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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>National (federal) elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_(federal)_elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National (federal) elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_(federal)_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixed_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fixed dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By-elections_and_referenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By-elections_and_referenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>By-elections and referenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By-elections_and_referenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_citizens_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_citizens_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Canadian citizens abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_citizens_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length_of_election_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length_of_election_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Length of election campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length_of_election_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_and_territorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_and_territorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Provincial and territorial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provincial_and_territorial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Provincial and territorial subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Provincial_and_territorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Municipal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_nominee_(Alberta)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_nominee_(Alberta)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Senate nominee (Alberta)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_nominee_(Alberta)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adopted_and_attempted_electoral_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adopted_and_attempted_electoral_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adopted and attempted electoral reform</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adopted_and_attempted_electoral_reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adopted and attempted electoral reform subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adopted_and_attempted_electoral_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple-member_districts_replaced_by_single-member_districts_--_federal_elections,_all_provinces,_two_territories_various_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple-member_districts_replaced_by_single-member_districts_--_federal_elections,_all_provinces,_two_territories_various_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Multiple-member districts replaced by single-member districts -- federal elections, all provinces, two territories various dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple-member_districts_replaced_by_single-member_districts_--_federal_elections,_all_provinces,_two_territories_various_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1886,_1890_Ontario_used_Limited_Voting_in_Toronto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1886,_1890_Ontario_used_Limited_Voting_in_Toronto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1886, 1890 Ontario used Limited Voting in Toronto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1886,_1890_Ontario_used_Limited_Voting_in_Toronto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1909-1921_Alberta_partially_adopted_Block_Voting_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1909-1921_Alberta_partially_adopted_Block_Voting_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1909-1921 Alberta partially adopted Block Voting system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1909-1921_Alberta_partially_adopted_Block_Voting_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1914_Manitoba_adopted_multi-member_districts,_later_brought_in_STV/FPTP_then_STV/IRV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914_Manitoba_adopted_multi-member_districts,_later_brought_in_STV/FPTP_then_STV/IRV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>1914 Manitoba adopted multi-member districts, later brought in STV/FPTP then STV/IRV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914_Manitoba_adopted_multi-member_districts,_later_brought_in_STV/FPTP_then_STV/IRV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1924_Alberta_adopted_STV/AV_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1924_Alberta_adopted_STV/AV_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>1924 Alberta adopted STV/AV system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1924_Alberta_adopted_STV/AV_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1922_House_of_Commons_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1922_House_of_Commons_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>1922 House of Commons elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1922_House_of_Commons_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952,_1953_BC_elections_used_Instant-runoff_voting_electoral_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952,_1953_BC_elections_used_Instant-runoff_voting_electoral_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>1952, 1953 BC elections used Instant-runoff voting electoral system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952,_1953_BC_elections_used_Instant-runoff_voting_electoral_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>2004 Quebec proposed electoral reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_BC_Single_Transferable_Vote_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_BC_Single_Transferable_Vote_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>2005 BC Single Transferable Vote referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_BC_Single_Transferable_Vote_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_PEI_Provincial_MMP_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_PEI_Provincial_MMP_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>2005 PEI Provincial MMP referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_PEI_Provincial_MMP_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_Ontario_MMP_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_Ontario_MMP_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>2007 Ontario MMP referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_Ontario_MMP_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_New_Brunswick_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_New_Brunswick_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>2008 New Brunswick referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_New_Brunswick_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_BC_Proportional_Representation_Vote_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_BC_Proportional_Representation_Vote_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>2009 BC Proportional Representation Vote referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_BC_Proportional_Representation_Vote_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_federal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_federal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>2015 federal election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_federal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_British_Columbia_Electoral_Reform_Referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_British_Columbia_Electoral_Reform_Referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.16</span> <span>2018 British Columbia Electoral Reform Referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_British_Columbia_Electoral_Reform_Referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_Prince_Edward_Island_Electoral_Reform_Referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Prince_Edward_Island_Electoral_Reform_Referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.17</span> <span>2019 Prince Edward Island Electoral Reform Referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Prince_Edward_Island_Electoral_Reform_Referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.18</span> <span>2022 Quebec proposed electoral reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etholiadau_yng_Nghanada" title="Etholiadau yng Nghanada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Etholiadau yng Nghanada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlen_in_Kanada" title="Wahlen in Kanada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahlen in Kanada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AC" title="Εκλογές στον Καναδά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλογές στον Καναδά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="انتخابات در کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات در کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lections_au_Canada" title="Élections au Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élections au Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadai_v%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1sok" title="Kanadai választások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanadai választások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadada_saylov" title="Kanadada saylov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanadada saylov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es_no_Canad%C3%A1" title="Eleições no Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleições no Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegeri_%C3%AEn_Canada" title="Alegeri în Canada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alegeri în Canada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Выборы в Канаде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выборы в Канаде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="加拿大选举 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大选举" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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ministries">List of Canadian ministries</a>)</span>: <a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">29th Canadian Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">President of the Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">Clerk of the Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Public Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Canada)" title="Executive Council (Canada)">Provincial and territorial executive councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">Premiers</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Federal parliament</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments" title="List of Canadian federal parliaments">List of parliaments</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">Speaker of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate" title="Representative of the Government in the Senate">Government Leader in the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Senate_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)">Opposition Leader in the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senate_divisions" title="Canadian Senate divisions">Senate divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)">Speaker of the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)">Government Leader in the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_House_Leader" title="Opposition House Leader">Opposition Leader in the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (Canada)">Shadow cabinet</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories">Provincial and territorial parliaments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Judicial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme court</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">List of justices</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Courts_of_the_provinces_and_territories" title="Court system of Canada">Courts of the Provinces and Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Federal_courts" title="Court system of Canada">Federal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Military_courts" title="Court system of Canada">Military courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">Constitution Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Federal electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system" title="Canadian electoral system">Federal electoral system</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">List of federal elections</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_electoral_districts" title="Canadian provincial electoral districts">Provincial electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Canadian_provinces" title="Template:Politics of Canadian provinces">Politics of the provinces</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Canada" title="Local government in Canada">Local government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Municipal government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Mélanie Joly</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions of Canada">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">in Canada</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_passport" title="Canadian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Canadian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Canadian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Canada" title="Visa policy of Canada">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Canada–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">Canada–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Canadian_annexation_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Canadian annexation of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Canadian Aboriginal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Aboriginal self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">First Nations bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Peoples in Canada">Indigenous Peoples in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit Nunangat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office-holders_of_Canada" title="Office-holders of Canada">Office-holders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Republicanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 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title="Canada">Canada</a> holds <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a> for legislatures or governments in several jurisdictions: for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal (national) government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial and territorial governments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">municipal governments</a>. Elections are also held for <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_government_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Nations government (Canada)">self-governing First Nations</a> and for many other public and private organizations including <a href="/wiki/Canadian_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian corporation">corporations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a>. Municipal elections can also be held for both upper-tier (<a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">regional municipality</a> or <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a>) and lower-tier (town, village, or city) governments. </p><p>Formal elections have occurred in Canada since at least 1792, when both <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> had their first elections. Canada's first recorded election was held in Halifax in 1758 to elect the <a href="/wiki/1st_General_Assembly_of_Nova_Scotia" title="1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia">1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Canadian citizens aged 18 or older who currently reside in Canada as of the polling day<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or at any point in their life have resided in Canada, regardless of time away) may vote in federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent Canadian federal election occurred on <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">September 20, 2021</a>. </p><p>Elections for other levels of government may have additional residency or ownership requirements. For example, some municipalities allow both residents and non-resident landowners to vote. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_regulatory_bodies">Electoral regulatory bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Electoral regulatory bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system" title="Canadian electoral system">Canadian electoral system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">Fixed election dates in Canada</a></div> <p>Elections in Canada (federal, provincial, or Territorial) are organised by their respective election regulatory bodies as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="float: left;"> <caption style="font-size:100%; background:#cef; text-align:center; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:none">Canadian electoral regulatory bodies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jurisdiction </th> <th>Electoral regulatory body (year established) </th> <th>Periodic oversight of legislative seat contests in any given election </th> <th>Date of most recent major election </th> <th>Next major election scheduled for / required by </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Federal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> (1920) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a>: All 338 seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> (every 4 years, on the third Monday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">20 September 2021</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/45th_Canadian_federal_election" title="45th Canadian federal election">20 October 2025</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_BC" title="Elections BC">Elections BC</a> (1995) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 87 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Legislative Assembly of British Columbia</a> (every 4 years, on the third Saturday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/43rd_British_Columbia_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd British Columbia general election">19 October 2024</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=21_October_2028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21 October 2028 (page does not exist)">21 October 2028</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Alberta" title="Elections Alberta">Elections Alberta</a> (1977) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 87 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a> (every 4 years, on the third Monday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Alberta_general_election" title="2023 Alberta general election">29 May 2023</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/32nd_Alberta_general_election" title="32nd Alberta general election">18 October 2027</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Saskatchewan" title="Elections Saskatchewan">Elections Saskatchewan</a> (1959) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 61 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saskatchewan" title="Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan">Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan</a> (every 4 years, on the last Monday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Saskatchewan_general_election" title="2020 Saskatchewan general election">26 October 2020</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_Saskatchewan_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="30th Saskatchewan general election">28 October 2024</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Manitoba" title="Elections Manitoba">Elections Manitoba</a> (1980) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 57 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Legislative Assembly of Manitoba</a> (every 4 years, on the first Tuesday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Manitoba_general_election" title="2023 Manitoba general election">3 October 2023</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_Manitoba_general_election" title="44th Manitoba general election">5 October 2027</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Ontario" title="Elections Ontario">Elections Ontario</a> (1919) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameral</a>: All 124 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a> (every 4 years, on the first Thursday of June) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">2 June 2022</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_Ontario_general_election" title="44th Ontario general election">4 June 2026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lections_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Élections Québec">Élections Québec</a> (1945) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 125 seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> (every 4 years, on the first Monday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Quebec_general_election" title="2022 Quebec general election">3 October 2022</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_Quebec_general_election" title="44th Quebec general election">5 October 2026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Nova_Scotia" title="Elections Nova Scotia">Elections Nova Scotia</a> (1991) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 55 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">Nova Scotia House of Assembly</a> (every 4 years, on the third Tuesday of July) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="2021 Nova Scotia general election">17 August 2021</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Next_Nova_Scotia_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Nova Scotia general election">15 July 2025</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_New_Brunswick" title="Elections New Brunswick">Elections New Brunswick</a> (1967) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 49 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick</a> (every 4 years, on the third Monday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_New_Brunswick_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="41st New Brunswick general election">21 October 2024</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=23_October_2028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="23 October 2028 (page does not exist)">23 October 2028</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Newfoundland_%26_Labrador" title="Elections Newfoundland & Labrador">Elections Newfoundland & Labrador</a> (1991) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 40 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly</a> (every 4 years, on the second Tuesday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="2021 Newfoundland and Labrador general election">25 March 2021</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/52nd_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="52nd Newfoundland and Labrador general election">14 October 2025</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Elections Prince Edward Island">Elections Prince Edward Island</a> (1965) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 27 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island">Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island</a> (every 4 years, on the first Monday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="2023 Prince Edward Island general election">3 April 2023</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/68th_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="68th Prince Edward Island general election">4 October 2027</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_NWT" title="Elections NWT">Elections NWT</a> (1997) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 19 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a> (every 4 years, on the first Tuesday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Northwest_Territories_general_election" title="2023 Northwest Territories general election">14 November 2023</a> </td> <td>5 October 2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Yukon" title="Elections Yukon">Elections Yukon</a> (2002) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 19 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Yukon Legislative Assembly">Yukon Legislative Assembly</a> (every 4 years, on the first Monday of November) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Yukon_general_election" title="2021 Yukon general election">12 April 2021</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/40th_Yukon_general_election" title="40th Yukon general election">3 November 2025</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_Nunavut" title="Elections Nunavut">Elections Nunavut</a> (2003) </td> <td>Unicameral: All 22 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Legislative Assembly of Nunavut</a> (every 4 years, on the last Monday of October) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Nunavut_general_election" title="2021 Nunavut general election">25 October 2021</a> </td> <td>27 October 2025 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_(federal)_elections"><span id="National_.28federal.29_elections"></span>National (federal) elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National (federal) elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> has two <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">chambers</a>: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> has 338 members, elected for a maximum four-year term in single-seat <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral districts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> has 105 members appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a>. Senators are given permanent terms (up to age 75) and thus often serve much longer than the prime minister who was primarily responsible for their appointment. </p><p>National elections are governed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a></i> and administered by an independent agency, <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a>. Using the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> vote for their local <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> (MP), who votes as representative of one specific <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">constituency</a> in the House of Commons. The leader of the party most likely to hold the confidence of the House of Commons becomes the prime minister. He or she stays in power as long as he holds the support of a majority of MPs in the House of Commons. </p><p>Most MPs are members of a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>, although candidates may stand for election and be elected as <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">independents</a> unaffiliated with any political party. Since the practice of listing candidates' party affiliation on ballots began with the <a href="/wiki/1972_Canadian_federal_election" title="1972 Canadian federal election">1972 election</a>, the Canada Elections Act has required that a local candidate running under a party label be directly approved by the leader of their affiliated party, effectively centralizing the candidate nomination process.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once MPs are elected, sitting members of parliament are permitted to "<a href="/wiki/Cross_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross the floor">cross the floor</a>" switching party affiliation without having to first resign and restand for office under their new affiliation. Sitting members may also be dismissed from or voluntarily leave their party and become independents. As a result, the distribution of seats by party affiliation often fluctuates between elections. </p><p>Although several parties are typically represented in parliament, Canada has historically had <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two dominant political parties</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a>, which was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party (1867–1942)</a>. However, in the 2011 federal election, the New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP), took the second largest caucus. While other parties have sometimes formed the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">41st Parliament (2011–2015)</a> was the first in which the Liberals did not form either the government or the Official Opposition. </p><p>Every government since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> has been either Liberal or Conservative with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> government during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which was a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals. Most have been majority governments but due to strong showing by "third parties", many times neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives captured a majority of seats in the House of Commons. Faced with such a situation, the Liberals and the NDP signed a Confidence and Supply Agreement in 2022, the first of its kind in Canada.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-singh-how-it-will-work-1.6393710">[1]</a> </p><p>If a government loses a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">confidence motion</a>, traditionally the prime minister will ask the governor general to call an election and the governor general follows that advice. However, the viceroy's compliance is not assured; the governor general also has the right to seek out another party leader who might be able to command the confidence of the House and ask them to form a government. This happened in 1926 and is referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="King–Byng Affair">King–Byng Affair</a></i>. </p><p>The five-year time limitation is strictly applied to the life of the parliament or assembly in question—this body is not deemed to have been formed until the return of the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writs</a> and ceases to exist the moment it is <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolved</a>. It is therefore possible to run slightly longer than five years between <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Day (politics)">election days</a>, as was the case between the <a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">1930</a> and <a href="/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election" title="1935 Canadian federal election">1935 elections</a>. Although the law has allowed for a five-year gap between elections, there have in fact only been two five-year gaps since 1974: between 1974 and 1979 and between 1988 and 1993. When no party secures a majority of seats, it is common for a government to last just a couple years or less. (The 1979 government of Joe Clarke lasted just six months.)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cbc.ca/archives/the-day-joe-clark-s-short-lived-pc-government-fell-1.4941568">[2]</a> As well, a party with a majority of seats may decide to call an election early hoping to win more seats and fearing that postponement will lower its chances for reelection..<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/ontario-parties-spend-summer-preparing-for-possibility-of-an-early-election-1.7008436">[3]</a> At the federal level, there have been six general elections since 2000. All provinces had brought in fixed-term legislation, dictating that a government will run only four years, but even where such legislation is in effect, variation is possible.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://calgary.citynews.ca/2024/05/09/alberta-election-date-danielle-smith-ucp-emergency-response/">[4]</a> </p><p>It is also possible for a general election to be delayed should Canada be embroiled in a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> or <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a>. This provision was enacted to allow Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> to delay a federal election for about a year during <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since then, the provision has only been used twice, both times by provincial governments—Ontario <a href="/wiki/1919_Ontario_general_election" title="1919 Ontario general election">delayed an election</a> for a few weeks in the year following the Armistice in 1918. Saskatchewan was the only jurisdiction to delay a general election by more than a year, due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but held an <a href="/wiki/1944_Saskatchewan_general_election" title="1944 Saskatchewan general election">election in 1944</a>, one week more than six years after the previous vote. </p><p>The Canadian population generally misunderstands the electoral system, with most citizens believing they vote to directly elect the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain politicians have taken advantage of this misconception of how governments are formed<sup id="cite_ref-pro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attempts to correct erroneous claims are often delegitimized as politically motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyr109_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyr109-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 Canadian federal election</a></div> <p>Hugo Cyr found in 2017 that the Canadian media's habit of announcing, before polls close on election nights, which party will form the next government misrepresents the process of the governor general or lieutenant governors appointing cabinet or executive councils, respectively, "as automatic, merely a matter of arithmetic".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the leader of the political party that wins the plurality of seats in the elected chamber of parliament is typically called by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a> to form a government, this is not a requirement. The relevant viceroy must appoint as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> whomever can command the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of the elected house. This means a party that does not win the plurality of seats in an election can still govern if it allies itself with another party or other parties in the same legislative chamber, so as to, combined, hold the majority of seats, whether forming a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> or not.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To produce that working majority, the Liberals and the NDP signed a Confidence and Supply Agreement in 2022, the first of its kind in Canada.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-singh-how-it-will-work-1.6393710">[5]</a> </p><p>Due to many votes not being used to elect the winner in each of the 340 or so ridings in Canada, a party's share of seats in the House of Commons may vary considerably from the party's share of votes cast.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/opinion-warren-bowen-electoral-change-1.5333743">[6]</a> On occasion a party with more votes may receive fewer seats than a party with fewer votes.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/info/2021/elections-federales/resultats-cartes-vainqueur-perdant-partis-circonscriptions/en?tz=MST">[7]</a> Such situations lead some to call for electoral reform and <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. ("Adopted and attempted electoral reform" is discussed below.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_dates">Fixed dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fixed dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">Fixed election dates in Canada</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Section_Four_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Four of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 4</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> limits the term of any federal, provincial, or territorial parliament to a maximum of five years after the return of the writs of the last election. On November 6, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> amended the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a> to introduce a requirement that each federal general election must take place on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the previous poll, starting with October 19, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-nodice_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nodice-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fed_bill_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fed_bill-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fed_law_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fed_law-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a> have enacted similar legislation establishing fixed election dates. </p><p>These laws, nevertheless, do not curtail the power of the governor general or a provincial lieutenant governor to dissolve a legislature prior to the fixed election date on the advice of the relevant first minister or due to a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even where such legislation is in effect, voluntary variation is possible.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://calgary.citynews.ca/2024/05/09/alberta-election-date-danielle-smith-ucp-emergency-response/">[8]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By-elections_and_referenda">By-elections and referenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By-elections and referenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-elections</a> can be held between general elections when seats become vacant through the resignation or death of a member. The date of the by-election is determined by the governor general, who must call it between 11 and 180 days after being notified of the seat vacancy by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada">Speaker</a> of the House of Commons. </p><p>The federal government can also hold nationwide <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> on major issues. The last federal referendum was held in 1992, on proposed constitutional changes in the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>. On occasion, one particular issue will dominate an election, and the election will in a sense be a virtual referendum. The most recent instance of this was the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 election</a>, which was considered by most parties to be a referendum on <a href="/wiki/Canada-United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement">free trade with the United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every Canadian citizen 18 years of age or older has the right to vote, except for the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Electoral Officer (Canada)">Chief Electoral Officer</a> and the Deputy Chief Electoral Officer. In the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a>, inmates serving a sentence of at least two years were prohibited from voting, but on October 31, 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Sauv%C3%A9_v._Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauvé v. Canada">Sauvé v. Canada</a></i> that such a law violated the <a href="/wiki/Section_Three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 3 of the Charter</a>, and was rendered of no force or effect. </p><p>The federal <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Electors" title="National Register of Electors">National Register of Electors</a> is updated to reflect various changes in the Canadian population, including address changes, reaching voting age, naturalization, and death.<sup id="cite_ref-NROE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NROE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year, about 3,000,000 address changes are processed by Elections Canada from information obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency" title="Canada Revenue Agency">Canada Revenue Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> (via the National Change of Address service), provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars, and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists. Every year, about 400,000 Canadians reach voting age and 200,000 Canadians die, resulting in changes to the National Register of Electors based on information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency, provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars, and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists. Additionally, over 150,000 individuals a year become naturalized Canadians, and are added to the National Register of Electors by Elections Canada based on information obtained from <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_citizens_abroad">Canadian citizens abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canadian citizens abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>'s 2019 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v_Canada_(AG)" title="Frank v Canada (AG)">Frank v Canada (AG)</a></i> ruled that non-resident citizens have the right to vote regardless of time living outside of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-SCC_ruling_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCC_ruling-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Section_Three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> provides that "every citizen of Canada has the right to vote",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in practice only those citizens 18 years of age or older who resided in Canada <i>or</i> had been abroad for fewer than five years were eligible to vote in federal elections from 1993 to 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five-year limit was originally enacted as part of Bill C-114, <i>An Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act</i>, in 1993; these amendments extended the special ballot to certain prisoners, and Canadians "living or travelling" abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exemptions to the five-year limit existed for members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>, employees of the federal or a provincial government stationed abroad, employees of certain international organizations, and their cohabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Kingsley" title="Jean-Pierre Kingsley">Jean-Pierre Kingsley</a>, then the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada for 15 years, explicitly recommended in his 2015 official post-election report that Parliament remove the five-year limit by amendment, but no action was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court_of_Justice" title="Ontario Superior Court of Justice">Ontario Superior Court of Justice</a> ruled in favour of Canadian expatriates Gillian Frank and Jamie Duong's claim that the five-year limit was an unconstitutional restriction on the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a>, in violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, leading to a period of fourteen months during which all Canadian expatriates could apply to be on the register of electors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the decision was reversed 2–1 on appeal at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_for_Ontario" title="Court of Appeal for Ontario">Court of Appeal for Ontario</a> on July 20, 2015, in a judicial opinion citing Canada's history of using a residence-based <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral district</a> system and a justification based on <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory, which held that the five-year limit was a permissible limitation of the constitutional right to vote under <a href="/wiki/Section_One_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section One of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section One</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the appellate court ruling, <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> implemented changes in August 2015 to require expatriates already on the register to declare an intended date of return.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision from the Court of Appeal was subsequently appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, which announced on April 14, 2016, that it would hear the case.<sup id="cite_ref-scc-appeal_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scc-appeal-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court ultimately overturned the appellate court's decision, with the majority finding that "the disenfranchisement of long-term non-resident citizens not only denies them a fundamental democratic right, but also comes at the expense of their self-worth and their dignity."<sup id="cite_ref-CanLII_Frank_v_Canada_SCC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanLII_Frank_v_Canada_SCC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length_of_election_campaigns">Length of election campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Length of election campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The length of election campaigns can vary, but under the Elections Act, the minimum length of a campaign is 36 days and the maximum length of the campaign is 50 days.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also <a href="/wiki/Section_Five_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Five of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 5 of the <i>Charter</i></a> requires that the Parliament sit at least once every twelve months, and thus a campaign would have to conclude in time for returns to be completed and parliament to be called into session within twelve months of the previous sitting. The federal election date must be set on a Monday (or Tuesday if the Monday is a statutory holiday). </p><p>The first two elections, the <a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">1867 election</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1872_Canadian_federal_election" title="1872 Canadian federal election">1872 election</a>, took place over several weeks. </p><p>The 1872 election was both the second shortest and the longest campaign in history. Parliament was dissolved on July 8, 1872, while the writ was dropped on July 15, 1872. Voting occurred from July 20 to October 12. Therefore, the campaign started 12 days after dissolution of Parliament and 5 days after the writ, and was concluded 96 days (13 weeks plus 5 days) after dissolution and 89 days after the writ.<sup id="cite_ref-electionsandridings_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electionsandridings-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every subsequent election has occurred on a single day. Of these elections, the longest election campaign, in terms of days from dissolution to election day, was that of <a href="/wiki/1926_Canadian_federal_election" title="1926 Canadian federal election">1926 election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-electionsandridings_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electionsandridings-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="King–Byng Affair">King–Byng Affair</a>, which lasted 74 days. </p><p>In terms of days from writ to election day, the longest campaign had been the <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 election</a>, which lasted 66 days. It was surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 election</a>, which was 78 days long from writ to election day, making it the longest campaign for a one-day election, exceeded in length only by that of 1872. </p><p>Prior to the adoption of the minimum of 36 days in law, there were six elections that lasted shorter periods of time. The last of these was the <a href="/wiki/1904_Canadian_federal_election" title="1904 Canadian federal election">1904 election</a> which occurred many decades before the minimum was imposed. </p><p>In practice, the prime minister will generally keep a campaign as brief as is legal and feasible, because spending by parties is strictly limited by the Elections Act. The maximum spending by each party is increased by 1/37th of the maximum for each day that the campaign exceeds 37 days. The <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 elections</a> were all of the minimum 36 days in length which has led to a common misconception that elections <i>must</i> be 36 days long. However, prior to 1997, elections averaged much longer: aside from the 47-day campaign for the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 election</a> and the 51-day campaign for the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 Election</a>, the shortest election period after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was 57 days and many were over 60 days in length. </p><p>Much speculation had surrounded how long the campaign for the <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">39th federal election</a> would be in 2006, especially as it became certain the election would be called in the weeks preceding Christmas 2005. The government of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, which fell on December 13, 1979, recommended a campaign of 66 days for the <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">resulting election</a>, and nothing legal barred a similarly lengthened campaign. In the end, the 2006 election was called on November 29, 2005, for January 23, 2006 — making a 55-day-long campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-electionsandridings_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electionsandridings-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provincial_and_territorial">Provincial and territorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Provincial and territorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System">System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of Canada's provinces and territories use the same <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a> used in federal elections (<a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a>). However, since elections are monitored and organized by an independent provincial and territorial <a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">election commission</a>, a province may legally change its <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> should its parliament wish to do so. This would not require permission from the federal government or the Parliament of Canada. Federal elections formerly used a mixture of first-past the-post and <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block voting</a>; provincial elections formerly used a variety of electoral methods See "Electoral reform" below. </p><p>In the ten provinces and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, elections are contested by candidates either representing political parties or running as independents. Territorial elections in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> are held on a fully non-partisan basis, due to those territories' use of a <a href="/wiki/Consensus_government_in_Canada" title="Consensus government in Canada">consensus government</a> model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parties">Parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Canadian provinces and Yukon, have electoral systems dominated by major <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>. In most provinces the leading parties are the same parties prominent at the federal level. However, the provincial party may or may not have an official affiliation with the federal party of the same name. Thus, names of provincial parties can sometimes be misleading when associating a provincial party with a national party, although the respective ideologies are usually fairly similar. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> has no provincial wings and none of the current provincial Progressive Conservative Parties are formally linked with the federal party as they all predate the 2003 establishment of the federal party, which resulted in the formal disbanding of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a>. Some provincial parties (such as Alberta) formally broke off links with the federal party prior to the merger. </p><p>In British Columbia, Alberta and Quebec the provincial Liberal parties are independent of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>, while in the other provinces, the provincial Liberal parties are autonomous entities that retain formal links with the federal party. </p><p>All provincial wings of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> are fully integrated with the federal party, and members of the provincial party are automatically also members of the federal party. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party</a> has provincial counterparts that are directly affiliated but do not share membership or organizational structure and support. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, the political parties, the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a>, respectively, have no federal counterpart, although they are both ideologically conservative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_2">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table summarizes the results of the most recent <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial and territorial</a> elections. A link to complete lists for each province and territory is below. The winning party is indicated in <b>bold</b> and by the coloured bar at the left of the table. </p><p>This table shows the party standings as a result of the most recent election, and not the current representation in legislatures; refer to the articles on the individual houses for the current state. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th rowspan="2">Province or territory </th> <th rowspan="2">Date of most recent election </th> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Liberal</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrat</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_parties_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative parties in Canada">Other Conservative Party</a> </th> <th class="unsortable">Other </th> <th rowspan="2"><i><b>Total seats</b></i> </th></tr> <tr> <th width="15%" style="background-color:#9999FF;"> </th> <th width="15%" style="background-color:#EA6D6A;"> </th> <th width="15%" style="background-color:#F4A460;"> </th> <th width="10%" style="background-color:#99C955;"> </th> <th width="15%" style="background-color:#6495ED;"> </th> <th width="20%" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2024-10-21"><a href="/wiki/2024_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="2024 New Brunswick general election">October 21, 2024</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">  </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <th align="center">31 </th> <td>  </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>49</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2024-10-19"><a href="/wiki/2024_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2024 British Columbia general election">October 19, 2024</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"> </td> <th align="center">47 </th> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">44 (<a href="/wiki/BC_Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="BC Conservatives">BC Conservatives</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>93</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2023-11-14"><a href="/wiki/2023_Northwest_Territories_general_election" title="2023 Northwest Territories general election">November 14, 2023</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b>19<sup>1</sup></b> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>19</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2023-10-03"><a href="/wiki/2023_Manitoba_general_election" title="2023 Manitoba general election">October 3, 2023</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">  </td> <td align="center">22 </td> <td align="center">1<sup>2</sup> </td> <th align="center">34 </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>57</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2023-05-29"><a href="/wiki/2023_Alberta_general_election" title="2023 Alberta general election">May 29, 2023</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#005D7C">  </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">38 </td> <td>  </td> <th align="center">49 (<a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a>) </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>87</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2023-04-03"><a href="/wiki/2023_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="2023 Prince Edward Island general election">April 3, 2023</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">  </td> <th align="center">22 </th> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>27</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2022-10-03"><a href="/wiki/2022_Quebec_general_election" title="2022 Quebec general election">October 3, 2022</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#1E90FF">  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">21<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <th align="center">90 (<a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a>) </th> <td align="center">11 (<a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_Solidaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec Solidaire">Québec Solidaire</a>)<br />3 (<a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a>) </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>125</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2022-06-02"><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">June 2, 2022</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">  </td> <th align="center">83 </th> <td align="center">8<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="center">31 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 (Independent) </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>124</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Nunavut</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2021-10-25"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nunavut_general_election" title="2021 Nunavut general election">October 25, 2021</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b>22<sup>1</sup></b> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>22</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2021-08-17"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="2021 Nova Scotia general election">August 17, 2021</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">  </td> <th align="center">31 </th> <td align="center">17 </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">1 (Independent) </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>55</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Yukon Legislative Assembly">Yukon</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2021-04-12"><a href="/wiki/2021_Yukon_general_election" title="2021 Yukon general election">April 12, 2021</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">  </td> <td>  </td> <th align="center">8<sup>2</sup> </th> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">8 (<a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a>) </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>19</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly"><span class="nowrap">Newfoundland & Labrador</span></a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2021-03-25"><a href="/wiki/2021_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="2021 Newfoundland and Labrador general election">March 25, 2021</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">  </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <th align="center">22 </th> <td align="center">2 </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">3 (Independent) </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>40</i></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saskatchewan" title="Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> </td> <td nowrap="" data-sort-value="2024-10-28"><a href="/wiki/2024_Saskatchewan_general_election" title="2024 Saskatchewan general election">October 28, 2024</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3CB371">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center">26 </td> <td>  </td> <th align="center">35 (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a>) </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><b><big><i>61</i></big></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For lists of general elections in each province and territory, see the infobox at the bottom of the article. </p><p><sup>1</sup>Note: <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> does not have political parties, and political parties in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> were disbanded in 1905. MLAs in both territories are elected as <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">independents</a> and the legislatures function under a <a href="/wiki/Consensus_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensus government">consensus government</a> model. </p><p><sup>2</sup>Note: Provincial Liberal parties that are not affiliated with the federal Liberal Party of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal">Municipal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Municipal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Canada" title="Municipal elections in Canada">Municipal elections in Canada</a></div> <p>Municipal elections are held in Canada for the election of local governments. Most provinces hold all of their municipal elections on the same date. Candidates are elected through either <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">ward</a> or <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> systems, every two, three or four years, depending on the province. <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Plurality block voting</a> is used in at-large elections and where wards elect multiple members; otherwise <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> is used. (London, Ontario did adopt <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> but has been banned from using that system.) </p><p>A minority of locations in Canada have local <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">election slates</a>, while most locations elect only <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">independents</a>, or where the candidate has party ties, no party identification is allowed on the ballot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_nominee_(Alberta)"><span id="Senate_nominee_.28Alberta.29"></span>Senate nominee (Alberta)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Senate nominee (Alberta)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Senate_nominee_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Senate nominee election">Alberta Senate nominee election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adopted_and_attempted_electoral_reform">Adopted and attempted electoral reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adopted and attempted electoral reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system#Voting_Reform" title="Canadian electoral system">Canadian electoral system § Voting Reform</a></div> <p>Canada is now the only major country in the world to use only <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> in its federal and provincial elections. But in past times other systems were used or debated. </p><p>By one count, at the provincial level there have been ten instances of electoral reform in Canadian history. All of them were achieved by passage of normal legislation, without referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been no instances in Canadian history of electoral reform being achieved after the holding of a referendum. </p><p>Reforms and attempted reforms are outlined below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple-member_districts_replaced_by_single-member_districts_--_federal_elections,_all_provinces,_two_territories_various_dates"><span id="Multiple-member_districts_replaced_by_single-member_districts_--_federal_elections.2C_all_provinces.2C_two_territories_various_dates"></span>Multiple-member districts replaced by single-member districts -- federal elections, all provinces, two territories various dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multiple-member districts replaced by single-member districts -- federal elections, all provinces, two territories various dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At various times in the 19th and 20th centuries, federal elections and those held in every province used multi-member districts to elect all or some of its members. The systems used included <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Block Voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">Single transferable voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a> and a system where each seat was filled through a separate contest. Limited voting usually resulted in mixed multi-party representation, according representation to both the majority and at least the largest minority. STV resulted in mixed multi-party representation and every candidate that had quota were elected, thus every party with substantial backing in the district got some representation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Block voting in multi-member districts usually (but not always) produced one-party sweeps of the district's seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_Guide_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_Guide-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Now federal elections — and all provincial and territorial elections — use only single-member districts, a situation that came about through electoral reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Guide_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Guide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eleven ridings elected multiple MPs (two at a time) at one time or another, between 1867 and 1968. These were Ottawa, West Toronto, Hamilton, Halifax (NS), Cape Breton (NS), Pictou (NS), St. John City and County (NB), Victoria and three in PEI: King's County, Queen's County and Prince County.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_Guide_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_Guide-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the provinces and territories (except Nunavut) once used multiple-member districts. Most of the multiple-member districts elected just two, but others elected 5 to 7 or more. Ten MLAs were elected in the Winnipeg district from 1920 to 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Guide_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Guide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provinces and territories switched to electing all their members in single-member districts elected through <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> in these years: </p> <ul><li>Quebec 1867</li> <li>Ontario 1926</li> <li>North-West Territories 1894 (see <a href="/wiki/1891_North-West_Territories_general_election" title="1891 North-West Territories general election">1891 North-West Territories general election</a>)</li> <li>Yukon 1903</li> <li>Manitoba 1954</li> <li>Alberta 1956</li> <li>New Brunswick 1967</li> <li>Saskatchewan 1967</li> <li>Newfoundland and Labrador 1975</li> <li>Nova Scotia 1978</li> <li>BC 1990</li> <li>PEI 1996</li> <li>(PEI's elections were special cases. Each district elected two members. At one time voters who owned property in the district voted for the Councilman while voters resident in the district joined with the property-owners to vote for the Assemblyman. Later the exact same voters were allowed to vote for each of the two members in a district but still each seat was filled in separate contest.)<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_Guide_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_Guide-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1886,_1890_Ontario_used_Limited_Voting_in_Toronto"><span id="1886.2C_1890_Ontario_used_Limited_Voting_in_Toronto"></span>1886, 1890 Ontario used Limited Voting in Toronto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1886, 1890 Ontario used Limited Voting in Toronto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toronto's three MPPs were elected through <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a>, where each voter could cast up to two votes. (Later Toronto MPPs were elected in two-seat districts, with each seat elected separately through single-winner First Past The Post voting. This ended in 1926 when all the MPPs in the province began to be elected in single-member districts.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1909-1921_Alberta_partially_adopted_Block_Voting_system">1909-1921 Alberta partially adopted Block Voting system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1909-1921 Alberta partially adopted Block Voting system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the 1909, 1913 and 1921 election Alberta adopted multiple-member city-wide districts in one or both of the cities of Edmonton and Calgary. Alberta's two army representatives were elected in 1917 in one contest. Also in 1921, the city of Medicine Hat was a two-seat district. Voters cast multiple votes under the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Plurality block voting</a> to elect <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly#Canada" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">MLAs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Report_on_Alberta_Elections_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Report_on_Alberta_Elections-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914_Manitoba_adopted_multi-member_districts,_later_brought_in_STV/FPTP_then_STV/IRV"><span id="1914_Manitoba_adopted_multi-member_districts.2C_later_brought_in_STV.2FFPTP_then_STV.2FIRV"></span>1914 Manitoba adopted multi-member districts, later brought in STV/FPTP then STV/IRV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1914 Manitoba adopted multi-member districts, later brought in STV/FPTP then STV/IRV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914, the three Winnipeg districts -- <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Winnipeg Centre (provincial electoral district)">Winnipeg Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_South_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Winnipeg South (provincial electoral district)">Winnipeg South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_North_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Winnipeg North (provincial electoral district)">Winnipeg North</a> — were each given a second member. Each seat was filled through a separate contest. The same system was used in the 1915 election. </p><p>In 1920 <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> was made into a ten-member city-wide <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Winnipeg (provincial electoral district)">district</a>. Manitoba began to use <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">Single transferable voting</a> in the new district. Later the province adopted <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Alternative Voting</a> in single-member rural districts.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Guide_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Guide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 Winnipeg was divided into three four-seat districts. St. Boniface got a second member and switched from AV to STV to elect its MLAs.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Guide_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Guide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1924_Alberta_adopted_STV/AV_system"><span id="1924_Alberta_adopted_STV.2FAV_system"></span>1924 Alberta adopted STV/AV system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1924 Alberta adopted STV/AV system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the election of the <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> in 1921, Alberta maintained its existing mixture of multi-member districts and single-member districts. In 1924 Alberta adopted <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">Single transferable voting</a> in the cities' multi-member districts and the <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> system in single-member rural districts. (It was the first instance in North America where all the members in a legislature were elected through non-plurality methods.) This mixed system was in use until 1956. In 1956 the province brought in consistent single-member districts and <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> elections. Medicine Hat reverted to being a single-member district before the 1930 election (IRV was then used there).<sup id="cite_ref-A_Report_on_Alberta_Elections_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Report_on_Alberta_Elections-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1922_House_of_Commons_elections">1922 House of Commons elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1922 House of Commons elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian MP <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Good" title="William Charles Good">William Charles Good</a> introduced legislation in the House of Commons in June 1922 that would have seen <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> used in each riding where more than two candidates were competing and he also called for demonstration multi-member districts in to provide experience of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. However the bill was talked out and nothing was changed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952,_1953_BC_elections_used_Instant-runoff_voting_electoral_system"><span id="1952.2C_1953_BC_elections_used_Instant-runoff_voting_electoral_system"></span>1952, 1953 BC elections used Instant-runoff voting electoral system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1952, 1953 BC elections used Instant-runoff voting electoral system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></div> <p>In 1952, BC adopted the <a href="/wiki/Instant_run-off_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant run-off voting">Alternative Voting system</a>. It retained its mixture of single-member districts and multi-member districts. In the later, it held separate contests for each seat. <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_the_single_transferable_vote#British_Columbia" title="History and use of the single transferable vote">preferential ballots</a> was used for the first time in a BC general election. After 1953 election the province returned to its previous electoral system, a mixture of single-member and multi-member districts, of Block Voting and FPTP, which in turn was replaced by consistent FPTP single-member-district contests in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform">2004 Quebec proposed electoral reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2004 Quebec proposed electoral reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Liberal government of Quebec proposed electoral reform in 2004, which was scheduled to be passed in the fall of 2006 without a referendum. The project was postponed due to divergent views on how to improve it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_BC_Single_Transferable_Vote_referendum">2005 BC Single Transferable Vote referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2005 BC Single Transferable Vote referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2005_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>In a 2005 referendum 57.7% of British Columbians voted in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Single_Transferable_Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Transferable Vote">Single Transferable Vote</a> system. However the government required a vote of 60% to pass the change, and the vote result was ignored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_PEI_Provincial_MMP_referendum">2005 PEI Provincial MMP referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2005 PEI Provincial MMP referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2005_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2005 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">2005 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>Prince Edward Island held a referendum in 2005 regarding the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed member proportional representation">mixed member proportional representation</a>. The motion was defeated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_Ontario_MMP_referendum">2007 Ontario MMP referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2007 Ontario MMP referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_Ontario_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2007 Ontario electoral reform referendum">2007 Ontario electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>A referendum was held in Ontario in 2007 on the question of whether to establish a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed member proportional representation">mixed member proportional representation</a> (MMP) system for elections to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a>. The vote was strongly in favour of the existing <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting</a> or first-past-the-post (FPTP) system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_New_Brunswick_referendum">2008 New Brunswick referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2008 New Brunswick referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_New_Brunswick_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2008 New Brunswick electoral reform referendum">2008 New Brunswick electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>A referendum on the issue of electoral reform in New Brunswick was proposed for 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party</a>, but the party was defeated in the September 2006 election and the new Liberal government cancelled the vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_BC_Proportional_Representation_Vote_referendum">2009 BC Proportional Representation Vote referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2009 BC Proportional Representation Vote referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2009_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2009 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2009 British Columbia electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>A referendum for the <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> (PR) system was held in British Columbia on May 12, 2009. The adoption of PR was defeated, with 61% of voters preferring First past the post (FPTP) over Proportional Representation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_federal_election">2015 federal election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2015 federal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 Canadian federal election</a></div> <p>In the 2015 federal election, both of the main opposition parties (the federal Liberals and NDP) promised to implement electoral reform no later than the next scheduled election. The NDP has long supported <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Member_Proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Member Proportional">Mixed Member Proportional</a>, a hybrid system proposed by the Law Commission in which voters would cast two ballots (one for a riding representative and one for their preferred party, with member elected from a regional and open list). </p><p>By comparison, the Liberals led by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> promised to review numerous electoral reform options through an <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">"all party parliamentary committee"</a> and to implement the changes in time for the next election. Trudeau promised to make the 2015 election "Canada's last <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post election</a>". There are differences between the political parties over which alternative system would be better. </p><p>67% of Canadians voted in 2015 for parties that promised to replace the voting system. 88% of experts brought forward by the Liberal government recommending a proportional representation voting system, and 96% rejected Trudeau's preferred <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 1, 2016, the all party Special Committee on Electoral Reform released its final report, recommending that the government design a system of proportional representation with a <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_index" title="Gallagher index">gallagher index</a> score of 5 or less, and hold a <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">national referendum</a> with that system against the current system. The Liberal members of the all party special-committee urged Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to break his promise to change Canada's voting system.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 1, 2017, the new Liberal Minister of Democratic Institutions, Karina Gould, announced that Trudeau instructed her that a change of voting system would no longer be in her mandate. She claimed a lack of broad consensus among Canadians in favour of one particular type of electoral voting and that the various political parties could not agree on a new system as reasons for the abandonment of the 2015 election promise.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 31, 2017, the House of Commons officially rejected the final report of the all party special-committee by a vote of 146–159, with the Conservatives, NDP, BQ, and Greens voting to concur in the report, and the Liberals voting not to, notably, two Liberal MPs, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Casey_(Canadian_politician)" title="Sean Casey (Canadian politician)">Sean Casey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Erskine-Smith" title="Nathaniel Erskine-Smith">Nathaniel Erskine-Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">broke whip</a> and voted to concur in the report.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2015 election campaign, the Liberal Party of Canada made a promise to implement a process to review the costs of campaign platforms in future elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Beeby_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeby-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was implemented within an omnibus bill passed in 2017, with responsibility assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer" title="Parliamentary Budget Officer">Parliamentary Budget Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beeby_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeby-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum">2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>The 2016 Plebiscite on Democratic Renewal<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a non-binding<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_-_voting_begins_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc_-_voting_begins-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> held in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> between October 27 – November 7, 2016. The referendum asked which of five <a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">voting systems</a> residents would prefer to use in electing members to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island">Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TGAM1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGAM1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TGC1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGC1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBC1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was conducted using Instant runoff voting, and no option was the choice of a majority in the first count. After three options were eliminated due to being un-electable, mixed member proportional representation received more than 52% support on the final count. But government ignored the result, holding another referendum in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_British_Columbia_Electoral_Reform_Referendum">2018 British Columbia Electoral Reform Referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2018 British Columbia Electoral Reform Referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>In accordance to campaign promises, the BC NDP (In a confidence and supply agreement with the Greens) scheduled a plebiscite to be held between October 22 and November 30, 2018, with voting done through mail for those registered to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 61.3% of voters voted for retaining First Past The Post. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_Prince_Edward_Island_Electoral_Reform_Referendum">2019 Prince Edward Island Electoral Reform Referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2019 Prince Edward Island Electoral Reform Referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum</a></div> <p>the 2019 referendum ended in defeat. On the question "Should Prince Edward Island change its voting system to a mixed member proportional voting system?", 52 percent voted against change while only 48 percent voted in favour. But neither side took a majority of votes in 60 percent of the districts so government did not consider it a clear decision.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021/2022, PEI again investigated switching away from the FPTP system.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Quebec_proposed_electoral_reform">2022 Quebec proposed electoral reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2022 Quebec proposed electoral reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAQ <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a> was elected on a promise to reform the electoral system within a year of his victory in 2018. On September 25, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Quebec)">Minister of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonia_LeBel" title="Sonia LeBel">Sonia LeBel</a> presented Bill 39, <i>An Act to establish a new electoral system</i> which aims to replace the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> electoral system in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional system">mixed-member proportional representation system</a>. According to the bill, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly</a> would have kept 125 members. Of the 125 members, 80 would have been elected by receiving a plurality of votes in single-member districts matching the 78 <a href="/wiki/Quebec_federal_electoral_districts" title="Quebec federal electoral districts">federal ridings</a> with the addition of 2 unique districts: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles-de-la-Madeleine_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Îles-de-la-Madeleine (provincial electoral district)">Îles-de-la-Madeleine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ungava_(electoral_district)" title="Ungava (electoral district)">Ungava</a>). The remaining 45 members would have been chosen according to their order in a regional party list. All 17 <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Quebec" title="List of regions of Quebec">regions of Québec</a> would have been guaranteed at least one MNA.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bill 39 was intended to be debated in the legislature before June 2021. The bill's implementation would have been contingent on popular support expressed in a referendum held on the same day as the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Was this referendum successful, then the first legislature to be elected under <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> would have been the 44th, in October 2026 at the latest. On April 28, 2021, Justice Minister LeBel informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">COVID-19 pandemic</a> for altering the government's timeline and could not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-EndOfReform_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndOfReform-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="Canadian electoral calendar">Canadian electoral calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system" title="Canadian electoral system">Canadian electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Day_(Canada)" title="Democracy Day (Canada)">Democracy Day (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Canada" title="Electronic voting in Canada">Electronic voting in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Vote_Canada" title="Fair Vote Canada">Fair Vote Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_political_financing_in_Canada" title="Federal political financing in Canada">Federal political financing in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">List of Canadian federal electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">List of Canadian federal general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_Province_of_Canada" title="List of elections in the Province of Canada">List of elections in the Province of Canada</a> (pre-Confederation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_by-elections_in_Canada" title="List of federal by-elections in Canada">List of federal by-elections in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">List of political parties in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_federal_electoral_districts_of_Canada" title="Historical federal electoral districts of Canada">Historical federal electoral districts of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">Referendums in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_elections" title="Timeline of Canadian elections">Timeline of Canadian elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_Canada" title="Voter turnout in Canada">Voter turnout in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_Ballot_Committee" title="Longest Ballot Committee">Longest Ballot Committee</a></li></ul> </div><p>See also Category: Electoral reform in Canada </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pro_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, during the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">paliarmentary dispute in 2008</a>, the Cabinet tried to convince the public its attempt to <a href="/wiki/Prorogation" title="Prorogation">prorogue</a> Parliament to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> brought by the opposition parties was legitimate, as the Canadian parliamentary system determined the party holding the most seats had "won" the election.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyr109_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyr109-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Proclamation" (PDF). Nova Scotia Legislature. Province of Nova–Scotia. May 20, 1758. Democracy 250 : Celebrating 250 Years of Parliamentary Democracy in Canada</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCanada2020" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Elections (May 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&dir=c76/citizen&document=index&lang=e">"Facts about voter registration, citizenship and voter ID"</a>. <i>www.elections.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elections.ca&rft.atitle=Facts+about+voter+registration%2C+citizenship+and+voter+ID&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ca%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fsection%3Dmed%26dir%3Dc76%2Fcitizen%26document%3Dindex%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/2019/36645-eng.aspx">"Frank v. Canada (Attorney General)"</a>. <i>SUPREME COURT OF CANADA</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SUPREME+COURT+OF+CANADA&rft.atitle=Frank+v.+Canada+%28Attorney+General%29&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.ca%2Fcase-dossier%2Fcb%2F2019%2F36645-eng.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2006" class="citation book cs1">Cross, William (September 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_5470.pdf">"Chapter 7: Candidate Nomination in Canada's Political Parties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Pammet, Jon; Dornan, Christopher (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianfederale0000unse/page/172"><i>The Canadian General Election of 2006</i></a>. Dundurn. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianfederale0000unse/page/172">172–195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550026504" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550026504"><bdi>978-1550026504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Candidate+Nomination+in+Canada%27s+Political+Parties&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+General+Election+of+2006&rft.pages=172-195&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1550026504&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperroom.ipsa.org%2Fpapers%2Fpaper_5470.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCyr2017">Cyr 2017</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyr109-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyr109_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyr109_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCyr2017">Cyr 2017</a>, pp. 109, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyr2017" class="citation cs2">Cyr, Hugo (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. 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Retrieved April 25, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-proportional-representation-citizens-committee-1.6254341">"Citizens' assembly to explore electoral reform on P.E.I. could be created in new year, premier says"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. November 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Citizens%27+assembly+to+explore+electoral+reform+on+P.E.I.+could+be+created+in+new+year%2C+premier+says&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Fpei-proportional-representation-citizens-committee-1.6254341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1484171/reforme-mode-scrutin-montreal-regions-quebec-politique">"Réforme du mode de scrutin : Montréal perdra trois sièges au bénéfice des régions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410214413/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1484171/reforme-mode-scrutin-montreal-regions-quebec-politique">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9forme+du+mode+de+scrutin+%3A+Montr%C3%A9al+perdra+trois+si%C3%A8ges+au+b%C3%A9n%C3%A9fice+des+r%C3%A9gions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F1484171%2Freforme-mode-scrutin-montreal-regions-quebec-politique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_149283en&process=Original&token=ZyMoxNwUn8ikQ+TRKYwPCjWrKwg+vIv9rjij7p3xLGTZDmLVSmJLoqe%2FvG7%2FYWzz">"Bill 39 –  An act to establish a new electoral system"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Québec">National Assembly of Québec</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015045219/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_149283en&process=Original&token=ZyMoxNwUn8ikQ+TRKYwPCjWrKwg+vIv9rjij7p3xLGTZDmLVSmJLoqe%2FvG7%2FYWzz">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Assembly+of+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Bill+39+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+An+act+to+establish+a+new+electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.qc.ca%2FMedia%2FProcess.aspx%3FMediaId%3DANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_149283en%26process%3DOriginal%26token%3DZyMoxNwUn8ikQ%2BTRKYwPCjWrKwg%2BvIv9rjij7p3xLGTZDmLVSmJLoqe%252FvG7%252FYWzz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EndOfReform-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EndOfReform_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontpetit2021" class="citation news cs1">Montpetit, Jonathan (April 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-electoral-reform-referendum-2022-1.6005897">"Quebec backtracks on promise, no referendum on electoral reform in 2022"</a>. <i>CBC Montreal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428204943/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-electoral-reform-referendum-2022-1.6005897">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Montreal&rft.atitle=Quebec+backtracks+on+promise%2C+no+referendum+on+electoral+reform+in+2022&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft.aulast=Montpetit&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fquebec-electoral-reform-referendum-2022-1.6005897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Canada&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca">Elections Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-1450/politics_economy/voting_rights/">CBC Digital Archives—Voting in Canada: How a Privilege Became a Right</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-1181/politics_economy/federal_elections/">CBC Digital Archives—Campaigning for Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/en/nav.aspx?sortcode=2.0.1.0">Canadian Governments Compared</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106165651/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=0e5b8b55-fe90-4c1a-9b3b-2cd69a78a8c9">U.S. State Department estimates of Canadian elections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.election-atlas.ca/fed/">Canada Elections Atlas - Federal</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div 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election">2024 British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Manitoba_general_election" title="2023 Manitoba general election">2023 Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="2024 New Brunswick general election">2024 New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="2021 Newfoundland and Labrador general election">2021 Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northwest_Territories_general_election" title="2023 Northwest Territories general election">2023 Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="2021 Nova Scotia general election">2021 Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nunavut_general_election" title="2021 Nunavut general election">2021 Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">2022 Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="2023 Prince Edward Island general election">2023 Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Quebec_general_election" title="2022 Quebec general election">2022 Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Saskatchewan_general_election" title="2024 Saskatchewan general election">2024 Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Yukon_general_election" title="2021 Yukon general election">2021 Yukon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Provincial_and_territorial">Provincial summary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Canadian_federal_election" title="45th Canadian federal election">Federal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Alberta_general_election" title="32nd Alberta general election">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=44th_British_Columbia_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="44th British Columbia general election (page does not exist)">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Manitoba_general_election" title="44th Manitoba general election">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=42nd_New_Brunswick_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="42nd New Brunswick general election (page does not exist)">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="52nd Newfoundland and Labrador general election">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Northwest_Territories_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Northwest Territories general election">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="2024 Nova Scotia general election">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Nunavut_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Nunavut general election">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Ontario_general_election" title="44th Ontario general election">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68th_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="68th Prince Edward Island general election">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Quebec_general_election" title="44th Quebec general election">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Yukon_general_election" title="40th Yukon general election">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_elections" title="Timeline of Canadian elections">Amalgamated timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">Federal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_by-elections_in_Canada" title="List of federal by-elections in Canada">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_general_elections" title="List of Alberta general elections">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_by-elections" title="List of Alberta by-elections">by-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Senate_nominee_elections" title="Alberta Senate nominee elections">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_general_elections" title="List of British Columbia general elections">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_by-elections" title="List of British Columbia by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_general_elections" title="List of Manitoba general elections">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_by-elections" title="List of Manitoba by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-confederation_New_Brunswick_general_elections" title="List of post-confederation New Brunswick general elections">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_by-elections" title="List of New Brunswick by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_elections" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador general elections">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_by-elections" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_general_elections" title="List of Northwest Territories general elections">NT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_by-elections" title="List of Northwest Territories by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-confederation_Nova_Scotia_general_elections" title="List of post-confederation Nova Scotia general elections">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_Scotia_by-elections" title="List of Nova Scotia by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_general_elections" title="List of Nunavut general elections">NU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_by-elections" title="List of Nunavut by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_general_elections" title="List of Ontario general elections">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_by-elections" title="List of Ontario by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-confederation_Prince_Edward_Island_general_elections" title="List of post-confederation Prince Edward Island general elections">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prince_Edward_Island_by-elections" title="List of Prince Edward Island by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_general_elections" title="List of Quebec general elections">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_by-elections" title="List of Quebec by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_general_elections" title="List of Saskatchewan general elections">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_by-elections" title="List of Saskatchewan by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yukon_general_elections" title="List of Yukon general elections">YT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yukon_by-elections" title="List of Yukon by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_electoral_districts" title="List of Canadian electoral districts">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Alberta provincial electoral districts">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of British Columbia provincial electoral districts">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Manitoba provincial electoral districts">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of New Brunswick provincial electoral districts">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador provincial electoral districts">NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_Scotia_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_territorial_electoral_districts" title="List of Northwest Territories territorial electoral districts">NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_territorial_electoral_districts" title="List of Nunavut territorial electoral districts">NU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Ontario provincial electoral districts">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prince_Edward_Island_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Prince Edward Island provincial electoral districts">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Quebec provincial electoral districts">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Saskatchewan provincial electoral districts">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yukon_territorial_electoral_districts" title="List of Yukon territorial electoral districts">YT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system" title="Canadian electoral system">Canadian electoral system</a></li> <li>Legislation <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections_Modernization_Act" title="Elections Modernization Act">Elections Modernization Act</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_of_Canada" title="Chief Electoral Officer of Canada">Chief Electoral Officer of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Electors" title="National Register of Electors">National Register of Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Register_of_Electors" title="International Register of Electors">International Register of Electors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">Fixed election dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Rights and freedoms</a></li> <li>Voting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Canada" title="Electronic voting in Canada">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Vote_Canada" title="Fair Vote Canada">Fair Vote Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_Canada" title="Voter turnout in Canada">Voter turnout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_political_parties_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topic" title="Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topic" title="Template talk:Canada topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_political_parties_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">List of political parties in Canada</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province or territory</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Alberta" title="List of political parties in Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_British_Columbia" title="List of political parties in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Manitoba" title="List of political parties in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of political parties in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of political parties in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ontario" title="List of political parties in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of political parties in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Quebec" title="List of political parties in Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Saskatchewan" title="List of political parties in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Northwest_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yukon" title="List of political parties in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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