pikel%CA%B9ner%2C+Solomon+Borisovich&rft.date=1977&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B38%E2%80%93&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbGLgcxnfpIC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-90-277-0796-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-90-277-0796-3">978-90-277-0796-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crc90-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crc90_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Lide (Ed.): <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. 90. izd. (Internet Version: 2010), CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, str. 4-8, 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triple-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-triple_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Greenville Whittaker, A. (1978). „The controversial carbon solid–liquid–vapour triple point”. <i>Nature</i> <b>276</b>: 695–696.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+controversial+carbon+solid%E2%80%93liquid%E2%80%93vapour+triple+point&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Greenville+Whittaker&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Greenville+Whittaker%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.date=1978&rft.volume=276&rft.pages=695%E2%80%93696&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F276695a0">10.1038/276695a0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zazula-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zazula_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">J.M. Zazula (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325230751/http://lbruno.home.cern.ch/lbruno/documents/Bibliography/LHC_Note_78.pdf">„On Graphite Transformations at High Temperature and Pressure Induced by Absorption of the LHC Beam”</a>. CERN. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lbruno.home.cern.ch/lbruno/documents/Bibliography/LHC_Note_78.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2009-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 6.6.2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=On+Graphite+Transformations+at+High+Temperature+and+Pressure+Induced+by+Absorption+of+the+LHC+Beam&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=J.M.+Zazula&rft.au=J.M.+Zazula&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=CERN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090325230751%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Flbruno.home.cern.ch%2Flbruno%2Fdocuments%2FBibliography%2FLHC_Note_78.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_Geim-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_Geim_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon MD, Geim AK (2000): <i>Diamagnetic levitation: Flying frogs and floating magnets</i>. Journal of Applied Physics 87, str. 6200–6204 <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.372654">10.1063/1.372654</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filipović-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Filipović_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Filipović_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Filipović, I., Lipanović, S.: <i>Opća i anorganska kemija</i>, Školska knjiga, 1973</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krater-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-krater_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/pressemitteilungen-html/224-Lonsdaleit/index.html">Lonsdaleit - ein Phantom der Materialwissenschaft und der Planetenforschung?</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since September 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup>, Univerzitet Bayreuth, medijska izjava br. 224/2014 od 21. novembra 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nemeth-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nemeth_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Péter Németh, Laurence A. J. Garvie, Toshihiro Aoki, Natalia Dubrovinskaia, Leonid Dubrovinsky, Peter R. Buseck, <i>Lonsdaleite is faulted and twinned cubic diamond and does not exist as a discrete material</i>, Nature Communications 5, Article number: 5447, objavljeno 20. novembra 2014, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6447">10.1038/ncomms6447</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pentagrafen-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pentagrafen_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shunhong Zhanga, Jian Zhouc, Qian Wanga, Xiaoshuang Chend, Yoshiyuki Kawazoef, Puru Jenac: <i>Penta-graphene: A new carbon allotrope</i>, PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015., 2. februar 2015., <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1416591112">10.1073/pnas.1416591112</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reaumur-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-reaumur_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ferchault de Réaumur, R-A (1722). <i>L'art de convertir le fer forgé en acier, et l'art d'adoucir le fer fondu, ou de faire des ouvrages de fer fondu aussi finis que le fer forgé (English translation from 1956)</i>. Paris, Chicago.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27art+de+convertir+le+fer+forg%C3%A9+en+acier%2C+et+l%27art+d%27adoucir+le+fer+fondu%2C+ou+de+faire+des+ouvrages+de+fer+fondu+aussi+finis+que+le+fer+forg%C3%A9+%28English+translation+from+1956%29&rft.aulast=Ferchault+de+R%C3%A9aumur&rft.aufirst=R-A&rft.au=Ferchault+de+R%C3%A9aumur%2C%26%2332%3BR-A&rft.date=1722&rft.place=Paris%2C+Chicago&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antoine-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-antoine_21-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-antoine_21-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml">General Chemistry Online! Who discovered carbon?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giolitti-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-giolitti_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Federico Giolitti (1914): The Cementation of Iron and Steel,McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oksalnianh-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oksalnianh_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo Strazzolini, Alberto Gambi, Angelo G. Giumanini, Hrvoj Vancik (1998). <i>The reaction between ethanedioyl (oxalyl) dihalides and Ag2C2O4: a route to Staudinger’s elusive ethanedioic (oxalic) acid anhydride</i>. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 (16): 2553–2558 <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2Fa803430c">10.1039/a803430c</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carbonfinance.org/docs/State___Trends--formatted_06_May_10pm.pdf"><i>State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2008</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529085932/http://carbonfinance.org/docs/State___Trends--formatted_06_May_10pm.pdf">Arhivirano</a> 2008-05-29 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> (PDF, 622kb, 78S.), The World Bank, Carbon Finance Unit, 7. Mai 2008.</li></ul> <ol><li><i>Берёзкин В. И.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecosafety-spb.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91">Углерод: замкнутые наночастицы, макроструктуры, материалы</a>. — СПб.: АРТЭГО, 2013. — 450 с. — <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-5-91014-051-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-5-91014-051-0">978-5-91014-051-0</a></li> <li><span class="citation book">Бухаркина Т. В. (1999). Т.В. Бухаркина, Н.Г. Дигуров. ur. <i>Химия природных энергоносителей и углеродных материалов</i>. М.: РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/5-7237-0139-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/5-7237-0139-8">5-7237-0139-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A2.+%D0%92.&rft.au=%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A2.+%D0%92.&rft.date=1999&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%A5%D0%A2%D0%A3+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%94.%D0%98.+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.isbn=5-7237-0139-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Ола Д.А. (1990). Ола Дж., Пракаш Г.К.С., Уильямс Р.Е. и др. Перевод с англ. В.И. Минкина. ur. <i>Химия гиперкоординированного углерода</i>. М.: Мир. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/5-03-001451-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/5-03-001451-9">5-03-001451-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.aulast=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%94.%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%94.%D0%90.&rft.date=1990&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80&rft.isbn=5-03-001451-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ugljenik"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><i>Сладков А. М., Кудрявцев Ю. П.</i> Алмаз, графит, карбин — аллотропные формы углерода // Природа. 1969. № 5. — С.37—44.</li> <li>Kirk — Othmer encyclopedia, 3 ed., vol.4, N.-Y., 1978, p. 556—709.</li> <li><i>В.І. Саранчук, В. В. Ошовський, Г. О. Власов.</i> Хімія і фізика горючих копалин . — Донецьк: Східний видавничий дім, 2003. ?204 с.</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljenik&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="background:none; color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td><td>U <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> ima još materijala vezanih za: <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carbon">Carbon</a></b></td></tr><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wiktionary-logo-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/13px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/26px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span></td><td>Potražite izraz <i><b><a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ugljenik" class="extiw" title="wikt:ugljenik">ugljenik</a></b></i> u <a href="/wiki/W(j)e%C4%8Dnik" class="mw-redirect" title="W(j)ečnik">W(j)ečniku</a>, slobodnom r<span style="color: gray">j</span>ečniku.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemieseite.de/hauptelemente/node35.php">Ugljik na Chemieseite.de</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pharmaboard.de/Thread-Kohlenstoff-und-Hybridisierung">Hibridizacija ugljika</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/006.htm">Carbon</a> at <i>The Periodic Table of Videos</i> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80956/carbon-group-element">Carbon on Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/everywhere.html">Extensive Carbon page at asu.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618165649/http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/everywhere.html">Arhivirano</a> 2010-06-18 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c01-carbon.htm">Electrochemical uses of carbon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011109080742/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c01-carbon.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2001-11-09 na <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/juni/1149432180.36">Carbon—Super Stuff. Animation with sound and interactive 3D-models.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109012854/http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/juni/1149432180.36">Arhivirano</a> 2012-11-09 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="32"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; color: #000; white-space:nowrap; float:left; font-weight:normal; text-align: left; width:6em; margin-left: 2px;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Periodni_sistem_elemenata_2" title="Šablon:Periodni sistem elemenata 2"><span title="Pogledaj ovaj šablon">p</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Periodni_sistem_elemenata_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Periodni sistem elemenata 2 (stranica ne postoji)"><span style="color: #002bb8;" title="Razgovor o ovom šablonu">r</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Periodni_sistem_elemenata_2&action=edit"><span style="color: #002bb8;" title="Možete da uredite ovaj šablon.">u</span></a></div><a href="/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata">Periodni sistem elemenata</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LimeGreen"><a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">H</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" colspan="30">  </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightskyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Litijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Litijum">Li</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkOrange"><a href="/wiki/Berilijum" title="Berilijum">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:Peru"><a href="/wiki/Bor" class="mw-disambig" title="Bor">B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LimeGreen"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LimeGreen"><a href="/wiki/Azot" class="mw-redirect" title="Azot">N</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LimeGreen"><a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">O</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Khaki"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightskyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Natrijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Natrijum">Na</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkOrange"><a href="/wiki/Magnezijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnezijum">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Aluminijum" title="Aluminijum">Al</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Peru"><a href="/wiki/Silicijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicijum">Si</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LimeGreen"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LimeGreen"><a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Khaki"><a href="/wiki/Hlor" title="Hlor">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightskyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Kalijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalijum">K</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkOrange"><a href="/wiki/Kalcijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalcijum">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Skandijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandijum">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Titanijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanijum">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Vanadijum" title="Vanadijum">V</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Hrom" title="Hrom">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Gvo%C5%BE%C4%91e" class="mw-redirect" title="Gvožđe">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Nikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikal">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Cink" title="Cink">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Galijum" title="Galijum">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Peru"><a href="/wiki/Germanijum" title="Germanijum">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Peru"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LimeGreen"><a href="/wiki/Selen" title="Selen">Se</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Khaki"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Br</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightskyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Rubidijum" title="Rubidijum">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkOrange"><a href="/wiki/Stroncijum" title="Stroncijum">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Itrijum" title="Itrijum">Y</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Cirkonijum" title="Cirkonijum">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Niobijum" title="Niobijum">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Tehnicijum" title="Tehnicijum">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Rutenijum" title="Rutenijum">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Rodijum" title="Rodijum">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Paladijum" title="Paladijum">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Kadmijum" title="Kadmijum">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Indijum" title="Indijum">In</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Kalaj" title="Kalaj">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Peru"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Peru"><a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Te</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Khaki"><a href="/wiki/Jod" title="Jod">I</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightskyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Cezijum" title="Cezijum">Cs</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:DarkOrange"><a href="/wiki/Barijum" title="Barijum">Ba</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">La</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Cerijum" title="Cerijum">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Prazeodijum" title="Prazeodijum">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Neodijum" title="Neodijum">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Prometijum" title="Prometijum">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Samarijum" title="Samarijum">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Europijum" title="Europijum">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinijum" title="Gadolinijum">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Terbijum" title="Terbijum">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Disprozijum" title="Disprozijum">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Holmijum" title="Holmijum">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Erbijum" title="Erbijum">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Tulijum" title="Tulijum">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Iterbijum" title="Iterbijum">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Lutecijum" title="Lutecijum">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Hafnijum" title="Hafnijum">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Tantal_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantal (element)">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram">W</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Renijum" title="Renijum">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Osmijum" title="Osmijum">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Iridijum" title="Iridijum">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Talijum" title="Talijum">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Peru"><a href="/wiki/Polonijum" title="Polonijum">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:Khaki"><a href="/wiki/Astat" title="Astat">At</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:LightskyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Francijum" title="Francijum">Fr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkOrange"><a href="/wiki/Radijum" title="Radijum">Ra</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Aktinijum" title="Aktinijum">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Torijum" title="Torijum">Th</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinijum" title="Protaktinijum">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Uranijum" title="Uranijum">U</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Neptunijum" title="Neptunijum">Np</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Plutonijum" title="Plutonijum">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Americijum" title="Americijum">Am</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Kirijum" title="Kirijum">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Berklijum" title="Berklijum">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornijum" title="Kalifornijum">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Ajn%C5%A1tajnijum" title="Ajnštajnijum">Es</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Fermijum" title="Fermijum">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Mendeljejevijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeljejevijum">Md</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid"><a href="/wiki/Nobelijum" title="Nobelijum">No</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Lorencijum" title="Lorencijum">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Raderfordijum" title="Raderfordijum">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Dubnijum" title="Dubnijum">Db</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Siborgijum" title="Siborgijum">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Borijum" title="Borijum">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Hasijum" title="Hasijum">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Majtnerijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Majtnerijum">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Darm%C5%A1tatijum" title="Darmštatijum">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Rentgenijum" title="Rentgenijum">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral"><a href="/wiki/Kopernicijum" title="Kopernicijum">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Nihonijum" title="Nihonijum">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Flerovijum" title="Flerovijum">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Moskovijum" title="Moskovijum">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray"><a href="/wiki/Livermorijum" title="Livermorijum">Lv</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenes" title="Tenes">Ts</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightskyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"> <table border="1" align="center" style="border:1px solid #ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; width:100%" rules="all" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:OrangeRed" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Alkalni_metali" title="Alkalni metali">Alkalni metali</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkOrange" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Zemno-alkalni_metali" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemno-alkalni metali">Zemno-alkalni metali</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Plum" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Lantanoidi" title="Lantanoidi">Lantanoidi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Orchid" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Aktinoidi" title="Aktinoidi">Aktinoidi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LightCoral" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Prelazni_metali" title="Prelazni metali">Prelazni metali</a> </td> <td style="background-color:DarkGray" width="10%">Ostali <a href="/wiki/Metali" class="mw-redirect" title="Metali">metali</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Peru" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Metaloidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaloidi">Metaloidi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:LimeGreen" width="10%">Ostali <a href="/wiki/Nemetali" title="Nemetali">nemetali</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Khaki" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Halogeni_elementi" title="Halogeni elementi">Halogeni elementi</a> </td> <td 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