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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasaures" title="Caseasaures – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caseasaures" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Κασεασαύρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κασεασαύρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عظائيات كاسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عظائيات كاسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="カセアサウルス亜目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カセアサウルス亜目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Caseasauria" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%89%B2%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%9E%E7%9B%AE" title="卡色龍亞目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡色龍亞目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct clade of synapsids</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Caseasaurs<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a>-<a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">306–254 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:112.36923076923px; width:22.338461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:116.43076923077px; width:17.6px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:117.43076923077px; width:15.6px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotylorhynchus_romeri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cotylorhynchus_romeri.jpg/220px-Cotylorhynchus_romeri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cotylorhynchus_romeri.jpg/330px-Cotylorhynchus_romeri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cotylorhynchus_romeri.jpg/440px-Cotylorhynchus_romeri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="932" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Fossil skeleton of <i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus romeri</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Caseasauria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caseasauria</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wendell_Williston" title="Samuel Wendell Williston">Williston</a>, <a href="/wiki/1912_in_paleontology" title="1912 in paleontology">1912</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a><br /> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Caseasauria</b> is one of the two main <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> of early <a href="/wiki/Synapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsids">synapsids</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a>. Caseasaurs are currently known only from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, and include two superficially different families, the small insectivorous or carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a>, and the large, <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a>. These two groups share a number of specialised features associated with the morphology of the snout and external <a href="/wiki/Nares" class="mw-redirect" title="Nares">naris</a>. </p><p>The ancestor of caseasaurs can be traced back to an insect eating or an omnivorous <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsid</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> time of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, possibly resembling <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeothyris" title="Archaeothyris">Archaeothyris</a></i>, the earliest known synapsid. The caseasaurs were abundant during the later part of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Permian">Early Permian</a>, but by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Permian">Middle Permian</a> caseasaur diversity declined because the group was outcompeted by the more successful <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>. The last caseasaurs became extinct at the end of the Guadelupian (Middle Permian). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most conspicuous characteristics uniting caseasaurs are an enlarged nostril and a snout tip that overhangs the tooth row.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018125_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018125-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early caseasaurs, including all eothyridids, were relatively small animals. However, most caseids reached larger sizes, and some caseids, such as <i>Cotylorhynchus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alierasaurus" title="Alierasaurus">Alierasaurus</a></i>, were among the largest terrestrial animals of the early Permian. These large herbivorous taxa reached a length of 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 ft) and a mass of 330 to 500 kilograms (730 to 1,100 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018127_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caseasaurs first appear in the fossil record in the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, alongside many other early amniote groups. The earliest known synapsid, <i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Bashkirian" title="Bashkirian">Bashkirian</a> age, may be an eothyridid caseasaur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMannGeePardoMarjanović202015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannGeePardoMarjanović202015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest definitive caseasaur is <i><a href="/wiki/Eocasea" title="Eocasea">Eocasea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiszFröbisch2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiszFröbisch2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caseids thrived during the <a href="/wiki/Kungurian" title="Kungurian">Kungurian</a> age, and numerous large herbivorous caseids are known from the Kungurian of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>Caseasaurs are one of the two pelycosaur clades known to have survived into the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a> epoch, along with varanopids. Two caseasaur taxa are known from the Guadalupian of Russia, representing the geologically youngest known caseasaurs: the small, possibly omnivorous or insectivorous <i><a href="/wiki/Phreatophasma" title="Phreatophasma">Phreatophasma</a></i>, and the large, herbivorous <i><a href="/wiki/Ennatosaurus" title="Ennatosaurus">Ennatosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstFröbisch2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstFröbisch2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Seymouriamorpha" title="Seymouriamorpha">Seymouriamorpha</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a>? </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a>? </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Caseasauria</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a>? </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogenetic position of Caseasauria within <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a>, showing the possible alternate positions of <a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a> may belong to Sauropsida. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Caseasauria is generally regarded as the most basal clade of synapsids, with all other synapsids being grouped in the clade <a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a>. However, not all studies have supported this position. In 2012, Roger Benson argued that most of the characters supporting a basal position for caseasaurs pertained to the skull, and presented a phylogenetic analysis incorporating more postcranial data that resolved a clade comprising ophiacodontids and varanopids as the basalmost synapsid clade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, new postcranial data from eothyridids and basal caseids established that caseasaurs were more basal than ophiacodontids and varanopids after all, with the characters supporting a more derived position for caseasaurs being the result of convergent evolution between caseids and more derived synapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiszFröbisch2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiszFröbisch2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstReiszFernandezFröbisch2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstReiszFernandezFröbisch2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diadectomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadectomorphs">diadectomorphs</a>, conventionally regarded as anamniote tetrapods, may prove to be synapsids even more basal than Caseasauria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanovićLaurin2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanovićLaurin2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlembaraRutaHainBerman2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlembaraRutaHainBerman2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Eocasea martini</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Martensius bromackerensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Casea broili</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Oromycter dolesorum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Trichasaurus texensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Casea nicholsi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Euromycter rutenus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ennatosaurus tecton</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Angelosaurus romeri</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Alierasaurus ronchii</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Cotylorhynchus romeri</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Cotylorhynchus bransoni</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Cotylorhynchus hancocki</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of Caseidae, after Berman et al. 2020<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanMaddinHenriciSumida2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanMaddinHenriciSumida2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most caseasaurs are divided into two families, <a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a>. The affinities of the earliest definitive caseasaur, <i>Eocasea</i>, are uncertain, with some phylogenetic analyses finding it to be a caseid and others finding it to be a basal caseasaur belonging to neither family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordBenson2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordBenson2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three genera are typically regarded as belonging to the family Eothyrididae: <i>Eothyris</i>, <i>Oedaleops</i>, and <i>Vaughnictis</i>. However, some phylogenetic analyses have failed to resolve the eothyridids as a clade, instead finding them to be paraphyletic with respect to Caseidae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumidaPelletierBerman201420–21_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumidaPelletierBerman201420–21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Asaphestera</i> has been provisionally regarded as an eothyridid as well, without being included in a phylogenetic analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMannGeePardoMarjanović2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannGeePardoMarjanović2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining caseasaurs belong to the family Caseidae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_species">List of species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible autocollapse"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Species of Caseasauria</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Genus </th> <th scope="col">Species </th> <th scope="col">Year Named </th> <th scope="col">Family </th> <th scope="col">Age </th> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Eocasea" title="Eocasea">Eocasea</a></i> </td> <td><i>E. martini</i> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><i>incertae sedis</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gzhelian" title="Gzhelian">Gzhelian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>May be a caseid </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i> </td> <td><i>A. platyris</i> </td> <td>1934 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bashkirian" title="Bashkirian">Bashkirian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Synapsida <i>incertae sedis</i>; may be an eothyridid </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Eothyris" title="Eothyris">Eothyris</a></i> </td> <td><i>E. parkeyi</i> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Oedaleops" title="Oedaleops">Oedaleops</a></i> </td> <td><i>O. campi</i> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vaughnictis" title="Vaughnictis">Vaughnictis</a></i> </td> <td><i>V. smithae</i> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asselian" title="Asselian">Asselian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sakmarian" title="Sakmarian">Sakmarian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Originally assigned to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Mycterosaurus" title="Mycterosaurus">Mycterosaurus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Callibrachion" title="Callibrachion">Callibrachion</a></i> </td> <td><i>C. gaudryi</i> </td> <td>1893 </td> <td rowspan="22"><a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Datheosaurus" title="Datheosaurus">Datheosaurus</a></i> </td> <td><i>D. macrourus</i> </td> <td>1904 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Oromycter" title="Oromycter">Oromycter</a></i> </td> <td><i>O. dolesorum</i> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Phreatophasma" title="Phreatophasma">Phreatophasma</a></i> </td> <td><i>P. aenigmatum</i> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roadian" title="Roadian">Roadian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Martensius" title="Martensius">Martensius</a></i> </td> <td><i>M. bromackerensis</i> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenosaurus" title="Ruthenosaurus">Ruthenosaurus</a></i> </td> <td><i>R. russellorum</i> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Casea" title="Casea">Casea</a></i> </td> <td><i>C. broilii</i> </td> <td>1910 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>C. halselli</i> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>C. nicholsi</i> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Euromycter" title="Euromycter">Euromycter</a></i> </td> <td><i>E. rutenus</i> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Originally described as <i>Casea rutena</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ennatosaurus" title="Ennatosaurus">Ennatosaurus</a></i> </td> <td><i>E. tecton</i> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>The geologically youngest known caseasaur </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Caseopsis" title="Caseopsis">Caseopsis</a></i> </td> <td><i>C. agilis</i> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Caseoides" title="Caseoides">Caseoides</a></i> </td> <td><i>C. sanangelensis</i> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Arisierpeton" title="Arisierpeton">Arisierpeton</a></i> </td> <td><i>A. simplex</i> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Alierasaurus" title="Alierasaurus">Alierasaurus</a></i> </td> <td><i>A. ronchii</i> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus</a></i> </td> <td><i>C. romeri</i> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>C. hancocki</i> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>C. bransoni</i> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelosaurus" title="Angelosaurus">Angelosaurus</a></i> </td> <td><i>A. dolani</i> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>A. greeni</i> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>A. romeri</i> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Trichasaurus" title="Trichasaurus">Trichasaurus</a></i> </td> <td><i>T. texensis</i> </td> <td>1910 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paleoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paleoecology of caseids is debated. They are typically interpreted as terrestrial animals of dry, upland habitats. However, Caseids exhibit a similar bone microstructure to cetaceans and pinnipeds, which has led to the hypothesis that they led an aquatic lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambertzSheltonSpindlerPerry2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambertzSheltonSpindlerPerry2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018128_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018128-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis has been challenged on the grounds that their bone microstructure specifically resembles fully pelagic animals, and is unlike the bone microstructure of semiaquatic animals, but that the body plan of caseids is inconsistent with a pelagic lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018128_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018128-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, caseid fossils are predominantly associated with arid upland deposits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">Vertebrate paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian tetrapods">Permian tetrapods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018125-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018125_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngielczykKammerer2018">Angielczyk & Kammerer 2018</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018127-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngielczykKammerer2018127_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngielczykKammerer2018">Angielczyk & Kammerer 2018</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannGeePardoMarjanović202015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMannGeePardoMarjanović202015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMannGeePardoMarjanović2020">Mann et al. 2020</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiszFröbisch2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiszFröbisch2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiszFröbisch2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReiszFröbisch2014">Reisz & Fröbisch 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstFröbisch2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstFröbisch2017_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrocklehurstFröbisch2017">Brocklehurst & Fröbisch 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenson2012">Benson 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstReiszFernandezFröbisch2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocklehurstReiszFernandezFröbisch2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrocklehurstReiszFernandezFröbisch2016">Brocklehurst et al. 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanovićLaurin2019-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanovićLaurin2019_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarjanovićLaurin2019">Marjanović & Laurin 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlembaraRutaHainBerman2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlembaraRutaHainBerman2021_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlembaraRutaHainBerman2021">Klembara et al. 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanMaddinHenriciSumida2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanMaddinHenriciSumida2020_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermanMaddinHenriciSumida2020">Berman et al. 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018">Spindler et al. 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordBenson2020-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordBenson2020_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFordBenson2020">Ford & Benson 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumidaPelletierBerman201420–21-13"><span 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngielczykKammerer2018" class="citation book cs1">Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. 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"A caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1385</b> (1): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NYASA1385....3L">2016NYASA1385....3L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.13264">10.1111/nyas.13264</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27859325">27859325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24680688">24680688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+caseian+point+for+the+evolution+of+a+diaphragm+homologue+among+the+earliest+synapsids&rft.volume=1385&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-20&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnyas.13264&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24680688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27859325&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NYASA1385....3L&rft.aulast=Lambertz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Shelton%2C+C.D.&rft.au=Spindler%2C+F.&rft.au=Perry%2C+S.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaseasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannGeePardoMarjanović2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Arjan; Gee, Bryan M.; Pardo, Jason D.; Marjanović, David; Adams, Gabrielle R.; Calthorpe, Ami S.; Maddin, Hillary C.; Anderson, Jason S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1316">"Reassessment of historic 'microsaurs' from Joggins, Nova Scotia, reveals hidden diversity in the earliest amniote ecosystem"</a>. <i>Papers in Palaeontology</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 605–625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1316">10.1002/spp2.1316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-2802">2056-2802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218925814">218925814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Reassessment+of+historic+%27microsaurs%27+from+Joggins%2C+Nova+Scotia%2C+reveals+hidden+diversity+in+the+earliest+amniote+ecosystem&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=605-625&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218925814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2056-2802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspp2.1316&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Arjan&rft.au=Gee%2C+Bryan+M.&rft.au=Pardo%2C+Jason+D.&rft.au=Marjanovi%C4%87%2C+David&rft.au=Adams%2C+Gabrielle+R.&rft.au=Calthorpe%2C+Ami+S.&rft.au=Maddin%2C+Hillary+C.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jason+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fspp2.1316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaseasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjanovićLaurin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2019-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322490">"Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>6</b>: e5565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.5565">10.7717/peerj.5565</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359">2167-8359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322490">6322490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30631641">30631641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+Paleozoic+limbed+vertebrates+reassessed+through+revision+and+expansion+of+the+largest+published+relevant+data+matrix&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=e5565&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6322490%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2167-8359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30631641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.5565&rft.aulast=Marjanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Laurin%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6322490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaseasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisz1986" class="citation book cs1">Reisz, Robert R. (1986). <i>Pelycosauria</i>. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Stuttgart; New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-437-30486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-437-30486-6"><bdi>978-3-437-30486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelycosauria&rft.place=Stuttgart%3B+New+York&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Pal%C3%A4oherpetologie&rft.pub=Gustav+Fischer+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-437-30486-6&rft.aulast=Reisz&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaseasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiszFröbisch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reisz, Robert R.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989228">"The Oldest Caseid Synapsid from the Late Pennsylvanian of Kansas, and the Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (4): e94518. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...994518R">2014PLoSO...994518R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094518">10.1371/journal.pone.0094518</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989228">3989228</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24739998">24739998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Caseid+Synapsid+from+the+Late+Pennsylvanian+of+Kansas%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Herbivory+in+Terrestrial+Vertebrates&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e94518&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3989228%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24739998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094518&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...994518R&rft.aulast=Reisz&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6bisch%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3989228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaseasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpindlerWerneburgSchneiderLuthardt2018" class="citation journal cs1">Spindler, Frederik; Werneburg, Ralf; Schneider, Joerg W.; Luthardt, Ludwig; Annacker, Volker; Rößler, Ronny (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-018-0405-9">"First arboreal 'pelycosaurs' (Synapsida: Varanopidae) from the early Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte, SE Germany, with a review of varanopid phylogeny"</a>. <i>PalZ</i>. <b>92</b> (2): 315–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12542-018-0405-9">10.1007/s12542-018-0405-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1867-6812">1867-6812</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0220">0031-0220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133846070">133846070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PalZ&rft.atitle=First+arboreal+%27pelycosaurs%27+%28Synapsida%3A+Varanopidae%29+from+the+early+Permian+Chemnitz+Fossil+Lagerst%C3%A4tte%2C+SE+Germany%2C+with+a+review+of+varanopid+phylogeny&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315-364&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0031-0220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133846070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1867-6812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12542-018-0405-9&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft.au=Werneburg%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Joerg+W.&rft.au=Luthardt%2C+Ludwig&rft.au=Annacker%2C+Volker&rft.au=R%C3%B6%C3%9Fler%2C+Ronny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs12542-018-0405-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaseasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumidaPelletierBerman2014" class="citation book cs1">Sumida, Stuart S; Pelletier, Valerie; Berman, David S. (2014). "New Information on the Basal Pelycosaurian-Grade Synapsid Oedaleops". In Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_2"><i>Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida</i></a>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 7–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-6841-3_2">10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6840-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6840-6"><bdi>978-94-007-6840-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Information+on+the+Basal+Pelycosaurian-Grade+Synapsid+Oedaleops&rft.btitle=Early+Evolutionary+History+of+the+Synapsida&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=7-23&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-6841-3_2&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6840-6&rft.aulast=Sumida&rft.aufirst=Stuart+S&rft.au=Pelletier%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Berman%2C+David+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-6841-3_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaseasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caseasauria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503193950/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit390/100.html">Palaeos Vertebrates 390.100 Synapsida</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Synapsida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Synapsida" title="Template talk:Synapsida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Synapsida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Synapsida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Synapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Superclass:_Tetrapoda_*_Clade:_Amniota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Superclass: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template:Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Synapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caseasauria</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eothyris" title="Eothyris">Eothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedaleops" title="Oedaleops">Oedaleops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaughnictis" title="Vaughnictis">Vaughnictis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alierasaurus" title="Alierasaurus">Alierasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelosaurus" title="Angelosaurus">Angelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arisierpeton" title="Arisierpeton">Arisierpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callibrachion" title="Callibrachion">Callibrachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casea" title="Casea">Casea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caseoides" title="Caseoides">Caseoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caseopsis" title="Caseopsis">Caseopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datheosaurus" title="Datheosaurus">Datheosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ennatosaurus" title="Ennatosaurus">Ennatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocasea" title="Eocasea">Eocasea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euromycter" title="Euromycter">Euromycter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lalieudorhynchus" title="Lalieudorhynchus">Lalieudorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martensius" title="Martensius">Martensius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oromycter" title="Oromycter">Oromycter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phreatophasma" title="Phreatophasma">Phreatophasma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenosaurus" title="Ruthenosaurus">Ruthenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichasaurus" title="Trichasaurus">Trichasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apsisaurus" title="Apsisaurus">Apsisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeovenator" title="Archaeovenator">Archaeovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascendonanus" title="Ascendonanus">Ascendonanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoscansor" title="Eoscansor">Eoscansor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendromaia" title="Dendromaia">Dendromaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitosaurus" title="Nitosaurus">Nitosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyozia" title="Pyozia">Pyozia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thrausmosaurus" title="Thrausmosaurus">Thrausmosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesenosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenosaurinae">Mesenosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anningia" title="Anningia">Anningia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabarzia" title="Cabarzia">Cabarzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elliotsmithia" title="Elliotsmithia">Elliotsmithia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heleosaurus" title="Heleosaurus">Heleosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesenosaurus" title="Mesenosaurus">Mesenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microvaranops" title="Microvaranops">Microvaranops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varanodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanodontinae">Varanodontinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosaurus" title="Aerosaurus">Aerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycterosaurus" title="Mycterosaurus">Mycterosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthiromia" title="Ruthiromia">Ruthiromia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambacarnifex" title="Tambacarnifex">Tambacarnifex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanops" title="Varanops">Varanops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanodon" title="Varanodon">Varanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watongia" title="Watongia">Watongia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metopophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Metopophora">Metopophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Incertae_sedis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dimacrodon" title="Dimacrodon">Dimacrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Driveria" title="Driveria">Driveria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgodon" title="Gorgodon">Gorgodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Knoxosaurus" title="Knoxosaurus">Knoxosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mastersonia" title="Mastersonia">Mastersonia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protoclepsydrops" title="Protoclepsydrops">Protoclepsydrops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ennatosaurus tecton"><img alt="Ennatosaurus tecton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="352" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VaranodonDB23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Varanodon agilis"><img alt="Varanodon agilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/140px-VaranodonDB23.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/210px-VaranodonDB23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/280px-VaranodonDB23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="1543" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Metopophora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metopophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Metopophora">Metopophora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Ophiacodontidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeothyris" title="Archaeothyris">Archaeothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baldwinonus" title="Baldwinonus">Baldwinonus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clepsydrops" title="Clepsydrops">Clepsydrops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinerpeton" title="Echinerpeton">Echinerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodon" title="Ophiacodon">Ophiacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereophallodon" title="Stereophallodon">Stereophallodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereorhachis" title="Stereorhachis">Stereorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanosaurus" title="Varanosaurus">Varanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Haptodontiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptodontiformes">Haptodontiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthodon" title="Ianthodon">Ianthodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Milosaurus" title="Milosaurus">Milosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bohemiclavulus" title="Bohemiclavulus">Bohemiclavulus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus" title="Edaphosaurus">Edaphosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glaucosaurus" title="Glaucosaurus">Glaucosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordodon" title="Gordodon">Gordodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthasaurus" title="Ianthasaurus">Ianthasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lupeosaurus" title="Lupeosaurus">Lupeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanedaphodon" title="Melanedaphodon">Melanedaphodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramodendron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramodendron (page does not exist)">Ramodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remigiomontanus" title="Remigiomontanus">Remigiomontanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xyrospondylus" title="Xyrospondylus">Xyrospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cutleria_wilmarthi" title="Cutleria wilmarthi">Cutleria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Haptodus" title="Haptodus">Haptodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselohaptodus" title="Hypselohaptodus">Hypselohaptodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kenomagnathus" title="Kenomagnathus">Kenomagnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Palaeohatteriidae" title="Palaeohatteriidae">Palaeohatteriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeohatteria" title="Palaeohatteria">Palaeohatteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantelosaurus" title="Pantelosaurus">Pantelosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontoidea" title="Sphenacodontoidea">Sphenacodontoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Shashajaia" title="Shashajaia">Shashajaia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptovenator" title="Cryptovenator">Cryptovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenorhachis" title="Ctenorhachis">Ctenorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenospondylus" title="Ctenospondylus">Ctenospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutleria_wilmarthi" title="Cutleria wilmarthi">Cutleria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosyodon" title="Eosyodon">Eosyodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macromerion" title="Macromerion">Macromerion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neosaurus" title="Neosaurus">Neosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secodontosaurus" title="Secodontosaurus">Secodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodon" title="Sphenacodon">Sphenacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steppesaurus" title="Steppesaurus">Steppesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tappenosaurus" title="Tappenosaurus">Tappenosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clepsydrops colletii"><img alt="Clepsydrops colletii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/140px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/210px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/280px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordodon_kraineri.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gordodon kraineri"><img alt="Gordodon kraineri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/140px-Gordodon_kraineri.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/210px-Gordodon_kraineri.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/280px-Gordodon_kraineri.png 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Secodontosaurus obtusidens"><img alt="Secodontosaurus obtusidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Therapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Therapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus" title="Raranimus">Raranimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Biarmosuchia" title="Template:Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Dinocephalia" title="Template:Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Anomodontia" title="Template:Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">dicynodonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Gorgonopsia" title="Template:Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Therocephalia" title="Template:Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cynodontia" title="Template:Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaurus" title="Dinosaurus">Dinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kamagorgon" title="Kamagorgon">Kamagorgon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Niaftasuchus" title="Niaftasuchus">Niaftasuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raranimus_dashankouensis_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raranimus dashankouensis"><img alt="Raranimus dashankouensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/140px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/210px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/280px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pelycosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelycosauria">Pelycosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthinosuchia" title="Phthinosuchia">Phthinosuchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia">Theriodontia</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Synapsids" title="Category:Synapsids">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Caseasauria</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131807" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q131807">Q131807</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caseasauria" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42329760">42329760</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=140368">140368</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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