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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-102080 apercu surlignable"><p>The concept of “hardcore restrictions” is relevant for the purpose of the application of block exemption regulations implementing Article 101(3) TFEU. It refers to severe restrictions, which are likely to restrict competition and harm consumers or are not indispensable to the attainment of efficiency-enhancing effects. Agreements containing hardcore restrictions are excluded from the benefit of the block exemption, irrespective of the parties’ market shares. Examples of hardcore restrictions include the imposition of fixed or minimum resale prices or certain territorial or customer sales restrictions in vertical agreements and market allocations, quantity restrictions or price fixing in horizontal agreements.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-102080 texte surlignable"><p>Each block exemption regulation includes a closed list of hardcore restrictions. This list provides some legal certainty to undertakings, which as part of the self-assessment of their agreements, can identify measures likely to raise concerns regarding their compatibility with Article 101 TFEU.</p> <p>Hardcore restrictions can be direct, for instance through an express contractual provision, or result from indirect measures aimed at inducing the other party to comply with a certain restriction, such as threats of contract termination or financial incentives made conditional upon the other party’s compliance with a certain obligation. Hardcore restrictions can be adopted in isolation or in combination with other factors under the control of the parties.</p> <p>The inclusion of a hardcore restriction in an agreement entails the loss of the benefit of the block exemption for the whole agreement. This means that undertakings would have to carry out a thorough self-examination of both the hardcore restriction and all other restrictions that may be included in their agreement, to try to demonstrate that their agreement complies with Article 101 TFEU.</p> <p>In addition, agreements containing restrictions listed as hardcore restrictions in block exemption regulations cannot benefit from the safe harbour set out in the De Minimis Notice for agreements between undertakings which the European Commission considers to have non-appreciable effects on competition.</p> <p>Despite the above, an agreement containing a hardcore restriction does not necessarily infringe Article 101 TFEU. More specifically, a hardcore restriction does not necessarily amount to a restriction by object under Article 101 TFEU. In <i>Coty</i>, Advocate General Wahl emphasized that the concept of “hardcore restriction” should be distinguished from the concept of “restrictions of competition by object”, although they both refer to restrictions presumed to be particularly harmful for competition.</p> <p>Undertakings can hence try to demonstrate that a given hardcore restriction, examined in its economic and legal context, is objectively justified and does not fall within the prohibition laid down in Article 101(1) TFEU. This will however be a very difficult endeavor in practice.</p> <p>In the European Commission’s view, hardcore restrictions generally constitute restrictions by object when assessed individually and, as a matter of fact, the hardcore restrictions listed in the various block exemption regulations usually correspond to restrictions which were identified in past decisions as restrictions by object in the category of agreements covered by each regulation. The Commission further considers that there is a presumption that an agreement containing a hardcore restriction has actual or likely negative effects and falls within Article 101(1) TFEU.</p> <p>This presumption has however been called into question. In <i>Pedro IV Servicios</i>, the Court of Justice clarified that, where an agreement does not meet all the conditions provided for by a block exemption regulation, it will be caught by the prohibition laid down in Article 101(1) TFEU only if its object or effect is perceptibly to restrict competition within the internal market and it is capable of affecting trade between Member States. Building on this decision, Advocate General Mazák stated, in his Opinion delivered in <i>Pierre Fabre</i>, that, in his view, there was no ‘legal presumption’ that an agreement including an hardcore restriction infringes Article 101(1) TFEU. He added that an individual examination is therefore required in order to assess whether an agreement has an anticompetitive object, even where it contains a hardcore restriction and is ineligible for a block exemption.</p> <p>The Vertical Guidelines also acknowledge that, in exceptional cases, hardcore restrictions may be objectively necessary for the existence of an agreement of a particular type or nature and fall outside Article 101(1) TFEU. The Vertical Guidelines give the examples of hardcore sales restrictions necessary to ensure public safety or health, to encourage investments undertaken to develop a new market or to test or introduce a new product.</p> <p>As another defense, undertakings can argue that a specific agreement containing a hardcore restriction should benefit from an individual exemption under Article 101(3). In<i> Pierre Fabre</i>, the Court of Justice held that an undertaking has the option, in all circumstances, to assert, on an individual basis, the applicability of the exception provided for in Article 101(3) TFEU.</p> <p>The Commission considers that there is a presumption that agreements containing a hardcore restriction are unlikely to fulfill the conditions of Article 101(3), which is why they do not benefit from the block exemption. This presumption is rebuttable and undertakings may demonstrate that likely efficiencies result from including the hardcore restriction in the agreement and that all the conditions of Article 101(3) are fulfilled. However, this has proven to be very difficult in practice, with some commentaries indicating that for the past fifteen years, no undertaking has successfully invoked Article 101(3) TFEU in cases in which the European Commission had significant competition concerns.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-102080 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/revue/issues/no-2-2009/chroniques/Distribution-de-carburants-La-CJCE">CJUE, 2 April 2009, C-260/07, Pedro IV Servicios.</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-1-2012/case-comments/Ban-on-internet-sales-The-CJEU">CJEU, 13 octobre 2011, C-439/09, Pierre Fabre.</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2011/Case-Comments-1154/Internet-distribution-The-ECJ">Opinion of Advocate General Mazák, delivered on 3 March 2011 in Pierre Fabre.</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2017/the-eu-court-of-justice-prohibits-the-members-of-a-purely-quantitative-en">CJEU, 6 December 2017, C-230/16, Coty Germany.</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2017/the-eu-advocate-general-wahl-holds-that-suppliers-of-luxury-goods-may-prohibit">Opinion of Advocate General Wahl, deliviered on 26 July 2017, in Coty Germany.</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-102080 jurisprudence"><p><strong>Guidance and communications </strong></p> <p><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/case-comments/De-minimis-The-European-Commission" class="spip_in">Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice).</a></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2014/the-eu-commission-releases-its-revised-de-minimis-notice-explaining-that-en" class="spip_in">Guidance on restrictions of competition "by object" for the purpose of defining which agreements may benefit from the De Minimis Notice.</a></p> <p>Guidelines on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty (2004/C 101/08).</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2020/the-eu-commission-publishes-its-staff-working-document-on-the-vertical-block" class="spip_in">Commission Staff Working Document on the Evaluation of the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation, SWD(2020) 172 final.</a></p> <p><strong>Books </strong></p> <p>Vertical Agreements in EU Competition Law, 3rd Edition, F. Tuytschaever, and F. Wijckmans.</p> <p>Bellamy & Child European: Union Law of Competition Oxford University Press, 2018, 8th Edition, edited by David Bailey and Laura Elizabeth John.</p> <p>Faull & Nikpay: The EU Law of Competition, Oxford Competition law, 2014, 3rd Edition, edited by J. Faull and A. Nikpay</p> <p>Competition Law, Oxford University Press, 2018, R. Whish D. Bailey.</p> <p><strong>Comments</strong></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/selective-distribution/selective-distribution-in-the-age-of-e-commerce-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-en" class="spip_in">Selective Distribution in the Age of E-Commerce: An overview of EU and national developments, e-Competitions Selective Distribution, 24 March 2021, Anne Witt.</a></p> <p><a href="spip.php?page=article&id_article=4812">Defining “by object” restrictions, e-Competitions, N° 3-2015, Luc Peeperkorn</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/bulletin/special-issues/vertical-restrictions-in-the-online-commerce/vertical-restrictions-in-the-online-commerce-an-overview-of-eu-and-national">Vertical Restrictions in the Online Commerce: An overview of EU and national case law, 2021, P. Gonzaga and G. Erdei.</a></p> <p>Luxury (by) object and the effects of silence of the Court of Justice in Coty, 2018, Keti Zukakishvili.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/natasha-tardif" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/screenshot_2022-12-21_at_10.37_29-009a5.jpg?1711359760) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Natasha Tardif</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Reed Smith (Paris)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>6</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>49595</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteur/marc-levy" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/screenshot_2022-12-15_at_12.22_56-92824.jpg?1711359760) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Marc Levy</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Reed Smith (Paris)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>5</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>47779</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/audrey-augusto" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/augusto_a_300-2-613f8.jpg?1711359760) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Audrey Augusto</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Reed Smith (Paris)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>1</em> contribution</span> <span class="visites"><em>18903</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Natasha Tardif, Marc Levy, Audrey Augusto, </span> <span class="entry-title">Hardcore restriction</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12360</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">36949</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12360 texte surlignable"><p>Refers to restrictions of competition by agreements or business practices, which are seen by most jurisdictions as being particularly serious and normally do not produce any beneficial effects. They therefore almost always infringe competition law. Under EU law, the most prominent examples on the horizontal level include agreements between competitors that fix prices, allocate markets or restrict the quantities of goods or services to be produced, bought or supplied. Examples of hardcore restrictions in vertical relationships (i.e. between undertakings operating at different levels of the production or distribution chain) are resale price maintenance and certain territorial restrictions. Provisions of an agreement which contain such restrictions are also referred to as black clauses and prevent the agreement from benefiting from a block exemption. Furthermore, agreements containing black clauses can only exceptionally be exempted on the basis of an individual assessment. <strong><a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a> </strong></p> <p>See also <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation" class="spip_in">Block exemption (regulation)</a> and <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection" class="spip_in">Absolute territorial protection</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjRxW9uyhvoads3vSctWk+otP8Hh1c/XjGB8MEI9LRRzhXRfkQ79nCo2GvMCBwEzurIxmCOSHTptT2kp4USF0PpIlJ7F+lojTLo+UF33MsC73FzB8tcWY3aJgk9jasKFo+ZK/6vVNJnLuds6BD0rggM46+eH5RYtNlfAhSwbJR3MqZnThEbSR/4RouXqDM5CMCDGyyjZh5cft46XmV3xKNnrFKQcv4De/e7aE0NRGyZWQMgvZjh+/5fmVvbVyZWO3tYw3oaHYLHBOS4aYYRo3RywsZknFdgPFqkkoK23pAc7M2qzxPPSpHvrHlxgu0e+9coZmWMPxhQ2SiSCq4dC6p/c2yEAUfqXk=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/general-court-of-the-european-union-101310">General Court of the European Union</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-eu-general-court-confirms-that-2-major-banks-participated-in-a-cartel-in" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court confirms that 2 major banks participated in a cartel in the sector for suprasovereign, sovereign, and public agency bonds <em>(Crédit Agricole / Crédit Suisse)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121485 introduction entry-content"> <p>The banks Crédit agricole and Credit Suisse participated in a cartel in the sector for suprasovereign bonds, sovereign bonds and public agency bonds denominated in US dollars (‘SSA Bonds’)* <br class='autobr' /> The General Court of the European Union confirms the Commission’s finding of an infringement and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/alertes/exchange-of-information-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-upholds-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exchange of information</strong> : The General Court of the European Union upholds the fines for exchanges of information between bank traders with a view to obtaining a competitive advantage, confirming the existence of an infringement by object and validating the replacement, for the purposes of calculating the basic amount of the fine adopted by the Commission, of the turnover of the undertakings penalised by the notional amounts of the SSA obligations <em>(Crédit Agricole / Crédit Suisse)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121584 introduction entry-content"> <p>On November 6, 2024, the General Court of the European Union handed down its judgment in joined cases T-386/21 (Crédit Agricole and Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank v. European Commission) and T-406/21 (UBS Group and Credit Suisse Securities (Europe) v. European Commission).. <br class='autobr' /> It (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/veronica-roberts">Veronica Roberts</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kristien-geeurickx">Kristien Geeurickx</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andre-pretorius">André Pretorius</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-uk-competition-appeal-tribunal-rules-that-a-footwear-distributor-s-refusal" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Appeal Tribunal rules that a footwear distributor’s refusal to supply shoes to a footwear retailer because its old stock was sold online at reduced prices amounted to indirect resale price maintenance <em>(Deckers / Up & Running)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121986 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a standalone claim for damages brought by specialist running shoe retailer Up & Running against Deckers, a supplier of HOKA running shoes, the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) held that Deckers’ refusal to continue to supply HOKA shoes to Up & Running because it had set up an online (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/ftc-issues-notice-of-its-withdrawal-from-cross-agency-merger-review-agreement" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Cartel Court finds a waste management company guilty of participating in a cartel but refrains from imposing a fine due to the company’s full cooperation in the matter <em>(FCC Austria Abfall Service)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-21T22:00:00Z">22 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121627 introduction entry-content"> <p>Update on Waste Management Cartel: Finding Decision against FCC Austria Abfall Service AG is final* <br class='autobr' /> At the request of the AFCA, the Cartel Court found that FCC Austria Abfall Service AG (hereinafter “FCC”) participated in an Austria-wide cartel in the waste management sector. <br class='autobr' /> FCC was (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-romanian-competition-authority-fines-a-manufacturer-of-computer-accessories" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority fines a manufacturer of computer accessories for price fixing and export restrictions <em>(OKI Europe)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-30T22:00:00Z">1 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120882 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Competition Council sanctioned OKI Europe Limited with a fine of 3.35 million lei* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Council sanctioned the peripheral equipment manufacturer OKI Europe Limited with a fine of 3.35 million lei for limiting exports and fixing resale prices, as well as monitoring them, between (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/catherine-longeval">Catherine Longeval</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-hellenic-competition-authority-issues-a-statement-of-objections-against-a" rel="bookmark">The Hellenic Competition Authority issues a Statement of Objections against a pharmaceutical company for alleged exclusionary behaviour in the market for treatment of macular diseases <em>(Novartis)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-28T22:00:00Z">29 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120447 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Greek competition authority ( Hellenic Competition Commission or HCC ) announced on 29 August 2024 that it issued a Statement of Objections ( SO ) against Switzerland-based Novartis and that firm’s Greek subsidiary on account of suspected exclusionary behaviour on the Greek market for the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-largely-upholds-on-appeal-the-commission-s-decision-to" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice largely upholds on appeal the Commission’s decision to fine drug makers for pay-for-delay agreements in the market for perindopril <em>(Servier)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-26T22:00:00Z">27 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119356 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court of Justice rules on the existence of agreements, decisions and concerted practices and of abuse of a dominant position on the perindopril market* <br class='autobr' /> It examines the patent dispute settlement agreements concluded by the Servier group with manufacturers of generic medicines <br class='autobr' /> The Servier (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jonathan-cheng">Jonathan Cheng</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-weaver">David Weaver</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-mostly-upholds-the-commission-s-decision-to-fine" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice mostly upholds the Commission’s decision to fine several pharma firms for pay-for-delay agreements in the market for perindopril <em>(Servier)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-26T22:00:00Z">27 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119513 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a significant ruling, the ECJ has confirmed that agreements concluded between Servier and several generic manufacturers breached EU antitrust rules. However, following Advocate General Kokott’s opinion, it disagreed with the General Court’s findings on other aspects of the case—including on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giovanni-pregno">Giovanni Pregno</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-commission-s-pay-for-delay-fine-and" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds the Commission’s pay-for-delay fine and confirms that patent settlement agreements among pharmaceutical companies can be qualified as “object restrictions” <em>(Servier)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-26T22:00:00Z">27 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119517 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 27 June 2024, the Court of Justice of the EU (“CJEU”) delivered its judgments in the Servier case (Cases C-176/19 P et al), siding with the European Commission’s initial decision and setting forth an analysis that will increase the risks that patent settlement agreements can be found to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-global-producer-of-chocolate-and-biscuit-products" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a global producer of chocolate and biscuit products €337.5M for hindering cross-border trade between Member States <em>(Mondelēz)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-22T22:00:00Z">23 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118900 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission fines Mondelēz €337.5 million for cross-border trade restrictions* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has fined Mondelēz International, Inc. (Mondelēz) €337.5 million for hindering the cross-border trade of chocolate, biscuits and coffee products between Member States, in breach of EU (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bas-braeken">Bas Braeken</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jade-versteeg">Jade Versteeg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/timo-hieselaar">Timo Hieselaar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lara-elzas">Lara Elzas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/demi-van-den-berg">Demi van den Berg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/joost-van-belois">Joost van Belois</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-global-producer-of-chocolate-and-biscuit-products-121015" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a multinational chocolate and biscuit producer €337.5M for hindering cross-border trade between Member States <em>(Mondelēz)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-22T22:00:00Z">23 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121015 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 23 May 2024, the European Commission fined food conglomerate Mondelēz International, Inc. (“Mondelēz”) €337.5 million for (i) entering into 22 anti-competitive agreements or concerted practices aimed at restricting the cross-border trade of its products, and (ii) abusing its dominant position (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-us-doj-announces-the-resignation-of-2-directors-from-a-multinational-mass" rel="bookmark">The US DoJ announces the resignation of 2 directors from a multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate after it expressed interlocking concerns <em>(Warner Bros. Discovery / Charter Communications)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-31T22:00:00Z">1 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117902 introduction entry-content"> <p>Two Warner Bros. Discovery Directors Resign after Justice Department Expresses Antitrust Concerns* <br class='autobr' /> Antitrust Division Continues to Focus on Competitors Sharing Company Directors in Violation of Section 8 of the Clayton Act <br class='autobr' /> The Justice Department announced today that two directors of Warner (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/alerts/prohibition-on-online-sales-the-french-competition-authority-has-imposed-a-fine" rel="bookmark"><strong>Prohibition on online sales</strong> : The French Competition Authority fines a chocolate manufacturer 4 million euros for prohibiting online resale for over 13 years and for sales practices that limited competition among its brands for more than 16 years, harming professional clients and market competition <em>(Chocolats De Neuville)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-05T23:00:00Z">6 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117604 introduction entry-content"> <p>After luxury teas, top-of-the-range chocolate (pt. 27)... <br class='autobr' /> On February 15, 2024, the French Competition Authority (Autorité de la concurrence) made public a decision no. 24-D-02 adopted a few days earlier, on February 6, 2024. This decision, which followed an investigation by the Brigade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-cecile-martin">Anne-Cécile Martin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/chroniques/online-sales-the-french-competition-authority-sanctions-a-franchisor-for" rel="bookmark"><strong>Online sales</strong> : The French Competition Authority sanctions a franchisor for restricting the ability of its franchisees to sell products online and to approach professional customers <em>(Chocolats De Neuville)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-05T23:00:00Z">6 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118345 introduction entry-content"> <p>Once again this quarter (see Aut. conc., dec. no. 23-D-13 of Dec. 19, 2023 and Aut. conc., dec. no. 23-D-12 of Dec. 11, 2023, concurrences no. 1-2024, p. 98), the issue of online sales and, more broadly, customer allocation in distribution networks has given rise to an interesting decision by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/chroniques/online-sales-the-french-competition-authority-sanctions-a-chocolate-maker-for" rel="bookmark"><strong>Online sales</strong> : The French Competition Authority sanctions a chocolate maker for imposing restrictions on online sales and access to business customers on its franchisees <em>(Chocolats De Neuville)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-05T23:00:00Z">6 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118660 introduction entry-content"> <p>In line with the Mariage Frères and Rolex decisions, the Autorité is once again tackling distribution networks and their vertical relationships. We obviously welcome the decision to attach importance to this issue, as we know just how much practitioners need clarification in this area. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789gxpBFlOyeV0EaSNxLbB1HMYQDLlcvybAHz9ZoJb/V7w9NbzMX+DhKHHQ+VjCt3aYEXwYsdGccC+UUhS27xkY4fLeFibKR1KVXuOi6m/tRQHeYzf0spAWLJ6JwF2/eovKhi/YGe4tjhFjbbY/cNxaYKQ9MXunNRxTu1Hbsu46B+/NMUVpPUGSAN/9VTULCAQAdS03PwU9A0TBSmk4N3SvnKjRaqaNEfh6ZWA6qrQZ3GsuJLMerhCOlGFmwo8XqilQ1sZ1KePjH935tm3MPqaM6/iJdEFNZ5Z8Ss7qJbfZH9Y2NY+dFrauAuKgeiEA4dSC2bEou51W1dfh' data-origin="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damiano-canapa">Damiano Canapa</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerio-torti">Valerio Torti</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/international/switzerland-the-proposed-article-5-1-bis-of-the-swiss-cartel-act-an-unnecessary" rel="bookmark">Switzerland: The proposed Article 5(1) <em>bis</em> of Cartel Act - An unnecessary distraction to weaken a fundamental law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114852 introduction entry-content"> <p>This contribution discusses the criticism and concerns raised by the proposed modification of Article 5 of the Swiss Federal Act on Cartels and other Restraints of Competition, which prohibits unlawful agreements affecting competition. This reform was proposed by the Swiss Federal Council on 24 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2022/books/droit-de-la-concurrence-ed-2-marie-anne-frison-roche-et-jean-christophe-roda-108048" rel="bookmark">Droit de la concurrence (ed. 2), Marie-Anne FRISON-ROCHE et Jean-Christophe RODA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108048 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fanny-mejane">Fanny Méjane</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-charbit">Nicolas Charbit</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2022/foreword/for-a-new-deal-in-competition-law-an-open-letter-to-the-french-president" rel="bookmark">For a New Deal in Competition Law: Open Letter to Emmanuel Macron</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106926 introduction entry-content"> <p>Following the presidential election of April 24, 2022, the Editorial Board of the magazine Concurrences has launched a call to its readers to make proposals for reform to the President of the Republic and his new Government. The proposals below have been suggested by the readers of the magazine (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romain-papy">Romain Papy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/articles/algorithmic-agreements-and-competition-law-en" rel="bookmark">Algorithmic agreements and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105280 introduction entry-content"> <p>Digital technologies can have both positive and negative effects on competition. The consumer benefits fully from the effect of increased transparency and competition through the posting of rates online. Nevertheless, the consumer could be harmed by the facilitating effect of algorithms in the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/judith-messas-nadelman-64451">Judith MESSAS NADELMAN</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/natasha-tardif">Natasha Tardif</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/marc-levy">Marc Levy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/interview/judith-messas-nadelman-babyliss-the-challenges-of-competition-law-in-the" rel="bookmark">Judith Messas Nadelman (BaByliss): The challenges of competition law in the digital age - Between direct sales and distribution</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103001 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Natasha Tardif and Marc Lévy, Partners, Reed Smith, Paris <br class='autobr' /> What are the factors that make people prefer distribution or direct sales? Is it necessary to go through a distribution network to reach enough customers? <br class='autobr' /> Direct-to-consumer" or "DTC" sales were not well (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-rey">Patrick Rey</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2013/conferences/the-new-commercial-behaviours-in-online-sales-field-nass-seminar-paris-2nd-of" rel="bookmark">The new commercial behaviours in online sales field (Nass seminar - Paris, 2nd of July 2013)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89243 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the Nasse Seminar organized the 2nd of July of 2013, Laurence Idot, Patrick Rey talked about the new commercial behaviours in online sales field. <br class='autobr' /> The seminar was animed by Emmanuel Combe, vice president of the Competition authority. <br class='autobr' /> Introduction by Emmanuel Combe <br class='autobr' /> In 2011, e-commerce (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jerome-philippe">Jérôme Philippe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2018/conferences/selective-distribution-recent-evolutions-and-application-to-the-luxury-sector" rel="bookmark">Selective distribution : Evolutions and application to the luxury sector (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 24th May 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88942 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the Nasse Seminar organized the 24th of May of 2018, Emmanuel Combe (Vice-president of the Competition authority) and Jérôme Philippe (economist, lawyer at Freshfields Brukhaus Dringer) talked about the selective distribution, its evolution and its application to the luxury sector. <br class='autobr' /> The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pranvera-kellezi">Pranvera Këllezi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/international/switzerland-prohibition-of-parallel-imports-and-market-integration-the-role-of" rel="bookmark">Switzerland: Prohibition of parallel imports and market integration - The role of the “effects doctrine” and the development of the substantive laws</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84421 introduction entry-content"> <p>Possible effects in Switzerland are sufficient to assert jurisdiction of Switzerland over conduct taking place outside Switzerland. The Supreme Court adopted a broad definition of the territorial scope of the Cartel Act, by not only refusing, but also prohibiting, to consider any level of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/editorial/stop-the-creeping-re-nationalisation-of-the-anti-competitive-practices-en" rel="bookmark">Stop the creeping re-nationalisation of the anti-competitive practices!</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84385 introduction entry-content"> <p>By importing all the defects of Title IV on the law of restrictive practices into the Title II of Book IV of the French Commercial Code, the legislator infringes the coherence of the law of anticompetitive practices. Although it is necessary to oversee certain sectors, it is not in Title II of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-gerard">Damien Gerard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/massimo-merola-475">Massimo Merola</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bernd-meyring">Bernd Meyring</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2017/livres/the-notion-of-restriction-of-competition-revisiting-the-foundations-of" rel="bookmark">The Notion of Restriction of Competition: Revisiting the Foundations of Antitrust Enforcement in Europe, Damien GERARD, Massimo MEROLA and Bernd MEYRING</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104270 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-philippe-kovar">Jean-Philippe Kovar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/robert-kovar">Robert Kovar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2016/Articles-1807/Anticompetitive-object-regarding" rel="bookmark">Anticompetitive object regarding Article 101 (1) TFEU : A difficult ’object’ to identify</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-77277 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article 101 TFEU prohibits all agreements between undertakings which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction, or distorsion of competition within the internal market. If the distinction between restrictions of competition by object or by effect deals with the proof and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-rey">Patrick Rey</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2013/Doctrines-1492/The-reforms-of-the-competition-law" rel="bookmark">e-Commerce and antitrust: New practices <em>(Paris, 2 July 2013)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-57666 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of three papers is derived from the Philippe Nasse’s seminar on the new practices in the e-commerce that was held on July 2, 2013 in Paris. The e-commerce has grown very rapidly these past few years and contributes to the competitive animation of the distribution sector by showing new (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joseph-vogel">Joseph Vogel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2013/droit-et-economie/de-minimis-agreements-should-they-be-sanctioned" rel="bookmark"><em>De minimis</em> agreements: Should they be sanctioned?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-50247 introduction entry-content"> <p>The De minimis communication of the European Commission defines under which conditions agreements between firms will not be considered to restrict competition in a sensitive way. The three contributions in this article discuss its effectiveness in promoting legal security for firms, especially (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joseph-vogel">Joseph Vogel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2012/law-economics/distribution-networks-and-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Distribution networks and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-41688 introduction entry-content"> <p>Paradoxically, competition law today is frequently used more as a weapon of defence than to challenge networks, and notably against certain rules of national law. When relied on as a means of challenging networks, competition law is mainly used either to circumvent the networks, or to gain entry (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-wachsmann">Anne Wachsmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Gautier-Duflos">Gautier Duflos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2011/droit-et-economie/economic-analysis-of-parallel-trade-automobile-and-pharmaceutical-sectors" rel="bookmark">Economic analysis of parallel trade: Automobile and pharmaceutical sectors</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-35744 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of papers is derived from the training session on the Parallel trade organised by Concurrences Review that has held on the 12th April 2011. In the first contribution, Gautier Duflos, of the economic office of the Competition Authority explains that parallel trade exploits price (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3oUV3lwaXpo8aCNxLLBzHMoRDLlevybASSmMCa2mvemESKgC4NHSrsSFzztZf+bxjDlkO3PcueVLNSVpEngy41S/M1w+ahClhsjWGdBmhCxfuf7pxMg+bMBOjrlqp8eAvvmXVpMeC7Km/5XFlzuliLgThjtdvfTLWzcsaXAua3YpPmAw5QE6t3NOLTujr4leIGo7wEhRoJilLX66NwPrTnD0CGz/mmW6Z6rNxgAhcIXY9BKMBbWk8nlabE4n66N/7NIfO2AcPfMKhjGXIF5FuFFw95l7VLtIteGh65k1wzDlI7tm2xZc2Z6k/3OlmTu48i+u+ETP7H6k0E3S' data-origin="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marieke-scholz">Marieke Scholz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/fabienne-siredey-garnier">Fabienne Siredey-Garnier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dimitri-dimitrov">Dimitri Dimitrov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/franck-audran">Franck Audran</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/reform-of-the-vber-what-changes-to-expect-en" rel="bookmark">Reform of the VBER : What changes to expect ?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-07-02T13:30:00Z">2 July 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93152 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel, with <a href="en/authors/marieke-scholz" class="spip_in">Marieke Scholz</a> (Deputy Head of Unit - Antitrust case support and policy, DG COMP), <a href="en/auteurs/fabienne-siredey-garnier" class="spip_in">Fabienne Siredey-Garnier</a> (Vice President, French Competition Authority), <a href="en/authors/franck-audran" class="spip_in">Franck Audran</a> (Partner, Gide Loyrette Nouel) and <a href="en/auteurs/dimitri-dimitrov" class="spip_in">Dimitri Dimitrov</a> (Partner, Gide Loyrette Nouel).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lionel-lesur">Lionel Lesur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-bruneau">Mélanie Bruneau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/philippe-coen">Philippe Coen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rosario-rende-granata">Rosario Rende Granata</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/enforcement-of-eu-competition-rules-in-cross-border-e-commerce-83058" rel="bookmark">Enforcement of EU competition rules in cross-border e-commerce</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-06-21T10:00:00Z">21 June 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83058 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with McDermott Will & Emery.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-justier">Sylvain Justier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/les-strategies-d-eviction-non-tarifaires-refus-et-discriminations-a-l-acces-83012-en" rel="bookmark">Les stratégies d’éviction non tarifaires : refus et discriminations à l’accès, exclusivité </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-02-09T11:00:00Z">9 February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83012 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop with Frédéric Jenny (OECD), in partnership with the Autorité de la concurrence, Magenta and Charles River Associate.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marta-giner-asins">Marta Giner Asins</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martine-behar-touchais">Martine Behar-Touchais</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/gervasoni">Stéphane Gervasoni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/restriction-of-competition-by-object-or-by-effect-what-else" rel="bookmark">Restriction of competition by object or by effect: What else?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-17T10:00:00Z">17 April 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82944 introduction entry-content"><p>Antitrust Procedure Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Norton Rose Fulbright.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/cook">Christopher J. 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author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martine-behar-touchais">Martine Behar-Touchais</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/restriction-of-competition-by-object-or-by-effect-what-else" rel="bookmark"><strong>Restriction of competition by object or by effect: What else?</strong></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-02-15T07:41:25Z">15 February 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-71653 introduction entry-content"><p>Stéphane Gervasoni <br/>Marta Giner Asins<br/>Martine Behar-Touchais</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" 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href="en/events/upcoming-events/vertical-restraints-what-s-new" rel="bookmark"><strong>Vertical restraints: what’s new?</strong></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-01-16T13:55:27Z">16 January 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-70899 introduction entry-content"><p>Ombline Ancelin<br/>Antoine Chapsal<br/>Étienne Pfister</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anna-vernet">Anna Vernet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nils-wahl">Nils Wahl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philip-marsden">Philip Marsden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-ecj-ruling-on-cartes-bancaires-82908" rel="bookmark">The ECJ ruling on "Cartes Bancaires"</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-28T11:00:00Z">28 November 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82908 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with RBB Economics and White & Case.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nils-wahl">Nils Wahl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philip-marsden">Philip Marsden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/the-ecj-ruling-on-cartes-bancaires" rel="bookmark">The ECJ ruling on Cartes Bancaires</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-07T15:52:37Z">7 November 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69908 introduction entry-content"><p>Nils Wahl <br/>Anna Vernet <br/> James Killick <br/> Francesco Rosati...</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Ana-Paula-Martinez">Ana Paula Martinez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/carel-maske">Carel Maske</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ethel-fonseca">Ethel Fonseca</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Geeta-Gouri">Geeta Gouri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jay-modrall">Jay Modrall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-davies">John Davies</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Marc-Waha">Marc Waha</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maria-blanca-rodriguez-galindo">Maria-Blanca Rodriguez Galindo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Marianne-Wagener">Marianne Wagener</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-griffiths">Mark Griffiths</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Michael-Jurgen-Werner">Michael Jurgen Werner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Richard-Murgatroyd">Richard Murgatroyd</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/san-sau-fung">San Sau Fung</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-emerging-markets" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Emerging Markets </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-10-28T11:00:00Z">28 October 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82902 introduction entry-content"><p>Half-day conference organized by Concurrences in partnership with Norton Rose Fulbright and RBB Economics.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-choffel-2157">Antoine Choffel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catherine-prieto-62">Catherine Prieto</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/restriction-by-object-after-the-cartes-bancaires-ruling" rel="bookmark">Restriction "by object" after the Cartes Bancaires ruling </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-10-14T10:00:00Z">14 October 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82894 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel and RBB Economics.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-choffel-2157">Antoine Choffel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catherine-prieto-62">Catherine Prieto</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/restriction-by-object-after-the-cartes-bancaires-ruling" rel="bookmark">Restriction "by object" after the Cartes Bancaires ruling</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-26T08:50:57Z">26 September 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69239 introduction entry-content"><p>Catherine Prieto<br/>Stéphane Hautbourg<br/>Francesco Rosati</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Ana-Paula-Martinez">Ana Paula Martinez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ethel-fonseca">Ethel Fonseca</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Geeta-Gouri">Geeta Gouri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jay-modrall">Jay Modrall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-davies">John Davies</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Marc-Waha">Marc Waha</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maria-blanca-rodriguez-galindo">Maria-Blanca Rodriguez Galindo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Marianne-Wagener">Marianne Wagener</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-griffiths">Mark Griffiths</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Michael-Jurgen-Werner">Michael Jurgen Werner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Richard-Murgatroyd">Richard Murgatroyd</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/antitrust-in-emerging-markets" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Emerging Markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-04T13:09:24Z">4 September 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-68726 introduction entry-content"><p>Martin Coleman <br/> John Davies <br/> Geeta Gouri <br/> Richard Murgatroyd...</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fabien-zivy">Fabien Zivy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard 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Ginsburg | An Antitrust Professor on the Bench - Liber Amicorum - Volume I Judge Ginsburg and Financial Regulation hal s. sCott * Harvard Law School Abstract Judge Ginsburg and I went to high school and the University of Chicago Law School together, and then taught together at (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-ii-29#id=43207" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Patent settlements as by object restrictions: a European approach, but is the right one?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-11-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">185Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Patent settlements as by object restrictions : a European approach, but is it the right one? JAMES KILLICK * I.Introduction It is a great pleasure to participate in this book to celebrate Ian's long and varied legal (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div 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data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', 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