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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="گوستاو لانسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوستاو لانسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%B8%8C_%EB%9E%91%EC%86%A1" title="귀스타브 랑송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀스타브 랑송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გუსტავ ლანსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუსტავ ლანსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جوستاف لانسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوستاف لانسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="گوستاو لانسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوستاو لانسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ギュスターヴ・ランソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギュスターヴ・ランソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лансон, Гюстав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лансон, Гюстав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A4_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="گوستاڤ لانسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوستاڤ لانسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gustave Lanson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E6%9D%BE" title="居斯塔夫·朗松 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="居斯塔夫·朗松" 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French historian and literary critic (1857-1934)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Lanson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gustave_Lanson.jpg/220px-Gustave_Lanson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gustave_Lanson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Lanson in 1895</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gustave Lanson</b> (5 August 1857 – 15 December 1934) was a French <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a>. He taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. A dominant figure in French literary criticism, he influenced several generations of writers and critics through his teachings, which were anti-systematic and promoted a scrupulous and erudite approach to texts via extensive firsthand research, inventorying, and in-depth historical investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Lanson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Lanson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Lanson.jpg/220px-La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Lanson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Lanson.jpg/330px-La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Lanson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Lanson.jpg/440px-La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Lanson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption><i>The Sorbonne. Professor Gustave Lanson</i> (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne">Bibliothèque de La Sorbonne</a>, NuBIS)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lanson was a major figure in the reformation of the French university system at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as a dominant force in French literary criticism until well after his death. He is known primarily for his writings on <a href="/wiki/Literary_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary history">literary history</a>, particularly his attempts to fuse the studies of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>; in the former area he expanded upon, and in part questioned, the idea of "race, milieu, and moment" as described by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a>. He also contributed a great deal to the study of <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>, arguing for the pedagogical importance of the <i>explication de texte,</i> the French predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">close reading</a>. Among his shorter works is a still-authoritative 1892 life of the French poet <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despreaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux">Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux</a> in the series <i>Les Grands Ecrivains Francais</i>. </p><p>Lanson proposed the idea of "literary sociology," a complex formulation of the relationship between social influences on an author, readers' expectations, and the <a href="/wiki/Textuality" title="Textuality">text</a>. For Lanson a text was neither a mere product of collective social forces nor an autonomous work by an autonomous genius, but something in between. The text was a composite work on which society exerted powerful and unseen forces but that could still escape those forces in order to present something outside of them: perhaps a hope or fantasy of something better. The composite nature of Lanson's model allowed him to imagine a text with multiple intended audiences: the immediate readership of the society that produced it, and another, ideal one that could be partially conditioned by the text itself. </p><p>In 1911 Lanson was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. During this period he travelled extensively in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, visiting a number of college campuses, and later wrote about his experiences. Lanson was struck by the importance of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> on American campuses, though he also commented that the unity inspired by shared religion was fading in favor of shared interest in collegiate sports, particularly <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>. </p><p>In 1919, he became director of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>; for years he was the target of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> satirical attacks, and got particularly upset with a 1927 antimilitarist satirical cartoon published by Sartre and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Canguilhem" title="Georges Canguilhem">Georges Canguilhem</a> in the University revue. In the same year he was finally led to resign after a <a href="/wiki/Media_prank" title="Media prank">media prank</a> by Sartre and his comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927 Lanson's working library of approximately 11,000 volumes was sold to <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, in Durham, North Carolina for a sum of 125,000 francs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lanson's reputation, particularly in the United States, steadily declined in the years after his death, reaching its nadir in the late 1950s and 1960s. In the era of the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a>, with its interest in the exploration of <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> and image and the distancing of a text from the circumstances that created it, Lanson was seen as a pedant obsessed with historical and biological trivia and a rigid and unliterary philology. In recent years, however, with critics exploring possible commonalities between formal and historical methods and with more intense and less <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleological</a> studies of the history of criticism, interest in Lanson has grown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Lanson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Le Théâtre Classique au Temps d’Alexandre Hardy</i> (1891).</li> <li><i>Bossuet</i> (1891).</li> <li><i>Boileau</i> (1892).</li> <li><i>Histoire de la Littérature Française</i> (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tuffrau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Tuffrau (page does not exist)">Paul Tuffrau</a>, 1894).</li> <li><i>Hommes et Livres: Études Morales et Littéraires</i> (1896).</li> <li><i>Corneille</i> (1898).</li> <li><i>Études Pratiques de Composition Française</i> (1898).</li> <li><i>Les Grands Maîtres et les Grands Courants de la Littérature Française Moderne</i> (1900).</li> <li><i>Choix de Lettres du XVIIe Siècle</i> (1901).</li> <li><i>L'Université et la Société Moderne</i> (1902).</li> <li><i>Les Origines du Drame Contemporain. Nivelle de La Chaussée et la Comédie Larmoyante</i> (1903).</li> <li><i>L’Art de la Prose</i> (1909).</li> <li><i>Choix de Lettres du XVIIIe Siècle</i> (1909).</li> <li><i>Extraits des Philosophes du XVIIIe Siècle</i> (1909).</li> <li><i>Manuel Bibliographique de la Littérature Française Moderne, 1500–1900</i> (1909–1912).</li> <li><i>Trois Mois d'Enseignement aux États-Unis</i> (1912).</li> <li><i>Conseils sur l’Art d’Écrire</i> (1913).</li> <li><i>Anthologie des Poètes Nouveaux</i> (1913).</li> <li><i>Esquisse d’une Histoire de la Tragédie Française</i> (1920).</li> <li><i>Manuel Illustré d'Histoire de la Littérature Française</i> (2 vol., 1923).</li> <li><i>Voltaire: Lettres Philosophiques</i> (2 vol., 1924).</li> <li><i>Méthodes de l’Histoire Littéraire</i> (1925).</li> <li><i>Les Essais de Montaigne. Étude et Analyse</i> (1929).</li> <li><i>Le Marquis de Vauvenargues</i> (1930).</li> <li><i>Les Essais de Montaigne: Étude et Analyse</i> (1930).</li> <li><i>Voltaire: Extraits</i> (1930).</li> <li><i>Montesquieu</i> (1932).</li> <li><i>Lettres Choisies des XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècles</i> (1932).</li></ul> <p><b>Translated into English</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Problems of National Education</i> (1900).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924065566972;view=1up;seq=451">"The New Poetry in France,"</a> <i>The International Quarterly,</i> Vol. 4 (1901).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3057587;view=1up;seq=89">"Historic Method of Jules Michelet,"</a> <i>The International Quarterly,</i> Vol. 11 (1905).</li> <li>"France of Today," <i>The North American Review</i>, Vol. 195 (1912).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000065799987;view=1up;seq=370">"Address before the American Academy and Institute,"</a> <i>The Art World</i>, Vol. 1, No. 5 (1917).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frencheducationa00buisrich#page/294/mode/2up">"The Modern Subjects in Secondary Education."</a> In: <i>French Educational Ideals of Today</i> (1919).</li> <li>"Molière and Farce," <i>The Tulane Drama Review</i>, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1963). <ul><li><i>Moliere: A Collection of Critical Essays</i> (ed. Jacques Guicharnaud, 1964).</li></ul></li> <li><i>Voltaire</i> (1966).</li> <li>"Literary History and Sociology," <i>PMLA</i>, Vol. 110, No. 2 (1995).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Lanson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUniversalis1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Universalis, Encyclopædia (19 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/gustave-lanson/">"GUSTAVE LANSON"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Universalis&rft.atitle=GUSTAVE+LANSON&rft.date=1999-01-19&rft.aulast=Universalis&rft.aufirst=Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universalis.fr%2Fencyclopedie%2Fgustave-lanson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Lanson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerassi, John (1989). <i>Jean-Paul Sartre: Protestant or Protester?</i>. University of Chicago Press, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921070236/https://guides.library.duke.edu/gustave_lanson">"Gustave Lanson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.duke.edu/gustave_lanson">the original</a> on 2020-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gustave+Lanson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.duke.edu%2Fgustave_lanson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Lanson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Lanson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bédé, Jean-Albert (1935). "Gustave Lanson," <i>The American Scholar,</i> Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 286–291.</li> <li>Miller, Margaret D. (1935). "Gustave Lanson as a Student Saw Him," <i>Books Abroad,</i> Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 385–386.</li> <li>Wolff, Mark (2001). "Individuality and l'Esprit Francais: On Gustave Lanson's Pedagogy," <i>MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly,</i> Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 239–257.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Lanson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gustave_Lanson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gustave Lanson">Gustave Lanson</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lanson%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustave%20Lanson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lanson%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustave%20Lanson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lanson%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustave%20Lanson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lanson%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustave%20Lanson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221857-1934%22%20AND%20Lanson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gustave Lanson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?filter=&Search=Search&wc=on&Query=au:%22Gustave+Lanson%22&si=1">Works by Gustave Lanson</a>, at <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Lanson,%20Gustave,%201857-1934.%22&type=author&inst=">Works by Gustave Lanson</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Hathi_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathi Trust">Hathi Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070802215929/http://web2.adfl.org/adfl/bulletin/V26N2/262012.htm">"From Culture to the Canon: Lanson's Mission in America"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/12/22/100600886.pdf">"Our Universities as Seen by a French Professor"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/12/16/archives/gustave-lanson-scholar-77-dies-exprofessor-at-the-sorbonne-wrote.html">GUSTAVE LANSON, SCHOLAR, 77, DIES</a>, New York Times, 1934.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.duke.edu/gustave_lanson">Lanson Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108647405">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4991227">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13414/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxMwJyvBVCDrdhFRKjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118778765">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50039258">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12275990q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12275990q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523594">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35291447">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19970000055592&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1337569">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/61595">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068393334">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90549047">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lanson, Gustave, 1857-1934"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000345050&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000757484&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=115792">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201414637">Korea</a></span></li><li><span 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style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0208166X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/899964">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118778765">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031570356">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60v9ktn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Lanson&oldid=1231864234">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Lanson&oldid=1231864234</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1857_births" title="Category:1857 births">1857 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