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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linnaean and cladistic classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linnaean_and_cladistic_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primitive_and_advanced_synapsids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primitive_and_advanced_synapsids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Primitive and advanced synapsids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primitive_and_advanced_synapsids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_versus_phylogenetic_usage_of_"synapsid"_and_"therapsid"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_versus_phylogenetic_usage_of_"synapsid"_and_"therapsid""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Practical versus phylogenetic usage of "synapsid" and "therapsid"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_versus_phylogenetic_usage_of_"synapsid"_and_"therapsid"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temporal_openings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporal_openings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Temporal openings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporal_openings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Palate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin_and_fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_and_fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Skin and fur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_and_fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammary_glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammary_glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Mammary glands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammary_glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patagia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patagia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Patagia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patagia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Synapsida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مندمجات الأقواس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مندمجات الأقواس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سیناپسیدا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیناپسیدا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сінапсіды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінапсіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сынапсіды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынапсіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Синапсиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синапсиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A0psids" title="Sinàpsids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sinàpsids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyrlignende_krybdyr" title="Pattedyrlignende krybdyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pattedyrlignende krybdyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsiden" title="Synapsiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synapsiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Συναψιδωτά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συναψιδωτά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هم‌کمانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هم‌کمانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsiden" title="Synapsiden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Synapsiden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A1psidos" title="Sinápsidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinápsidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EA%B6%81%EB%A5%98" title="단궁류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단궁류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eeld%C3%BDr" title="Þeldýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þeldýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="סינאפסידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינאפסידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თერომორფები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერომორფები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A3%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аңтәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аңтәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айбан сыяктуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айбан сыяктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapside" title="Synapside – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Synapside" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eml%C5%91sszer%C5%B1ek" title="Emlősszerűek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emlősszerűek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Синапсиди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синапсиди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مندمجات الاقواس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مندمجات الاقواس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsiden" title="Synapsiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synapsiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E5%BC%93%E9%A1%9E" title="単弓類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単弓類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyrliknende_krypdyr" title="Pattedyrliknende krypdyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pattedyrliknende krypdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyrliknande_krypdyr" title="Pattedyrliknande krypdyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pattedyrliknande krypdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapsida" title="Sinapsida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sinapsida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsydy" title="Synapsydy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synapsydy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Синапсиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синапсиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsid" title="Synapsid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Synapsid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsidy" title="Synapsidy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Synapsidy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapsidi" title="Sinapsidi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sinapsidi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsidit" title="Synapsidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synapsidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapsido" title="Sinapsido – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinapsido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ซีแนปซิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีแนปซิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapsit" title="Sinapsit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sinapsit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Синапсиди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синапсиди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_M%E1%BB%99t_cung_b%C3%AAn" title="Động vật Một cung bên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật Một cung bên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Synapsida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%BC%93%E7%BA%B2" title="合弓纲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="合弓纲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%BC%93%E7%B6%B1" title="合弓綱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合弓綱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clade of tetrapods</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synapsis" title="Synapsis">synapsis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsid</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Synapsida<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, 318<sup id="cite_ref-Steen1934_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steen1934-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:114.4px; width:105.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:114.4px; width:105.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:115.4px; width:103.6px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Synapsid_diversity_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Synapsid_diversity_3.jpg/290px-Synapsid_diversity_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Synapsid_diversity_3.jpg/435px-Synapsid_diversity_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Synapsid_diversity_3.jpg/580px-Synapsid_diversity_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Examples of synapsids (left to right, top to bottom): <i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Inostrancevia" title="Inostrancevia">Inostrancevia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moschops" title="Moschops">Moschops</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Adelobasileus" title="Adelobasileus">Adelobasileus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tachyglossus_aculeatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachyglossus aculeatus">Tachyglossus aculeatus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera tigris">Panthera tigris</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Synapsida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synapsida</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn</a>, 1903</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protoclepsydrops" title="Protoclepsydrops">Protoclepsydrops</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klembara_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klembara-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brocklehurst2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brocklehurst2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Phreatophasma" title="Phreatophasma">Phreatophasma</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptodontiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptodontiformes">Haptodontiformes</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Theropsida <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Harry_Seeley" title="Harry Seeley">Seeley</a>, 1895)</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Pelycosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelycosauria">Pelycosauria</a>" (Cladistically including therapsids) </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Synapsida</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the two major <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> animals in the group <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropsid">Sauropsida</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>). The synapsids were the dominant <a href="/wiki/Land_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Land animal">land animals</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>, but the only group that survived into the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> are <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other amniotes, synapsids have a single <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a>, an opening low in the <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roof</a> behind each eye <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a>, leaving a <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_arch" title="Zygomatic arch">bony arch</a> beneath each; this accounts for their name.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinctive temporal fenestra developed about 318 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-Steen1934_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steen1934-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when synapsids and sauropsids diverged, but was subsequently merged with the orbit in early mammals. </p><p>The animals (basal amniotes) from which non-mammalian synapsids evolved were traditionally called "reptiles". Therefore, synapsids were described as <b>mammal-like reptiles</b> in classical systematics, and non-<a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsid</a> synapsids were also referred to as <b><a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a></b>, or <b>pelycosaur-<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">grade</a></b> synapsids. These <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> terms have now fallen out of favor and are only used informally (if at all) in modern literature. It is now known that all <i>extant</i> animals traditionally called "reptiles" are more closely related to each other than to synapsids, so the word "reptile" has been re-defined to mean only members of Sauropsida (bird-line Amniota) or even just an under-clade thereof, and synapsids are not part of the sauropsid lineage in a <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll397_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll397-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dilkes1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilkes1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benton122_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, calling synapsids "mammal-like reptiles" is incorrect under the <i>new</i> definition of "reptile", so they are now referred to as <b>stem mammals</b>, <b>proto-mammals</b>, <b>paramammals</b> or <b>pan-mammals</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synapsids were the largest <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">terrestrial vertebrates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> period, 299 to 251 million years ago, equalled only by some large <a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">pareiasaurs</a> at the end of the Permian. Most lineages of pelycosaur-grade synapsids were replaced at the end of the Early Permian by the more advanced <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>. Synapsid numbers and variety were severely reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>. Only the therapsid <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutheriodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheriodonts">eutheriodonts</a> (consisting of <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodontia</a>) are known to have continued into the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period. The cynodont group <a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> (mammals and their closer ancestors), were the only synapsids to survive beyond the Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Triassic, the sauropsid <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> became some of the largest and most numerous land vertebrates, only rivaled in size by <a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">kannemeyeriiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>, and gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a>. When all non-avian dinosaurs were wiped out by the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>, the mammalian synapsids diversified again to become the largest land and marine animals on Earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linnaean_and_cladistic_classifications">Linnaean and cladistic classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Linnaean and cladistic classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the turn of the 20th century, synapsids were thought to be one of the four main subclasses of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>. However, this notion was disproved upon closer inspection of skeletal remains, as synapsids are differentiated from reptiles by their distinctive temporal openings. These openings in the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> bones allowed the attachment of larger jaw muscles, hence a more efficient bite. </p><p>Synapsids were subsequently considered to be a later reptilian lineage that became mammals by gradually <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolving</a> increasingly mammalian features, hence the name "mammal-like reptiles" (also known as <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>). These became the traditional terms for all <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> (early) synapsids. More recent studies have debunked this notion as well, and reptiles are now classified within <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> (sauropsids), the sister group to synapsids, thus making synapsids their own <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll397_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll397-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benton122_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> terms "mammal-like reptile" and "pelycosaur" are seen as outdated and disfavored in technical literature, and the term <b>stem mammal</b> (or sometimes <b>protomammal</b> or <b>paramammal</b>) is used instead. <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetically">Phylogenetically</a>, it is now understood that synapsids comprise an independent branch of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of Synapsida is not in doubt, and the expressions such as "Synapsida contains the mammals" and "synapsids gave rise to the mammals" both express the same phylogenetic hypothesis. This terminology reflects the modern <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> approach to animal relationships, according to which the only valid groups are those that include all of the descendants of a common ancestor: these are known as <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> groups, or <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>. </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a> (reptiles) has been revised into a monophyletic group and is considered entirely distinct from Synapsida, falling within <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>, the sister group of Synapsida within Amniota.<sup id="cite_ref-modestoanderson2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modestoanderson2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primitive_and_advanced_synapsids">Primitive and advanced synapsids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primitive and advanced synapsids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synapsids are traditionally divided for convenience, into <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>, an advanced group of synapsids and the branch within which mammals evolved, and stem mammals, (previously known as <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>), comprising the other six more primitive families of synapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stem mammals were all rather lizard-like, with sprawling gait and possibly horny <a href="/wiki/Scute" title="Scute">scutes</a>, while therapsids tended to have a more erect pose and possibly hair, at least in some forms. In traditional taxonomy, the Synapsida encompasses two distinct <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">grades</a>: the low-slung stem mammals have given rise to the more erect therapsids, who in their turn have given rise to the mammals. In traditional vertebrate classification, the stem mammals and therapsids were both considered <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a> of the subclass Synapsida.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carroll397_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll397-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_versus_phylogenetic_usage_of_"synapsid"_and_"therapsid""><span id="Practical_versus_phylogenetic_usage_of_.22synapsid.22_and_.22therapsid.22"></span>Practical versus phylogenetic usage of "synapsid" and "therapsid"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Practical versus phylogenetic usage of "synapsid" and "therapsid""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">phylogenetic nomenclature</a>, the terms are used somewhat differently, as the daughter clades are included. Most papers published during the 21st century have treated "Pelycosaur" as an informal grouping of primitive members. Therapsida has remained in use as a clade containing both the traditional therapsid families and mammals. </p><p>Although Synapsida and Therapsida include modern mammals, in practical usage, those two terms are used almost exclusively when referring to the more <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> members that lie outside of <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporal_openings">Temporal openings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Temporal openings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_synapsida_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skull_synapsida_1.svg/200px-Skull_synapsida_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skull_synapsida_1.svg/300px-Skull_synapsida_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skull_synapsida_1.svg/400px-Skull_synapsida_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>The synapsids are distinguished by a single hole, known as the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a>, in the skull behind each eye. This schematic shows the skull viewed from the left side. The middle opening is the orbit of the eye; the opening to the right of it is the temporal fenestra.</figcaption></figure> <p>Synapsids evolved a <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a> behind each eye <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a> on the lateral surface of the skull. It may have provided new attachment sites for jaw muscles. A similar development took place in the <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsids</a>, which evolved two rather than one opening behind each eye. Originally, the openings in the skull left the inner cranium covered only by the jaw muscles, but in higher therapsids and mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">sphenoid bone</a> has expanded to close the opening. This has left the lower margin of the opening as an arch extending from the lower edges of the braincase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eothyris_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Eothyris_head.jpg/200px-Eothyris_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Eothyris_head.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Eothyris" title="Eothyris">Eothyris</a></i>, an early synapsid with multiple canines</figcaption></figure> <p>Synapsids are characterized by having differentiated teeth. These include the <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molars" class="mw-redirect" title="Molars">molars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend towards differentiation is found in some <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinthodont">labyrinthodonts</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Anapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapsida">anapsid</a> reptilians in the form of enlargement of the first teeth on the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>, forming a sort of protocanines. This trait was subsequently lost in the <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsid</a> line, but developed further in the synapsids. Early synapsids could have two or even three enlarged "canines", but in the therapsids, the pattern had settled to one canine in each upper jaw half. The lower canines developed later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaw">Jaw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The jaw transition is a good <a href="/wiki/Scientific_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific classification">classification</a> tool, as most other fossilized features that make a chronological progression from a reptile-like to a mammalian condition follow the progression of the jaw transition. The <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>, or lower jaw, consists of a single, tooth-bearing bone in mammals (the dentary), whereas the lower jaw of modern and prehistoric reptiles consists of a conglomeration of smaller bones (including the dentary, <a href="/wiki/Articular" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular">articular</a>, and others). As they evolved in synapsids, these jaw bones were reduced in size and either lost or, in the case of the articular, gradually moved into the ear, forming one of the middle ear bones: while modern mammals possess the <a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">malleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">incus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> synapsids (like all other tetrapods) possess only a stapes. The malleus is derived from the articular (a lower jaw bone), while the incus is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate</a> (a cranial bone).<sup id="cite_ref-Salentijn_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salentijn-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammalian jaw structures are also set apart by the dentary-squamosal <a href="/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint" title="Temporomandibular joint">jaw joint</a>. In this form of jaw joint, the dentary forms a connection with a depression in the <a href="/wiki/Squamosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamosal">squamosal</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenoid cavity">glenoid cavity</a>. In contrast, all other jawed vertebrates, including reptiles and nonmammalian synapsids, possess a jaw joint in which one of the smaller bones of the lower jaw, the articular, makes a connection with a bone of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">cranium</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate bone</a> to form the articular-quadrate jaw joint. In forms transitional to mammals, the jaw joint is composed of a large, lower jaw bone (similar to the dentary found in mammals) that does not connect to the squamosal, but connects to the quadrate with a receding articular bone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palate">Palate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Palate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, as synapsids became more mammalian and less 'reptilian', they began to develop a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_palate" title="Secondary palate">secondary palate</a>, separating the mouth and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>. In early synapsids, a secondary palate began to form on the sides of the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>, still leaving the mouth and nostril connected. </p><p>Eventually, the two sides of the palate began to curve together, forming a U shape instead of a C shape. The palate also began to extend back toward the throat, securing the entire mouth and creating a full <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine bone</a>. The maxilla is also closed completely. In fossils of one of the first <a href="/wiki/Eutheriodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheriodont">eutheriodonts</a>, the beginnings of a palate are clearly visible. The later <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i> has a full and completely closed palate, forming a clear progression.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_and_fur">Skin and fur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Skin and fur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Otter_kuchang_kushiro_hokkaido.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sea_Otter_kuchang_kushiro_hokkaido.jpg/220px-Sea_Otter_kuchang_kushiro_hokkaido.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sea_Otter_kuchang_kushiro_hokkaido.jpg/330px-Sea_Otter_kuchang_kushiro_hokkaido.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sea_Otter_kuchang_kushiro_hokkaido.jpg/440px-Sea_Otter_kuchang_kushiro_hokkaido.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a> has the densest fur of modern mammals.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the glandular skin covered in fur found in most modern mammals, modern and extinct synapsids possess a variety of modified skin coverings, including <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> (bony armor embedded in the skin), <a href="/wiki/Scute" title="Scute">scutes</a> (protective structures of the dermis often with a horny covering), hair or fur, and <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scale</a>-like structures (often formed from modified hair, as in <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>). While the skin of reptiles is rather thin, that of mammals has a thick <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermal</a> layer.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancestral skin type of synapsids has been subject to discussion. The type specimen of the oldest known synapsid <i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i> preserved <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_Gee_Pardo_Marjanović_p._25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann_Gee_Pardo_Marjanović_p.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the early synapsids, only two species of small <a href="/wiki/Varanopid" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanopid">varanopids</a> have been found to possess <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fossilized rows of <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> indicate bony armour on the neck and back. However, some recent studies have cast doubt on the placement of Varanopidae in Synapsida,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have countered and lean towards this traditional placement.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin impressions indicate some early synapsids basal possessed rectangular scutes on their undersides and tails.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB12_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pelycosaur scutes probably were nonoverlapping <a href="/wiki/Dermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal">dermal</a> structures with a horny overlay, like those found in modern <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. These differed in structure from the <a href="/wiki/Reptile_scale" title="Reptile scale">scales of lizards and snakes</a>, which are an epidermal feature (like mammalian hair or avian feathers).<sup id="cite_ref-caroll1969_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroll1969-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, skin impressions from the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ascendonanus" title="Ascendonanus">Ascendonanus</a></i> suggest that at least varanopsids developed scales similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Squamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamate">squamates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is currently unknown exactly when mammalian characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">body hair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> first appeared, as the fossils only rarely provide direct evidence for soft tissues. An exceptionally well-preserved skull of <i><a href="/wiki/Estemmenosuchus" title="Estemmenosuchus">Estemmenosuchus</a></i>, a therapsid from the Upper Permian, preserves smooth skin with what appear to be glandular depressions,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an animal noted as being semi-<a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known fossil showing unambiguous imprints of hair is the <a href="/wiki/Callovian" title="Callovian">Callovian</a> (late middle <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a></i> and several contemporary <a href="/wiki/Haramiyida" title="Haramiyida">haramiyidans</a>, both non-mammalian <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaform" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammaliaform">mammaliaform</a><sup id="cite_ref-JiLuoYuanTabrumCastorocauda_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JiLuoYuanTabrumCastorocauda-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see below, however). More primitive members of the <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a> are also hypothesized to have had fur or a fur-like covering based on their inferred warm-blooded metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Fur_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fur-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While more direct evidence of fur in early cynodonts has been proposed in the form of small pits on the snout possibly associated with <a href="/wiki/Whisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Whisker">whiskers</a>, such pits are also found in some reptiles that lack whiskers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fur_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fur-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that some other non-mammalian cynodonts more basal than <i>Castorocauda</i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Morganucodon" title="Morganucodon">Morganucodon</a></i>, had <a href="/wiki/Harderian_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Harderian glands">Harderian glands</a>, which are associated with the grooming and maintenance of fur. The apparent absence of these glands in non-mammaliaformes may suggest that fur did not originate until that point in synapsid evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Fur_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fur-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that fur and associated features of true warm-bloodedness did not appear until some synapsids became extremely small and nocturnal, necessitating a higher metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Fur_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fur-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest examples of nocturnality in synapsids is believed to have been in species that lived more than 300 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolites</a> from Russia and possibly South Africa showcase that at least some synapsids did already have pre-mammalian hair in this epoch. These are the oldest impressions of hair-like structures on synapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammary_glands">Mammary glands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mammary glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early synapsids, as far back as their known evolutionary debut in the Late Carboniferous period,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may have laid parchment-shelled (leathery) eggs,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which lacked a calcified layer, as most modern reptiles and <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a> do. This may also explain why there is no fossil evidence for synapsid eggs to date.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they were vulnerable to desiccation, secretions from <a href="/wiki/Apocrine_sweat_gland" title="Apocrine sweat gland">apocrine</a>-like glands may have helped keep the eggs moist.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Oftedal, early synapsids may have buried the eggs into moisture laden soil, hydrating them with contact with the moist skin, or may have carried them in a moist pouch, similar to that of monotremes (<a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidnas</a> carry their eggs and offspring via a temporary pouch<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), though this would limit the mobility of the parent. The latter may have been the primitive form of egg care in synapsids rather than simply burying the eggs, and the constraint on the parent's mobility would have been solved by having the eggs "parked" in nests during foraging or other activities and periodically be hydrated, allowing higher clutch sizes than could fit inside a pouch (or pouches) at once, and large eggs, which would be cumbersome to carry in a pouch, would be easier to care for. The basis of Oftedal's speculation is the fact that many species of <a href="/wiki/Anura_(frog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anura (frog)">anurans</a> can carry eggs or tadpoles attached to the skin, or embedded within cutaneous "pouches" and how most <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> curl around their eggs to keep them moist, both groups also having glandular skin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The glands involved in this mechanism would later evolve into true mammary glands with multiple modes of secretion in association with hair follicles. Comparative analyses of the evolutionary origin of milk constituents support a scenario in which the secretions from these glands evolved into a complex, nutrient-rich milk long before true mammals arose (with some of the constituents possibly predating the split between the synapsid and <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropsid">sauropsid</a> lines). <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodonts</a> were almost certainly able to produce this, which allowed a progressive decline of yolk mass and thus egg size, resulting in increasingly <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> hatchlings as milk became the primary source of nutrition, which is all evidenced by the small body size, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Epipubic_bone" title="Epipubic bone">epipubic bones</a>, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammaliaforms">mammaliaforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patagia">Patagia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patagia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aerial locomotion first began in non-mammalian <a href="/wiki/Haramiyida" title="Haramiyida">haramiyidan</a> cynodonts, with <i><a href="/wiki/Arboroharamiya" title="Arboroharamiya">Arboroharamiya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xianshou" title="Xianshou">Xianshou</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maiopatagium" title="Maiopatagium">Maiopatagium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vilevolodon" title="Vilevolodon">Vilevolodon</a></i> bearing exquisitely preserved, fur-covered wing membranes that stretch across the limbs and tail. Their fingers are elongated, similar to those of bats and <a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">colugos</a> and likely sharing similar roles both as wing supports and to hang on tree branches.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within true mammals, aerial locomotion first occurs in <a href="/wiki/Volaticotheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Volaticotheria">volaticotherian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutriconodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutriconodont">eutriconodonts</a>. A fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Volaticotherium" title="Volaticotherium">Volaticotherium</a></i> has an exquisitely preserved furry <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagium</a> with delicate wrinkles and that is very extensive, "sandwiching" the poorly preserved hands and feet and extending to the base of the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Argentoconodon" title="Argentoconodon">Argentoconodon</a></i>, a close relative, shares a similar femur adapted for flight stresses, indicating a similar lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Therian</a> mammals would only achieve powered flight and gliding long after these early aeronauts became extinct, with the earliest-known gliding <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">metatherians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> evolving in the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently, it has been found that <a href="/wiki/Endothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermy">endothermy</a> was developed as early as <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodon" title="Ophiacodon">Ophiacodon</a></i> in the late Carboniferous. The presence of fibrolamellar, a specialised type of bone that can grow quickly while maintaining a stable structure, shows that Ophiacodon would have used its high internal body temperature to fuel a fast growth comparable to modern endotherms.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeothyris_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Archaeothyris_BW.jpg/220px-Archaeothyris_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Archaeothyris_BW.jpg/330px-Archaeothyris_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Archaeothyris_BW.jpg/440px-Archaeothyris_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeothyris" title="Archaeothyris">Archaeothyris</a></i>, one of the oldest synapsids found</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ophiacomorphs2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ophiacomorphs2.jpg/220px-Ophiacomorphs2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ophiacomorphs2.jpg/330px-Ophiacomorphs2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ophiacomorphs2.jpg/440px-Ophiacomorphs2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus</a></i> (background), <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodon" title="Ophiacodon">Ophiacodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Varanops" title="Varanops">Varanops</a></i> were early synapsids that lived until the <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Early Permian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the course of synapsid evolution, progenitor taxa at the start of adaptive radiations have tended to be derived carnivores. Synapsid adaptive radiations have generally occurred after extinction events that depleted the biosphere and left vacant niches open to be filled by newly evolved taxa. In non-mammaliaform synapsids, those taxa that gave rise to rapidly diversifying lineages have been both small and large in body size, although after the Late Triassic, progenitors of new synapsid lineages have generally been small, unspecialised generalists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known synapsid <i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i> coexisted with the earliest known sauropsid <i><a href="/wiki/Hylonomus" title="Hylonomus">Hylonomus</a></i> which lived during the <a href="/wiki/Bashkirian" title="Bashkirian">Bashkirian</a> age of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_Gee_Pardo_Marjanović_p._25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann_Gee_Pardo_Marjanović_p.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M2021_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of many types of primitive synapsids that are now informally grouped together as stem mammals or sometimes as protomammals (previously known as <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>). The early synapsids spread and diversified, becoming the largest terrestrial animals in the latest Carboniferous and <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Early Permian</a> periods, ranging up to 6 metres (20 ft) in length. They were sprawling, bulky, possibly cold-blooded, and had small brains. Some, such as <i>Dimetrodon</i>, had large sails that might have helped <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">raise their body temperature</a>. A few <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> groups lasted into the later Permian but, by the middle of the Late Permian, all had either died off or evolved into their successors, the therapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moschops_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Moschops_BW.jpg/220px-Moschops_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Moschops_BW.jpg/330px-Moschops_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Moschops_BW.jpg/440px-Moschops_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Moschops" title="Moschops">Moschops</a></i> was a tapinocephalian from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Permian">Middle Permian</a> of South Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>The therapsids, a more advanced group of synapsids, appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Permian">Middle Permian</a> and included the largest terrestrial animals in the Middle and <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a>. They included herbivores and carnivores, ranging from small animals the size of a rat (e.g.: <i><a href="/wiki/Robertia" title="Robertia">Robertia</a></i>), to large, bulky herbivores a ton or more in weight (e.g.: <i><a href="/wiki/Moschops" title="Moschops">Moschops</a></i>). After flourishing for many millions of years, these successful animals were all but wiped out by the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic mass extinction</a> about 250 mya, the largest known <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth's history</a>, possibly related to the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a> volcanic event. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikkasaurus1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nikkasaurus1DB.jpg/220px-Nikkasaurus1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nikkasaurus1DB.jpg/330px-Nikkasaurus1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nikkasaurus1DB.jpg/440px-Nikkasaurus1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nikkasaurus" title="Nikkasaurus">Nikkasaurus</a></i> was an enigmatic synapsid from the Middle Permian of Russia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lystr_georg1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lystr_georg1DB.jpg/220px-Lystr_georg1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lystr_georg1DB.jpg/330px-Lystr_georg1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lystr_georg1DB.jpg/440px-Lystr_georg1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i> was the most common synapsid shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only a few therapsids went on to be successful in the new early <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> landscape; they include <i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus" title="Cynognathus">Cynognathus</a></i>, the latter of which appeared later in the early Triassic. However, they were accompanied by the early <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> (soon to give rise to the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>). Some of these archosaurs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Euparkeria" title="Euparkeria">Euparkeria</a></i>, were small and lightly built, while others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Erythrosuchus" title="Erythrosuchus">Erythrosuchus</a></i>, were as big as or bigger than the largest therapsids. </p><p>After the Permian extinction, the synapsids did not count more than three surviving clades. The first comprised the <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a>, which only lasted the first 20 million years of the Triassic period. The second were specialised, beaked herbivores known as <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannemeyeriidae">Kannemeyeriidae</a>), which contained some members that reached large size (up to a tonne or more). And finally there were the increasingly mammal-like carnivorous, herbivorous, and insectivorous cynodonts, including the <a href="/wiki/Eucynodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucynodonts">eucynodonts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a> age, an early representative of which was <i>Cynognathus</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynognathus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/220px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/330px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/440px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus" title="Cynognathus">Cynognathus</a></i> was the largest predatory cynodont of the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the dicynodonts, which were large, the cynodonts became progressively smaller and more mammal-like as the Triassic progressed, though some forms like <i><a href="/wiki/Trucidocynodon" title="Trucidocynodon">Trucidocynodon</a></i> remained large. The first mammaliaforms evolved from the cynodonts during the early <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> age of the Late Triassic, about 225 mya. </p><p>During the evolutionary succession from early therapsid to cynodont to eucynodont to mammal, the main lower jaw bone, the dentary, replaced the adjacent bones. Thus, the lower jaw gradually became just one large bone, with several of the smaller jaw bones migrating into the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> and allowing sophisticated hearing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repenomamus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/220px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/330px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/440px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Repenomamus" title="Repenomamus">Repenomamus</a></i> was the largest mammal of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whether through climate change, vegetation change, ecological competition, or a combination of factors, most of the remaining large cynodonts (belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Traversodontidae" title="Traversodontidae">Traversodontidae</a>) and dicynodonts (of the family Kannemeyeriidae) had disappeared by the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a> age, even before the <a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a> that killed off most of the large <a href="/wiki/Crurotarsi" title="Crurotarsi">non-dinosaurian archosaurs</a>. The remaining Mesozoic synapsids were small, ranging from the size of a shrew to the badger-like mammal <i><a href="/wiki/Repenomamus" title="Repenomamus">Repenomamus</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tritylodon_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tritylodon_BW.jpg/220px-Tritylodon_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tritylodon_BW.jpg/330px-Tritylodon_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tritylodon_BW.jpg/440px-Tritylodon_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tritylodon" title="Tritylodon">Tritylodon</a></i> was a cynodont that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Jurassic and Cretaceous, the remaining non-mammalian cynodonts were small, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tritylodon" title="Tritylodon">Tritylodon</a></i>. No cynodont grew larger than a cat. Most Jurassic and Cretaceous cynodonts were <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a>, though some were <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>. The family <a href="/wiki/Tritheledontidae" title="Tritheledontidae">Tritheledontidae</a>, which first appeared near the end of the Triassic, was carnivorous and persisted well into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a>. The other, <a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a>, first appeared at the same time as the tritheledonts, but was herbivorous. This group became extinct at the end of the Early Cretaceous epoch. Dicynodonts are generally thought to have become extinct near the end of the Triassic period, but there was evidence this group survived, in the form of six fragments of fossil bone that were found in Cretaceous rocks of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Thulborn_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thulborn-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If true, it would mean there is a significant <a href="/wiki/Ghost_lineage" title="Ghost lineage">ghost lineage</a> of Dicynodonts in <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. However, these fossils were re-described in 2019 as being <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> in age, and possibly belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Diprotodontidae" title="Diprotodontidae">diprotodontid</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the 5,500 species of living synapsids, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, include both aquatic (<a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a>) and flying (<a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>) species, and the largest animal ever known to have existed (the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>). Humans are synapsids, as well. Most mammals are <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparous</a> and give birth to live young rather than laying eggs with the exception being the <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a>. </p><p>Triassic and Jurassic ancestors of living mammals, along with their close relatives, had high metabolic rates. This meant consuming food (generally thought to be insects) in much greater quantity. To facilitate rapid <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, these synapsids evolved <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">mastication</a> (chewing) and specialized teeth that aided chewing. Limbs also evolved to move under the body instead of to the side, allowing them to breathe more efficiently during locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped make it possible to support their higher metabolic demands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships">Relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> of the most commonly accepted <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of synapsids, showing a long stem lineage including Mammalia and successively more basal clades such as Theriodontia, Therapsida and Sphenacodontia:<sup id="cite_ref-TOL_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOL-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KTS11_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KTS11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Synapsida</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/50px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/75px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/100px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="352" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Varanops_brevirostris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Varanops_brevirostris.jpg/50px-Varanops_brevirostris.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Varanops_brevirostris.jpg/75px-Varanops_brevirostris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Varanops_brevirostris.jpg/100px-Varanops_brevirostris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="205" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeothyris_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Archaeothyris_BW.jpg/50px-Archaeothyris_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Archaeothyris_BW.jpg/75px-Archaeothyris_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Archaeothyris_BW.jpg/100px-Archaeothyris_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg/50px-Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg/75px-Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg/100px-Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg/50px-Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg/75px-Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg/100px-Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="803" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biarmosuchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biarmosuchus.jpg/50px-Biarmosuchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biarmosuchus.jpg/75px-Biarmosuchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biarmosuchus.jpg/100px-Biarmosuchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="759" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eutherapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutherapsida">Eutherapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg/50px-Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg/75px-Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg/100px-Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neotherapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotherapsida">Neotherapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eodicynodon_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eodicynodon_BW.jpg/50px-Eodicynodon_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eodicynodon_BW.jpg/75px-Eodicynodon_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eodicynodon_BW.jpg/100px-Eodicynodon_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia">Theriodontia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg/50px-Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg/75px-Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg/100px-Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2741" data-file-height="1010" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moschorhinus_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Moschorhinus_DB.jpg/50px-Moschorhinus_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Moschorhinus_DB.jpg/75px-Moschorhinus_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Moschorhinus_DB.jpg/100px-Moschorhinus_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>† <a href="/wiki/Cynognathia" title="Cynognathia">Cynognathia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynognathus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/50px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/75px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg/100px-Cynognathus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="335" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a></b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskea_rotta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/50px-Ruskea_rotta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/75px-Ruskea_rotta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/100px-Ruskea_rotta.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="110" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Most uncertainty in the phylogeny of synapsids lies among the earliest members of the group, including forms traditionally placed within Pelycosauria. As one of the earliest phylogenetic analyses, Brinkman & Eberth (1983) placed the family <a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a> with <a href="/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a> as the most basal offshoot of the synapsid lineage. Reisz (1986) removed Varanopidae from Caseasauria, placing it in a more derived position on the stem. While most analyses find Caseasauria to be the most basal synapsid clade, Benson's analysis (2012) placed a clade containing <a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a> and Varanopidae as the most basal synapsids, with Caseasauria occupying a more derived position. Benson attributed this revised phylogeny to the inclusion of postcranial characteristics, or features of the skeleton other than the skull, in his analysis. When only cranial or skull features were included, Caseasauria remained the most basal synapsid clade. Below is a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> modified from Benson's analysis (2012):<sup id="cite_ref-BRJ12_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRJ12-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tseajaia_campi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tseajaia campi">Tseajaia campi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Limnoscelis_paludis" class="mw-redirect" title="Limnoscelis paludis">Limnoscelis paludis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Captorhinus" title="Captorhinus">Captorhinus</a></i> spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Protorothyris_archeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Protorothyris archeri">Protorothyris archeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Synapsida</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeothyris_florensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeothyris florensis">Archaeothyris florensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Varanosaurus_acutirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanosaurus acutirostris">Varanosaurus acutirostris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodon" title="Ophiacodon">Ophiacodon</a></i> spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stereophallodon_ciscoensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophallodon ciscoensis">Stereophallodon ciscoensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeovenator_hamiltonensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeovenator hamiltonensis">Archaeovenator hamiltonensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pyozia_mesenensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyozia mesenensis">Pyozia mesenensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mycterosaurus_longiceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycterosaurus longiceps">Mycterosaurus longiceps</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>?<i><a href="/wiki/Elliotsmithia_longiceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliotsmithia longiceps">Elliotsmithia longiceps</a></i> (BP/1/5678) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Heleosaurus_scholtzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Heleosaurus scholtzi">Heleosaurus scholtzi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mesenosaurus_romeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenosaurus romeri">Mesenosaurus romeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Varanops_brevirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanops brevirostris">Varanops brevirostris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Watongia_meieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Watongia meieri">Watongia meieri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Varanodon_agilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanodon agilis">Varanodon agilis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthiromia_elcobriensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthiromia elcobriensis">Ruthiromia elcobriensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosaurus_wellesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosaurus wellesi">Aerosaurus wellesi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosaurus_greenleorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosaurus greenleorum">Aerosaurus greenleorum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eothyris_parkeyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eothyris parkeyi">Eothyris parkeyi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oedaleops_campi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedaleops campi">Oedaleops campi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oromycter_dolesorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromycter dolesorum">Oromycter dolesorum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Casea_broilii" class="mw-redirect" title="Casea broilii">Casea broilii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Trichasaurus_texensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichasaurus texensis">Trichasaurus texensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Euromycter_rutenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Euromycter rutenus">Euromycter rutenus</a></i> (=<i>"Casea" rutena</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ennatosaurus_tecton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennatosaurus tecton">Ennatosaurus tecton</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Angelosaurus_romeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelosaurus romeri">Angelosaurus romeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus_romeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotylorhynchus romeri">Cotylorhynchus romeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus_bransoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotylorhynchus bransoni">Cotylorhynchus bransoni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus_hancocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotylorhynchus hancocki">Cotylorhynchus hancocki</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthodon_schultzei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ianthodon schultzei">Ianthodon schultzei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthasaurus_hardestiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ianthasaurus hardestiorum">Ianthasaurus hardestiorum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Glaucosaurus_megalops" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucosaurus megalops">Glaucosaurus megalops</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lupeosaurus_kayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupeosaurus kayi">Lupeosaurus kayi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus_boanerges" class="mw-redirect" title="Edaphosaurus boanerges">Edaphosaurus boanerges</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus_novomexicanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Edaphosaurus novomexicanus">Edaphosaurus novomexicanus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Haptodus_garnettensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptodus garnettensis">Haptodus garnettensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pantelosaurus_saxonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantelosaurus saxonicus">Pantelosaurus saxonicus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus_dashankouensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raranimus dashankouensis">Raranimus dashankouensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchus_tener" class="mw-redirect" title="Biarmosuchus tener">Biarmosuchus tener</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Biseridens_qilianicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Biseridens qilianicus">Biseridens qilianicus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Titanophoneus_potens" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanophoneus potens">Titanophoneus potens</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cutleria_wilmarthi" title="Cutleria wilmarthi">Cutleria wilmarthi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Secodontosaurus_obtusidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Secodontosaurus obtusidens">Secodontosaurus obtusidens</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptovenator_hirschbergeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptovenator hirschbergeri">Cryptovenator hirschbergeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i> spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodon" title="Sphenacodon">Sphenacodon</a></i> spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>However, more recent examination of the phylogeny of basal synapsids, incorporating newly described basal caseids and eothyridids,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> returned Caseasauria to its position as the sister to all other synapsids. Brocklehurst et al. (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrated that many of the postcranial characters used by Benson (2012) to unite Caseasauria with <a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a> were absent in the newly discovered postcranial material of eothyridids, and were therefore acquired convergently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapsid" title="Anapsid">Anapsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryapsida" title="Euryapsida">Euryapsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_mammals" title="List of prehistoric mammals">List of prehistoric mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_synapsids" title="Lists of synapsids">Lists of synapsids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_classification" title="Mammal classification">Mammal classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of the evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">Vertebrate paleontology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">συν-</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">syn-</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'together' + <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ἁψίς</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">apsís</i></span>, 'arch') > <span title="Greek-language text">*<span lang="el">συναψίδης</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">synapsídes</i></span>) "having a fused arch"; synonymous with <i><b>theropsids</b></i> (Greek, "beast-face")</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Steen1934-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steen1934_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steen1934_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteen1934" class="citation journal cs1">Steen, Margaret C. 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Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 3–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35697-0"><bdi>978-0-253-35697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+radiation+of+therapsids&rft.btitle=Forerunners+of+Mammals&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=3-30&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35697-0&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcp26-CA2CDUC%26q%3Dforerunners%2520of%2520the%2520mammals%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynapsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRJ12-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRJ12_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Benson, R.J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Systematic_Palaeontology" title="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</a></i>. <b>10</b> (4): 601–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2011.631042">10.1080/14772019.2011.631042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84706899">84706899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Interrelationships+of+basal+synapsids%3A+cranial+and+postcranial+morphological+partitions+suggest+different+topologies&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=601-624&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14772019.2011.631042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84706899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynapsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_BrocklehurstRobert_ReiszVincent_FernandezJörg_Fröbisch2016" class="citation journal cs1">Neil Brocklehurst; Robert Reisz; Vincent Fernandez; Jörg Fröbisch (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4917111">"A Re-Description of 'Mycterosaurus' smithae, an Early Permian Eothyridid, and Its Impact on the Phylogeny of Pelycosaurian-Grade Synapsids"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (6): e0156810. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1156810B">2016PLoSO..1156810B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0156810">10.1371/journal.pone.0156810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4917111">4917111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27333277">27333277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Re-Description+of+%27Mycterosaurus%27+smithae%2C+an+Early+Permian+Eothyridid%2C+and+Its+Impact+on+the+Phylogeny+of+Pelycosaurian-Grade+Synapsids&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0156810&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4917111%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27333277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0156810&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1156810B&rft.au=Neil+Brocklehurst&rft.au=Robert+Reisz&rft.au=Vincent+Fernandez&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Fr%C3%B6bisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4917111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynapsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbert1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Colbert" title="Edwin H. Colbert">Colbert, E. H.</a> (1969). <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Vertebrates" title="Evolution of the Vertebrates"><i>Evolution of the Vertebrates</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons Inc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-16466-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-16466-6"><bdi>0-471-16466-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Vertebrates&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-471-16466-6&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynapsida" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synapsida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template:Reptiliomorpha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template talk:Reptiliomorpha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiliomorpha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reptiliomorpha_(Pan‑Amniota)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pan‑Amniota)</span></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Osteichthyes_*_Clade:_Sarcopterygii_*_Clade:_Tetrapoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha / Pan-Amniota</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reptiliomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Caerorhachis" title="Caerorhachis">Caerorhachis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Casineria" title="Casineria">Casineria</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eldeceeon" title="Eldeceeon">Eldeceeon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Romeriscus" title="Romeriscus">Romeriscus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Silvanerpeton" title="Silvanerpeton">Silvanerpeton</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Solenodonsaurus" title="Solenodonsaurus">Solenodonsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Termonerpeton" title="Termonerpeton">Termonerpeton</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Westlothiana" title="Westlothiana">Westlothiana</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Embolomeri" title="Embolomeri">Embolomeri</a></b>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Gephyrostegidae" title="Gephyrostegidae">Gephyrostegidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Chroniosuchia" title="Chroniosuchia">Chroniosuchia</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laosuchus" title="Laosuchus">Laosuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bystrowianidae" title="Bystrowianidae">Bystrowianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axitectum" title="Axitectum">Axitectum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bystrowiana" title="Bystrowiana">Bystrowiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bystrowiella" title="Bystrowiella">Bystrowiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromotectum" title="Dromotectum">Dromotectum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hassiacoscutum" title="Hassiacoscutum">Hassiacoscutum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiyuanitectum" title="Jiyuanitectum">Jiyuanitectum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synesuchus" title="Synesuchus">Synesuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yumenerpeton" title="Yumenerpeton">Yumenerpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chroniosuchidae" title="Chroniosuchidae">Chroniosuchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chroniosaurus" title="Chroniosaurus">Chroniosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chroniosuchus" title="Chroniosuchus">Chroniosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingentidens" title="Ingentidens">Ingentidens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jarilinus" title="Jarilinus">Jarilinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madygenerpeton" title="Madygenerpeton">Madygenerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phratochronis" title="Phratochronis">Phratochronis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchonica" title="Suchonica">Suchonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uralerpeton" title="Uralerpeton">Uralerpeton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Seymouriamorpha" title="Seymouriamorpha">Seymouriamorpha</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariekanerpeton" title="Ariekanerpeton">Ariekanerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biarmica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biarmica (page does not exist)">Biarmica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discosauriscus" title="Discosauriscus">Discosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosuchus" title="Enosuchus">Enosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karpinskiosaurus" title="Karpinskiosaurus">Karpinskiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotlassia" title="Kotlassia">Kotlassia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptoropha" title="Leptoropha">Leptoropha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makowskia" title="Makowskia">Makowskia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microphon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microphon (page does not exist)">Microphon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyctiboetus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyctiboetus (page does not exist)">Nyctiboetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seymouria" title="Seymouria">Seymouria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinarerpeton" title="Spinarerpeton">Spinarerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utegenia" title="Utegenia">Utegenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volgerpeton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volgerpeton (page does not exist)">Volgerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waggoneria" title="Waggoneria">Waggoneria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Microsauria" title="Microsauria">Microsauria</a>"?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Microsauria" title="Template:Microsauria">Microsauria</a></li> <li>possibly includes <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limnoscelis" title="Limnoscelis">Limnoscelis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tseajaia" title="Tseajaia">Tseajaia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diadectidae" title="Diadectidae">Diadectidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alveusdectes" title="Alveusdectes">Alveusdectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambedus" title="Ambedus">Ambedus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desmatodon" title="Desmatodon">Desmatodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diadectes" title="Diadectes">Diadectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diasparactus" title="Diasparactus">Diasparactus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuwavaatakdectes" title="Kuwavaatakdectes">Kuwavaatakdectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orobates" title="Orobates">Orobates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phanerosaurus" title="Phanerosaurus">Phanerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephanospondylus" title="Stephanospondylus">Stephanospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="/wiki/Protorothyrididae" title="Protorothyrididae">Protorothyrididae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthracodromeus" title="Anthracodromeus">Anthracodromeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brouffia" title="Brouffia">Brouffia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalerpeton" title="Cephalerpeton">Cephalerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelostegus" title="Coelostegus">Coelostegus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylonomus" title="Hylonomus">Hylonomus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleothyris" title="Paleothyris">Paleothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protorothyris" title="Protorothyris">Protorothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuringothyris" title="Thuringothyris">Thuringothyris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Araeoscelidia" title="Araeoscelidia">Araeoscelidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphelosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphelosaurus (page does not exist)">Aphelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araeoscelis" title="Araeoscelis">Araeoscelis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictybolos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictybolos (page does not exist)">Dictybolos</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halgaitosaurus" title="Halgaitosaurus">Halgaitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaliosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadaliosaurus (page does not exist)">Kadaliosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrolacosaurus" title="Petrolacosaurus">Petrolacosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinoaequalis" title="Spinoaequalis">Spinoaequalis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarcasaurus" title="Zarcasaurus">Zarcasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Captorhinidae" title="Captorhinidae">Captorhinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrodenta" title="Acrodenta">Acrodenta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baeotherates" title="Baeotherates">Baeotherates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captorhinoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captorhinoides (page does not exist)">Captorhinoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captorhinus" title="Captorhinus">Captorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euconcordia" title="Euconcordia">Euconcordia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labidosauriscus" title="Labidosauriscus">Labidosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labidosaurus" title="Labidosaurus">Labidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthodontosaurus" title="Opisthodontosaurus">Opisthodontosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protocaptorhinus" title="Protocaptorhinus">Protocaptorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puercosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puercosaurus (page does not exist)">Puercosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reiszorhinus" title="Reiszorhinus">Reiszorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhiodenticulatus" title="Rhiodenticulatus">Rhiodenticulatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodotheratus" title="Rhodotheratus">Rhodotheratus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riabininus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riabininus (page does not exist)">Riabininus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeria_(reptile)" title="Romeria (reptile)">Romeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurorictus" title="Saurorictus">Saurorictus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moradisaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moradisaurinae">Moradisaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balearosaurus" title="Balearosaurus">Balearosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captorhinikos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captorhinikos (page does not exist)">Captorhinikos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gansurhinus" title="Gansurhinus">Gansurhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gecatogomphius" title="Gecatogomphius">Gecatogomphius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indosauriscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indosauriscus (page does not exist)">Indosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahneria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahneria (page does not exist)">Kahneria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labidosaurikos" title="Labidosaurikos">Labidosaurikos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moradisaurus" title="Moradisaurus">Moradisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothianiscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rothianiscus (page does not exist)">Rothianiscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumidadectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumidadectes (page does not exist)">Sumidadectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramuntanasaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tramuntanasaurus (page does not exist)">Tramuntanasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:120%"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(crown group)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synapsida <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pan‑Mammalia)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pan‑Reptilia)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropsida" title="Template:Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silvanerpeton miripedes"><img alt="Silvanerpeton miripedes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg/100px-Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg/150px-Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg/200px-Silvanerpeton1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bystrowiana permira"><img alt="Bystrowiana permira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg/100px-Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg/150px-Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg/200px-Bystrowiana_permira1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="803" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seymouria2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seymouria baylorensis"><img alt="Seymouria baylorensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seymouria2.jpg/100px-Seymouria2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seymouria2.jpg/150px-Seymouria2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seymouria2.jpg/200px-Seymouria2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2793" data-file-height="1257" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westlothiana_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westlothiana lizziae"><img alt="Westlothiana lizziae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westlothiana_BW.jpg/100px-Westlothiana_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westlothiana_BW.jpg/150px-Westlothiana_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westlothiana_BW.jpg/200px-Westlothiana_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="262" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadectes1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diadectes sideropelicus"><img alt="Diadectes sideropelicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/100px-Diadectes1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/150px-Diadectes1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg/200px-Diadectes1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylonomus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hylonomus lyelli"><img alt="Hylonomus lyelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/100px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/150px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylonomus_BW.jpg/200px-Hylonomus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="338" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petrolacosaurus kansensis"><img alt="Petrolacosaurus kansensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg/100px-Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg/150px-Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg/200px-Petrolacosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="313" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labidosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Labidosaurus hamatus"><img alt="Labidosaurus hamatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Labidosaurus.jpg/100px-Labidosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Labidosaurus.jpg/150px-Labidosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Labidosaurus.jpg/200px-Labidosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="659" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodontia" title="Labyrinthodontia">Labyrinthodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepospondyli" title="Lepospondyli">Lepospondyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracosauria" title="Anthracosauria">Anthracosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachosauria" title="Batrachosauria">Batrachosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotylosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotylosauria">Cotylosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">Eureptilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Synapsida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Synapsida" title="Template talk:Synapsida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Synapsida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Synapsida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Synapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Superclass:_Tetrapoda_*_Clade:_Amniota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Superclass: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template:Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Synapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synapsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eothyris" title="Eothyris">Eothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedaleops" title="Oedaleops">Oedaleops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaughnictis" title="Vaughnictis">Vaughnictis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alierasaurus" title="Alierasaurus">Alierasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelosaurus" title="Angelosaurus">Angelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arisierpeton" title="Arisierpeton">Arisierpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callibrachion" title="Callibrachion">Callibrachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casea" title="Casea">Casea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caseoides" title="Caseoides">Caseoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caseopsis" title="Caseopsis">Caseopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datheosaurus" title="Datheosaurus">Datheosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ennatosaurus" title="Ennatosaurus">Ennatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocasea" title="Eocasea">Eocasea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euromycter" title="Euromycter">Euromycter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lalieudorhynchus" title="Lalieudorhynchus">Lalieudorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martensius" title="Martensius">Martensius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oromycter" title="Oromycter">Oromycter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phreatophasma" title="Phreatophasma">Phreatophasma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenosaurus" title="Ruthenosaurus">Ruthenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichasaurus" title="Trichasaurus">Trichasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apsisaurus" title="Apsisaurus">Apsisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeovenator" title="Archaeovenator">Archaeovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascendonanus" title="Ascendonanus">Ascendonanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoscansor" title="Eoscansor">Eoscansor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendromaia" title="Dendromaia">Dendromaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitosaurus" title="Nitosaurus">Nitosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyozia" title="Pyozia">Pyozia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thrausmosaurus" title="Thrausmosaurus">Thrausmosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesenosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenosaurinae">Mesenosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anningia" title="Anningia">Anningia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabarzia" title="Cabarzia">Cabarzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elliotsmithia" title="Elliotsmithia">Elliotsmithia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heleosaurus" title="Heleosaurus">Heleosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesenosaurus" title="Mesenosaurus">Mesenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microvaranops" title="Microvaranops">Microvaranops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varanodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanodontinae">Varanodontinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosaurus" title="Aerosaurus">Aerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycterosaurus" title="Mycterosaurus">Mycterosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthiromia" title="Ruthiromia">Ruthiromia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambacarnifex" title="Tambacarnifex">Tambacarnifex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanops" title="Varanops">Varanops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanodon" title="Varanodon">Varanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watongia" title="Watongia">Watongia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metopophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Metopophora">Metopophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Incertae_sedis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dimacrodon" title="Dimacrodon">Dimacrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Driveria" title="Driveria">Driveria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgodon" title="Gorgodon">Gorgodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Knoxosaurus" title="Knoxosaurus">Knoxosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mastersonia" title="Mastersonia">Mastersonia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protoclepsydrops" title="Protoclepsydrops">Protoclepsydrops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ennatosaurus tecton"><img alt="Ennatosaurus tecton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="352" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VaranodonDB23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Varanodon agilis"><img alt="Varanodon agilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/140px-VaranodonDB23.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/210px-VaranodonDB23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/280px-VaranodonDB23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="1543" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Metopophora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metopophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Metopophora">Metopophora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Ophiacodontidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeothyris" title="Archaeothyris">Archaeothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baldwinonus" title="Baldwinonus">Baldwinonus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clepsydrops" title="Clepsydrops">Clepsydrops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinerpeton" title="Echinerpeton">Echinerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodon" title="Ophiacodon">Ophiacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereophallodon" title="Stereophallodon">Stereophallodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereorhachis" title="Stereorhachis">Stereorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanosaurus" title="Varanosaurus">Varanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Haptodontiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptodontiformes">Haptodontiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthodon" title="Ianthodon">Ianthodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Milosaurus" title="Milosaurus">Milosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bohemiclavulus" title="Bohemiclavulus">Bohemiclavulus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus" title="Edaphosaurus">Edaphosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glaucosaurus" title="Glaucosaurus">Glaucosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordodon" title="Gordodon">Gordodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthasaurus" title="Ianthasaurus">Ianthasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lupeosaurus" title="Lupeosaurus">Lupeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanedaphodon" title="Melanedaphodon">Melanedaphodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramodendron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramodendron (page does not exist)">Ramodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remigiomontanus" title="Remigiomontanus">Remigiomontanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xyrospondylus" title="Xyrospondylus">Xyrospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cutleria_wilmarthi" title="Cutleria wilmarthi">Cutleria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Haptodus" title="Haptodus">Haptodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselohaptodus" title="Hypselohaptodus">Hypselohaptodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kenomagnathus" title="Kenomagnathus">Kenomagnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Palaeohatteriidae" title="Palaeohatteriidae">Palaeohatteriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeohatteria" title="Palaeohatteria">Palaeohatteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantelosaurus" title="Pantelosaurus">Pantelosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontoidea" title="Sphenacodontoidea">Sphenacodontoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Shashajaia" title="Shashajaia">Shashajaia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptovenator" title="Cryptovenator">Cryptovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenorhachis" title="Ctenorhachis">Ctenorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenospondylus" title="Ctenospondylus">Ctenospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutleria_wilmarthi" title="Cutleria wilmarthi">Cutleria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosyodon" title="Eosyodon">Eosyodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macromerion" title="Macromerion">Macromerion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neosaurus" title="Neosaurus">Neosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secodontosaurus" title="Secodontosaurus">Secodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodon" title="Sphenacodon">Sphenacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steppesaurus" title="Steppesaurus">Steppesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tappenosaurus" title="Tappenosaurus">Tappenosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clepsydrops colletii"><img alt="Clepsydrops colletii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/140px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/210px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/280px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordodon_kraineri.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gordodon kraineri"><img alt="Gordodon kraineri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/140px-Gordodon_kraineri.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/210px-Gordodon_kraineri.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/280px-Gordodon_kraineri.png 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Secodontosaurus obtusidens"><img alt="Secodontosaurus obtusidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Therapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Therapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus" title="Raranimus">Raranimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Biarmosuchia" title="Template:Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Dinocephalia" title="Template:Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Anomodontia" title="Template:Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">dicynodonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Gorgonopsia" title="Template:Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Therocephalia" title="Template:Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cynodontia" title="Template:Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaurus" title="Dinosaurus">Dinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kamagorgon" title="Kamagorgon">Kamagorgon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Niaftasuchus" title="Niaftasuchus">Niaftasuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raranimus_dashankouensis_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raranimus dashankouensis"><img alt="Raranimus dashankouensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/140px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/210px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/280px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pelycosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelycosauria">Pelycosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthinosuchia" title="Phthinosuchia">Phthinosuchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia">Theriodontia</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Synapsids" title="Category:Synapsids">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Synapsida</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189069" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q189069">Q189069</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Synapsida" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Synapsida/">Synapsida</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3014447">3014447</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=99791">99791</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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