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<li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pager</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioroeper" title="Radioroeper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radioroeper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="مناد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peycer" title="Peycer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peycer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পেজার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেজার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пэйджар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пэйджар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercapersones" title="Cercapersones – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cercapersones" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pager" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persons%C3%B8ger" title="Personsøger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Personsøger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkmeldeempf%C3%A4nger" title="Funkmeldeempfänger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Funkmeldeempfänger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piipar" title="Piipar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piipar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Βομβητής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βομβητής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADper" title="Bíper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bíper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televokilo" title="Televokilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Televokilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="پیجر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیجر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiomessagerie" title="Radiomessagerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radiomessagerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaoire" title="Glaoire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glaoire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%A0%ED%98%B8%EC%B6%9C%EA%B8%B0" title="무선호출기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무선호출기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_(%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80)" title="Էջազանգ (Փեյջեր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էջազանգ (Փեյջեր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejd%C5%BEer" title="Pejdžer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pejdžer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personserchilo" title="Personserchilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Personserchilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyeranta" title="Penyeranta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyeranta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbo%C3%B0i" title="Símboði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Símboði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercapersone" title="Cercapersone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cercapersone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="זימונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זימונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пейджер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пейджер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пейжер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пейжер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peid%C5%BEeris" title="Peidžeris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Peidžeris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafoon" title="Semafoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Semafoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E5%91%BC%E3%81%B3%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97" title="無線呼び出し – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無線呼び出し" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persons%C3%B8ker" title="Personsøker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Personsøker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persons%C3%B8kjar" title="Personsøkjar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Personsøkjar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="پيجر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پيجر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pager" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pager" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пейджер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пейджер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pager" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pager" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B1" title="پەیجەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیجەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пејџер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пејџер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakulaite" title="Hakulaite – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hakulaite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persons%C3%B6kare" title="Personsökare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Personsökare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пейджер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пейджер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="วิทยุติดตามตัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยุติดตามตัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_cihaz%C4%B1" title="Çağrı cihazı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çağrı cihazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пейджер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пейджер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="پیجر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wireless telecommunications device</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the telecommunications device. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pager_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pager (disambiguation)">Pager (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pocket Bell" redirects here. For the Philippine paging company, see <a href="/wiki/PocketBell" title="PocketBell">PocketBell</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Page_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Page (disambiguation)">page</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Pager</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Swissphone_RES.Q_Hybrid_with_GSM_and_GPS_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Swissphone_RES.Q_Hybrid_with_GSM_and_GPS_module.jpg/220px-Swissphone_RES.Q_Hybrid_with_GSM_and_GPS_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Swissphone_RES.Q_Hybrid_with_GSM_and_GPS_module.jpg/330px-Swissphone_RES.Q_Hybrid_with_GSM_and_GPS_module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Swissphone_RES.Q_Hybrid_with_GSM_and_GPS_module.jpg/440px-Swissphone_RES.Q_Hybrid_with_GSM_and_GPS_module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="3054" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;">Swissphone RES.Q Hybrid POCSAG pager with GSM and GPS module</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Wireless telecommunications device</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gross_(engineer)" title="Al Gross (engineer)">Al Gross</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Inception</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">1949<span class="noprint">; 76 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1949</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Available</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Current supplier</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Various</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>pager</b>, also known as a <b>beeper</b> or <b>bleeper</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless telecommunications device</a> that receives and displays <a href="/wiki/Alphanumericals" title="Alphanumericals">alphanumeric</a> or voice messages. <b>One-way pagers</b> can only receive messages, while <b>response pagers</b> and <b>two-way pagers</b> can also acknowledge, reply to, and originate messages using an internal transmitter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pagers operate as part of a paging system which includes one or more fixed <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a> (or in the case of response pagers and two-way pagers, one or more <a href="/wiki/Base_transceiver_station" title="Base transceiver station">base stations</a>), as well as a number of pagers carried by <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile</a> users. These systems can range from a <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> system with a single low power transmitter, to a nationwide <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> with thousands of high-power base stations. </p><p>Pagers were developed in the 1950s and 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_Today,_2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_Today,_2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became widely used by the 1980s through the late 1990s and early 2000s. Later in the 21st century, the widespread availability of <a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> with <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> capability has greatly diminished the pager industry. Nevertheless, pagers continue to be used by some <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">public safety personnel</a>, because modern pager systems' coverage overlap, combined with use of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite communications">satellite communications</a>, can make paging systems more reliable than <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrestrial" class="extiw" title="wikt:terrestrial">terrestrial</a> based <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a> in some cases, including during <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Man-made_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-made disasters">human-made disasters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-katrina_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-katrina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resilience has led public safety agencies to adopt pagers over cellular and other commercial services for critical messaging.<sup id="cite_ref-london_ambulance_procedure_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london_ambulance_procedure-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nfpa-1221_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfpa-1221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyper-stardado.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Skyper-stardado.JPG/220px-Skyper-stardado.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Skyper-stardado.JPG/330px-Skyper-stardado.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Skyper-stardado.JPG/440px-Skyper-stardado.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An NEC pager branded by Deutsche Telekom for the Skyper pager service</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Prevalence of paging systems needs an update.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorolaradiobeeper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Motorolaradiobeeper.jpg/250px-Motorolaradiobeeper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Motorolaradiobeeper.jpg/330px-Motorolaradiobeeper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Motorolaradiobeeper.jpg/500px-Motorolaradiobeeper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Original Motorola "Pageboy II" pager, used in New York in the late 1970s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first telephone pager system was patented in 1949 by <a href="/wiki/Al_Gross_(engineer)" title="Al Gross (engineer)">Al Gross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intended for the use of physicians, there was initial resistance to the idea of being permanently on-call, according to Gross.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first practical paging services was launched in 1950 for physicians in the New York City area.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians paid US$12 per month and carried a 200-gram (7 oz) pager that would receive phone messages within 40 kilometres (25 mi) of a single transmitter tower. The system was manufactured by the Reevesound Company and operated by Telanswerphone.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Mitchell" title="John Francis Mitchell">John Francis Mitchell</a> combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkie</a> and automobile radio technologies to create the first transistorized pager,<sup id="cite_ref-mitchellbio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchellbio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-giants_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giants-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whoinventedcellphone_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoinventedcellphone-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from that time, paging technology continued to advance and pager adoption among emergency personnel was still popular as of July 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>, the U.S. telephone monopoly, presented its Bellboy radio paging system at the Seattle World's Fair. Bellboy was the first commercial system for personal paging. It also marked one of the first consumer applications of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> (invented by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1947), for which three Bell Labs inventors received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. Solid-state circuitry enabled the Bellboy pager, about the size of a small TV remote device, to fit into a customer's pocket or purse, quite a feat at that time. The Bellboy was a terminal that notified the user when someone was trying to call them. Bell System Bellboy radio pagers each used three <a href="/wiki/Reed_receiver" title="Reed receiver">reed receiver</a> relays, each relay tuned to one of 33 different frequencies, selectively ringing a particular customer when all three relays were activated at the same time—a precursor of <a href="/wiki/DTMF" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMF">DTMF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keller_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the person received an audible signal (a buzz) on the pager, the user found a telephone and called the service center, which informed the user of the caller's message. </p><p>In the mid-1980s, tone and voice radio paging became popular among emergency responders and professionals. Tone and voice pagers were activated either by a local base station, or through a telephone number assigned to each individual pager. In the 1990s, pagers became popular among the general public as a cheaper, smaller, and more reliable alternative to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/ReFLEX" title="ReFLEX">ReFLEX</a> protocol was developed in the mid-1990s. </p><p>As prices for mobile phones declined, small form factor phones like the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_StarTAC" title="Motorola StarTAC">Motorola StarTAC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> <a href="/wiki/Series_40" title="Series 40">Series 40</a> line came on the market, cellular connectivity expanded, and digital phones adopted <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, most pager customers outside of specialist fields migrated to mobile phones toward the end of the 1990s. While Motorola announced the end of its new pager manufacturing in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-cbctelus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbctelus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pagers remained in use in large hospital complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First responders in rural areas with inadequate cellular coverage are often issued pagers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2005_London_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 London bombings">2005 London bombings</a> resulted in overload of <a href="/wiki/TETRA" title="TETRA">TETRA</a> systems by the emergency services and showed that pagers, with their absence of necessity to transmit an acknowledgement before showing the message, and the related capability to operate on very low signal levels, are not completely outclassed by their successors.<sup id="cite_ref-london_ambulance_7_july_review_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london_ambulance_7_july_review-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volunteer firefighters, EMS paramedics and rescue squad members usually carry pagers to alert them of emergency call outs for their department. These pagers receive a special tone from a fire department radio frequency. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagertec_Smart_Stack_Pro,_Groningen_(2019)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pagertec_Smart_Stack_Pro%2C_Groningen_%282019%29_02.jpg/220px-Pagertec_Smart_Stack_Pro%2C_Groningen_%282019%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pagertec_Smart_Stack_Pro%2C_Groningen_%282019%29_02.jpg/330px-Pagertec_Smart_Stack_Pro%2C_Groningen_%282019%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pagertec_Smart_Stack_Pro%2C_Groningen_%282019%29_02.jpg/440px-Pagertec_Smart_Stack_Pro%2C_Groningen_%282019%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A restaurant pager alerting customers to collect their order</figcaption></figure> <p>Restaurant pagers remain in wide use since the 2000s. Customers are given a portable receiver that would usually vibrate, flash, or beep when a table becomes free or when their meal is ready.<sup id="cite_ref-restaurant-pagers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restaurant-pagers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pagers have been popular with birdwatchers in Great Britain and Ireland since 1991, with companies Rare Bird Alert and Birdnet Information offering news of rare birds sent to pagers that they sell.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, companies like Visiplex offer similar solutions for onsite pager systems in the medical, education and commercial sectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pagers.jpg/220px-Pagers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pagers.jpg/330px-Pagers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pagers.jpg/440px-Pagers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Pagers in Canada, 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>By early 2002, pager usage was rapidly declining in places like North America due to the proliferation of cellular telephones.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. paging industry generated $2.1 billion in revenue in 2008, down from $6.2 billion in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-paging_industry_market_size_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paging_industry_market_size-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, 161,500 Canadians paid $18.5 million for pager service in 2013. <a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a>, one of the three major mobile carriers, announced the end to its Canadian pager service as of 31 March 2015, but rivals <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell</a>, Rogers and <a href="/wiki/PageNet" title="PageNet">PageNet</a> intend to continue service.<sup id="cite_ref-cbctelus_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbctelus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> was thought to have been using over 10% of the remaining pagers in the world (130,000),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an annual cost of £6.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a>, (then) <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Secretary of State for Health and Social Care</a>, announced in February 2019 that the 130,000 pagers still in use were to be phased out.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NHSX" title="NHSX">NHSX</a> announced plans in May 2020 to replace pagers and bleepers with "more modern communication tools," accelerated by the pressure placed on the service by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England" title="COVID-19 pandemic in England">COVID-19 pandemic in England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2020, a new procurement framework for clinical communications was launched which was intended to phase out pagers by the end of 2021, replacing them with "dedicated clinical-facing communication and tasks management tools" from 25 approved suppliers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, more than ten million pagers were active in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_Today,_2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_Today,_2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 2019, Japan's last paging service provider shut down radio signals and terminated its service.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_Today,_2019_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_Today,_2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Russia, the last paging provider was closed in November 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pager" title="Special:EditPage/Pager">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timex_Datalink_Beepwear_Pro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Timex_Datalink_Beepwear_Pro.jpg/220px-Timex_Datalink_Beepwear_Pro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Timex_Datalink_Beepwear_Pro.jpg/330px-Timex_Datalink_Beepwear_Pro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Timex_Datalink_Beepwear_Pro.jpg/440px-Timex_Datalink_Beepwear_Pro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Timex Datalink Beepwear Pro: a wearable pager/watch featuring alphanumeric paging capability. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Timex_Datalink" title="Timex Datalink">Timex Datalink</a> family of watches</figcaption></figure> <p>Many paging network operators now allow numeric and textual pages to be submitted to the paging networks via email. A significant convenience for users given the widespread adoption of email, and commonalities in <a href="/wiki/Email#Tracking_of_sent_mail" title="Email">delivery assurances</a>. This can result in pager messages being delayed or lost. Older forms of message submission using the <a href="/wiki/Telelocator_Alphanumeric_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Telelocator Alphanumeric Protocol">Telelocator Alphanumeric Protocol</a> involve modem connections directly to a paging network and are less subject to these delays. For this reason, older forms of message submission retain their usefulness for disseminating highly-important alerts to users such as <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a> personnel. </p><p>Common paging protocols include <a href="/wiki/Telelocator_Alphanumeric_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Telelocator Alphanumeric Protocol">TAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLEX_(protocol)" title="FLEX (protocol)">FLEX</a>, <a href="/wiki/ReFLEX" title="ReFLEX">ReFLEX</a>, <a href="/wiki/POCSAG" class="mw-redirect" title="POCSAG">POCSAG</a>, GOLAY, <a href="/wiki/ERMES" title="ERMES">ERMES</a> and NTT. Past paging protocols include Two-tone and 5/6-tone. In the United States, pagers typically receive signals using the <a href="/wiki/FLEX_(protocol)" title="FLEX (protocol)">FLEX protocol</a> in the 900 MHz band. Commercial paging transmitters typically radiate 1000 watts of <a href="/wiki/EIRP" class="mw-redirect" title="EIRP">effective power</a>, resulting in a much wider coverage area per tower than a mobile phone transmitter, which typically radiates around 0.6 watts per channel. Although <span class="nowrap">900 MHz</span> FLEX paging networks tend to have stronger in-building coverage than mobile phone networks, commercial paging service providers will work with large institutions to install repeater equipment in the event that service is not available in needed areas of the subscribing institution's buildings. This is especially critical in hospital settings where emergency staff must be able to reliably receive pages to respond to patient needs. </p><p>Unlike mobile phones, most one-way pagers do not display any information about whether a signal is being received or about the strength of the received signal. Since one-way pagers do not contain transmitters, one-way paging networks have no way to track whether a message has been successfully delivered to a pager. Because of this, if a one-way pager is turned off or is not receiving a usable signal at the time a message is transmitted, the message will not be received and the sender of the message will not be notified of this fact. In the mid-1990s, some paging companies began offering a service, which allowed a customer to call their pager number and have numeric messages read back to them. This was useful for times when the pager was off or out of the coverage area, as it would know what pages were sent to the subscriber even if the subscriber never actually received the page. Other radio bands used for pagers include the 400 MHz band, the <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> band and the FM commercial broadcast band (88–108&MHz). Other paging protocols used in the VHF, 400 MHz <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> and 900 MHz bands include <a href="/wiki/POCSAG" class="mw-redirect" title="POCSAG">POCSAG</a> and ERMES. In Canada and the United States, pagers that use the commercial FM band receive a subcarrier, called the <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_Communications_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidiary Communications Authority">Subsidiary Communications Authority</a>, of a broadcast station. On-site paging systems in hospitals, unlike wide area paging systems, are local area services. Hospitals commonly use on-site paging for communication with staff and increasingly for contacting waiting patients when their appointment is due. These offer waiting patients the opportunity to leave the waiting area, but still be contacted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NumericPager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NumericPager.jpg/220px-NumericPager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NumericPager.jpg/330px-NumericPager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NumericPager.jpg/440px-NumericPager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>The top of a Motorola "Bravo" numeric pager</figcaption></figure> <p>Paging systems are operated by commercial carriers, often as a subscription service and they are also operated directly by end users as private systems. Commercial carrier systems tend to cover a larger geographical area than private systems, while private systems tend to cover their limited area more thoroughly and deliver messages faster than commercial systems. In all systems, clients send messages to pagers, an activity commonly referred to as <i>paging</i>. System operators often assign unique phone numbers or email addresses to pagers (and pre-defined groups of pagers), enabling clients to page by telephone call, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">e-mail</a> and SMS. Paging systems also support various types of direct connection protocols, which sacrifice global addressing and accessibility for a dedicated communications link. Automated monitoring and escalation software clients, often used in hospitals, IT departments and alarm companies, tend to prefer direct connections because of the increased reliability. Small paging systems, such as those used in restaurant and retail establishments, often integrate a keyboard and paging system into a single box, reducing both cost and complexity. </p><p>Paging systems support several popular direct connection protocols, including <a href="/wiki/Telelocator_Alphanumeric_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Telelocator Alphanumeric Protocol">TAP</a>, TNPP, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Paging_Protocol" title="Simple Network Paging Protocol">SNPP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Communications_Transfer_Protocol" title="Wireless Communications Transfer Protocol">WCTP</a>, as well as proprietary modem- and socket-based protocols. Additionally, organizations often integrate paging systems with their <a href="/wiki/Voice-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice-mail">Voice-mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Private branch exchange">PBX</a> systems, conceptually attaching pagers to a telephone extension and set up <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">web portals</a> to integrate pagers into other parts of their enterprise. A paging system alerts a pager (or group of pagers) by transmitting information over an RF channel, including an address and message information. This information is formatted using a paging protocol, such as 2-tone, 5/6-tone, GOLAY, <a href="/wiki/POCSAG" class="mw-redirect" title="POCSAG">POCSAG</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLEX_(protocol)" title="FLEX (protocol)">FLEX</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERMES" title="ERMES">ERMES</a>, or NTT. Two-way pagers and response pagers typically use the <a href="/wiki/ReFLEX" title="ReFLEX">ReFLEX</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern paging systems typically use multiple base transmitters to modulate the same signal on the same RF channel, a design approach called <i><a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a></i>. This type of design enables pagers to select the strongest signal from several candidate transmitters using <a href="/wiki/Capture_effect" title="Capture effect">FM capture</a>, thereby improving overall system performance. Simulcast systems often use satellite to distribute identical information to multiple transmitters and GPS at each transmitter to precisely time its modulation relative to other transmitters. The coverage overlap, combined with use of satellite communications, can make paging systems more reliable than terrestrial based cellular networks in some cases, including during natural and human-made disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-katrina_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-katrina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resilience has led public safety agencies to adopt pagers over cellular and other commercial services for critical messaging.<sup id="cite_ref-london_ambulance_procedure_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london_ambulance_procedure-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nfpa-1221_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfpa-1221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pagers themselves vary from very cheap and simple beepers, to more complex personal communications equipment, falling into eight main categories. </p> <dl><dt>Beepers or tone-only pagers</dt> <dd>Beepers or tone-only pagers are the simplest and least expensive form of paging. They were named beepers because they originally made a beeping noise, but current pagers in this category use other forms of alert as well. Some use audio signals, others light up and some vibrate, often used in combination. The majority of restaurant pagers fall into this category.<sup id="cite_ref-restaurant-pagers_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restaurant-pagers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Voice/tone</dt> <dd>Voice/Tone pagers enable pager users to listen to a recorded voice message when an alert is received.</dd> <dt>Numeric</dt> <dd>Numeric Pagers contain a numeric <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> display capable of displaying the calling phone number or other numeric information generally up to 10 digits. The display can also convey pager codes, a set of number codes corresponding to mutually understood pre-defined messages.</dd> <dt>Alphanumeric</dt> <dd>Alphanumeric pagers contain a more sophisticated LCD capable of displaying text and icons. These devices receive text messages, often through email or direct connection to the paging system. The sender must enter a message, either numeric and push # or, text & push # or a verbal message. The pager does not automatically record the sender's number; the pager will beep but no message can be seen or heard if none has been entered.</dd> <dt>Response</dt> <dd>Response pagers are alphanumeric pagers equipped with built-in transmitters, with the ability to acknowledge/confirm messages. They also allow the user to reply to messages by way of a multiple-choice response list, and to initiate "canned" messages from pre-programmed address and message lists. These devices are sometimes called "1.5-way pagers" or "1.7-way pagers" depending on capabilities.</dd> <dt>Two-way</dt> <dd>Two-way pagers are response pagers with built-in <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboards. These pagers allow the user to reply to messages, originate messages and forward messages using free-form text as well as "canned" responses.</dd> <dt>One-way modems</dt> <dd>One-way <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a> are controllers with integrated paging receivers, which are capable of taking local action based on messages and data they receive.</dd> <dt>Two-way modems</dt> <dd>Two-way modems have capabilities similar to one-way modems. They can also confirm messages and transmit their own messages and data.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pagers have certain <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> advantages and disadvantages compared with cellular phones. Since a one-way pager is a passive receiver only (it sends no information back to the base station), its location cannot be tracked. However, this can also be disadvantageous, as a message sent to a pager must be broadcast from every paging transmitter in the pager's service area.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, if a pager has nationwide service, a message sent to it could be intercepted by criminals or law enforcement agencies anywhere within the nationwide service area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks">Attacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 17, 2024, a <a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Lebanon pager explosions">massive attack</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> members in Lebanon and Syria was committed by Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who simultaneously detonated pagers that they were using. Lebanese Health authorities confirmed 42 deaths and over 3,000 injuries as a result of the explosions. In February 2024, Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> had told the group's members to use pagers instead of cell phones, claiming that Israel had infiltrated their mobile phone network.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters12_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As is the case with many new technologies, the functionality of the pager shifted from necessary professional use to a social tool integrated in one's personal life.<sup id="cite_ref-importance-of-a-sky-pager_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-importance-of-a-sky-pager-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> During the rise of the pager, it became the subject of various forms of media, most notably in the 1990s hip-hop scene. Popular artists from the era, including <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Method_Man" title="Method Man">Method Man</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest" title="A Tribe Called Quest">A Tribe Called Quest</a>, began referencing newly developed mobile technologies such as the pager. A Tribe Called Quest's single "Skypager" directly speaks of the importance of such a wireless communication device, with group member <a href="/wiki/Q-Tip_(musician)" title="Q-Tip (musician)">Q-Tip</a> stating that the Skypager "serves an important communicative function for a young professional with a full calendar".<sup id="cite_ref-importance-of-a-sky-pager_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-importance-of-a-sky-pager-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Three_6_Mafia" title="Three 6 Mafia">Three 6 Mafia</a>'s "2-Way Freak," <a href="/wiki/Sir_Mix-A-Lot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Mix-A-Lot">Sir Mix-A-Lot</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Beepers_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beepers (song)">Beepers</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Bug_a_Boo_(song)" title="Bug a Boo (song)">Bug a Boo</a>" from Destiny's Child also make reference to pagers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Illicit drug dealers used pagers to great effect during the 1990s to conduct commerce, using them to arrange meetings with buyers. Associate superintendent for <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County_Public_Schools" title="Miami-Dade County Public Schools">Miami-Dade County Public Schools</a> in Florida Gul James Fleming once called them "the most dominant symbol of the drug trade" and schools have previously forbidden students from carrying them because of the ease with which they could be "used to arrange illegal drug sales."<sup id="cite_ref-Drugs_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Telecommunications">Telecommunications portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/40px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/60px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Minitor">Minitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plectron" title="Plectron">Plectron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Paging_Protocol" title="Simple Network Paging Protocol">Simple Network Paging Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Communications_Transfer_Protocol" title="Wireless Communications Transfer Protocol">Wireless Communications Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bleeper">"BLEEPER | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. Dictionary.cambridge.org. 25 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BLEEPER+%26%23124%3B+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbleeper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci212739,00.html">"What is pager? – Definition"</a>. WhatIs.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+pager%3F+%E2%80%93+Definition&rft.pub=WhatIs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com%2FsDefinition%2F0%2C%2Csid40_gci212739%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan_Today,_2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Today,_2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Today,_2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Today,_2019_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001193801/https://japantoday.com/category/tech/Pager-services-to-end-Tuesday-in-Japan-after-50-years">"Pager services to end Tuesday in Japan after 50 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Today" title="Japan Today">Japan Today</a></i>. 30 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantoday.com/category/tech/Pager-services-to-end-Tuesday-in-Japan-after-50-years">the original</a> on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Today&rft.atitle=Pager+services+to+end+Tuesday+in+Japan+after+50+years&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Ftech%2FPager-services-to-end-Tuesday-in-Japan-after-50-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-katrina-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fcc-katrina_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcc-katrina_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndependent_Panel_Reviewing_the_Impact_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_Communications_Networks2006" class="citation web cs1">Independent Panel Reviewing the Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Communications Networks (12 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019063256/http://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/docs/advisory/hkip/karrp.pdf">"Report and Recommendations to the Federal Communications Commission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/docs/advisory/hkip/karrp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+and+Recommendations+to+the+Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.au=Independent+Panel+Reviewing+the+Impact+of+Hurricane+Katrina+on+Communications+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Fpshs%2Fdocs%2Fadvisory%2Fhkip%2Fkarrp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london_ambulance_procedure-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-london_ambulance_procedure_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-london_ambulance_procedure_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/talking_with_us/freedom_of_information/classes_of_information/idoc.ashx?docid=679d5048-2d40-44d8-bf01-60bffb6cf2ac&version=-1">London Ambulance Service – Pager and SMS Procedure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015300/http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/talking_with_us/freedom_of_information/classes_of_information/idoc.ashx?docid=679d5048-2d40-44d8-bf01-60bffb6cf2ac&version=-1">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Section 3.0. March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nfpa-1221-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nfpa-1221_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nfpa-1221_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NFPA 1221: Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Emergency Services Communications Systems, 2002 edition, at 1221–23 section 8.4.2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315">"When Pagers and Beepers Were All the Rage"</a>. <i>thoughtco.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thoughtco.com&rft.atitle=When+Pagers+and+Beepers+Were+All+the+Rage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fhistory-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKellmanParvini2024" class="citation web cs1">Kellman, Laurie; Parvini, Sarah (20 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/pagers-explosions-lebanon-doctors-security-israel-f35bd0f0e0a57bb5f37c139d1f32926d">"Doctors and first responders are among those who still use pagers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Doctors+and+first+responders+are+among+those+who+still+use+pagers&rft.date=2024-09-20&rft.aulast=Kellman&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Parvini%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpagers-explosions-lebanon-doctors-security-israel-f35bd0f0e0a57bb5f37c139d1f32926d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorporation1951" class="citation book cs1">Corporation, Bonnier (1 January 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZyEDAAAAMBAJ"><i>Popular Science</i></a>. Bonnier Corporation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZyEDAAAAMBAJ/page/n105">104</a> – via Internet Archive. <q>popular science 1950 can our jets support.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Science&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Bonnier+Corporation&rft.date=1951-01-01&rft.aulast=Corporation&rft.aufirst=Bonnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ZyEDAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchellbio-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitchellbio_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography">"John F. Mitchell Biography"</a>. <i>brophy.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brophy.net&rft.atitle=John+F.+Mitchell+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brophy.net%2FPivotX%2F%3Fp%3Djohn-francis-mitchell-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giants-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giants_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052435/http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php">"The Top Giants in Telephony"</a>. <i>historyofthecellphone.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofthecellphone.com&rft.atitle=The+Top+Giants+in+Telephony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofthecellphone.com%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-mitchell.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whoinventedcellphone-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whoinventedcellphone_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography#CELLPHONEINVENTOR">"Who invented the cell phone?"</a>. <i>brophy.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brophy.net&rft.atitle=Who+invented+the+cell+phone%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brophy.net%2FPivotX%2F%3Fp%3Djohn-francis-mitchell-biography%23CELLPHONEINVENTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalalertsystems.com/newsroom/UseofPaginginCrisisSituations_V1.pdf"><i>Use of Pagers in Crisis Situations</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125070241/http://www.criticalalertsystems.com/newsroom/UseofPaginginCrisisSituations_V1.pdf">Archived</a> 25 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125070241/http://www.criticalalertsystems.com/newsroom/UseofPaginginCrisisSituations_V1.pdf">Archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keller-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keller_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeller1964" class="citation cs2">Keller, A. C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=Hey+Gen+Z%2C+this+is+a+pager%2C+and+in+the+%2790s+they+were+everywhere&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Fpagers-explained-90s-week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbctelus-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbctelus_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbctelus_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/telus-may-be-closing-its-pager-network-but-the-beeper-isn-t-dead-yet-1.2929237">"Why the pager isn't dead yet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+the+pager+isn%27t+dead+yet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Ftelus-may-be-closing-its-pager-network-but-the-beeper-isn-t-dead-yet-1.2929237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/09/old-technology-nhs-uses-10-of-worlds-pagers-at-annual-cost-of-66m">"Old technology: NHS uses 10% of world's pagers at annual cost of £6.6m"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Hundreds+injured+in+attack+targeting+pagers+of+Hezbollah+members%2C+Lebanese+security+source+says&rft.date=2024-09-17&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F09%2F17%2Fmiddleeast%2Flebanon-hezbollah-pagers-explosions-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters12-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters12_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBassam2024" class="citation news cs1">Bassam, Laila (17 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dozens-hezbollah-members-wounded-lebanon-when-pagers-exploded-sources-witnesses-2024-09-17/">"Hezbollah members wounded in Lebanon when pagers explode"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Hezbollah+members+wounded+in+Lebanon+when+pagers+explode&rft.date=2024-09-17&rft.aulast=Bassam&rft.aufirst=Laila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fdozens-hezbollah-members-wounded-lebanon-when-pagers-exploded-sources-witnesses-2024-09-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-importance-of-a-sky-pager-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-importance-of-a-sky-pager_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-importance-of-a-sky-pager_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeckman2006" class="citation book cs1">Heckman, Davin (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Do You Know the Importance of a Sky Pager?": Telecommunications, African-Americans, and Popular Culture". In Anandam P. Kavoori; Noah Arceneaux (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cellphonereadere0000kavo"><i>The Cell Phone Reader: Essays in Social Transformation</i></a></span>. Peter Lang Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7919-4"><bdi>978-0-8204-7919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Do+You+Know+the+Importance+of+a+Sky+Pager%3F%22%3A+Telecommunications%2C+African-Americans%2C+and+Popular+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Cell+Phone+Reader%3A+Essays+in+Social+Transformation&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7919-4&rft.aulast=Heckman&rft.aufirst=Davin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcellphonereadere0000kavo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSims1988" class="citation news cs1">Sims, Calvin (25 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/25/us/schools-responding-to-beeper-tool-of-today-s-drug-dealer-by-banning-it.html">"Schools Responding to Beeper, Tool of Today's Drug Dealer, by Banning It"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Schools+Responding+to+Beeper%2C+Tool+of+Today%27s+Drug+Dealer%2C+by+Banning+It&rft.date=1988-09-25&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F09%2F25%2Fus%2Fschools-responding-to-beeper-tool-of-today-s-drug-dealer-by-banning-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pager&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/15px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/23px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/30px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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