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Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-108941 apercu surlignable"><p>The licensing of intellectual property (notably, patents, copyright and trademarks) may incur liability under European competition law when either the exercise of the intellectual property rights or the restrictive terms of the contract are considered to have an adverse impact on trade. To this end, the competition law of the European Union (EU) prohibits licensing agreements which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention or restriction of competition (Arts. 101 and 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU); c.f. sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-108941 texte surlignable"><p>Where the effect of an agreement is to obtain absolute territorial protection for the licensee by preventing parallel imports, there will generally be a breach of competition law (<i>Consten and Grundig v Commission</i>), the Court of Justice held that absolute territorial protection granted to a licensee in order to enable parallel imports to be controlled and prevented results in the artificial maintenance of separate national markets, contrary to the Treaty.</p> <p>However, in <i>Nungesser KG v Commission</i> an exclusive licence of plant variety rights (Regulation 2100/94 on Community plant variety rights, 1994) that granted the licensee rights to market over hybrid maize seeds throughout the territory of Germany was saved by the exemption within the TFEU as serving to promote technical progress, while also allowing consumers a fair share of the benefits (Article 101(3) TFEU).</p> <p>Alternatively, a selective distribution network within a licensing agreements would not incur liability under competition law, where the manufacturer supplies only selected distributors or retailers who meet certain qualitative criteria, and who in turn are not to sell outside the authorised network (<i>Copad SA v Christian Dior couture SA</i>); regarding online distribution: (<i>Coty Germany GmbH v Parfümerie Akzente GmbH</i>). Nevertheless, where licensing agreements seek to restrict not only active but also unsolicited cross-border sales of licensed products, it will breach EU competition law (<i>Nike v Commission</i>).</p> <p>Secondly, certain kinds of clauses in patent licences are considered more likely to adversely affect inter-technology competition, in particular non-challenge clauses that attempt to prohibit the licensee from challenging the validity of the licensed patent. Historically, the Court of Justice has sought to promote competition by taking a restrictive approach to no-challenge clauses (<i>Windsurfing International Inc. v Commission</i>), an approach that is now reflected in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER, Regulation 316/2014), whereby a clause preventing the licensee from challenging the validity of the licensed intellectual property, will only be exempted from liability under competition law if the clause is included in an exclusive licensing agreement. Similarly, the TTBER takes a stringent approach to exclusive grant backs to the licensor of improvements to the patented technology. While requiring the licensee to grant back to the licensor improvements on a non-exclusive basis, a clause requiring the licensee to exclusively license all improvements to the licensor would breach competition law. (Art. 101; TTBER, Art.5(1)(a)).</p> <p>In the event the holder of intellectual property acquires a dominant position in the technology or product market, there is no general obligation to grant a licence (<i>Volvo v Veng</i>). While EU Competition law prohibits any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the internal market ‘as incompatible with the internal market in so far as it may affect trade between Member States’, there must be evidence that a firm has leveraged its dominance in the market enabling it to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors and customers (<i>Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission</i>). For example, Microsoft abused its dominant position in the personal computer market by refusing to provide its competitors with interoperability information that would have enabled the development of competing products in the operating system market (<i>Microsoft Corp. v European Commission</i>).</p> <p>Nevertheless, in the case of standards for mobile telecommunications industry (such as 4G or 5G telephony), holders of standard essential patents (SEPs) essential to the technology’s operation, are required to allow implementers of that standard to obtain a licence to use the relevant patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. It may breach competition law if the holder of a SEP brings suit for patent infringement against a prospective licensee (a) without notice; and (b) assuming the infringer is willing to negotiate, without having offered a licence on FRAND terms (<i>Huawei Technologies v ZTE Corp.</i>; <i>Unwired Planet v Huawei</i>).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-108941 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2020/the-uk-supreme-court-hands-down-a-judgement-between-a-software-and-a"><i>Unwired Planet International Ltd & Anor v Huawei Technologies Co Ltd & Anor</i>[2020] UKSC 37</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2020/the-us-ftc-requests-rehearing-en-banc-by-the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-ninth"><i>FTC v. Qualcomm</i>, Case 19-16122, Inc., 969 F.3d 974 (9th Cir. 2020)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2019/the-eu-commission-fines-a-multinational-company-selling-football-apparel-and"><i>Nike v Commission</i>, Case AT.40436, Decision OJ C 216 (2019)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2017/the-eu-court-of-justice-finds-that-luxury-goods-manufacturers-may-block-certain"><i>Coty Germany GmbH v Parfümerie Akzente GmbH</i>, Case C‑230/16 EU:C:2017:941</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2015/chroniques/Essential-patents-The-Court-of"><i>Huawei Technologies v ZTE Corp. Case</i>, C-170/13: EU:C:2015:477</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2012/Case-Comments-1372/Penalty-The-General-Court-of-the"><i>Microsoft Corp. v European Commission</i>, Case T‑167/08: EU:T:2012:323</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2009/The-European-Court-of-Justice-43700"><i>Copad SA v Christian Dior couture SA</i>, Case C 59/08 EU:C:2009:260</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/october-1988/the-eu-court-of-justice-holds-that-a-car-manufacturer-refusing-to-grant"><i>Volvo v Veng</i>, Case C-238/87: EU:C:1988: 477</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-1986/the-eu-court-of-justice-confirms-that-clauses-imposing-to-licensees-a-prior"><i>Windsurfing International Inc. v Commission</i>: Case 193/83: EU:C:1986:75</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/june-1982/the-eu-court-of-justice-holds-that-an-open-exclusive-licence-of-plant-breeder-s"><i>Nungesser KG v Commission</i>, Case 258/78 EU:C:1982:211</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-1979-4206/the-eu-court-of-justice-states-that-the-commission-s-erred-in-law-in-finding"><i>Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission</i>, Case 85/76: EU:C:1979:36</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/1966/the-eu-court-of-justice-decides-that-an-exclusive-distribution-agreement-in"><i>Consten and Grundig v Commission</i>, Joined cases 56 and 58-64:EU:C:1966:41</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-108941 jurisprudence"><p>GE Evans ‘Negotiating FRAND Encumbered Patent Licences’ Oxford Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, Volume 16, Issue 10, October 2021, Pages 1091–1108.</p> <p>GE Evans ‘Strategic Patent Licensing for Public Research Organizations: Deploying Restriction and Reservation Clauses to Promote Medical R&D in Developing Countries’ (2008) 43:2-3 American Journal of Law and Medicine pp.175-223.</p> <p>Richard Davis; Tom St Quintin; Guy Tritton, Tritton on Intellectual Property in Europe (5th Edition Sweet & Maxwell 2020) Chapter 9.</p> <p>Richard Whish & David Bailey, Competition Law (10th edition OUP Oxford 2021) Chapter 19.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/gail-elizabeth-evans" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/unnamed-0eadd.jpg?1711366530) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Gail Elizabeth Evans</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Queen Mary University of London</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>2239</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Gail Elizabeth Evans, </span> <span class="entry-title">Licensing</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85406</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2246</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85406 texte surlignable"><p>Refers to granting legal permission to do something, such as produce a product. The license confers a right which the person or firm did not previously possess. Some licenses are granted free of charge, but most require payment. Licenses are legal agreements which may contain restrictions as to how the license is employed. There are two broad cases of licensing which are relevant to competition policy. The first is licenses granted by governments to entrants in specific industries. Licensing systems exist in many communication industries (radio and T.V. broadcasting), professions (doctors) and services (banking, liquor outlets). The terms of licenses vary, but they are often accompanied by various restrictions on the firm. Those restrictions (or regulations) may apply to price, quality or amount of service. Government licensing represents an important barrier to entry in these industries. The second use of licensing is in patent, copyright and trademark cases whereby authority (in the form of a license) is granted by the owner to another party to make, reproduce, buy or sell the item. Copyright, trademark and patent holders may license others to use or produce the good, usually in return for a fixed payment and a royalty rate. In most cases, a patent holder has no preference between licensing and producing his invention himself because he can maximize his return through payment of the licensing fees. However, patent holders are not required to either use or license their technology. Thus, there may be a <i>restriction of technology</i> diffusion which also acts as a barrier to entry. In many countries there is a provision for revoking patents or imposing <i>compulsory licensing</i> when it can be proved that the patent has been abused through non-use or anticompetitive restrictions on licensing. In practice, compulsory licensing is seldom used. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p> <p>See <a href="en/dictionary/frand" class="spip_in">FRAND</a> and <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license" class="spip_in">Compulsory license</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yV3QhW9uygOw/NcGePEtp+rzcbzOrxiRc5m8mupIkV6f8pqpAuEyIZWMD14ANztsq8Gw0CZx5VbN8HeoIV2owJfCjuEpdh5XUVhFPsqXM7ErJEEl3omePkjg2ure3PsCfo8LJ89YIwwbr/vxnmUUpMeC7MmnJv0mbt/Kah9iSJvVPezbWbB4XMOCP+KxLUGS3zZ4ESTwz+bugcLPcY8q0mxgEWBZgv+D0RfgDhSZCnafAJ6Mp/QyhTZwwlO2cR3LXCSxRv7bGNQEJDbe71vPIeDi16HJFyGJt65mIvCfbcBN2rfBqHJbiPppbqdXkjqFK4PWI2gEewOPCJ2UQguBxoOEvp7Kw3o+2I=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/licensing"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/tv-rights-the-french-supreme-court-rejects-a-television-channel-s-appeal-to" rel="bookmark"><strong>Broadcasting rights</strong>: The French Supreme Court rejects a television channel’s appeal to annul the initial call for bids and organize a new process in the disputed award of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 matches <em>(Groupe Canal + / LFP1)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z">25 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120804 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 25, 2024, the Commercial Chamber of the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) handed down another ruling (Appeal no. E 22-19.527) in the saga of the award of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 soccer matches for the 2020 to 2024 seasons, marked, it will be remembered, by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/tv-rights-the-french-supreme-court-censures-the-decision-of-the-paris-court-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Broadcasting rights</strong> : The French Supreme Court censures the decision of the Paris Court of Appeal rejecting the broadcasters’ claims in the case of the disputed award of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 matches <em>(Amazon / Groupe Canal + / beIN Sports)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z">25 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120992 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 25, 2024, the Commercial Chamber of the French Supreme Court handed down a ruling in the saga of the awarding of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 soccer matches for the 2020 to 2024 seasons, marked, it will be remembered, by Mediapro’s default and the award of the lots (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/pharma-dominance/pharma-dominance-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law" rel="bookmark">Pharma & Dominance: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-19T22:00:00Z">20 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120218 introduction entry-content"><p>In this update, we analyze the most recent trends across the EU under Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (“<strong>TFEU</strong>”). This year is marked by the much-expected ruling of the European Court of Justice (“<strong>ECJ</strong>”) in <i>Commission v. Servier</i>, which contains interesting developments on market definition for pharmaceuticals (<strong>I.</strong>). Also noteworthy is the adoption, on 22 July 2024, of the first Commission decision on disparagement practices, which will pave the way for potential future intervention against claimed abusive communications by pharmaceutical companies (<strong>II.</strong>). Aside from these two landmark EU cases, there have also been developments at the national level, focusing mostly on excessive pricing (<strong>III.</strong>).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/croatian-competition-authority">Croatian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-croatian-competition-authority-investigates-a-new-tariff-and-licensing" rel="bookmark">The Croatian Competition Authority investigates a new tariff and licensing regime for Dubrovnik’s taxis</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-08T22:00:00Z">9 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120534 introduction entry-content"> <p>Opinion of the Croatian Competition Agency: Local administration of the Town of Dubrovnik regulates the provision of taxi services* <br class='autobr' /> The aim of the protection of market competition is primarily to create benefits for consumers and equal conditions for all entrepreneurs on the market, who, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giovanni-pregno">Giovanni Pregno</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-italian-council-of-state-dismisses-the-competition-authority-s-interim" rel="bookmark">The Italian Council of State dismisses the Competition Authority’s interim measures against a Big Tech company due to failure to prove abuse of relative market power <em>(Meta / SIAE)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-01T22:00:00Z">2 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121059 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 2 July 2024, the Italian Highest Administrative Court (“Court”) delivered a judgment upholding Meta’s appeal against the decision by the Italian Competition Authority (“ICA”) to impose interim measures requiring Meta to resume negotiations with SIAE, the Italian Society of Authors and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tony-chen">Tony Chen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/hfhuang-jonesday-com">Haifeng Huang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-j-wang">Peter J. Wang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dr-qiang-xue">Dr. Qiang Xue</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yizhe-zhang">Yizhe Zhang</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-chinese-state-administration-for-market-regulation-issues-a-warning-letter" rel="bookmark">The Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation issues a warning letter to a patent pool concerning potential antitrust risks in its licensing of SEPs for automotive wireless communication <em>(Avanci)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-26T22:00:00Z">27 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119499 introduction entry-content"> <p>Recent action by China’s State Administration for Market Regulation ("SAMR") demonstrates renewed Chinese antitrust focus on standard essential patents ("SEPs"). <br class='autobr' /> In an official press release dated June 27, 2024, SAMR warned Avanci, a patent pool, of potential antitrust risks in its licensing (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ingrid-vandenborre">Ingrid Vandenborre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/michael-j-frese">Michael J. Frese</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonio-adriano-cammalleri">Antonio Adriano Cammalleri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/leonor-catela-202430">Leonor Catela</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-largely-overturns-the-judgment-of-the-general-court" rel="bookmark"> The EU Court of Justice largely overturns the judgment of the General Court holding that granting a licensing agreement constitutes an illegitimate <em>quid pro quo</em> for the generic manufacturer’s commitment not to compete in the national markets not covered by the license <em>(Servier)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-26T22:00:00Z">27 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120069 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Union’s Court of Justice (ECJ) has rendered its two long-awaited judgments in the European Commission’s (EC’s) perindopril case. The 27 June 2024 judgments concern: The EC’s appeal of the General Court’s annulment of the EC’s infringement decision on Servier’s patent settlement (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-german-competition-authority-allows-4-automakers-to-jointly-negotiate" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority allows 4 automakers to jointly negotiate conditions for licensing standard essential patents <em>(BMW / Mercedes / Thyssenkrupp / VW)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119078 introduction entry-content"> <p>BMW, Mercedes, Thyssenkrupp and VW can negotiate jointly for the acquisition of certain technology licences* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt tolerates the launch of the “Automotive Licensing Negotiation Group” (ALNG). The ALNG is a cooperation planned by the companies BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Thyssenkrupp and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/oecd">OECD</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-oecd-holds-a-roundtable-on-competition-and-regulation-in-professions-and" rel="bookmark">The OECD holds a roundtable on competition and regulation in professions and occupations to explore policy initiatives, reforms, challenges and the impact of new technology in the professional services markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119200 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations* <br class='autobr' /> The regulation of professional services is widespread. After a period of pro-competitive reforms, liberalisation efforts have stalled and, in some cases, regulatory barriers have been introduced again. This is taking place against a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephanie-reinart">Stephanie Reinart</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-german-competition-authority-permits-4-automakers-to-jointly-negotiate-the" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority permits 4 automakers to jointly negotiate the terms of licences for standard essential patents in mobile communications technology for cars <em>(BMW / Mercedes / Thyssenkrupp / VW)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119519 introduction entry-content"> <p>The German Federal Cartel Office (“FCO”) announced in June that it will “tolerate” the launch of the Automotive Licensing Negotiation Group (“ALNG”), a cooperation between BMW, Mercedes-Benz and VW and automotive component supplier Thyssenkrupp for the purpose of jointly negotiating the terms of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michele-giannino">Michele Giannino</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-italian-competition-authority-investigates-an-unconventional-pay-for-delay" rel="bookmark">The Italian Competition Authority investigates an unconventional pay-for-delay agreement concerning a biosimilar drug <em>(Biogen / Genentech / Novartis...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-20T22:00:00Z">21 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119835 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the Byooviz case the Italian Competition Authority (ICA) has started an antitrust investigation against eight drug companies, Samsung Bioepis co Ltd (SB), Samsung Bioepis NL BV (SB NL), Biogen Inc. and Biogen Italia (Biogen), Genentech Inc, Novartis AG, Novartis Europharm and Novartis Farma (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-fox">David Fox</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/philip-katz">Philip Katz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charles-chuck-loughlin">Chuck Loughlin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gary-veron">Gary Veron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jason-conaty">Jason Conaty</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ilana-kattan">Ilana Kattan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bryan-walsh-211571">Bryan Walsh</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-us-ftc-sends-warning-letters-to-10-pharmaceutical-companies-to-dispute-the" rel="bookmark">The US FTC sends warning letters to 10 pharmaceutical companies to dispute the accuracy of more than 300 Orange Book patent listings across 20 different brand name products for treating certain health conditions <em>(AstraZeneca / Glaxo-Smith Kline / Novo / Boehringer / Covis / Teva...)</em> </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-29T22:00:00Z">30 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118751 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC disputes new slate of Orange Book patents for weight loss, diabetes, asthma, and COPD drugs <br class='autobr' /> On April 30, 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it sent a new set of warning letters to ten pharmaceutical companies. The letters inform the companies that the FTC has notified (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-us-ftc-expands-its-campaign-against-pharmaceutical-manufacturers-inaccurate" rel="bookmark">The US FTC expands its campaign against pharmaceutical manufacturers’ inaccurate listing of patents in the Food and Drug Administration’s Orange Book <em>(AstraZeneca / Novo / Boehringer / Covis / Glaxo-Smith Kline / Teva...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-29T22:00:00Z">30 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118795 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Expands Patent Listing Challenges, Targeting More Than 300 Junk Listings for Diabetes, Weight Loss, Asthma and COPD Drugs* <br class='autobr' /> Commission challenges junk patent listings for Ozempic, Victoza, Saxenda and other blockbuster prescription medications <br class='autobr' /> Today, the Federal Trade Commission expanded (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mark-a-ford">Mark A. Ford</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leon-b-greenfield">Leon B. Greenfield</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/omar-a-khan">Omar A. Khan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/james-m-lyons">James M. Lyons</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-p-yin">David P. Yin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rochella-t-davis">Rochella T. Davis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jeff-soller">Jeff Soller</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bryce-t-freeman">Bryce T. Freeman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/holly-ovington">Holly Ovington</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/john-o-toole">John O’Toole</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-us-ftc-sends-second-round-of-warning-letters-to-pharmaceutical-companies-to" rel="bookmark">The US FTC sends second round of warning letters to pharmaceutical companies to dispute the accuracy of the Orange Book patent listings <em>(AstraZeneca / Glaxo-Smith Kline / Novo / Boehringer / Covis / Teva...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-29T22:00:00Z">30 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119585 introduction entry-content"> <p>The FTC continued its intense regulatory focus on pharmaceutical patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. As reported in earlier editions of The Interplay, the FTC issued a policy statement in September 2023, opining that improper listings in the FDA’s “Approved Drugs with Therapeutic (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-de-muyter">Laurent De Muyter</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yvan-n-desmedt">Yvan N. Desmedt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marta-lahuerta-escolano">Marta Lahuerta Escolano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/holger-neumann">Holger Neumann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bijan-tavakoli">Bijan Tavakoli</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-g-verheyden">Alexandre G. Verheyden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-eu-parliament-and-council-approves-the-gigabit-infrastructure-act-which" rel="bookmark">The EU Parliament and Council approves the Gigabit Infrastructure Act which aims to ensure fair competition while promoting the rollout of gigabit networks by guaranteeing all operators access to existing network infrastructures</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-28T22:00:00Z">29 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120063 introduction entry-content"> <p>In Short <br class='autobr' /> The Situation: The European Parliament and Council approved the Gigabit Infrastructure Act ("GIA") on 29 April 2024. The GIA replaces Directive 2014/61/EU. The GIA is a regulation which is directly applicable and binding in all Member States. However, certain rules in the GIA will (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/licensing?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXlRhKtpynRgDOlUl2ips28ahdW4c6SLSrattPKSeD3YcTIPrQpH3xMGH2v9EuAnosvMxAN9dJ+eLAHAuVIh/Lcm2pbGbztLMfl31rtABaMCquL+VWFcI/u0Now4/c63PQPDBfQZLoWmpDwubzQMSQfC7NmCo4Ofcf0VJlflf1n5cyVL+N0bSVh2BouXaAIdOKxFqE5mltWnJnZfTDeikmxgUWBapAIJ0NfDqQcvb9nES96/9Uo3PQvnMTQko4eqCCOmmFm2o83SilQhj6gDN3sC98OjPnnnSFxOFFwf5HGZesQ4gYoD/e31tuN3c6H9ht/Z6mWMtxlcq4+hoWh6g9KgSw=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/licensing"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibault-schrepel">Thibault Schrepel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/foreword/generative-ai-pyramids-and-legal-institutionalism" rel="bookmark">Generative AI, pyramids and legal institutionalism</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113962 introduction entry-content"> <p>Baseball’s Yogi Berra once observed that “it is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future.” Scholars, policymakers, computer engineers, practitioners and others will surely agree that legal rules and standards for generative AI (“genAI”) should not be based on mere speculations. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robbert-snelders">Robbert Snelders</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-graf">Thomas Graf</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/livres/eu-competition-law-volume-vii-eu-competition-law-intellectual-property-robbert" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law, Volume VII: EU Competition Law & Intellectual Property, Robbert SNELDERS and Thomas GRAF (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114774 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-k-cheng-20736">Thomas K. Cheng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/livres/the-patent-competition-interface-in-developing-countries-thomas-k-cheng" rel="bookmark">The Patent-Competition Interface in Developing Countries, Thomas K. CHENG</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114892 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/margaret-kyle">Margaret Kyle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/carine-campbell">Sinan Corus</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julia-tanndal">Julia Tanndal</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/law-economics/the-economics-of-new-product-launches-and-access-to-pharmaceutical-products-in" rel="bookmark">The economics of new product launches and access to pharmaceutical products in the EU: A perspective on the EC’s proposed reform of the EU pharmaceutical legislation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113382 introduction entry-content"> <p>One goal of the European Commission’s proposed reform to existing regulations is to increase patient access to innovative medicines across the European Union. 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Lanza</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-binctin">Nicolas Binctin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/on-topic/patent-hold-up-and-the-pharmaceutical-sector" rel="bookmark">Patent hold-up and the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113391 introduction entry-content"> <p>Patent hold-up is a complex and contemporary issue, at the confluence of competition law and intellectual property law. In recent years, this practice, which is carried out by patentees, has raised a number of difficulties in both the United States and the European Union. While patent hold-up (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marco-botta">Marco Botta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/legal-practice/the-principle-of-frand-in-b2b-data-sharing-lessons-from-licensing-of-standard" rel="bookmark">The principle of FRAND in B2B data sharing: Lessons from licensing of standard essential patents and competition law remedies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113070 introduction entry-content"> <p>Data is often defined as the “oil” of the 21st-century economy: companies that successfully collect and process a large amount of data can provide more personalized services to their customers, thus becoming more competitive. However, small firms often cannot collect a sufficiently large amount (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bharadwaj">Ashish Bharadwaj</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vishwas-h-devaiah">Vishwas H. Devaiah</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/indranath-gupta">Indranath Gupta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/books/locating-legal-certainty-in-patent-licensing-bharadwaj-ashish-devaiah-vishwas-h" rel="bookmark">Locating Legal Certainty in Patent Licensing, BHARADWAJ Ashish, DEVAIAH Vishwas H. and GUPTA Indranath</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115004 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/livres/competition-policy-an-empirical-and-economic-approach-emmanuel-combe" rel="bookmark">Competition Policy: An Empirical and Economic Approach, Emmanuel COMBE</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114818 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/igor-nikolic">Igor Nikolic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/livres/licensing-standard-essential-patents-frand-and-the-internet-of-things-igor" rel="bookmark">Licensing Standard Essential Patents: FRAND and the Internet of Things, Igor NIKOLIC</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114820 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/xianlin-wang">Xianlin Wang</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2021/international/china-protection-of-intellectual-property-rights-and-anti-monopoly-enforcement-98174-en" rel="bookmark">China: Protection of intellectual property rights and anti-monopoly enforcement under the unified market regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98174 introduction entry-content"> <p>Reforming the market regulation mechanism and implementing unified market regulation are the key links to the establishment of a modern market system that is unified, open with orderly competition. Accompanied with the foundation of the State Administration for Market Regulation, both China’s (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/american-bar-association-128763">American Bar Association Antitrust Law Section</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2020/livres/intellectual-property-misuse-licensing-and-litigation-ed-2-american-bar-en" rel="bookmark">Intellectual Property Misuse: Licensing and Litigation (ed.2), American Bar Association</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102730 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-f-cotter">Thomas F. Cotter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2020/articles/antitrust-intellectual-property-and-dynamic-efficiency-an-essay-in-honor-of-95413-en" rel="bookmark">Antitrust, intellectual property, and dynamic efficiency: An essay in honor of Herbert Hovenkamp</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95413 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article to be published in Herbert Hovenkamp Liber Amicorum, N. Charbit and al. (eds.), Concurrences, 2021. <br class='autobr' /> This essay argues that, while intellectual property (IP) and antitrust often operate as complementary bodies of law, in some residuum of cases there will be widespread disagreement among (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jerome-vidal">Jérôme Vidal</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2020/pratiques/analysis-of-intra-and-inter-brand-competition-in-mergers-within-distribution-93977" rel="bookmark">Analysis of intra- and inter-brand competition in mergers within distribution networks: Review of the French Competition Authority’s decision-making practice in the retail sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93977 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the assessment of an acquisition by the head of the network of one of its members in the spring of 2018, in the food retail sector, the Autorité de la concurrence specified the manner in which it conducts the competitive analysis of this type of merger. Thus, even in the absence of a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kung-chung-lia">Kung-Chung Liu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/reto-m-hilty">Reto M. Hilty</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/livres/110521" rel="bookmark">SEPs, SSOs and FRAND: Asian and Global Perspectives on Fostering Innovation in Interconnectivity</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110521 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/olli-pitkanen">Olli Pitkänen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rosa-maria-ballardini">Rosa Maria Ballardini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Petri-Kuoppamaki">Petri Kuoppamäki</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2019/livres/regulating-industrial-internet-through-ipr-data-protection-and-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Regulating Industrial Internet Through IPR, Data Protection and Competition Law, Rosa Maria BALLARDINI, Petri KUOPPAMÄRIA and Olli PITKÄNEN</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102539 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/licensing?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhK9u2gOkzelrQ+FKzbvKhAWkeRTcA5EudKKo3HEJ9azcpR6vHBm5agYKftRYNwJw5EMt+iAAKPtE3wuxl1VF1yT+0NKNw/ECOORs/xPwouBSGutXPjQ0Tvx1++0KGE+5LQ1EqkMkyWqK0xC0S8saYPMDSWnUC1nuGaODLFFEdvPmFBqmUnRgJPQvf/ofGAzybfcbThxKqh1nOtXANGxCcHA5x2pao5yLdSmvs6GEmQaPqbLxgAhcIXY9JKMBbWk8rlGyh/1piUwGyUgxh2hMpgZg3GKHrahksp3typbIPNPZXVe6h+OOVYL23qzl8zZKpEC9a8jJYHLsiEWwNejrMcEmg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/licensing"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jonathan-m-barnett">Jonathan M. Barnett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck">Raphaël De Coninck</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury">Avantika Chowdhury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirti-gupta">Kirti Gupta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ip-antitrust-1-the-value-of-ip-frand-licensing-of-seps" rel="bookmark">IP & Antitrust - #1 The value of IP: FRAND licensing of SEPs</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-15T10:00:00Z">15 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100169 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the 1st « IP & Antitrust: Hot Issues » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker Botts, Oxera and CRA. Keynote speech by <a href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau" class="spip_in">Pierre Régibeau</a> (Chief Economist, DG COMP). Panel with <a href="en/auteurs/jonathan-m-barnett" class="spip_in">Jonathan Barnett</a> (Professor, University of Southern California), <a href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury" class="spip_in">Avantika Chowdhury</a> (Partner, Oxera), <a href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck" class="spip_in">Raphaël De Coninck</a> (Vice President, Charles River Associates), <a href="en/authors/kirti-gupta" class="spip_in">Kirti Gupta</a> (Vice President, Economic Strategy | Chief Economist, Qualcomm) and <a href="en/authors/paul-lugard" class="spip_in">Paul Lugard</a> (Partner, Baker Botts).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/monica-magnusson">Monica Magnusson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirti-gupta">Kirti Gupta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/douglas-lahnborg">Douglas Lahnborg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-matthew">David Matthew</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kadambari-prasad">Kadambari Prasad</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/renato-nazzini">Renato Nazzini</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/innovation-economics-conference-for-antitrust-lawyers-1-5g-internet-of-things-en" rel="bookmark">Innovation Economics Conference for Antitrust Lawyers #1 5G, Internet of Things, SEPs</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-23T14:00:00Z">23 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91250 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the « 4th Innovation Economics Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon and Orrick, with <a href="en/authors/kirti-gupta" class="spip_in">Kirti Gupta</a> (Vice President - Technology & Economic Strategy, Qualcomm), <a href="en/auteurs/douglas-lahnborg" class="spip_in">Douglas Lahnborg</a> (Partner, Orrick), <a href="en/authors/monica-magnusson" class="spip_in">Monica Magnusson</a> (Vice President - IPR Policy, Ericsson), <a href="en/auteurs/david-matthew" class="spip_in">David Matthew</a> (Director of Economics, Ofcom), <a href="en/authors/renato-nazzini" class="spip_in">Renato Nazzini</a> (Professor, King’s College London) and <a href="en/auteurs/kadambari-prasad" class="spip_in">Kadambari Prasad</a> (Senior Economist, Compass Lexecon).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florence-ninane">Florence Ninane</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-flochel">Laurent Flochel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/online-booking-platforms-mfn-clauses-to-regulate-or-not-to-regulate-83045-en" rel="bookmark">Online booking platforms, MFN clauses: To regulate or not to regulate?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-25T10:00:00Z">25 May 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83045 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Allen & Overy et Charles River Associates.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gregor-langus">Gregor Langus</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Miguel-Rato">Miguel Rato</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-banasevic-2223">Nicholas Banasevic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/seps-frand-after-the-ecj-huawei-zte-ruling-82978" rel="bookmark">SEPs & FRAND after the ECJ Huawei/ZTE ruling</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-09-23T10:00:00Z">23 September 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82978 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Shearman & Sterling and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Miguel-Rato">Miguel Rato</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-kramler">Thomas Kramler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/trevor-soames">Trevor Soames</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/what-is-frand-a-progress-report-82970" rel="bookmark">What is FRAND? A progress report</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-30T10:00:00Z">30 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82970 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Shearman & Sterling and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christian-riis-madsen">Christian Riis-Madsen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-banasevic-2223">Nicholas Banasevic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/proof-of-abuse-of-dominant-position-82958" rel="bookmark">Proof of abuse of dominant position</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-03T10:00:00Z">3 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82958 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with O’Melveny & Myers and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury">Avantika Chowdhury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-philippe-gunther">Jacques-Philippe Gunther</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lucas-peeperkorn">Lucas Peeperkorn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-new-eu-technology-transfer-regulation-and-guidelines" rel="bookmark">The new EU Technology Transfer Regulation and Guidelines </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-07-01T10:00:00Z">1 July 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82870 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Willkie Farr & Gallagher and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury">Avantika Chowdhury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-philippe-gunther">Jacques-Philippe Gunther</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lucas-peeperkorn">Lucas Peeperkorn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/the-new-eu-technology-transfer-regulation-and-guidelines" rel="bookmark">The new EU Technology Transfer Regulation and Guidelines</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-05-22T16:12:03Z">22 May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-66594 introduction entry-content"><p>Lucas Peeperkorn<br/>Jacques-Philippe Gunther<br/>Avantika Chowdhury</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lorenzo-coppi">Lorenzo Coppi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-vinje">Thomas Vinje</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ip-licensing-how-pro-competitive-are-standard-setting-strategies" rel="bookmark">IP licensing: How pro-competitive are standard setting strategies?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-03-15T11:00:00Z">15 March 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82766 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Clifford Chance and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789gxnPF1OyOV08Pneqh/3w7tAgmB9P4Q/0TSmMCa3WZFsTTR68S2qnzVteMQTGQMIXDp++V8u0r9+4EVAFHOLxWiJcrXIw87ukXuXh7GOpW1pNNdc1og8VLIaJyJqD/orWid+C36wmr9VAydUxZb2aDV34Uqj/6264WRAMSWpvU1x0WHjJCfjRLTp8EtZLsVPSGJ/Q1b1umpK/6njfWdPA3sQYpD5d7gVZCXtxqbccokCtJmpbgNq+GWtW6SNp5Vq7vfY5Qhm2siEA5e7j5NAj7sZJFCUr4u756rk8S6rRjVP+veTLxDbYq4q12VBEroejLjgFzb0XRoO7UE/W' data-origin="//en/dictionary/licensing"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-bary">Laurence Bary</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/shari-ross-lahlou">Shari Ross Lahlou</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/pharmaceutical-antitrust-an-analysis-of-us-and-eu-law-1444#id=117180" rel="bookmark">Pharmaceutical Antitrust - An Analysis of US and EU Law <small>Chapter 4 - Concerted Conduct</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-28T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">29 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Pharmaceutical Antitrust – An Analysis of US and EU Law131 CHAPTER IV Concerted Conduct Laurence Bary and Shari Ross Lahlou * * The authors would like to thank Marion Lécole, Forrest Lovett, and Thomas Miller for the very valuable help and contribution to this chapter. Concerted Conduct (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daryl-lim">Daryl Lim</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/herbert-hovenkamp-liber-amicorum-the-dean-of-american-antitrust-law-658#id=69897" rel="bookmark">Herbert Hovenkamp Liber Amicorum - The Dean of American Antitrust Law <small>Antitrust and the Design of Innovation</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-07-06T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">7 </span><span class="m">Jul</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">287Herbert Hovenkamp | The Dean of American Antitrust Law - Liber Amicorum Antitrust and the Design of Innovation Daryl Lim * University of Illinois at Chicago, John Marshall Law School Abstract Professor Herbert Hovenkamp's impact on intellectual property (IP) law is significant. His writings (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirti-gupta">Kirti Gupta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/antitrust-in-emerging-and-developing-countries-featuring-africa-brazil-china#id=41658" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Emerging and Developing Countries: Featuring Africa, Brazil, China, India, Mexico - Conference Papers 2nd Edition <small><strong> Part II: High Tech, Pharmaceuticals and Intellectual Property</strong> <br/>FRAND in India: Emerging Developments</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-31T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Jun</span></span><span class="y"> 2016</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">ANTITRUST IN EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 2015 EDITION 31 FRAND in India: Emerging Developments KIRTI GUPTA * kgupta@qualcomm.com Director of Economic Strategy, Qualcomm Abstract There is an ongoing debate about the Intellectual Property Rights (“IPR”) policies of major Standard Setting (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/licensing#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/licensing#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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