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scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117778 apercu surlignable"><p>Group purchasing organisations (‘GPOs’) are organisations that negotiate and jointly purchase inputs from sellers on behalf of a group of buyers. Joint purchasing can take place through jointly controlled or owned companies, cooperatives, contract, or informal arrangements. Other terms for arrangements identical or similar to GPOs include ‘joint purchasing organisations’, ‘joint purchasing joint ventures’, ‘purchasing alliances’, and ‘joint purchasing agreements’. Whereas GPOs are commonly pro-competitive, they must be distinguished from anti-competitive buyer cartels. Their anti-competitive effects and pro-competitive efficiencies, as well as their organisation, determine the legality of GPOs.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117778 texte surlignable"><p>Joint purchasing arrangements are potentially problematic for two reasons: First, they can create or enhance monopsony power in the upstream buying market. Second, they may enable anti-competitive collusion in the downstream selling market by homogenising cost structures, allowing information exchange, and providing a forum for cartelisation.</p> <p>GPOs, by placing negotiations and purchases at arms-length and making it transparent that the members are negotiating jointly through the GPO, ameliorate those concerns. Like other cooperation agreements, GPOs may entail other fact-specific efficiency gains, such as cost reductions, economies of scale, or innovation. Market power on the buyers’ side may also countervail market power in the upstream selling market.</p> <p><strong>US</strong></p> <p>Joint purchasing is potentially suspect under §1 of the Sherman Act as an instance of collusive monopsony. Pure buyer cartels are subject to the Sherman Act’s per se prohibition, <i>Mandeville Island Farms v. American Crystal Sugar</i>, 334 U.S. 219 (1948), on the basis that cartelisation of buying markets is almost never pro-competitive, whereas joint purchasing arrangements including GPOs are subject to the rule of reason standard because they generally create legitimate efficiencies, <i>Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v Pacific Stationery & Printing Co</i>., 472 U.S. 284 (1985).</p> <p>According to the Competitor Collaboration Guidelines, the DoJ and FTC will not normally challenge a joint purchasing arrangement if it accounts for less than 20% of any affected market. The decisional practice of the agencies reveals four factors that are crucial in addition to case-specific efficiencies, see e.g. U.S. Dept. of Justice Business Review Letter to The American Optometric Association and the AOAExcel GPO, LLC (Jan. 15, 2020): First, if members can opt-out of GPO commitments, collusion is disincentivised. Second, membership caps can limit monopsony power. Third, allowing non-members to participate in certain GPO activities decreases market power vis-à-vis other buyers. Fourth, structuring the GPO such that it does not share information between competitors, e.g. employing independent negotiators and ensuring confidentiality, will decrease the risk of collusion.</p> <p>In the US, GPOs are particularly prevalent in the healthcare sector. The Health Care Statements had set out a more lenient approach than the Competitor Collaboration Guidelines, providing a soft safe harbour where the joint purchases (a) account for less than 35% of a seller’s total sales of the purchased good or service in the relevant market, and (b) cost less than 20% of the total revenues from all goods and services sold downstream by any competing participant in the GPO. In 2023, the DoJ and FTC withdrew the Health Care Statements. Before their withdrawal, the DoJ had also applied this more lenient standard in other areas. The rationale of the ’35-20’ soft safe harbour was that the first condition prevents the accumulation of monopsony power and the second condition reduces the likelihood of collusion through commonality of costs.</p> <p>Given the withdrawal of the Health Care statements, the further application of the ‘35-20’ soft safe harbour is unlikely. The DoJ’s statement accompanying their withdrawal notes that the statements were “overly permissive on certain subjects, such as information sharing”. The statements also included three further factors outside the safe harbour that reduce scrutiny: non-exclusivity; independent program administrators; and confidentiality between the GPO and individual members. Given that these factors are similar to the decisional practice of the DoJ, they are likely to continue to play a role, though are less likely to absolve agreements that exceed the old or even the new safe harbour. Yet, it is worth noting that some commentators have doubted whether these factors are effective screens to recognise anti-competitive joint purchasing arrangements.</p> <p><strong>EU</strong></p> <p>‘Joint purchasing’ is potentially suspect under Article 101(1) TFEU. As highlighted in Case C-67/13 P <i>Groupement des Cartes Bancaires</i> ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 and Case C-211/22<i> Super Bock </i> ECLI:EU:C:2023:529, the line between ‘by object’ and ‘by effect’ restrictions is context sensitive. Nonetheless, joint purchasing will generally be assessed ‘by effect’. Yet, when a joint purchasing agreement facilitates cartelisation, including but not limited to ‘hardcore’ restrictions, it will be assessed ‘by object’. Pure buyer cartels are treated as ‘by object’ restrictions “since they involve direct interference with the essential parameters of competition on the relevant market”, Case T-29/05<i> Deltafina</i> EU:T:2010:355, para 239. The distinction between joint purchasing arrangements and buyer cartels (outside the inclusion of hardcore restraints) is dependent on whether there are legitimate efficiencies and whether a transparently distinct organisation conducts the joint purchasing instead of competitors coordinating cartel members’ actions behind the scenes. This is so even though the term ‘GPO’ is not in use in Europe.</p> <p>There is no block exemption applicable to joint purchasing arrangements. Nonetheless, the Commission’s Guidelines on horizontal co-operation agreements set out a ‘soft safe harbour’: If the undertakings’ market share is no more than 15% on the upstream selling market as well as no more than 15% of the downstream buying market, challenges are unlikely.</p> <p>If found to contravene Article 101(1) TFEU, joint purchasing arrangements can be justified through Article 101(3) TFEU. As a general matter, joint purchasing agreements produce efficiencies, but the efficiencies must be indispensable and passed on to consumers to be recognised under Article 101(3) TFEU. In particular, the Guidelines require that lower purchasing costs achieved through joint purchasing must be passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices, the likelihood of which depends on the undertakings’ downstream market power and whether the joint purchasing arrangement is exclusive. The Court of Justice has also emphasised that “in a market where product prices vary according to the volume of orders, the activities of cooperative purchasing associations may, depending on the size of their membership, constitute a significant counterweight to the contractual power of large producers and make way for more effective competition”, Case C-250/92 <i>Gøttrup-Klim</i> ECLI:EU:C:1994:413, para 32.</p> <p>Compared to US antitrust law, it remains less clear in how far the organisation of joint purchasing determines its legality. Nonetheless, the organisation of a joint purchasing arrangement is likely to be taken into account when assessing the agreement’s categorisation, its effects, and/or pro-competitive benefits under Article 101(3) TFEU; the more independent a joint purchasing arrangement is, the less likely it will give rise to collusion.</p> <p>In the EU, joint purchasing enforcement has focused on food, retail, agriculture, and commodities. Prominent enforcement actions in relation to buyer cartels were taken in relation to tobacco, retail, and commodities. Meanwhile, prominent enforcement actions in relation to joint purchasing arrangements have been located mainly in the retail sector. Buyer cartels have generally been subject to fines whereas GPOs are generally subject to commitments.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117778 reference"><p>U.S. Dept. of Justice Business Review Letter to The American Optometric Association and the AOAExcel GPO, LLC (Jan. 15, 2020)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2010/Case-Comments-1117/Fine-Role-as-a-leader-The-General">Case T-29/05 Deltafina EU:T:2010:355</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/december-1994/case-c-250-92-gottrup-klim-grovvareforening">Case C-250/92 Gøttrup-Klim ECLI:EU:C:1994:413</a></p> <p>Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v Pacific Stationery & Printing Co., 472 U.S. 284 (1985)</p> <p>Mandeville Island Farms v. American Crystal Sugar, 334 U.S. 219 (1948)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117778 jurisprudence"><p>DoJ/FTC, Statements of Antitrust Enforcement Policy in Health Care (August 1996)</p> <p>DoJ/FTC, Antitrust Guidelines for Collaborations Among Competitors (April 2000)</p> <p>Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements (2023/C 259/01)</p> <p>Gam L, ‘European Competition Law Scrutiny of Purchasing Alliances’ (June 2021) CPI Antitrust Chronicle</p> <p>Blair RD and Harrison JL, ‘Cooperative Buying, Monopsony Power, and Antitrust Policy’ (1991) 86 Northwestern University Law Review 331</p> <p>Blair RD and Herndon JB, ‘An Economic Analysis of the Joint Purchasing Safety Zone’ (1995) 23 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 177</p> <p>Blair RD and Durrance CP, ‘Group Purchasing Organizations, Monopsony, and Antitrust Policy’ (2013) 35(7) Managerial and Decision Economics 433</p> <p>Jacobson JM and Dorman GJ, ‘Joint Purchasing, Monopsony and Antitrust’ (1991) 36 The Antitrust Bulletin 1</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/quentin-schaefer" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/20102021-1edit-2-0c973.jpg?1711447501) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Quentin B. Schäfer</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Strathclyde (Glasgow)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>8209</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Quentin B. Schäfer, </span> <span class="entry-title">Group Purchasing Organisations</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 89101</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2388</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-89101 texte surlignable"><p>Group purchasing organizations (GPOs) are companies that negotiate prices for drugs, devices, and other medical products and services on behalf of healthcare providers, including hospitals, ambulatory care facilities, physician practices, nursing homes, and home health agencies. Often, GPOs are owned by their member providers. They do not take title to or possession of medical products. Rather, the central purpose of GPOs is to enhance the quality of the services delivered and lower their members’ operating costs by reducing transaction costs and negotiating lower prices for supplies than providers might otherwise obtain on their own. As part of improving efficiency in the supply chain, GPOs also provide a range of additional services to healthcare providers that may lower costs or improve operations. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/00222-142618.pdf?47385/cc52a3b7c5ac0838460d7215aa20500bdde81f5de1af037c9e6d358a7b495197" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>Federal Trade Commission</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lqHjbnml+n82yzaEh2wxfp4NwxbQGOK3aoHsqqXoh57RWqRO4+vEa7A3B8+dQKkOZ/b1YPjmAlnbZHl5wMKggym+Hakk7W5mofJncfsLnR6bwefPlftkxDNI/X/utehvxdKpwhYw50ZW/0DORDzzmmh1UufkK9pJQOyxuOQj+DvvqxLWOuKg5r/fa67wjy0lMnBtXcQOFqnGqFVtlUFTEJQYPOfdOh2DqP6atxiDe+9y/1J4t7Xfo2Lg2WY/KRybm0QKN5jJH1/HK+27THXwvt4qkO5secmJZugVTJRe8QUKTghr4oAWqEoYnuR58otq4biADeXuTAzHoIRkumN1J' data-origin="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/written-agreement-and-delay-for-signature-the-court-of-appeal-recognizes-it" rel="bookmark"><strong>Written agreement</strong>: The Versailles Court of Appeal recognizes its jurisdiction to rule on an action for damages against a supplier from a retailer fined for delay in signing the agreement and recognizes its standing to bring such an action, but dismisses the action on the grounds of demonstrating the fault of its supplier <em>(Interdis/ Procter et Gamble France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118174 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. With a view to the 2019 commercial agreements, the "Envergure" central purchasing unit, created as part of a partnership between the Carrefour and Système U groups to negotiate with the groups’ largest suppliers and acting on behalf of SNC Interdis ("the distributor"), itself the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/clemence-mouly-guillemaud">Clémence Mouly-Guillemaud</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/117481" rel="bookmark"><strong>Sudden break</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal requires commercial negotiations to be respected during notice period <em>(FG Diffusion / Achat Marchandises Casino ; Distribution Casino France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-28T23:00:00Z">29 November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117481 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. A stationery supplier has a long-standing relationship with Casino’s central referencing body, which negotiates and signs commercial agreements with the various suppliers on behalf of the group’s companies. The supplier was supplying 64 of the chain’s stores when relations became strained (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/abusive-negotiations-the-paris-court-of-appeal-rules-that-the-referencing-of-a" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abusive negotiations</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal rules that the referencing of a supplier’s products by a retail group’s central listing office does not constitute a separable service from the purchase and sale transaction and condemn the retailer to refund to the supplier the financial considerations received in this respect <em>(FG Diffusion / Achat Marchandises Casino ; Distribution Casino France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-28T23:00:00Z">29 November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117485 introduction entry-content"> <p>The facts. For a description of the facts, please refer to C. Mouly-Guillemaud’s comments (see Focus above). <br class='autobr' /> Problem. The ruling touches on a number of subjects that should not be overlooked by observers of commercial negotiations, as the lessons it contains appear to be of practical use in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/abusive-advantage-the-paris-court-of-appeal-rules-that-the-maintenance-of-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abusive advantage</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal rules that the maintenance of the business stream between a supplier and a distributor may constitute, within the meaning of article L. 442-6, I, 1° of the French Commercial Code, the consideration for a price reduction <em>(Ministre de l’Economie / Galec)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-24T22:00:00Z">25 October 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117075 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. Following several press articles reporting a Galec practice known as the "Lidl tax", the DGCCRF and, at regional level, the Dirrecte (Drieets) investigated the conditions under which the E. Leclerc imposed an additional 10% discount on suppliers of national-brand products (Heineken, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/abusive-commercial-negotiations-the-commission-d-examen-des-pratiques" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abusive commercial negotiations</strong>: The French Commission for the Examination of Commercial Practices recalls the broad application of the prohibition for advantages without consideration</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-14T22:00:00Z">15 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116132 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. The CEPC ruled on the compliance with the provisions of the former article L. 442-6, I, 1° and article L. 442-1, I, 1° of the French Commercial Code of the practice whereby an IT company successively issued five flat-rate annual invoices on the basis of a subscription contract to the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/abusive-commercial-negotiations-the-paris-court-of-appeal-confirms-the-wide" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abusive commercial negotiations</strong>: The Paris Court of appeal confirms the wide application of the prohibition on abusive advantages as well as the applicable proving mechanism and, through its ruling, contributes to renew the debate on the legitimacy of certain payments to central price and purchasing negotiation body <em>(Le Roy Muribane / Franprix Leader Price Holding)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-05T22:00:00Z">6 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116706 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. Le Roy Muribane (the "supplier"), a fruit and vegetable wholesaler, had been supplying fresh produce since 1996 to supermarkets operated under the Leader Price franchise by Distribution Bretagne Atlantique (DBA or the "distributor"). Changes in the company’s capital structure between 2008 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/commercial-negotiations-the-paris-court-of-appeal-reminds-that-the-prohibition" rel="bookmark"><strong>Commercial negotiations</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal reminds that the prohibition of significant imbalance is not limited to clauses but extends to practices, the outline of inquiry powers based on the article L. 450-3 of the French Code de commerce and reminds that pretrial judgments having ordered the communication of the non-anonymized minutes of investigations (<em>ITM Alimentaire International</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-27T22:00:00Z">28 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115474 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. According to the reported ruling, in 2013 and 2014, the DGCCRF conducted an investigation aimed at verifying that the "price war" waged by French distributors against a backdrop of economic crisis and stagnating purchasing power was not accompanied by the imposition of clauses or (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/alertes/114378" rel="bookmark"><strong>Commercial negotiations</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal rules that the non-performance of a contract with questionable validity under the competition rules is an obstacle to the success of a preventive or emergency interim procedure (<em>Carrefour / Cooperative U</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-07T22:00:00Z">8 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114378 introduction entry-content"> <p>Faits. En juin 2018, Carrefour France (« Carrefour ») et Coopérative U Enseigne (« U »), ont conclu un « accord de coopération » ayant pour objet la négociation groupée afin d’améliorer leurs conditions d’achats auprès de certains fournisseurs (volet « France » de la coopération entre les deux (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/alertes/abusive-negotiations-the-paris-court-of-appeal-issue-a-reminder-of-its" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abusive negotiations</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal issue a reminder of its assessment of unfair advantages in the context of a restitution dispute and enriched it on the economic dependance notion in the light of the competition law <em>(MPH Distribution / Achats Marchandises Casino e.a.)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-09T22:00:00Z">10 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113269 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. SARL MPH Distribution, which wholesales agricultural products to supermarket chains, filed an action via its liquidator for the restitution of sums it considered to have been wrongly received by various Casino Group companies. At issue were the validity of sums corresponding to credit (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-buy">Frédéric Buy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/chroniques/control-of-tariff-advantages-the-paris-court-of-appeal-clarifies-the-conditions" rel="bookmark"><strong>Control of tariff advantages</strong> : The Paris Court of Appeal clarifies the conditions for judicial review of price advantages within the meaning of 1° and 2° of article L. 442-6, I C. com. <em>(MPH Distribution / Achats Marchandises Casino...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-09T22:00:00Z">10 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113782 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commentators won’t complain, and neither will practitioners who need clear rules and guidelines (see the comments by J.-M. Vertut, Lettre de la distribution, June 2023, to be published in this issue): for some time now, the rulings handed down by the specialized chamber of the Paris court (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-ereseo">Nicolas Éréséo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/alertes/112731" rel="bookmark"><strong>EGalim 3</strong>: The French Parliament adopts the law to strengthen the balance in commercial relations between suppliers and distributors</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-29T22:00:00Z">30 March 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112731 introduction entry-content"> <p>Older people will remember that, as early as 1996, the so-called Galland law sought to promote " fair and balanced commercial relations "(L. n° 96-588, July1, 1996). Thirty years later (or almost), the legislator is still rambling on, claiming to " strengthen the balance in commercial relations (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/alertes/significant-imbalance-the-french-commercial-practices-commission-gives-an" rel="bookmark"><strong>Significant imbalance</strong> : The French Commercial Practices Commission gives an opinion in the industrial subcontracting sector on the conformity of a car manufacturer’s contractual documents with regard to competition law and instructive in terms of the relations between suppliers and distributors</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-02-26T23:00:00Z">27 February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112389 introduction entry-content"> <p>Context. Relations between car manufacturers and their suppliers, subcontractors and other equipment manufacturers are often tainted by asymmetries in the balance of power in negotiations. These asymmetries under the background of cost hunting and ultra flexibility, can lead to behavioral drifts (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/alertes/abusive-advantage-the-french-supreme-court-rules-that-the-former-article-l-442" rel="bookmark"><strong>Abusive advantage</strong>: The French Supreme Court rules that the former Article L. 442-6 I 1° of the French Code of commerce applies whatever the nature of the advantage (<em>OC Résidences</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-10T23:00:00Z">11 January 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111987 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. In 2013, the company OC Residences, a builder of individual houses, undertook to deduct from the amount of the receivable of its subcontractor 3J Charpentes SARL, an exceptional discount of 2% under the tax credit for competitiveness and employment (CICE) granted by the State to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-buy">Frédéric Buy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/chroniques/action-of-the-minister-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-holds-that-an" rel="bookmark"><strong>Action of the Minister</strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union holds that an action by the Minister of Economy to obtain, in the context of an international dispute, the imposition of a civil fine, does not fall within the scope of <em>“Brussels I bis”</em> <em>(Eurelec Trading)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-12-21T23:00:00Z">22 December 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111187 introduction entry-content"> <p>The important Eurelec ruling, handed down by the Court of Justice of the European Union on December 22, 2022, should not be hastily presented as a resounding victory for large-scale distribution and, in mirror image, as a bitter failure for Bercy, which the European judge would henceforth have (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/alertes/111402" rel="bookmark"><strong>International jurisdiction</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union rules that the Minister’s action for abusive practices with evidences obtained by means of his specific investigation powers does not fall within the scope of civil and commercial matters within the meaning of EU Regulation 1215/2012 (Brussels I bis), for the determination of the jurisdiction <em>(Eurelec Trading ; Scabel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-12-21T23:00:00Z">22 December 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111402 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts and procedure. It will be recalled that in a press release dated July 22, 2019 (Press release n° 1354) B. Le Maire and A. Pannier-Runacher announced a summons before the Commercial Court of Paris against four entities of the E. Leclerc movement (Eurelec Trading, Scabel, Galec and ACDLEC) (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0Cjbnml+jxl8cMoCaxhQ58PBlTMBQHP2xUvAYqss81MP2OdKmaWVuR6zIqSC05NuVJgclYSC+X2cnlW4hn4VMtLAklXpRN8K1qndaOjTCjcurD7g0KNFLVavcpea7XFwpBy8pYZKm4NT2rnvX50wQbbZPle4JeqD3figqyau6nUp3rCB+QQ6tOMNPTujH4seNko7fUonMfb3X1sj4eihhbjUH63i+xx64NUo3PTdw165vdpYrUfm8FFgyw0OyCFW18adm/ig1ByzVrtFlVHIkl5EWfFdAnQikME+u7geJ1GHs8lpSwz3zNOLfAvTWZMXpi2nu50O5Ju5' data-origin="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-laure-allain">Marie-Laure Allain</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joel-tozzi">Joël Tozzi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2021/conferences/central-purchasing-agencies-and-competition-issues-nasse-seminar-jan-29th-2021" rel="bookmark">Central purchasing agencies and competition issues (Nasse Seminar - Jan 29th, 2021)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99811 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the seminar organized on January 29, 2021, Marie-Laure Allain - Director of Research at the CNRS, Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique and member of CREST and Ombline Ancelin - Partner in charge of the Competition practice at Simmons & Simmons, discussed the articulation between trade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romain-de-nijs">Romain de Nijs</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2019/conferences/buyer-power-and-supplier-platforms-merger-what-role-for-competition-authorities" rel="bookmark">Buyer power and supplier platforms merger: What role for competition authorities? (Paris, 21 Febr. 2019)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95103 introduction entry-content"> <p>These articles were collected following the Seminar ’Buyer power and supplier platforms merger: What role for competition authorities?’ organized by Concurrences on 21 February 2019 in Paris. The first contribution focuses on the legislative and jurisprudential difficulties in containing the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2018/conferences/urgency-in-antitrust-cases-always-too-late-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-paris-11" rel="bookmark">Urgency in antitrust cases: Always too late? 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The topic is once again at the forefront, following the first Google case, but even more following the ECN+ submission, which stipulates that all NCA must be provided with this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2018/livres/droit-de-la-distribution-frederic-buy-marie-lamoureux-et-jean-christophe-roda-86672" rel="bookmark">Droit de la distribution, Frédéric BUY, Marie LAMOUREUX et Jean-Christophe RODA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86672 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-perrot-1009">Anne Perrot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joseph-vogel">Joseph Vogel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/droit-et-economie/competition-and-distribution-does-competition-law-allow-to-apprehend-the" rel="bookmark">Competition and distribution: Does competition law allow to apprehend the supermarkets behaviors?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-45403 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of three papers is derived from the training session organized by the Concurrences Review that was held on 29th March 2012 in Paris. For Gildas de Muizon, Economist and author of the second contribution, the market power of supermarkets must be assessed locally. For this it is necessary (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-bernard-blaise">Jean-Bernard Blaise</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joseph-vogel">Joseph Vogel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/louis-vogel">Louis Vogel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2012/conferences/recent-case-law-in-competition-law-and-distribution-law-paris-december-14th" rel="bookmark">Recent case law in competition law and distribution law<em> (Paris, December 14th, 2011)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-41917 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of three contributions are derived from the conference on "competition law and distribution" organized in Paris the December 14, 2011 by Concurrences Review and Vogel & Vogel. For Louis Vogel, author of the first contribution, the Court of Justice states in the Pierre Fabre case (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catherine-vautrin">Catherine Vautrin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/claire-chambolle">Claire Chambolle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Clemence-Christin">Clémence Christin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-laure-allain">Marie-Laure Allain</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-cousin">Michaël Cousin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Serge-Papin">Serge Papin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thierry-dahan">Thierry Dahan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2011/dossier/new-aspects-of-grocery-retail-sector-regulation" rel="bookmark">New aspects of grocery retail sector regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-39638 introduction entry-content"> <p>Both aspects of the grocery retail sector regulation, i.e. the rules on unfair behaviours and those governing the market structures have evolved in different ways since 2005. Further to the Competition Authority’s opinion of 17 December 2010 discussions moved toward the relevance of more (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dominique-de-gramont">Dominique de Gramont</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacqueline-riffault-silk">Jacqueline Riffault-Silk</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Jean-Daniel-Bretzner">Jean-Daniel Bretzner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/louis-martin">Louis Martin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Marie-Helene-Huertas">Marie-Hélène Huertas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martine-behar-touchais">Martine Behar-Touchais</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michel-ponsard">Michel Ponsard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/muriel-chagny">Muriel Chagny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerie-pironon">Valérie Pironon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-utzschneider">Yann Utzschneider</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2011/conferences/Contractual-practices-and" rel="bookmark">Contractual practices and competition <em>(Paris, October 25th 2010)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-33946 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article reproduces the opening papers delivered at the AFEC conference on contractual practices and competition law in Paris on October 25, 2010. According to the Professor Chagny, the examination of the links between contractual practices and competition law lato sensu reveals convergences (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/lena-sersiron">Léna Sersiron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Regis-Fabre">Régis Fabre</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2009/pratiques/one-year-after-the-lme-act-key-issues-on-the-go" rel="bookmark">One year after the LME Act: Key issues on the go</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-29194 introduction entry-content"> <p>One year after the Modernisation of Economy Law (the so-called LME) entered into force, some aspects of the law still have to be perfected. At the beginning of the second round of commercial negotiations under the scope of the LME, this article aims at highlighting the main principles of the law (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/georges-decocq">Georges Decocq</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Guillaume-Caroff">Guillaume Caroff</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-justier">Sylvain Justier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2009/conferences/colloque-a-new-deal-for-commercial-negotiations-one-year-after-the-lme-act" rel="bookmark"><strong>Colloque</strong>: A new deal for commercial negotiations: One year after the LME Act <em>(Paris, 24 September 2009)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-29356 introduction entry-content"> <p>One year after the adoption of the Modernization of the Economy Act and the first round of commercial negotiations under this Act, the Youth Comity of the AFEC (French Association for the Study of Competition) and the Comity for Company Projects and developments of the AFJE (French In-House (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-petrignet">Nathalie Pétrignet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2009/pratiques/invoicing-rules-under-the-french-modernisation-of-economy-law" rel="bookmark">Invoicing rules under the French Modernisation of Economy Law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-26514 introduction entry-content"> <p>Law no. 2008-776 dated August 4, 2008 on the modernization of the economy (“LME”) amended article L. 441-7 of the Commercial Code, inter alia by eliminating the notion of “distinct services” that had been introduced by the Dutreil law dated August 2, 2005. Certain consequences ensue from this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2009/droit-et-economie/buying-power-and-competition-policy" rel="bookmark">Buying power and competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-23267 introduction entry-content"> <p>La puissance d’achat a fait l’objet ces dernières années de nombreux rapports et forums en droit de la concurrence. Dans le cas français, elle est sans doute appelée à jouer un rôle accru dans le jeu concurrentiel en vertu des réformes récentes de la réglementation de la distribution de (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/lena-sersiron">Léna Sersiron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Mireille-Dany">Mireille Dany</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2008/Articles-701/The-Economic-Modernisation-Act-An" rel="bookmark">The Economic Modernisation Act: An other step in the endless regulation of trade negociations in France</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-20366 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Law on the Modernization of the Economy (“LME”) was passed on July 23rd, 2008. It provides for numerous provisions. Some of them amend French legislation applicable to trade negotiations between suppliers and distributors. LME was presented as the last step of the reform of legislation in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3gvo4VQaXgzjOU9/LLBzHMoRDLBgvybAQehqPQpFITefU6M0dDoHsyiQfTam40M4oZHYM0slI/l4jGBX0qyKLcW6gH/TQkqmXuXi7GOdSYDeay7E8phgLHYFVkjKQ42Cy4Z+Rqty+9VEsdSxqEluDG2o7uloYdvflEByG8gXYFPQvf+obA/PI+QTsDjGYSjZftJuSRGffxfRF0tlUBNSHdamDx+61mMaPqbNxgAhcIUI6UW3/fUL0W4iIOmDcL/g0QKNpjJX1znKvG5N5PFI09HpLluAXFeh7shBLL0cOTClM7PzRJ5f2Z6k/qCXr6ynml7eTj/B7HqkkE3S' data-origin="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/esther-bitton">Esther Bitton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-durand">Emmanuel Durand</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joel-tozzi">Joël Tozzi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-louis-fourgoux">Jean-Louis Fourgoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/distribution-competition-and-restrictive-practices-1-joint-purchasing" rel="bookmark">Distribution, competition and restrictive practices #1: Joint purchasing agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-17T14:30:00Z">17 November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93524 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the « 1st Distribution, competition & restrictive practices Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with De Pardieu Brocas Maffei and Fidal, with <a href="en/authors/paul-csiszar" class="spip_in">Paul Csiszar</a> (Director - Markets and cases IV: Basic industries, Manufacturing and Agriculture, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/esther-bitton" class="spip_in">Esther Bitton</a> (Head of Antitrust, Casino), <a href="en/authors/emmanuel-durand" class="spip_in">Emmanuel Durand</a> (Partner, De Pardieu Brocas Maffei), <a href="en/authors/jean-louis-fourgoux" class="spip_in">Jean-Louis Fourgoux</a> (Partner, Fidal) and <a href="en/authors/joel-tozzi" class="spip_in">Joël Tozzi</a> (Deputy General Rapporteur, Autorité de la concurrence).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-godfroid">Laurent Godfroid</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romain-de-nijs">Romain de Nijs</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/buyer-power-and-supplier-platforms-merger-what-role-for-competition-authorities-en" rel="bookmark">Buyer power and supplier platforms merger: What role for competition authorities?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-02-21T11:30:00Z">21 February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89437 introduction entry-content"><p>Seminar organised with Daniel Fasquelle (Assemblée nationale) and Emmanuel Combe (Autorité de la concurrence) by Concurrences review in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel and Extent Economics.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#b" 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href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = 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