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systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analog_television_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre–World_War_II_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–World_War_II_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre–World War II systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–World_War_II_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ITU_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ITU_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>ITU standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ITU_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_by_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_by_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Notes by system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_by_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Technical aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Frames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewing_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewing_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Viewing technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewing_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_signaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_signaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Hidden signaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_signaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overscan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overscan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Overscan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overscan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Interlacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_signal_polarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_signal_polarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Image signal polarization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_signal_polarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.7</span> <span>Modulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.8</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_television_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_television_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Digital television systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_television_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital television systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_television_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ATSC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ATSC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ATSC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ATSC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DTMB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DTMB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>DTMB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DTMB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DVB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DVB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>DVB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DVB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISDB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISDB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>ISDB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISDB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_digital_terrestrial_television_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_digital_terrestrial_television_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Comparison of digital terrestrial television systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_digital_terrestrial_television_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_count" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_count"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Line count</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_count-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_from_one_system_to_another_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_from_one_system_to_another_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conversion from one system to another system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_from_one_system_to_another_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="أجهزة البث والاستقبال التلفازي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أجهزة البث والاستقبال التلفازي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizn%C3%AD_norma" title="Televizní norma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Televizní norma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv-standard" title="Tv-standard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tv-standard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehnorm" title="Fernsehnorm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernsehnorm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisioonis%C3%BCsteem" title="Televisioonisüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Televisioonisüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemas_de_televisi%C3%B3n_terrestres" title="Sistemas de televisión terrestres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistemas de televisión terrestres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norme_et_standard_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" title="Norme et standard de télévision – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norme et standard de télévision" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84_%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="텔레비전 방송 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔레비전 방송 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_televisivo_terrestre" title="Standard televisivo terrestre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Standard televisivo terrestre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telev%C4%ABzijas_sign%C4%81lu_standarti" title="Televīzijas signālu standarti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Televīzijas signālu standarti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisiesysteem" title="Televisiesysteem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Televisiesysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="世界の放送方式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界の放送方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemy_emisji_sygna%C5%82u_telewizyjnego" title="Systemy emisji sygnału telewizyjnego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Systemy emisji sygnału telewizyjnego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стандарты телевизионного вещания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стандарты телевизионного вещания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="தொலைக்காட்சி பரப்புகை அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைக்காட்சி பரப்புகை அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Телевізійний стандарт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телевізійний стандарт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%88%B6%E5%BC%8F" title="电视广播制式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电视广播制式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1144899#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Standards for terrestrial television signals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Television_Systems_Inc." title="Broadcast Television Systems Inc.">Broadcast Television Systems Inc.</a></div> <p><b>Broadcast</b> <b>television systems</b> (or <b>terrestrial television systems</b> outside the US and Canada) are the encoding or formatting systems for the transmission and reception of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial television</a> signals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> systems were standardized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with each system designated by a letter (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">A</a>-<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a>) in combination with the color standard used (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> or <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>) - for example PAL-B, NTSC-M, etc.). These analog systems for TV broadcasting dominated until the 2000s. </p><p>With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">digital terrestrial television</a> (DTT), they were replaced by four main systems in use around the world: <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analog_television_systems">Analog television systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Analog television systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Analog-TV-Systems.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Analog-TV-Systems.jpg/500px-Analog-TV-Systems.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Analog-TV-Systems.jpg/750px-Analog-TV-Systems.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Analog-TV-Systems.jpg/1000px-Analog-TV-Systems.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4629" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>Analog television system by nation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/500px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/750px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/1000px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Analog color television encoding standards by nation</figcaption></figure> <p>Every analog television system bar one began as a <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> system. Each country, faced with local political, technical, and economic issues, adopted a <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color television</a> standard which was grafted onto an existing <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> system such as <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">CCIR System M</a>, using gaps in the video spectrum (explained below) to allow color transmission information to fit in the existing channels allotted. The grafting of the color transmission standards onto existing monochrome systems permitted existing monochrome television receivers predating the changeover to color television to continue to be operated as monochrome television. Because of this compatibility requirement, color standards added a second signal to the basic monochrome signal, which carries the color information. The color information is called <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> with the symbol C, while the black and white information is called the <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a> with the symbol Y. Monochrome television receivers only display the luminance, while color receivers process both signals. Though in theory any monochrome system could be adopted to a color system, in practice some of the original monochrome systems proved impractical to adapt to color and were abandoned when the switch to color broadcasting was made. All countries used one of three color standards: NTSC, PAL, or SECAM. For example, CCIR System M was often used in conjunction with NTSC standard, to provide color analog television and the two together were known as NTSC-M. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–World_War_II_systems"><span id="Pre.E2.80.93World_War_II_systems"></span>Pre–World War II systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre–World War II systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Television systems before 1940</a></div> <p>A number of experimental and broadcast pre-WW2 systems were tested. The first ones were mechanically based and of very low resolution, sometimes with no sound. Later TV systems were electronic, and usually mentioned by their line number: <a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a> (used in Germany, Italy, US), <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (used in the UK), <a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a> (used in Germany, France, Italy, US) or <a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a> (used in the Netherlands). These systems were mostly experimental and national, with no defined international standards, and didn't resume broadcasting after the war. An exception was the UK 405-line system, that resumed broadcasts and was the first to be standardized by ITU as <a href="/wiki/System_A" class="mw-redirect" title="System A">System A</a>, remaining in operation until 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ITU_standards">ITU standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ITU standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On an international conference in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1961, the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> designated standards for broadcast television systems (<b>ITU System Letter Designation</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each standard is designated by a letter (A-M). </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">bands I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">III</a> the <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405</a>, <a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625</a> and <a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> systems could be used: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">A</a> – 405-line system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">B</a> – 625-line system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a> – Belgian 625-line system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Radio_and_Television_Organisation" title="International Radio and Television Organisation">I.B.T.O.</a> 625-line system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">E</a> – French 819-line system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a> – Belgian 819-line system</li></ul> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> bands <a href="/wiki/Band_IV" title="Band IV">Bands IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Band_V" title="Band V">V</a> only 625-line systems were adopted, with the difference being transmission parameters like channel bandwidth. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a> – 625-line system, 5 MHz video bandwidth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a> – 625-line system, 5 MHz video bandwidth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a> – 625-line system, 5.5 MHz video bandwidth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a> – 625-line system, 6 MHz video bandwidth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a> – 625-line system, 6 MHz video bandwidth</li></ul> <p>Following further conferences and the introduction of color television, by 1966<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each standard was designated by a letter (A-M) in combination with a color standard (NTSC, PAL, SECAM). This completely specifies all of the monaural analog television systems in the world (for example, PAL-B, NTSC-M, etc.). </p><p>The following table gives the principal characteristics of each standard.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a>, other units are <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">megahertz</a> (MHz). </p> <ul><li><i>Also see:</i> <a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">television channel frequencies</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <caption><b>World analog television systems</b><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:rgb (170, 160, 150);"> <th><small>System</small> </th> <th><small>Introduced</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line"><small>Lines</small></a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a> (fps)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Channel</a> bandwidth</small> <small>(MHz)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/VF_bandwidth" title="VF bandwidth">Video bandwidth</a> (MHz)</small> </th> <th><small>Vision/sound carrier separation (MHz)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband</a> (MHz)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Vision modulation</a> (+, -)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Sound modulation</a> (AM, FM)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a> <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> frequency (MHz)</small> </th> <th><small>Vision/sound power ratio</small> </th> <th><small>Usual <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color standard</a></small> </th> <th><small>Assumed display device <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>A </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>405 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>−3.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>AM </td> <td>none </td> <td>4:1 </td> <td>none </td> <td>2.5 - 2.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>B </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>+5.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td> </td> <td>PAL/SECAM </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>C </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>+5.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>AM </td> <td>none </td> <td> </td> <td>none </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>D </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>+6.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td> </td> <td>SECAM/PAL </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>E </td> <td>1949 </td> <td>819 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>±11.15 </td> <td>2.00 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>AM </td> <td>none </td> <td> </td> <td>none </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>F </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>819 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>+5.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>AM </td> <td>none </td> <td> </td> <td>none </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>G </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>+5.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td>5:1 </td> <td>PAL/SECAM </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>H </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>+5.5 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td>5:1 </td> <td>PAL </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>I </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>+5.9996 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td>5:1 </td> <td>PAL </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>J </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>525 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>+4.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>3.58 </td> <td> </td> <td>NTSC </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>K </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>+6.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td>5:1 </td> <td>SECAM/PAL </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>K1 </td> <td>1964 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>+6.5 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td> </td> <td>SECAM </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>L </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>-6.5 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>+ </td> <td>AM </td> <td>4.43 </td> <td>8:1 </td> <td>SECAM </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>M </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>525 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>+4.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>3.58/3.56 </td> <td> </td> <td>NTSC/PAL-M </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>N </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>+4.5 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>- </td> <td>FM </td> <td>3.58 </td> <td> </td> <td>PAL </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes_by_system">Notes by system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes by system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">A</a></dt> <dd>Early <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> VHF system (B&W only). First electronic TV system, introduced in 1936. Vestigial sideband filtering introduced in 1949. Discontinued on 23 November 1982 in Ireland and on 2 January 1985 in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">B</a></dt> <dd>VHF-only in most Western European countries (combined with system G and H on UHF); VHF and UHF in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Originally known as the Gerber standard.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a></dt> <dd>Early VHF system; used only in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, as a compromise between Systems B and L. Discontinued in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a></dt> <dd>The first 625-line system. Used on VHF only in most countries (combined with system K on UHF); VHF and UHF in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">E</a></dt> <dd>Early <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> VHF system (B&W only); very good (near <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a>) picture quality but uneconomical use of bandwidth. Sound carrier separation +11.15 MHz on odd numbered channels, -11.15 MHz on even numbered channels. Discontinued in 1984 (France) and 1985 (Monaco).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></dt> <dd>Early VHF system used only in Belgium and Luxembourg; allowed French 819-line <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television programming</a> to be broadcast on the 7 MHz VHF channels used in those countries, at a substantial cost in horizontal resolution. Discontinued in 1968 (Belgium) and 1971 (Luxembourg).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a></dt> <dd>UHF only; used in countries with <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a> on VHF, except Australia.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a></dt> <dd>UHF only; used only in Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands. Similar to System G with a 1.25 MHz vestigal sideband.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a></dt> <dd>Used in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">J</a></dt> <dd>Used in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (see system M below). Identical to system M except that a different black level of 0 <a href="/wiki/IRE_(unit)" title="IRE (unit)">IRE</a> is used instead of 7.5 IRE. Although the ITU specified a frame rate of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC color to minimize visual artifacts. Discontinued in 2012, when Japan transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">digital</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a></dt> <dd>UHF only; used in countries with system D on VHF, except China, and identical to it in most respects.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="CCIR System K1">K1</a></dt> <dd>Used only in <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">French overseas departments and territories</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a></dt> <dd>Used only in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. On VHF Band 1 only, the audio is at −6.5 MHz. Discontinued in 2011, when France transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">digital</a>. It was the last system to use positive video modulation and AM sound.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">M</a></dt> <dd>Used in most of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (all NTSC-M), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (SECAM-M). Although the ITU specified a frame rate of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC color to minimize visual artifacts.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a></dt> <dd>Adopted by <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (all <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a> since 1980).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For historical reasons, some countries use a different video system on <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> than they do on the <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> bands. In a few countries, most notably the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, television broadcasting on VHF has been entirely shut down. The British <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> system A, unlike all the other systems, suppressed the upper sideband rather than the lower—befitting its status as the oldest operating television system to survive into the color era (although was never officially broadcast with color encoding). System A was tested with all three color standards, and production equipment was designed and ready to be built; System A might have survived, as NTSC-A, had the British government not decided to harmonize with the rest of Europe on a 625-line video system, implemented in Britain as PAL-I on UHF only. </p><p>The French <a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 line</a> system E was a post-war effort to advance <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s standing in television technology. Its 819 lines were almost high definition even by today's standards. Like the British system A, it was VHF only and remained black & white until its shutdown in 1984 in France and 1985 in Monaco. It was tested with SECAM standard in the early stages, but later the decision was made to adopt color in 625-lines L system only. Thus, France adopted system L both on UHF and VHF networks and abandoned system E. </p><p>Japan had the earliest working HDTV system (<a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a>), with design efforts going back to 1979. The country began broadcasting wideband analog <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> signals in the late 1980s using an interlaced resolution of 1,125 lines, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> line of equipment. </p><p>In many parts of the world, analog television broadcasting has been shut down completely, or in process of shutdown; see <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a> for a timeline of the analog shutdown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_aspects">Technical aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frames">Frames</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">Film frame</a></div> <p>Ignoring color, all television systems work in essentially the same manner. The monochrome image seen by a camera (later, the <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a> component of a color image) is divided into horizontal <i>scan lines</i>, some number of which make up a single image or <i>frame</i>. A monochrome image is theoretically continuous, and thus unlimited in horizontal resolution, but to make television practical, a limit had to be placed on the <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> of the television signal, which puts an ultimate limit on the horizontal resolution possible. When color was introduced, this necessity of limit became fixed. All analog television systems are <i><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a></i>: alternate rows of the frame are transmitted in sequence, followed by the remaining rows in their sequence. Each half of the frame is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">video field</a></i>, and the rate at which field are transmitted is one of the fundamental parameters of a video system. It is related to the <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">utility frequency</a> at which the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">electricity distribution</a> system operates, to avoid flicker resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beat</a> between the television screen deflection system and nearby mains generated magnetic fields. All digital, or "fixed pixel," displays have <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive scanning</a> and must <a href="/wiki/Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">deinterlace</a> an interlaced source. Use of inexpensive deinterlacing hardware is a typical difference between lower- vs. higher-priced <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat panel displays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a>, etc.). </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> and other filmed material shot at 24 frames per second must be transferred to video <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">telecine</a> in order to prevent severe motion jitter effects. Typically, for 25 frame/s formats (European among other countries with 50 Hz mains supply), the content is <a href="/wiki/576i#PAL_speed-up" title="576i">PAL speedup</a>, while a technique known as "<a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">3:2 pulldown</a>" is used for 30 frame/s formats (North America among other countries with 60 Hz mains supply) to match the film frame rate to the video frame rate without speeding up the play back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viewing_technology">Viewing technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Viewing technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analog television signal standards are designed to be displayed on a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode ray tube</a> (CRT), and so the physics of these devices necessarily controls the format of the video signal. The image on a CRT is painted by a moving beam of electrons which hits a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> coating on the front of the tube. This electron beam is steered by a magnetic field generated by powerful <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a> close to the source of the electron beam. </p><p>In order to reorient this magnetic steering mechanism, a certain amount of time is required due to the <a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">inductance</a> of the magnets; the greater the change, the greater the time it takes for the electron beam to settle in the new spot. </p><p>For this reason, it is necessary to shut off the electron beam (corresponding to a video signal of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zero_luminance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zero luminance (page does not exist)">zero luminance</a>) during the time it takes to reorient the beam from the end of one line to the beginning of the next (<i>horizontal retrace</i>) and from the bottom of the screen to the top (<i>vertical retrace</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a></i>). The horizontal retrace is accounted for in the time allotted to each scan line, but the vertical retrace is accounted for as <i>phantom lines</i> which are never displayed but which are included in the number of lines per frame defined for each video system. Since the electron beam must be turned off in any case, the result is gaps in the television signal, which can be used to transmit other information, such as test signals or color identification signals. </p><p>The temporal gaps translate into a comb-like <a href="/wiki/Spectral_density" title="Spectral density">frequency spectrum</a> for the signal, where the teeth are spaced at line frequency and concentrate most of the energy; the space between the teeth can be used to insert a color subcarrier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hidden_signaling">Hidden signaling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hidden signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadcasters later developed mechanisms to transmit digital information on the phantom lines, used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">teletext</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">hidden signaling</a> scheme to indicate if it exists, and if so what operational mode it is in.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> was modified by the <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">Advanced Television Systems Committee</a> to support an <a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">anti-ghosting signal</a> that is inserted on a non-visible scan line.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> uses hidden signaling to transmit information pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Closed Captioning</a> signaling uses signaling that is nearly identical to <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">teletext</a> signaling.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a> enables a flag to indicate that a 16:9 widescreen image is being broadcast, and allows the TV set to switch to the appropriate display mode.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overscan">Overscan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overscan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></div> <p>Television images are unique in that they must incorporate regions of the picture with reasonable-quality content, that will never be seen by some viewers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (September 2017)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interlacing">Interlacing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interlacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced video</a></div> <p>In a purely analog system, field order is merely a matter of convention. For digitally recorded material it becomes necessary to rearrange the field order when conversion takes place from one standard to another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image_signal_polarization">Image signal polarization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Image signal polarization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another parameter of analog television systems, minor by comparison, is the choice of whether vision modulation is positive or negative. Some of the earliest electronic television systems such as the British 405-line (System A) used positive modulation. It was also used in the two Belgian systems (System C, 625 lines, and System F, 819 lines) and the two French systems (System E, 819 lines, and System L, 625 lines). In positive modulation systems, as in the earlier <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_facsimile_transmission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White facsimile transmission (page does not exist)">white facsimile transmission</a> standard, the maximum luminance value is represented by the maximum carrier power; in negative <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a>, the maximum luminance value is represented by zero carrier power. All newer analog video systems use negative modulation with the exception of the French System L. </p><p>Impulsive noise, especially from older automotive ignition systems, caused white spots to appear on the screens of television receivers using positive modulation but they could use simple synchronization circuits. Impulsive noise in negative modulation systems appears as dark spots that are less visible, but picture synchronization was seriously degraded when using simple synchronization. The synchronization problem was overcome with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Phase-locked_loop" title="Phase-locked loop">phase-locked synchronization circuits</a>. When these first appeared in Britain in the early 1950s one name used to describe them was "flywheel synchronisation." </p><p>Older televisions for positive modulation systems were sometimes equipped with a peak video signal inverter that would turn the white interference spots dark. This was usually user-adjustable with a control on the rear of the television labeled "White Spot Limiter" in Britain or "Antiparasite" in France. If adjusted incorrectly it would turn bright white picture content dark. Most of the positive modulation television systems ceased operation by the mid-1980s. The French System L continued on up to the transition to digital broadcasting. Positive modulation was one of several unique technical features that originally protected the French electronics and broadcasting industry from foreign competition and rendered French TV sets incapable of receiving broadcasts from neighboring countries. </p><p>Another advantage of negative modulation is that, since the synchronizing pulses represent maximum carrier power, it is relatively easy to arrange the receiver <a href="/wiki/Automatic_gain_control" title="Automatic gain control">automatic gain control</a> to only operate during sync pulses and thus get a constant amplitude video signal to drive the rest of the TV set. This was not possible for many years with positive modulation as the peak carrier power varied depending on picture content. Modern digital processing circuits have achieved a similar effect but using the front porch of the video signal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modulation">Modulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given all of these parameters, the result is a mostly-continuous <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signal</a> which can be modulated onto a radio-frequency carrier and transmitted through an antenna. All analog television systems use <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">vestigial sideband modulation</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> in which one sideband is partially removed. This reduces the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, enabling narrower channels to be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio">Audio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In analog television, the <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog audio</a> portion of a broadcast is invariably modulated separately from the video. Most commonly, the audio and video are combined at the transmitter before being presented to the antenna, but separate aural and visual antennas can be used. In all cases where negative video is used, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> is used for the standard <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">monaural</a> audio; systems with positive video use AM sound and intercarrier receiver technology cannot be incorporated. Stereo, or more generally multi-channel, audio is encoded using a number of schemes which (except in the French systems) are independent of the video system. The principal systems are <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a>, which uses a digital audio encoding; double-FM (known under a variety of names, notably <a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a>, A2 Stereo, West German Stereo, German Stereo or IGR Stereo), in which case each audio channel is separately modulated in FM and added to the broadcast signal; and <a href="/wiki/BTSC" class="mw-redirect" title="BTSC">BTSC</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Television_Sound" title="Multichannel Television Sound">MTS</a>), which multiplexes additional audio channels into the FM audio carrier. All three systems are compatible with monaural FM audio, but only <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a> may be used with the French AM audio systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_television_systems">Digital television systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Digital television systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The situation with worldwide digital television is much simpler by comparison. Most digital television systems are based on the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> standard, and use the <a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2</a> video <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a>. They differ significantly in the details of how the transport stream is converted into a broadcast signal, in the video format prior to encoding (or alternatively, after decoding), and in the audio format. This has not prevented the creation of an international standard that includes both major systems, even though they are incompatible in almost every respect. </p><p>The two principal digital broadcasting systems are <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC standards</a>, developed by the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">Advanced Television Systems Committee</a> and adopted as a standard in most of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>, the <b>D</b>igital <b>V</b>ideo <b>B</b>roadcast – <b>T</b>errestrial system used in most of the rest of the world. <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> was designed for format compatibility with existing <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">direct broadcast satellite</a> services in Europe (which use the <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> standard, and also sees some use in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">direct-to-home</a> satellite dish providers in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>), and there is also a <a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a> version for cable television. While the ATSC standard also includes support for satellite and cable television systems, operators of those systems have chosen other technologies (principally DVB-S or proprietary systems for satellite and <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">256QAM</a> replacing VSB for cable). Japan uses a third system, closely related to DVB-T, called <a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-T" title="ISDB">ISDB-T</a>, which is compatible with <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a>. The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> has developed a fourth system, named <a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/600px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/900px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/1200px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>DTT broadcasting systems.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ATSC">ATSC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ATSC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC standards</a></div> <p>The terrestrial ATSC system (unofficially ATSC-T) uses a proprietary <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Electronics" title="Zenith Electronics">Zenith</a>-developed modulation called <a href="/wiki/8VSB" title="8VSB">8-VSB</a>; as the name implies, it is a vestigial sideband technique. Essentially, analog VSB is to regular amplitude modulation as 8VSB is to eight-way <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">quadrature amplitude modulation</a>. This system was chosen specifically to provide for maximum spectral compatibility between existing analog TV and new digital stations in the United States' already-crowded television allocations system, although it is inferior to the other digital systems in dealing with <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation#Interference" title="Multipath propagation">multipath interference</a>; however, it is better at dealing with <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">impulse noise</a> which is especially present on the VHF bands that other countries have discontinued from TV use, but are still used in the U.S. There is also no <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation" title="Hierarchical modulation">hierarchical modulation</a>. After demodulation and error-correction, the 8-VSB modulation supports a digital data stream of about 19.39 Mbit/s, enough for one high-definition video stream or several standard-definition services. See <a href="/wiki/Digital_subchannel#Technical_considerations" title="Digital subchannel">Digital subchannel: Technical considerations</a> for more information. </p><p>On November 17, 2017, the FCC voted 3-2 in favor of authorizing voluntary deployments of <a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a>, which was designed as the successor to the original ATSC "1.0", and issued a Report and Order to that effect. Full-power stations will be required to maintain a simulcast of their channels on an ATSC 1.0-compatible signal if they decide to deploy an ATSC 3.0 service.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On cable, ATSC usually uses <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation#Digital_QAM" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">256QAM</a>, although some use <a href="/wiki/16VSB" title="16VSB">16VSB</a>. Both of these double the <a href="/wiki/Network_throughput" title="Network throughput">throughput</a> to 38.78 Mbit/s within the same 6 MHz <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>. ATSC is also used over satellite. While these are logically called ATSC-C and ATSC-S, these terms were never officially defined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DTMB">DTMB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: DTMB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DTMB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMB">DTMB</a></div> <p>DTMB is the digital television broadcasting standard of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. This is a fusion system, which is a compromise of different competing proposing standards from different Chinese Universities, which incorporates elements from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T</a>, ADTB-T and TiMi 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DVB">DVB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: DVB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a></div> <p><b>DVB-T</b> uses <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing</a> (COFDM), which uses as many as 8000 independent carriers, each transmitting data at a comparatively low rate. This system was designed to provide superior immunity from <a href="/wiki/Multipath_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipath interference">multipath interference</a>, and has a choice of system variants which allow data rates from 4 MBit/s up to 24 MBit/s. One US broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcasting</a>, petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> to permit the use of COFDM instead of 8-VSB, on the theory that this would improve prospects for digital TV reception by households without outside antennas (a majority in the US), but this request was denied. (However, one US digital station, WNYE-DT in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, was temporarily converted to COFDM modulation on an emergency basis for <a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">datacasting</a> information to emergency services personnel in lower <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 terrorist attacks</a>). </p><p><b>DVB-S</b> is the original <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> forward error coding and modulation standard for <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> and dates back to 1995. It is used via satellites serving every continent of the world, including <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. DVB-S is used in both <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing#Digital_broadcasting" title="Multiplexing">MCPC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_channel_per_carrier" title="Single channel per carrier">SCPC</a> modes for <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">broadcast network</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feed_(telecom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feed (telecom) (page does not exist)">feeds</a>, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">direct broadcast satellite</a> services like <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a> in the British Isles, <a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Deutschland</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD%2B" title="HD+">HD+</a> in Germany and Austria, TNT Sat/Fransat and <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (French TV provider)">CanalSat</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a> in the US, and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a> in Canada. The <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> delivered by DVB-S is mandated as MPEG-2. </p><p><b>DVB-C</b> stands for <b>Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable</b> and it is the DVB European consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> over <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">cable</a>. This system transmits an <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> family digital audio/video stream, using a <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a> modulation with <a href="/wiki/Coding_theory#Channel_coding" title="Coding theory">channel coding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISDB">ISDB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ISDB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISDB is very similar to DVB, however it is broken into 13 subchannels. Twelve are used for TV, while the last serves either as a <a href="/wiki/Guard_band" title="Guard band">guard band</a>, or for the <a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a> (ISDB-H) service. Like the other DTV systems, the ISDB types differ mainly in the modulations used, due to the requirements of different frequency bands. The 12 GHz band ISDB-S uses PSK modulation, 2.6 GHz band digital sound broadcasting uses CDM and ISDB-T (in VHF and/or UHF band) uses COFDM with PSK/QAM. It was developed in Japan with MPEG-2, and is now used in Brazil with MPEG-4. Unlike other digital broadcast systems, ISDB includes <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> to restrict recording of programming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_digital_terrestrial_television_systems">Comparison of digital terrestrial television systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparison of digital terrestrial television systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>World television systems</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:rgb (170, 160, 150);"> <th>System </th> <th>Year ratified </th> <th>Digital <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Modulation</a> </th> <th>Resolution<br />(Lines) </th> <th>Frame rate </th> <th>Data rate </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation" title="Hierarchical modulation">Hierarchical Mod.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">Ch.</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">B/W</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>) </th> <th>Video B/W </th> <th>Audio offset </th> <th>Video Coding </th> <th>Audio Coding </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Interactive_television" title="Interactive television">Interactive TV</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Digital_subchannel" title="Digital subchannel">Digital subchannels</a> </th> <th>Single-Frequency Network </th> <th>Predecessor format(s) </th> <th>Mobile </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> 1.0 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8VSB" title="8VSB">8VSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-VSB" title="A-VSB">A-VSB</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-VSB" title="E-VSB">E-VSB</a> in the works </td> <td>1080 </td> <td>Up to 60p </td> <td>19.39 Mbit/s </td> <td>No </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4.25<br /><a href="/wiki/NTSC#Transmission_modulation_scheme" title="NTSC">digital carrier at 1.31 MHz</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital#Dolby_AC-3" title="Dolby Digital">AC3</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DSM_CC" title="DSM CC">DSM-CC</a>, <a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">MHEG-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Program_and_System_Information_Protocol" title="Program and System Information Protocol">PSIP</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distributed_transmission_system" title="Distributed transmission system">Partial</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> </td> <td>Not yet, <a href="/wiki/ATSC-M/H" title="ATSC-M/H">ATSC-M/H</a> in the works </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_.28QPSK.29" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">4096QAM</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2160p" class="mw-redirect" title="2160p">2160p</a>/<a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> </td> <td>Up to 120p </td> <td>57 Mbit/s </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265/Scalable HEVC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">Dolby AC-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> 1.0 </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_.28QPSK.29" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">16QAM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">64QAM</a>) </td> <td>1080 (typical, not defined) </td> <td>Up to 50p </td> <td>Up to 31.668 Mbit/s </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>5, 6, 7, or 8 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DSM_CC" title="DSM CC">DSM-CC</a>, <a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">MHEG-5</a>, DVB-SI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Num%C3%A9rique_Terrestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Télévision Numérique Terrestre">Yes</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> </td> <td>Yes (<a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">DVB-H</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a><br />(QPSK, <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">16QAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">64QAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">256QAM</a>) </td> <td>1080 (typical, not defined) </td> <td>Up to 50p </td> <td>Up to 50.34 Mbit/s </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>1.7, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DSM_CC" title="DSM CC">DSM-CC</a>, <a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">MHEG-5</a>, DVB-SI </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>DVB-T </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-H#DVB-NGH" title="DVB-H">DVB-NGH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DTMB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMB">DTMB</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>TDS-<a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td>1080 </td> <td>Up to 50p </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>6, 7, or 8 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital#Dolby_AC-3" title="Dolby Digital">AC3</a>, DRA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">Yes</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-T" title="ISDB">ISDB-T</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">16</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">64QAM</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_.28QPSK.29" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_.28QPSK.29" title="Phase-shift keying">DQPSK</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a>) </td> <td>1080 </td> <td>Up to 60p </td> <td>23 Mbit/s </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>6 (5.572 + 428 kHz guard band) </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a> (<a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> </td> <td>Yes, <a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-Tmm" title="ISDB">ISDB-Tmm</a>/<a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a>)</small> </td> <td> </td> <td>BST-<a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> </td> <td>1080 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>6 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a> </td> <td>Yes, <a href="/wiki/Ginga_(middleware)" title="Ginga (middleware)">Ginga</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>, PAL-N, PAL-Nc, NTSC </td> <td>Yes, <a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MediaFLO" title="MediaFLO">MediaFLO</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_.28QPSK.29" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">16QAM</a>) </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>5.55 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Channel_55_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Channel 55 (disambiguation)">Channel 55</a>) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting#T-DMB" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">T-DMB</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a>-<a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_.28QPSK.29" title="Phase-shift keying">DQPSK</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a>/<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Line_count">Line count</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Line count"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As interlaced systems require accurate positioning of scanning lines, it is important to make sure that the horizontal and vertical timebase are in a precise ratio. This is accomplished by passing the one through a series of electronic divider circuits to produce the other. Each division is by a <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime number</a>. </p><p>Therefore, there has to be a straightforward mathematical relationship between the line and field frequencies, the latter being derived by dividing down from the former. Technology constraints of the 1930s meant that this division process could only be done using small integers, preferably no greater than 7, for good stability. The number of lines was odd because of 2:1 interlace. The 405 line system used a vertical frequency of 50 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> (Standard AC mains supply frequency in Britain) and a horizontal one of 10,125 Hz (<span title="frame rate">50</span> × <span title="lines">405</span> ÷ <span title="interlace">2</span>) </p> <ul><li>2 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=90-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="90-line television system (page does not exist)">90 lines</a> (non interlaced)</li> <li>2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=96-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="96-line television system (page does not exist)">96 lines</a> (non interlaced)</li> <li>2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives <a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180 lines</a> (non interlaced) (used in Germany in mid-1930s before switch to 441-line system)</li> <li>2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=240-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="240-line television system (page does not exist)">240 lines</a> (used for the experimental <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">Baird</a> transmissions in Britain <small>[See Note 1]</small>)</li> <li>3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=243-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="243-line television system (page does not exist)">243 lines</a></li> <li>7 × 7 × 7 gives <a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343 lines</a> (early North American system also used in Poland and in Soviet Union before WW2)</li> <li>3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives <a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375 lines</a></li> <li>3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a> <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a> (used in Britain, Ireland and Hong Kong before 1985)</li> <li>2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 11 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=440-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="440-line television system (page does not exist)">440 lines</a> (non interlaced)</li> <li>3 × 3 × 7 × 7 gives <a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441 lines</a> (used by <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> in North America before the 525-lines <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> standard was adopted and widely used before WW2 in Continental Europe with different frame rates)</li> <li>2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=450-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="450-line television system (page does not exist)">450 lines</a> (non interlaced)</li> <li>5 × 7 × 13 gives <a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455 lines</a> (used in France before WW2)</li> <li>3 × 5 × 5 × 7 gives <a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a> <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (<a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a>) (a compromise between the RCA and Philco systems. Still used today in most of the Americas and parts of Asia)</li> <li>3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 gives <a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567 lines</a> (Developed by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> used for a while in the late 1940s in the Netherlands)</li> <li>5 × 11 × 11 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=605-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="605-line television system (page does not exist)">605 lines</a> (proposed by <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a> in North America before the 525 standard was adopted)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>5 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives <a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a> (<a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a>) (designed by Soviet<sup id="cite_ref-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engineers during the mid-late 1940s, introduced to Western Europe by German engineers.)</li> <li>2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=720-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="720-line television system (page does not exist)">750 lines</a> at 50 frames (used for <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p50</a>)</li> <li>2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 750 lines at 60 frames (used for <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p60</a>)</li> <li>3 × 3 × 7 × 13 gives <a href="/wiki/819-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="819-line television system">819 lines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system#737i" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">737i</a>) (used in France in the 1950s)</li> <li>3 × 7 × 7 × 7 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=1029-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1029-line television system (page does not exist)">1,029 lines</a> (proposed but never adopted around 1948 in France)</li> <li>3 × 3 × 5 × 5 x 5 gives <a href="/w/index.php?title=1125-line_television_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1125-line television system (page does not exist)">1,125 lines</a> at 25 frames (used for <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i50</a> but not <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p25</a>)</li> <li>3 × 3 × 5 × 5 x 5 gives 1,125 lines at 30 frames (used for <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i60</a> but not <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p30</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <ol><li>The division of the 240-line system is academic as the scan ratio was determined entirely by the construction of the mechanical scanning system used with the cameras used with this transmission system.</li> <li>The division ratio though relevant to <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a>-based systems is largely academic today because modern <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma displays</a> are not constrained to having the scanning in precise ratios. The 1080p high definition system requires 1125 lines in a CRT display.</li> <li>The System I version of the 625-line standard originally used 582 active lines before later changing to 576 in line with other 625-line systems.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_from_one_system_to_another_system">Conversion from one system to another system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conversion from one system to another system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Television standards conversion</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Broadcast television systems">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Converting between different numbers of lines and different frequencies of fields/frames in video pictures is not an easy task. Perhaps the most technically challenging conversion to make is from any of the 625-line, 25-frame/s systems to system M, which has 525-lines at 29.97 frames per second. Historically this required a frame store to hold those parts of the picture not actually being output (since the scanning of any point was not time coincident). In more recent times, conversion of standards is a relatively easy task for a computer. </p><p>Aside from the line count being different, it's easy to see that generating 59.94 fields every second from a format that has only 50 fields might pose some interesting problems. Every second, an additional 10 fields must be generated seemingly from nothing. The conversion has to create new frames (from the existing input) in real time. </p><p>There are several methods used to do this, depending on the desired cost and conversion quality. The simplest possible converters simply drop every 5th line from every frame (when converting from 625 to 525) or duplicate every 4th line (when converting from 525 to 625), and then duplicate or drop some of those frames to make up the difference in frame rate. More complex systems include inter-field <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a>, adaptive interpolation, and <a href="/wiki/Phase_correlation" title="Phase correlation">phase correlation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">Television antenna</a></li></ul> <p><b>Transmission technology standards</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">Amateur television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(broadcasting)" title="Channel (broadcasting)">Channel (broadcasting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_channels" title="Lists of television channels">Lists of television channels</a> for lists by country and language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_television_frequencies" title="Pan-American television frequencies">Pan-American television frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cable_television_frequencies" title="European cable television frequencies">European cable television frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_television_frequencies" title="Australian and New Zealand television frequencies">Australian and New Zealand television frequencies</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct analog systems</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441 lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a> an <a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">analog high-definition television system</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Analog television systems</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (525/60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> (color encoding usually used with 625/50 systems)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">TV transmitters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Analog television system audio</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Television_Sound" title="Multichannel Television Sound">Multichannel Television Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a> (digital, analog pre-emphasis curve)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li> <li>The defunct MUSE system had a very unusual digital audio subsystem completely unrelated to <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Digital television systems</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> systems all use <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a> transport technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-T International</a> (SBTVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a> used in People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and Macau.</li></ul> <p><b>History</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prewar_television_stations" title="Prewar television stations">Oldest television station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Television systems before 1940</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-RRC.1-1961-PDF-E.pdf">Final acts of the European Broadcasting Conference in the VHF and UHF bands. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/Transmission-Systems.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Analogue+Television+Standards+and+Waveforms&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pembers.freeserve.co.uk%2FWorld-TV-Standards%2FTransmission-Systems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintage-radio.net/forum/showthread.php?t=36027">"625-Line Television Broadcast Standards - UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum"</a>. <i>www.vintage-radio.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vintage-radio.net&rft.atitle=625-Line+Television+Broadcast+Standards+-+UK+Vintage+Radio+Repair+and+Restoration+Discussion+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintage-radio.net%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D36027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830232230/http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/Transmission-Systems.html">"World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms"</a>. 2012-08-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/Transmission-Systems.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Analogue+Television+Standards+and+Waveforms&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pembers.freeserve.co.uk%2FWorld-TV-Standards%2FTransmission-Systems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/index.xml">DVB.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110320104407/http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/index.xml">Archived</a> 2011-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Official information taken from the DVB website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-authorizes-next-gen-tv-broadcast-standard">"FCC Authorizes Next Gen TV Broadcast Standard"</a>. <i>Federal Communications Commission</i>. 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=FCC+Authorizes+Next+Gen+TV+Broadcast+Standard&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fdocument%2Ffcc-authorizes-next-gen-tv-broadcast-standard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60TH_ANNIVERSARY_OF_625_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://625.625-net.ru/files/587/511/h_665921be9883776271895912fb8bb262">On the beginning of broadcast in 625-lines 60 year s ago, <i>625</i> magazine (in Russian).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131236/http://625.625-net.ru/files/587/511/h_665921be9883776271895912fb8bb262">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041230091501/http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_255-portrait.pdf">"Mark Iosifovich Krivosheev – an engineer's engineer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_255-portrait.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+Iosifovich+Krivosheev+%E2%80%93+an+engineer%E2%80%99s+engineer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebu.ch%2Fen%2Ftechnical%2Ftrev%2Ftrev_255-portrait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221210300/http://cra.ir/FTD/Static/RRC/RRCFile10.pdf">"In the vanguard of television broadcasting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cra.ir/FTD/Static/RRC/RRCFile10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+vanguard+of+television+broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcra.ir%2FFTD%2FStatic%2FRRC%2FRRCFile10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObserver2021" class="citation web cs1">Observer, Reflective (2021-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reflectiveobserver.medium.com/from-russia-with-television-a3d02007e22a">"Where did 625-line TV come from?"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Where+did+625-line+TV+come+from%3F&rft.date=2021-12-23&rft.aulast=Observer&rft.aufirst=Reflective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freflectiveobserver.medium.com%2Ffrom-russia-with-television-a3d02007e22a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintage-radio.net/forum/showthread.php?t=83653">"625-Line Television System Origins - UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum"</a>. <i>www.vintage-radio.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vintage-radio.net&rft.atitle=625-Line+Television+System+Origins+-+UK+Vintage+Radio+Repair+and+Restoration+Discussion+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintage-radio.net%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D83653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+television+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Characteristics of television systems. <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>, ITU-R Recommendation BT.470-2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-BT.624-4-1990-PDF-E.pdf">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_television_systems&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807095604/http://www.farway.com.ar/">FARWAY IRFC, TV and Radio Transmission, Radio Data System Encoders, Broadcasting Technologies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830232230/http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/Transmission-Systems.html">World Analog Television Standards and Waveforms</a> by Alan Pemberton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stjarnhimlen.se/tv/tv.html">Analog TV Broadcast Systems</a> by Paul Schlyter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/european_stations_1932.html">European Television Stations in 1932</a> a scan from a 1932 French magazine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_video_resolutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TV_resolution" title="Template:TV resolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TV_resolution" title="Template talk:TV resolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TV_resolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TV resolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_video_resolutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Digital video resolutions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; border:0; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%" rowspan="2">Usage examples</th> <th width="25%" rowspan="2">Definition (lines)</th> <th colspan="2">Rate (Hz)</th> </tr> <tr> <th width="25%">Interlaced (fields)</th> <th width="25%">Progressive (frames)</th> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Low, <br /><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MP@LL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">HTV</a></td> <td width="25%">240, 288 (<a href="/wiki/Source_Input_Format" title="Source Input Format">SIF</a>)</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">24, 30; 25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard, <br />MP@ML</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></td> <td width="25%">480 (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>), 576 (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/<a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">60</a>; <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">50</a></td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">24, 30</a>; <a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enhanced, <br />HMP@HML</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a></td> <td width="25%">480, 540 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC-HQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NTSC-HQ (page does not exist)">NTSC-HQ</a>), 576 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL-HQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAL-HQ (page does not exist)">PAL-HQ</a>)</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">24, 30</a>; <a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High, <br />MP@HL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></td> <td width="25%">720</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">24, 30, 60; 25, 50</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1080, 1440</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">60; 50</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">24, 30, 60; 25, 50</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultra-high</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD BRD</a></td> <td width="25%">2160, 4320</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">60, 120, 180</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_video_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SMPTE_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SMPTE_standards" title="Template:SMPTE standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SMPTE_standards" title="Template talk:SMPTE standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SMPTE_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SMPTE standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SMPTE_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> standards</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_259M" title="SMPTE 259M">SMPTE 259M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange">SMPTE 268M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_274M" title="SMPTE 274M">SMPTE 274M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_data" title="Ancillary data">SMPTE 291M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_292M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 292M">SMPTE 292M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_296M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 296M">SMPTE 296M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_Material_Identifier" title="Unique Material Identifier">SMPTE 330M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_344M" title="SMPTE 344M">SMPTE 344M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_356M" title="SMPTE 356M">SMPTE 356M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">SMPTE 360M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_367M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 367M">SMPTE 367M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_372M" title="SMPTE 372M">SMPTE 372M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">SMPTE 377M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">SMPTE 421M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_424M" title="SMPTE 424M">SMPTE 424M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2022" title="SMPTE 2022">SMPTE 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2059" title="SMPTE 2059">SMPTE 2059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2067" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 2067">SMPTE 2067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2071" title="SMPTE 2071">SMPTE 2071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2117" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 2117">SMPTE 2117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_color_bars" title="SMPTE color bars">SMPTE color bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Package" title="Digital Cinema Package">SMPTE DCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_timecode" title="SMPTE timecode">SMPTE timecode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoperable_Master_Format" title="Interoperable Master Format">Interoperable Master Format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">Advanced Television Systems Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Research_%26_Development" title="BBC Research & Development">BBC Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU Radiocommunication Sector</a> (formerly CCIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU Telecommunication Sector</a> (formerly CCITT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">Moving Picture Experts Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK_Science_%26_Technology_Research_Laboratories" title="NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories">NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template talk:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">Dot crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">Ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparklies" title="Sparklies">Sparklies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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