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<header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-85413 ">Price discrimination </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-108870 apercu surlignable"><p>Price discrimination takes place when a firm sells identical or similar goods or services at different prices, such differences in price not motivated by different costs. From an economic perspective, price discrimination requires some degree of market power, arbitrage control, differing price sensitivities across buyers or units and an ability to link these sensitivities to the appropriate buyers. From a legal perspective, price discrimination is targeted by various legal provisions including Articles 101–102 TFEU in the European Union and §§1–2 of the Sherman Act in the United States. As a wide variety of practices involve price discrimination, enforcement standards differ depending on the exact nature of the conduct.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-108870 texte surlignable"><p>Price discrimination occurs when the same undertaking sells identical or similar goods or services at different prices and these differences cannot be motivated by different cost structures.</p> <p>From an economic point of view, price discrimination can only take place if certain feasibility conditions are fulfilled. First, a price-discriminating firm should have some degree of market power. Second, the firm should be able to control arbitrage of its products. This condition implies that firms should be able to limit both (i) the ability of buyers to resell the firm’s products at prices below those charged by the firm (‘transferability of the commodity’) and (ii) the ability of buyers to purchase products targeted at other buyers (‘transferability of demand’). Third, price sensitivities should differ across buyers or units. Finally, firms must be able to link those price sensitivities to the corresponding buyers.</p> <p>Firms may base their price discrimination strategies on a wide variety of criteria, including quantity, buyer characteristics (e.g. age or employee status), time (e.g. off-peak and peak periods) or geography (e.g. nationality or location).</p> <p>To categorise different types of price discrimination, economists have conceived various taxonomies. The most widespread taxonomy was coined by Pigou, distinguishing between price discrimination of the first degree (where each buyer is charged their reservation price), second degree (where pricing depends on the sold number of units) and third degree (where each buyer group is charged differently).</p> <p>Price discrimination could enhance or decrease social welfare, depending among other variables on the form of consumer heterogeneity, the products for sale and the available instruments for price discrimination. For instance, total welfare could expand under certain conditions if price discrimination enables undertakings to serve markets that would otherwise not be served. However, increased output by one firm does not necessarily expand total output as other firms may exit the market as a result. The welfare effects of price discrimination and any related policy recommendations therefore call for a casuistic approach.</p> <p>Various legal areas are applicable to price discrimination, including legislation on consumer protection and commercial practices, EU free movement provisions, anti-discrimination laws, geo-blocking regulations, and competition law.</p> <p>In the EU, Article 102 TFEU precludes abusive conduct by undertakings holding a dominant position on a relevant market. Subparagraph (c) of that provision explicitly prohibits firms from applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with trading parties if the latter are placed at a competitive disadvantage. While price discrimination can be exploitative, the wording of Article 102(c) TFEU suggests a focus on cases of secondary-line injury where exclusionary effects are felt by co-contractors of the dominant firm (C-82/01 P <i>Aéroports de Paris</i>; C-525/16 <i>MEO</i>). That said, firms generally have no incentive to distort competition between their trading partners. This is different when a dominant firm integrates vertically and thus competes with its own trading partners but, despite case law to that effect (C-242/95 <i>GT-Link</i>), it is debated whether Article 102(c) TFEU offers a solid legal basis for such cases.</p> <p>Indeed, most price discrimination cases under Article 102 TFEU target primary-line injury where the dominant firm inflicts exclusionary effects on its competitors.</p> <p>For example, extensive case law exists around rebates, discounts and bonuses. Quantity rebates—linked solely to the volume of purchases—are presumptively legal under certain conditions (C-23/14 <i>Post Danmark II</i>). By contrast, exclusivity rebates—conditional on the customer obtaining (almost) all requirements from the dominant firm—are presumptively illegal when preventing purchasers from dealing with competitors of the dominant undertaking (85/76 <i>Hoffmann-La Roche</i>). Nevertheless, when a dominant firm submits evidence that its rebates are incapable of restricting competition, the Commission must analyse the foreclosure effects in depth (C-413/14 P Intel). A third category of rebates, neither based solely on volume nor conditioned on exclusivity, may be abusive in case of fidelity-building effects (C-95/04 P <i>British Airways</i>; C-23/14 <i>Post Danmark II</i>). All circumstances are taken into account for the above assessments, including the retroactivity of rebates, the length of the rebate’s reference period or their market coverage.</p> <p>Many other forms of abuse may also imply price discrimination and vice versa. For example, selective price cuts have been assessed with regard to average total costs (C-209/10 <i>Post Danmark I</i>) in a manner comparable to predatory pricing cases (C-62/86 AKZO). Vertically-integrated firms may charge downstream competitors more than their own downstream operations, though the assessment of such ‘margin squeeze’ conduct has centred around the as-efficient-competitor test and, as part of that analysis, the spread between wholesale and retail prices (C-52/09 <i>TeliaSonera</i>). Discriminatory prices can also be abusive when excessive in nature (2001/892/EC <i>Deutsche Post</i>). Finally, multi-product rebates or bundled discounts, where the sum of the prices of the separate products is higher than the bundled price, may be anticompetitive by excluding competitors who sell only some components of the bundle (Commission Guidance Paper 2009, para. 59).</p> <p>Given its unique market integration objective, EU competition law has also been used to combat geographic price discrimination. For instance, Article 102 TFEU has targeted practices that artificially partition national markets (27/76 <i>United Brands</i>) and that impede parallel imports through dissuasive rebates (T-65/89 <i>British Gypsum</i>) or excessive pricing (226/84 <i>British Leyland</i>). Similarly, the EU’s ban on restrictive agreements and concerted practices, contained in Article 101 TFEU, precludes differential pricing practices which make it economically uninteresting for market operators to engage in parallel trade (80/789/EEC <i>Distillers</i>; IV/36.957/F3 <i>Glaxo Wellcome</i>). In addition, Article 101 TFEU prohibits deals between competing suppliers to price discriminate jointly against buyers by using the same methodology (74/431/EEC <i>Papiers peints de Belgique</i>) and restricts efforts by intermediaries to coordinate discounts charged by competitors (C-74/14 <i>Eturas</i>). EU competition law hence not only targets discriminatory prices directly but also affects the feasibility conditions for charging such prices (e.g. control of arbitrage).</p> <p>In the US, the 1913 Robinson-Patman Act—as an amendment to the Clayton Act—specifically prohibits certain unjustified forms of price discrimination that injure competition. Even though this prohibition was enforced in the past (<i>Morton Salt</i>, 334 U.S. 37), it has now fallen into disuse as a potential result of its protectionist origins, complexity and narrow scope. That said, price discrimination—and rebates in particular—may still be captured by §§1–2 of the Sherman Act. The Supreme Court has held that volume rebates, or even cases of primary-line injury more generally, should be assessed in line with the price–cost test adopted in predatory pricing cases (<i>Brooke Group</i>, 509 U.S. 209). With respect to loyalty and bundled rebates, however, lower courts disagree on the preferred approach as some opt for a rule-of-reason-type analysis (<i>Le Page</i>, 324 F.3d 141 (3d Cir. 2003)) while others focus on price–cost comparisons (<i>Peacehealth</i>, 515 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2007)).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-108870 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-3-2018/chroniques/effects-based-approach-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-confirms-in-a">Case C-525/16, MEO – Serviços de Comunicações e Multimédia v Autoridade da Concorrência, EU:C:2018:270</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2017/chroniques/economic-analysis-the-grand-chamber-of-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european">Case C-413/14 P Intel v Commission, EU:C:2017:632</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2007/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-fine-imposed-on-an-airline-for-abuse-of">Case C-95/04 P British Airways v Commission, EU:C:2007:166</a></p> <p>Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209 (1993)</p> <p>Case 27/76 United Brands v Commission, EU:C:1978:22</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-108870 jurisprudence"><p>Damien Geradin and Nicolas Petit, ‘Price Discrimination under EC Competition Law: Another Antitrust Doctrine in Search of Limiting Principles?’ (2006) 2(3) Journal of Competition Law and Economics 479.</p> <p>Daniel Gifford and Robert Kudrle, ‘The Law and Economics of Price Discrimination in Modern Economies: Time for Reconciliation?’ (2010) 43 UC Davis Law Review 1235.</p> <p>Hal R. Varian, ‘Price Discrimination’ in Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig (eds), Handbook of industrial organization – Volume I (Elsevier 1989) 597.</p> <p>Pablo Ibáñez Colomo, ‘Exclusionary Discrimination under Article 102 TFEU’ (2014) 51(1) Common Market Law Review 141.</p> <p>Richard Steppe, Algorithmic Pricing and Tacit Collusion: Perspectives from EU Competition Law (Harvard Law School 2018) 136 pp.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/steppe" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/cq5dam.web.231.231_desktop_copy-8bb03.jpg?1711359838) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Richard Steppe</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">KU Leuven</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>13526</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/friso-bostoen" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/friso_bostoen-60d89.jpg?1711359838) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Friso Bostoen</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Tilburg</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Netherlands</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>19855</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Richard Steppe, Friso Bostoen, </span> <span class="entry-title">Price Discrimination</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85413</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">13549</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85413 texte surlignable"><p>Price discrimination occurs when customers in different market segments are charged different prices for the same good or service, for reasons unrelated to costs. Price discrimination is effective only if customers cannot profitably re-sell the goods or services to other customers. Price discrimination can take many forms, including setting different prices for different age groups, different geographical locations, and different types of users (such as residential vs. commercial users of electricity). Where sub-markets can be identified and segmented then it can be shown that firms will find it profitable to set higher prices in markets where demand is less elastic (...). This can result in higher total output, a pro-competitive effect. Price discrimination can also have anti-competitive consequences. For example, dominant firms may lower prices in particular markets in order to eliminate vigorous local competitors. However, there is considerable debate as to whether price discrimination is really a means of restricting competition. Price discrimination is also relevant in regulated industries where it is common to charge different prices at different time periods (peak load pricing) or to charge lower prices for high volume users (block pricing). <strong>©</strong> <abbr class="spip_out" rel="external" title='Dead link'><strong>OECD</strong></abbr></p> <p>See <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices" class="spip_in">Discriminatory practices</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QlK9uyjRSD/ZcGfFnGmGabVeTIwMQgyc+MMh78CA35T4TWCuGzy+FzdKhUa6w+FajZ0CqUKrJWPnH/DbOfVZRkf7pF0TGogeRm3dBgzUI/OVcoeUEi84r2sK22utOkw0LLJM6DcqAbDRoXCaNH5onvxzFEv5hp4lhQZSP3sn+hJTu1nbsu66TdRD20spPUGSAF/hVzVcBiYifl3BcbF/tws7Z97gv/6RbVkmNGohzhZ+Of38HbSuow8YjeaTql5eZTlbbGLi8ou31MF1KePjH935NmzOJqaM64ASYfVtULr+uoViNuMZnNWr0is6/Xx8FUTkGFcCxlL04Bbk6m/ziukLXlVej4FT' data-origin="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-us-ftc-brings-an-action-against-the-second-largest-food-company-in-the" rel="bookmark">The US FTC brings an action against the second-largest food company in the world for engaging in illegal price discrimination <em>(Pepsi)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-16T23:00:00Z">17 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123446 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Sues PepsiCo for Rigging Soft Drink Competition* <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Trade Commission today sued PepsiCo, Inc. (Pepsi) alleging that the second-largest food company in the world has engaged in illegal price discrimination by providing one customer—a large, big box retailer—with unfair pricing (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2024/the-us-ftc-sues-the-largest-national-distributor-of-wine-and-spirits-for" rel="bookmark">The US FTC sues the largest national distributor of wine and spirits for illegal price discrimination <em>(Southern Glazer’s Wine and Spirits)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-11T23:00:00Z">12 December 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122528 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Sues Southern Glazer’s for Illegal Price Discrimination* <br class='autobr' /> Commission enforces Robinson-Patman Act to create a level playing field for small, independent retailers to compete fairly, benefiting consumers <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Trade Commission sued the largest U.S. distributor of wine and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-higbee-23044">David Higbee</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/todd-stenerson">Todd Stenerson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/noah-a-brumfield">Noah Brumfield</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ben-gris">Benjamin Gris</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/brian-c-hauser">Brian Hauser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/harlan-rosenson">Harlan Rosenson</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2024/the-us-ftc-files-a-suit-in-the-us-district-court-for-the-central-district-of" rel="bookmark">The US FTC files a suit in the US District Court for the Central District of California alleging price discrimination by an alcohol distributor favoring chains over independent retailers <em>(Southern Glazer’s Wine and Spirits)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-11T23:00:00Z">12 December 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122730 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the waning days of the current administration, the antitrust agencies continue to cross items off their holiday wish list. Since the presidential election in November, the antitrust agencies have filed a new merger challenge and withdrawn the 2000 Antitrust Guidelines for Collaborations Among (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcelo-den-toom">Marcelo den Toom</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ilan-daniel-soae">Ilan Daniel Soae</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/candela-berango">Candela Berango</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martin-celotto">Martin Celotto</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-argentinian-competition-authority-ends-its-investigation-into-the-main" rel="bookmark">The Argentinian Competition Authority ends its investigation into the main cement companies in the country for alleged price discrimination <em>(Loma Negra / Holcim / Petroquímica Comodoro Rivadavia)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-20T22:00:00Z">21 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123844 introduction entry-content"> <p>In November and December 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, following the recommendation of the Antitrust Commission (CNDC), closed several probes against the main cement companies in the country. These investigations stemmed from a precedent investigation into the portland cement (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-b-schwartz">David B. Schwartz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rebecca-a-d-nelson">Rebecca A. D. Nelson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emilee-hargis">Emilee L. Hargis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-scannell">Stephen Scannell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-western-district-of-washington-highlights-risks" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Western District of Washington highlights risks and impacts from using pricing algorithms in a case brought by the FTC against a Big Tech company <em>(Amazon)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-29T22:00:00Z">30 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121081 introduction entry-content"> <p>Not Just Al Gore’s Rhythm: The FTC and State Case Against Amazon Highlights Risks and Impacts from Using Pricing Algorithms* <br class='autobr' /> Both the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division have focused their sights on big technology companies. Understanding the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhW9p2gOs/ekHkcIy22uTkYwuV+Rb5y8heHUVEzWJ9a7gBdmGIpKUwUoHBE544mMlr4HyP7Lhmzp3XHTF5iCg99r2cFkNmKmAf8WMVaWCrqNyjzT8F3RkTv21+/gp20+vJPy+W8JkysCj/uXVqgwU54+8MOPf8fVVoj9Bqlxx8xZ21AiMsKXgFPQvR8DxwnPI5Yb8GQ/yUlEtUXQo19nMfYPCj4i4dLbSDBSZKe6FiJ6Mt/QyhTZwwkyUftYr39m/21gxQk2TjlW18E1NWWz+e+9wnHD+d7L54kiXZfV8W62S+8ELP2/E+EhM667FoQuQSqbfIvdV1P96MICWG36kMMJ' data-origin="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeanine-miklos-thal">Jeanine Miklos-Thal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gregory-shaffer">Gregory Shaffer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2022/droit-et-economie/the-economics-of-dual-pricing-in-vertical-agreements-106194-en" rel="bookmark">The economics of dual pricing in vertical agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106194 introduction entry-content"> <p>Dual pricing in vertical agreements is the practice of charging the same distributor a higher price for products intended to be resold online than for products intended to be resold offline. In this article, we review and discuss the economics behind dual pricing. We argue that dual pricing can (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-kobel">Pierre Kobel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pranvera-kellezi">Pranvera Këllezi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruce-kilpatrick">Bruce Kilpatrick</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2021/books/competition-law-analysis-of-price-and-non-price-discrimination-abusive-ip-based" rel="bookmark">Competition Law Analysis of Price and Non-price Discrimination & Abusive IP Based Legal Proceedings, Pierre KOBEL, Pranvera KËLLEZI and Bruce KILPATRICK (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114764 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-laure-allain">Marie-Laure Allain</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joel-tozzi">Joël Tozzi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2021/conferences/central-purchasing-agencies-and-competition-issues-nasse-seminar-jan-29th-2021" rel="bookmark">Central purchasing agencies and competition issues (Nasse Seminar - Jan 29th, 2021)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99811 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the seminar organized on January 29, 2021, Marie-Laure Allain - Director of Research at the CNRS, Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique and member of CREST and Ombline Ancelin - Partner in charge of the Competition practice at Simmons & Simmons, discussed the articulation between trade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pietro-crocioni">Pietro Crocioni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2019/international/uk-why-not-call-a-margin-squeeze-a-margin-squeeze-91603-en" rel="bookmark">UK: Why not call a margin squeeze a margin squeeze?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91603 introduction entry-content"> <p>At the end of October 2018, Ofcom issued its first abuse of dominance infringement decision and fine under the Competition Act 1998 against Royal Mail. Perhaps surprisingly, Ofcom did not examine the behaviour as either a margin squeeze or a refusal to supply, the types of cases one would expect (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/koren-wong-ervin">Koren W. Wong-Ervin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2019/law-economics/an-economic-approach-to-antitrust-analysis-of-discriminatory-licensing-90983-en" rel="bookmark">An economic approach to antitrust analysis of discriminatory licensing, grantbacks and cross-licenses, no-challenge clauses, and patent thickets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90983 introduction entry-content"> <p>Antitrust enforcement involving intellectual property rights - particularly standard-essential patents - continues to receive significant global attention, including most recently by OECD member countries at the June 2019 OECD Competition Committee meetings. This Article provides an economic (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3nQU+VwaXpo8aCNxLLBzHMoRDLhcvybASSmMCa1mS+UZMbA2R3+bRbYXnlWHW12UDYWoPjUS0+oVnU0VDO9wR+Xc3PPPev+M5jceQlkAqwJeNftBKsgpLPLvj3KZx7C8uxV3GG4qlhF77S589L+63iSKcI8Mana4GYbAwz8I0Cy5qn82b7zNxxP7w+UCZ6bynd0SzyP2zm3tiyk5+nZ5NMrPoMuJJE16UWs5qrQZXGwOBL0eqGCOiiFWTmahOqq7djtOxoNNgNZNJ+/jrCYclMZJJEGr5f5yXaSBX9uM48jW3+ZkNRDF51ileUQAZeRiyTGvlMciAN+M/+ouQg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-nihoul">Paul Nihoul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/benoit-coeure">Benoît Cœuré</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ian-forrester">Ian Forrester</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/benoit-durand">Benoît Durand</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-mundt">Andreas Mundt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/yann-guthmann">Yann Guthmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jee-yeon-lehmann">Jee-Yeon Lehmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elvira-aliende-rodriguez">Elvira Aliende Rodriguez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stanislas-martin">Stanislas Martin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-de-angelis">Irene de Angelis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck">Raphaël De Coninck</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luc-gyselen">Luc Gyselen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/new-frontiers-of-antitrust" rel="bookmark">New Frontiers of Antitrust</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-21T06:00:00Z">21 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105317 introduction entry-content"><p>"13th New Frontiers of Antitrust" Conference organized by Concurrences in Paris, in partnership with Analysis Group, Arnold & Porter, Cleary Gottlieb, Compass Lexecon, Charles River Associates, Dechert, Elig Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, Meta, RBB Economics and Shearman & Sterling.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rod-carlton">Rod Carlton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/niamh-dunne">Niamh Dunne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/giulio-federico">Giulio Federico</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. Kovacic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rameet-sangha">Rameet Sangha</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/4th-innovation-economics-conference-for-antitrust-lawyers-2-self-preference-the" rel="bookmark">Innovation Economics Conference for Antitrust Lawyers #2 Self-Preference: The Gatekeeper Role</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-24T13:30:00Z">24 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95033 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the « 4th Innovation Economics Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon, Elig Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law and Freshfields, with <a href="en/auteurs/rod-carlton" class="spip_in">Rod Carlton</a> (Partner, Freshfields), <a href="en/auteurs/niamh-dunne" class="spip_in">Niamh Dunne</a> (Assistant Professor, London School of Economics), <a href="en/authors/giulio-federico" class="spip_in">Giulio Federico</a> (Head of Unit - CET, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak" class="spip_in">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a> (Partner, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law), <a href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic" class="spip_in">William E. Kovacic</a> (Professor, King’s College London | Non-Executive Director, CMA| Professor, George Washington University) and <a href="en/auteurs/rameet-sangha" class="spip_in">Rameet Sangha</a> (Senior Vice President, Compass Lexecon).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gael-hichri">Gaël Hichri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-carbonnel">Alexandre Carbonnel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/price-discriminations-current-issues" rel="bookmark">Price discriminations: Current issues</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-25T11:30:00Z">25 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92195 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences with Étienne Pfister (Autorité de la concurrence) in partnership with Magenta and NERA Economic Consulting.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ariel-ezrachi">Ariel Ezrachi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-hubert">Patrick Hubert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/does-artificial-intelligence-create-illegal-cartels-en" rel="bookmark">Does artificial intelligence create illegal cartels?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-04-03T17:00:00Z">3 April 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90003 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner organised by Concurrences Review with keynote speaker Ariel Ezrachi (Oxford University), in partnership with Me Patrick Hubert (Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/exploitative-abuses-what-are-the-new-risks-for-companies" rel="bookmark">Exploitative abuses: What are the new risks for companies?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-03-06T11:30:00Z">6 March 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86368 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton and Analysis Group.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3nUU2VQa3ntcX7DRJyzGh+KC0b4TbL3RRfkQ79nGHS5Ry1FW3HxXTxz02siKxezhYtu+p9FEogrvj/8XqaDNFQuIuYa+uouBqFMJ8Fkm0TsU1++cpys+DF1jL6PXgY/jp0taXIjCu2pWvJ1VoRO0e5fum9gM5evjXZKZoK76DvuKBLXexAU6tHNO7dgpmxwAdKvFfCU9AkSRarQ57dDLTDBSJClYpHf6VKqswWQi4O9EpIL7LXBSxTv7CbhhtPCghzx05DtoqnKV/jlFlRHo+IsiXZfV8SY57UnZJZcfvdUpM46v37nRNCKmeUQAkkQC0bFIwSq4gJhT4g==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-charbit">Nicolas Charbit</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sonia-ahmad">Sonia Ahmad</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/albert-a-foer-liber-amicorum-en" rel="bookmark">Albert A. Foer Liber Amicorum</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T22:00:00Z">14 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96584 introduction entry-content"> <p>At a time of reckoning for the future of antitrust, this Liber Amicorum brings together a diverse collection of today’s leading thinkers to pay tribute to Albert Allen (Bert) Foer, founder of the American Antitrust Institute (AAI). In doing so, it illustrates the intellectual landscape of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhK9p28Okzellyb11/fW14iofTKlCdKMugYhUkn3pQGhcxzx8iXAEgXv4EZizs297H7PFTNVR35QD/4EC8eHbKKUlJnWd28rRNHJC9CoaHrT9lrNQhZbqs0+DZRsWnQq8fOSkROzoddCRHhC9D2SCL+hMdTfTyunPf6xQ2T46oUzoDDDmkUYGrt4z7jXCgOyIxSZ85ipDsRdlvoI74wQKctVs+WR92O6RaaHCmvD1aic6Zz4Yf6ZM5bWcIPOMh5Rmz0zIoyn1HZXZQH4FWn2FBILoj0NdFZIoCr+oEh6Ylai62/QLq7Xi7vydgDS/QZOOqxuOv/R9u//cxIvUvaN7+pgfLo=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-larouche">Pierre Larouche</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131982" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Artificial Intelligence Systems and Competition</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">469Why Competition? Artificial Intelligence Systems and CompetitionPierre Larouche * University of Montreal This short contribution explores how the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems to corral massive amounts of data on consumer preferences can impact competitive markets, in the light (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fiona-m-scott-morton">Fiona M. Scott Morton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131940" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Amazon’s Pricing Algorithms and the Enforcement Response in the US and Europe</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">169Why Competition? Amazon's Pricing Algorithms and the Enforcement Response in the US and Europe * Fiona M. S cott-Morton Yale University In the US there are several antitrust cases against Amazon currently in litigation, including those brought by the state of California and the Federal Trade (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ganesh-sitaraman">Ganesh Sitaraman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tejas-n-narechania">Tejas N. Narechania</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/artificial-intelligence-and-competition-policy-1491#id=129694" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy <small>Antimonopoly Tools for Regulating Artificial Intelligence</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">25 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">287Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy Antimonopoly Tools for Regulating Artificial Intelligence Tejas N. N arechania * and Ganesh Sitaraman ** University of California, Berkeley Vanderbilt University Law School, Nashville Abstract In this chapter, we make the case for an antimonopoly (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/gregory-p-luib">Gregory P. Luib</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/pharmaceutical-antitrust-an-analysis-of-us-and-eu-law-1444#id=117182" rel="bookmark">Pharmaceutical Antitrust - An Analysis of US and EU Law <small>Chapter 5 - Unilateral Conduct</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-28T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">29 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Pharmaceutical Antitrust – An Analysis of US and EU Law257 CHAPTER V Unilateral Conduct Gregory Luib and Marion Provost * * The authors would like to thank Pénélope Agosta, Lucas Leroy, and Kaitlyn Marasi for the very valuable help and contribution to this chapter. Unilateral Conduct (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/warren-grimes">Warren S. Grimes</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/albert-a-foer-liber-amicorum#id=63004" rel="bookmark">Albert A. Foer Liber Amicorum <small>Invidious Price Discrimination in the Sale of Rapid-Acting Insulin: Is There an Antitrust Remedy?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">14 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">145Albert A. Foer | AfiConsumer Voice in the Antitrust Arena - Liber Amicorum Invidious Price Discrimination in the Sale of Rapid-Acting Insulin: Is There an Antitrust Remedy? Warren Grimes * Southwestern Law School Abstract Rapid-acting insulin is a key medication for millions of diabetes (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div 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data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', 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