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3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/frand#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/frand#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/frand#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-88985 ">FRAND</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-110180 apercu surlignable"><p>The acronym FRAND - which stands for fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory - is often used in relation to technical standards that are developed through an open, consensus-based, and industry-led standardization process. Companies that participate in the standard development may commit to offer a license on FRAND terms to patents that are or may become essential to a standard. In that context, the so-called FRAND commitment is a <i>voluntary</i> agreement between the patent holder and the standards development organization ("SDO”) regarding the licensing conditions for essential technologies. However, FRAND terms have been used also in other contexts, such as telecom regulation and, more recently, in relation to regulation of digital platforms.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-110180 texte surlignable"><p>FRAND terms are often discussed in relation to a commitment that a patent owner makes to an SDO. When discussing a standard, SDOs typically require members to publicly declare patents that are potentially essential for that standard - these patents are referred to as standard essential patents (“SEPs”) - and clarify whether they are willing to offer a license to SEPs on FRAND terms. The exact scope of the FRAND commitment is defined in the SDO’s bylaws and may differ across organizations.</p> <p>For most SDOs, a patent holder can freely decide whether to make a FRAND commitment or not. Put differently, a commitment to offer a license on FRAND terms is a <i>voluntary</i> agreement between the patent holder and the SDO. If the SDO’s licensing requirements are too onerous, the patent holder might decline a FRAND commitment. That is why SDOs seek to define a FRAND commitment in a way that balances between the need to ensure access to essential technologies while also allowing patent owners to be adequately compensated for their R&D investments and contributions they make to the standard.</p> <p>The specific terms of a license for SEPs are ultimately negotiated between the patent holder and an implementer - that is, a company that offers products or services that use the standard. If the parties are unable to reach an agreement on the FRAND terms, they may seek to resolve their dispute in court. Most courtshave found a FRAND commitment to be an enforceable contract. In the United States, for example, several courts have found that implementers of industry standards are the intended third-party beneficiaries of the FRAND commitment, and as such, have the right to enforce the patent holder’s contractual obligations in court (<i>Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc.</i>).</p> <p>In the last few years, courts have provided important guidance for resolving FRAND related disputes. For example, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said that the analysis of comparable licenses provides a reliable methodology for determining a reasonable royalty for FRAND-encumbered patents (<i>Ericsson Inc. v. D Link Sys., Inc.</i>). Similarly, the UK Supreme Court and the Federal Court of Germany said that comparable licenses provide reliable evidence for determining FRAND royalties as well as other terms and conditions of a license (<i>Sisvel v. Haier; Unwired Planet v. Huawei</i>). Based on the analysis of comparable licenses, both courts determined that when the implementer sells its products worldwide, a FRAND license is global in scope rather than limited to an individual jurisdiction (<i>Unwired Planet v. Huawei; Sisvel v. Haier</i>).</p> <p>In addition, courts have provided guidance regarding the remedies that a patent owner may seek against an infringer of FRAND committed patents. In 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) issued a seminal opinion addressing the allegations that a patent holder’s request for an injunction would violate EU competition law. The CJEU did not categorically exclude an antitrust liability but said that if a patent owner takes specific steps (such as notifying the implementer about the infringement and extending an offer that complies with the FRAND obligation), a request for an injunction will raise no concerns under competition law. National courts of the European Union and United Kingdom subsequently confirmed that, depending on the circumstances of the case, a patent owner may be entitled to request and obtain an injunction (<i>Sisvel v. Haier; Unwired Planet v. Huawei</i>). In the United States, the Federal Circuit also said there is no “per se rule” against injunctions for SEPs”, although a FRAND commitment is a relevant criterium in determining the entitlement to such a remedy.</p> <p>FRAND commitments have also been discussed in the context of antitrust. Some commentators have argued that a patent holder’s breach of the obligations arising from a FRAND commitment should be considered a violation of antitrust law. In the United States, courts have rejected that argument (<i>FTC v. Qualcomm</i>). For example, in <i>FTC v. Qualcomm</i>, the Ninth Circuit said that establishing an antitrust violation would require evidence of harm to competition, rather than merely evidence that the patent holder breached its contractual duties. In other words, the Ninth Court said that a breach of a FRAND commitment, without more, is not an antitrust violation.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-110180 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2020/the-us-ftc-requests-rehearing-en-banc-by-the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-ninth">FTC v. Qualcomm, 969 F. 3d 974 (9th Circuit, 2020)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2020/the-uk-supreme-court-rules-in-a-licence-dispute-between-a-software-and-a">Unwired Planet International Ltd v. Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, UKSC 37, (Aug. 26, 2020)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/numeros/no-4-2015/Alertes-1780/Abuse-of-dominant-position-The-76682">Huawei v ZTE (C170/13) EU:C:2015:477 (July 15, 2015)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2014/The-US-Court-of-Appeals-decides-on">Ericsson v. D-Link, 773 F. 3d 1201 (Fed. Cir. 2014)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2013/The-US-Court-of-Western-District">Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., 696 F.3d 872, 884 (9th Cir. 2012)</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-110180 jurisprudence"><p>Alexander Galetovic & Stephen Haber, SEP Royalties: What Theory of Value and Distribution Should Courts Apply, 17.2 OHIO ST. TECH. L.J. 189 (2021).</p> <p>J. Gregory Sidak, The FRAND Contract, 3 The Criterion J. On Innovation (2018).</p> <p>Kirti Gupta & Urška Petrovčič, Standards, Patents, and Antitrust Policy: The Road Ahead, Competition Policy International (2019).</p> <p>The Cambridge Handbook of Technical Standardization Law: Competition, Antitrust, and Patents (ed. Jorge L. Contreras) (2018).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/kirti-gupta" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L99xH100/auton57020-15c42.png?1711360817) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Kirti Gupta</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Cornerstone Research (San Francisco)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United States</span> <span class="articles"><em>9</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>19291</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Kirti Gupta, </span> <span class="entry-title">FRAND</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 88985</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">10813</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-88985 texte surlignable"><p>Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND or FRAND licensing). <a href="http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC96258/jrc96258.pdf" class="spip_out" rel="external">For more see Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) Licensing Terms. Research Analysis of a Controversial Concept, 2015</a></p> <p>See also <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license" class="spip_in">Compulsory license</a> and <a href="en/dictionary/licensing" class="spip_in">Licensing</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1+XzQhWtp1Abx6pj3XfIoEhLObDadK3/PYvp5xQQISkvPZVma4DLF6hsrIk7AE9LqHiv91v9VrsNJqzDqksTHjyhHuXvXJ69fBQgVg2A32eNW9uVZEeOYiu42F6H2++lOky6PBYPCBI56qmzmxl20KcHsWFjO0v5hh6DjZASEhK6a2bSCiVupO6uSHY5/rJO3b85vVPO2vsuqDrW7D9GFQnkwpqLsDpsi/sVC1iPNyqx4zh+WZ05orQB3GguRjMeriCOmKFm2o8XqilQhj4A7AiuulOTLPpFEMDo225wf5neRaxxlJDmbk7Jk+5gF5OlpLXOCp27bCpu8/hk7wSGDPv8CrvAM04MJyoT0XVFfbxe1pk=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/frand"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-marie-verschuur">Anne Marie Verschuur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bertrand-ter-woort">Bertrand Ter Woort</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bart-de-rijke">Bart de Rijke</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-unified-patent-court-issues-the-first-ever-substantive-decision-on-the" rel="bookmark">The Unified Patent Court issues the first-ever substantive decision on the licensing of standard essential patents under FRAND terms for radio communication devices <em>(Panasonic / OPPO)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122835 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 22 November 2024, in a case between Panasonic and OPPO, the Mannheim Local Division (LD) of the Unified Patent Court (UPC) handed down the first ever full-fledged substantive decision on the licensing of standard essential patents (SEPs) on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-romanian-competition-authority-fines-a-railway-company-for-non-compliance" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority fines a railway company for non-compliance with national regulatory measures and restricting operators’ access to service infrastructures <em>(Grup Feroviar Român)</em> </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120032 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE NATIONAL RAILWAY SUPERVISION COUNCIL FINED GRUP FEROVIAR ROMÂN WITH 3.49 MILLION LEI* <br class='autobr' /> The National Railway Supervision Council (NRSC), part of the Competition Council, sanctioned Grup Feroviar Român with 3.49 million lei for not complying with the measures imposed by the national (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/portuguese-competition-authority">Portuguese Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-portuguese-competition-authority-greenlights-the-acquisition-of-a" rel="bookmark">The Portuguese Competition Authority greenlights the acquisition of a distribution company by a publishing firm <em>(VASP / Palavras de Prestígio)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-25T22:00:00Z">26 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119888 introduction entry-content"> <p>AdC clears the acquisition of VASP by Palavras de Prestígio, subject to commitments* <br class='autobr' /> The Portuguese Competition Authority (AdC) has cleared the acquisition of VASP - Distribuidora de Publicações, S.A. (VASP) by Palavras de Prestígio, Lda. (Palavras de Prestígio), after the latter l put forward (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-german-competition-authority-allows-4-automakers-to-jointly-negotiate" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority allows 4 automakers to jointly negotiate conditions for licensing standard essential patents <em>(BMW / Mercedes / Thyssenkrupp / VW)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119078 introduction entry-content"> <p>BMW, Mercedes, Thyssenkrupp and VW can negotiate jointly for the acquisition of certain technology licences* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt tolerates the launch of the “Automotive Licensing Negotiation Group” (ALNG). The ALNG is a cooperation planned by the companies BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Thyssenkrupp and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephanie-reinart">Stephanie Reinart</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-german-competition-authority-permits-4-automakers-to-jointly-negotiate-the" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority permits 4 automakers to jointly negotiate the terms of licences for standard essential patents in mobile communications technology for cars <em>(BMW / Mercedes / Thyssenkrupp / VW)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119519 introduction entry-content"> <p>The German Federal Cartel Office (“FCO”) announced in June that it will “tolerate” the launch of the Automotive Licensing Negotiation Group (“ALNG”), a cooperation between BMW, Mercedes-Benz and VW and automotive component supplier Thyssenkrupp for the purpose of jointly negotiating the terms of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/chroniques/association-of-undertakings-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-delivers" rel="bookmark"><strong>Association of undertakings</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union delivers three landmark rulings that provide numerous clarifications on the classification and possible exemptions of a concerted practice ruling on the applicability of the competition rules to sporting activities <em>(ISU ; ESLC ; Royal Antwerp)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118651 introduction entry-content"> <p>On December 21, 2023, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice handed down three landmark rulings on the relationship between competition law and sport (on these rulings, see: D. Bosco, "Superleague, ISU Royal Antwerp FC: coup de semonce sur le sport européen, CCC février 2024, comm. 29; L. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/logan-breed">Logan Breed</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charles-chuck-loughlin">Chuck Loughlin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/edith-ramirez">Edith Ramirez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Eric-Sega">Eric Richard Sega</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jillottenberg">Jill Ottenberg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/us-competition-regulation/us-competition-regulation-a-survey-of-president-biden-s-executive-order-on" rel="bookmark">US Competition Regulation: A survey of President Biden’s Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-18T22:00:00Z">19 October 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114446 introduction entry-content"><p>It has been more than two years since President Biden signed a far-reaching, industry-spanning Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy. The Executive Order outlined a “whole-of-government” approach to increasing competition and issued a laundry list of directives to more than a dozen federal agencies with the stated goal of addressing “some of the most pressing competition problems” in the economy. The Executive Order reflects the administration’s intense focus on concentration as a serious risk to the U.S. economy, and an assumption that this issue resonates broadly for Americans and is not just a niche area of concern for the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The Executive Order has prompted information-sharing, training, and various other collaborative efforts across agencies that in the past may have had little reason to interact on this issue.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Italian-Competition-Authority">Italian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2023/the-italian-competition-authority-opens-an-investigation-into-a-possible-abuse" rel="bookmark">The Italian Competition Authority opens an investigation into possible abuse of dominance by a multinational engineering and technology company in the European market for electric bicycle drive systems <em>(Bosch)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114078 introduction entry-content"> <p>A567 - ICA: investigation opened into alleged abuse of dominant position by Bosch* <br class='autobr' /> According to the Competition Authority, the company did not allow electrical and digital interoperability between its drive systems and the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) for electric bicycles produced by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/phase-i-the-french-competition-authority-authorises-subject-to-commitments-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Phase I</strong>: The French Competition Authority authorises, subject to commitments, the takeover of exclusive control of a Luxembourg group by a French company <em>(La Française des jeux / ZEturf)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-14T22:00:00Z">15 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115405 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the last few days, the French Competition Authority has posted 13 new merger clearance decisions online, including 12 simplified decisions. <br class='autobr' /> These include decision no. 23-DCC-191 of September 15, 2023 in which the French Competition Authority authorized La Française des Jeux (FDJ) to take (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/frank-jiang">Frank Jiang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-jiang">John Jiang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/megan-li">Megan Li</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2023/the-chinese-state-administration-for-market-regulation-introduces-new" rel="bookmark">The Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation introduces new intellectual property right antitrust rules and draft standard essential patent antitrust guidelines</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-31T22:00:00Z">1 August 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120829 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article has been nominated for the 2024 Antitrust Writing Awards. Click here to learn more about the Antitrust Writing Awards. <br class='autobr' /> A year after releasing an exposure draft (the “Draft Provisions”), the State Administration for Market Regulation (the “SAMR”) officially promulgated the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gabrielle-kohlmeier">Gabrielle Kohlmeier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jennifer-e-mellott">Jennifer E. Mellott</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/meghan-rissmiller">Meghan Rissmiller</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/telecom-mergers/mergers-in-the-telecommunications-sector-an-overview-of-eu-and-us-case-law" rel="bookmark">Mergers in the telecommunications sector: An overview of EU and US case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-28T22:00:00Z">29 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112734 introduction entry-content"><p>Since the last publication in 2012, the world has changed in innumerable ways—and with it, every corner of the telecom sector. Geopolitical changes have brought an onslaught of supply chain, national security, and foreign policy concerns—for government, industry, consumers, everyone. “Unexpected”, “unimaginable”, and “unprecedented’ became routine descriptors for world shifting events, from Brexit in 2016, Covid-19 shutting down much of the world in 2020, to increasing tensions between China and certain Western countries, the Russian war with Ukraine, and beyond. Technological changes abounded, from 4G to 5G technology development and deployment, semiconductor advances, ORAN, artificial intelligence use cases for network optimization and beyond. Changes also came in the form of new industry participants and partnerships and changes in competitive forces and dynamics. In a short period of time, competition has emerged from traditional partners to established companies in the telecommunications space and from competitors in adjacent areas, such as tech companies and hardware or equipment suppliers. These changes have certainly changed the calculus for companies in the telecom space considering mergers and acquisitions. The substantive legal approaches, by contrast, may be generally less dramatically affected with some key exceptions in the United States in particular where the enforcers are willing to risk a loss in court in an attempt to extend the law to fit their view of how the substantive law should be interpreted.<br class='autobr' /> This foreword starts with developments in Europe, continues with our analysis of the same in the US, and finishes with our outlook for the future. In short, the last decade has been a whirlwind, and we expect changing technology and new competitive dynamics to keep things interesting going forward.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ken-dai">Ken Dai</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jet-zhisong-deng">Jet Zhisong Deng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2023/the-chinese-state-administration-for-market-regulation-intensifies-its-focus-on" rel="bookmark">The Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation intensifies its focus on the misuse of injunctions and Chinese courts’ attempt to play a more important role in resolving global Standard Essential Patent disputes</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-24T22:00:00Z">25 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118701 introduction entry-content"> <p>The standard essential patent (“SEP”) disputes are still hot topics in China, even though it has been almost ten years since Qualcomm was fined CNY 6.088 billion (USD 975 million) in 2015 for the misuse of SEP. Many issues have not been settled and even become more urgent in the context that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/spanish-competition-authority">Spanish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2023/the-spanish-competition-authority-conditionally-approves-an-acquisition-in-the" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority conditionally approves an acquisition in the market for the distribution of periodicals and magazines <em>(Logista / Distrisur)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-18T22:00:00Z">19 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112903 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CNMC approves Logista group’s acquisition of Distrisur subject to commitments* The transaction concerns the wholesale distribution of periodicals and, in particular, magazines. The risks of the operation stem from the change in the relationship between Logista and its competitor Boyacá. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Austrian-Competition-Authority">Austrian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2023/the-austrian-competition-authority-conditionally-clears-a-merger-in-the" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Competition Authority conditionally clears a merger in the broadcasting sector <em>(Austrian Broadcasting Corporation / Radioplayer)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-24T22:00:00Z">25 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112838 introduction entry-content"> <p>Press release merger BWB/Z-6244: ORF / RIG Radio Innovations GmbH / Radioplayer Österreich GmbH* <br class='autobr' /> Merger between ORF and RIG Radio Innovations GmbH cleared subject to conditions <br class='autobr' /> On 13 April 2023 the Austrian Federal Competition Authority (AFCA) was notified of a merger that involved the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/petrina-broka">Petrina Broka</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2023/the-albanian-competition-authority-initiates-a-preliminary-investigation-on-a" rel="bookmark">The Albanian Competition Authority initiates a preliminary investigation on a potential abusive practice in the taxi services market for airport commuting and imposes interim measures against an international airport <em>(Tirana International Airport)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-23T22:00:00Z">24 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114066 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Albanian Competition Commission (ACC), through Decision (DCC) No. 984, dated May 11, 2023, has initiated a preliminary investigation procedure and subsequently has imposed interim measures against Tirana International Airport LLC (TIA) in the taxi services market for commuters traveling to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/frand?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yT1QhWtpyjR6PNYiPAUqs0IWStVfUB2Ssxc78CETpBz2BTZEj2EGKrSDn3agA4JhIcZx2XhdP7Z/KUNDac7WJv09fKs6p98JPcLoHxf7vHpKJTHtHoEOn1wE4/68219f04uLo5J5A6KSzZh/P+pMOyh3Xcwo9Na05DBTY8ppgSVe2bVatzAJ9OkUW1noglc00PL0dO99dDzZ3I0L+VHYjxuG5OzqhMdKxEp7lGsAul7eRaViGo2l6k0Wie0s961xAs7gD9OzWnpW961Zi95mxLMd+YcmmzOsTGgcmO8Qkeitvxk4EthdiJ3Hqa1QqzAUwFi6Q4DkFRQI7WCDegFWmxYSaUwF7U/Pb1//LRq' data-origin="//en/dictionary/frand"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ariel-reich">Ariel Reich</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2025/pratiques/the-proposal-for-an-eu-sep-regulation-an-equitable-remedy-for-the-market" rel="bookmark">The proposal for an EU SEP Regulation: An equitable remedy for the market failure in transacting SEP licenses</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-31T23:00:00Z">January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122721 introduction entry-content"> <p>This paper makes the case that the current system for licensing standard essential patents (SEPs) is broken, and this is leading to an unfair tax on IT and IoT products. A balanced licensing environment would ensure that SEP owners obtain an appropriate return on their R&D investment, but (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robbert-snelders">Robbert Snelders</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-graf">Thomas Graf</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/livres/eu-competition-law-volume-vii-eu-competition-law-intellectual-property-robbert" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law, Volume VII: EU Competition Law & Intellectual Property, Robbert SNELDERS and Thomas GRAF (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114774 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wladimir-soltmann">Wladimir Soltmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/elisabetta-m-lanza">Elisabetta M. Lanza</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-binctin">Nicolas Binctin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/on-topic/patent-hold-up-and-the-pharmaceutical-sector" rel="bookmark">Patent hold-up and the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113391 introduction entry-content"> <p>Patent hold-up is a complex and contemporary issue, at the confluence of competition law and intellectual property law. In recent years, this practice, which is carried out by patentees, has raised a number of difficulties in both the United States and the European Union. While patent hold-up (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marco-botta">Marco Botta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/legal-practice/the-principle-of-frand-in-b2b-data-sharing-lessons-from-licensing-of-standard" rel="bookmark">The principle of FRAND in B2B data sharing: Lessons from licensing of standard essential patents and competition law remedies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113070 introduction entry-content"> <p>Data is often defined as the “oil” of the 21st-century economy: companies that successfully collect and process a large amount of data can provide more personalized services to their customers, thus becoming more competitive. However, small firms often cannot collect a sufficiently large amount (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/herbert-hovenkamp-2156">Herbert Hovenkamp</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/douglas-melamed">Douglas Melamed</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/interview/herbert-hovenkamp-addressing-the-divisions-in-antitrust-policy-102837" rel="bookmark">Herbert Hovenkamp (University of Pennsylvania) : Addressing the Divisions in Antitrust Policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102837 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by A. Douglas Melamed, Professor, Stanford University <br class='autobr' /> How did it all begin? Or, to be more precise, how did you come to be an antitrust scholar, and how did you come to be a coauthor, and ultimately the author, of the treatise? <br class='autobr' /> In the late 1970s I was a fresh PhD (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alina-wernick">Alina Wernick</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/books/mechanisms-to-enable-follow-on-innovation-liability-rules-vs-open-innovation" rel="bookmark">Mechanisms to Enable Follow-On Innovation: Liability Rules vs. Open Innovation Models, Alina WERNICK</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114718 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/igor-nikolic">Igor Nikolic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/books/licensing-standard-essential-patents-frand-and-the-internet-of-things-igor" rel="bookmark">Licensing Standard Essential Patents: FRAND and the Internet of Things, Igor NIKOLIC</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114820 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/herbert-hovenkamp-2156">Herbert Hovenkamp</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-d-janis">Mark D. Janis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-a-lemley">Mark A. Lemley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christopher-r-leslie">Christopher R. Leslie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-a-carrier">Michael A. Carrier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2021/livres/ip-and-antitrust-an-analysis-of-antitrust-principles-applied-to-intellectual" rel="bookmark">IP and Antitrust: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles Applied to Intellectual Property Law, Herbert J. HOVENKAMP, Mark D. JANIS, Mark A. LEMLEY, Christopher R. LESLIE and Michael A. CARRIER</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102246 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-f-cotter">Thomas F. Cotter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2020/articles/antitrust-intellectual-property-and-dynamic-efficiency-an-essay-in-honor-of-95413-en" rel="bookmark">Antitrust, intellectual property, and dynamic efficiency: An essay in honor of Herbert Hovenkamp</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95413 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article to be published in Herbert Hovenkamp Liber Amicorum, N. Charbit and al. (eds.), Concurrences, 2021. <br class='autobr' /> This essay argues that, while intellectual property (IP) and antitrust often operate as complementary bodies of law, in some residuum of cases there will be widespread disagreement among (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kung-chung-lia">Kung-Chung Liu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/reto-m-hilty">Reto M. Hilty</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/books/110521" rel="bookmark">SEPs, SSOs and FRAND: Asian and Global Perspectives on Fostering Innovation in Interconnectivity</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110521 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-handoll">John Handoll</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2019/international/india-remedies-in-merger-cases-en" rel="bookmark">India: Remedies in merger cases</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88889 introduction entry-content"> <p>No notified combination has to date been prohibited by the Competition Commission of India (CCI). However, the clearance of some 30 combinations has been subject to the parties implementing structural or non-structural (behavioural) remedies. This article outlines the sometimes innovative (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-perrot-1009">Anne Perrot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-geradin">Damien Geradin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-seabright">Paul Seabright</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2010/conferences/standards-and-competition-nasse-seminar-paris-5th-of-novembre-2009" rel="bookmark"> Standards and competition (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 5th of novembre 2009)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89386 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the Seminar organized the 5th of november of 2009, Damien Geradin and Paul Seabright talked about standards and competition. <br class='autobr' /> The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. <br class='autobr' /> Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting Department, the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wu-hanhong">Hanhong Wu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wei-tan">Wei Tan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/conferences/this-paper-provides-an-overview-of-the-10-year-antimonopoly-law-in-china" rel="bookmark">Introduction (10 years of the Anti-Monopoly Law in China - Beijing, 14 July 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88340 introduction entry-content"> <p>The article below introduces 9 articles related to the conference "10 years of Anti-Monopoly Law in China" held in Beijing on July 14, 2018 and published in this issue of Concurrences N°4-2018. <br class='autobr' /> ---- <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> Wei Tan <br class='autobr' /> Managing Director, Mingde Economic Research Inc., Washington, D.C (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/shan-jiao">Shan Jiao</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wei-tan">Wei Tan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ying-qin">Ying Qin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/conferences/88350" rel="bookmark">Merger control (10 years of the Anti-Monopoly Law in China - Beijing, 14 July 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88350 introduction entry-content"> <p>These papers review the use of FRAND commitment as merger remedy and the risks of Un-notified Concentrations in China. The paper looks at the economic meaning of FRAND price after the merger, the potential abuse of FRAND commitment and the implication of these remedies. By the end of this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guanbin-xie">Guanbin Xie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/li-zhu">Li Zhu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/xuting-wu">Xuting Wu</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/conferences/ip-and-antitrust-litigation-10-years-of-the-anti-monopoly-law-in-china-beijing-en" rel="bookmark">IP and antitrust litigation (10 years of the Anti-Monopoly Law in China - Beijing, 14 July 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88375 introduction entry-content"> <p>In April 2017, Beijing High Court issued its Guidelines on the Ruling of Patent Infringements and one year later, Guangdong High Court issued its Guidelines for the Trial of SEP Disputes (for trial implementation) on 26 April 2018. Both of these Guidelines tried to resolve the SEP-related issues (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/frand?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lUHKRjCGD17VjCx1MC627mMKC+4Dz7hjBO30qOzjuzozsikKQHZjNH2ZZC8vr/u4hTD43E1ZhohXn1VlBM9j/yQmfSXy8qFnCsEoNod0gzipo1we8U3W0xPnkxP36D/SCfGLjgObz089TF/TbMZ8gw4ogju3wCeKVbV4CpUfob2hFm4dKKoDP14PE0yVHpJYddmvJNLguSN3K5SxffFnMLvGlwCs01Kg0ubs4lCECOh7d0oJPCq5xxzszUYym2FSg5ptJY2v+FbIbojFudCFTUy0aHlR6BLABdPuyvwqZG/BoneCpd1rDkqnXL5JybTTi+1iaS6MpZdRYUs41X01t2u1H' data-origin="//en/dictionary/frand"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christine-wilson">Christine Wilson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/florian-mueller">Florian Mueller</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/renato-nazzini">Renato Nazzini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/adrian-howes">Adrian Howes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/michael-l-keeley">Michael L. Keeley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gunnar-niels">Gunnar Niels</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ip-antitrust-hot-issues-2-106526" rel="bookmark">IP & Antitrust: Hot Issues #2</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-08T16:00:00Z">8 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106526 introduction entry-content"><p>2ème webinaire de la conférence « IP & Antitrust : Hot Issues » 2022 organisée par Concurrences, en partenariat avec Axinn, Baker Botts, Orrick and Oxera. Discours d’ouverture par <a href="en/authors/christine-wilson" class="spip_in">Christine Wilson</a> (Commissioner, FTC). Panel avec <a href="en/auteurs/adrian-howes" class="spip_in">Adrian Howes</a> (Head of IP & Standards - IP Regulatory Affairs, Nokia), <a href="en/auteur/michael-l-keeley" class="spip_in">Michael L. Keeley</a> (Partner, Axinn), <a href="en/authors/paul-lugard" class="spip_in">Paul Lugard</a> (Partner, Baker Botts), <a href="en/auteurs/florian-mueller" class="spip_in">Florian Mueller</a> (Founder, Foss Patents), <a href="en/authors/renato-nazzini" class="spip_in">Renato Nazzini</a> (Professor, King’s College London) et <a href="en/authors/gunnar-niels" class="spip_in">Gunnar Niels</a> (Partner, Oxera).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jonathan-m-barnett">Jonathan M. Barnett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck">Raphaël De Coninck</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury">Avantika Chowdhury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirti-gupta">Kirti Gupta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ip-antitrust-1-the-value-of-ip-frand-licensing-of-seps" rel="bookmark">IP & Antitrust - #1 The value of IP: FRAND licensing of SEPs</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-15T10:00:00Z">15 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100169 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the 1st « IP & Antitrust: Hot Issues » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker Botts, Oxera and CRA. Keynote speech by <a href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau" class="spip_in">Pierre Régibeau</a> (Chief Economist, DG COMP). Panel with <a href="en/authors/jonathan-m-barnett" class="spip_in">Jonathan Barnett</a> (Professor, University of Southern California), <a href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury" class="spip_in">Avantika Chowdhury</a> (Partner, Oxera), <a href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck" class="spip_in">Raphaël De Coninck</a> (Vice President, Charles River Associates), <a href="en/authors/kirti-gupta" class="spip_in">Kirti Gupta</a> (Vice President, Economic Strategy | Chief Economist, Qualcomm) and <a href="en/authors/paul-lugard" class="spip_in">Paul Lugard</a> (Partner, Baker Botts).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/monica-magnusson">Monica Magnusson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirti-gupta">Kirti Gupta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/douglas-lahnborg">Douglas Lahnborg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-matthew">David Matthew</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kadambari-prasad">Kadambari Prasad</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/renato-nazzini">Renato Nazzini</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/innovation-economics-conference-for-antitrust-lawyers-1-5g-internet-of-things-en" rel="bookmark">Innovation Economics Conference for Antitrust Lawyers #1 5G, Internet of Things, SEPs</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-23T14:00:00Z">23 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91250 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the « 4th Innovation Economics Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon and Orrick, with <a href="en/authors/kirti-gupta" class="spip_in">Kirti Gupta</a> (Vice President - Technology & Economic Strategy, Qualcomm), <a href="en/authors/douglas-lahnborg" class="spip_in">Douglas Lahnborg</a> (Partner, Orrick), <a href="en/auteurs/monica-magnusson" class="spip_in">Monica Magnusson</a> (Vice President - IPR Policy, Ericsson), <a href="en/authors/david-matthew" class="spip_in">David Matthew</a> (Director of Economics, Ofcom), <a href="en/authors/renato-nazzini" class="spip_in">Renato Nazzini</a> (Professor, King’s College London) and <a href="en/authors/kadambari-prasad" class="spip_in">Kadambari Prasad</a> (Senior Economist, Compass Lexecon).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-kramler">Thomas Kramler</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/e-commerce-inquiry-removing-the-last-public-and-private-barriers-83034-en" rel="bookmark">e-Commerce Inquiry: Removing the last Public and Private Barriers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-20T10:00:00Z">20 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83034 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Charles River Associates (CRA) and Shearman & Sterling.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fiona-m-scott-morton">Fiona M. 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Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Standard Essential Patents and the Problem of Hold Up</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2014</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">409William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Standard-Essential Patents and the Problem of Hold-Up JOSEPH KATTAN * jkattan@gibsondunn.com Partner, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Washington, DC CHRIS WOOD * cwood@gibsondunn.com Partner, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Washington, (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maureen-ohlhausen">Maureen Ohlhausen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/william-e-kovacic-an-antitrust-tribute-liber-amicorum-vol-ii#id=43451" rel="bookmark">William E. Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>The Federal Trade Commission at 100: Recommendations for Improving Agency Performance</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2014</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">101William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume II The Federal Trade Commission at 100: Recommendations for Improving Agency Performance MAUREEN K. OHLHAUSEN * mohlhausen@ftc.gov US Federal Trade Commissioner, Washington, DC Abstract This article pays tribute to Bill (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/frand#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" 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href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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