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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professor at Leiden subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professor_at_Leiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Escalating_controversy_with_Gomarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalating_controversy_with_Gomarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Escalating controversy with Gomarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalating_controversy_with_Gomarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_debate_and_last_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_debate_and_last_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Final debate and last days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_debate_and_last_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theology and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacobus Arminius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جاكوب أرمينيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاكوب أرمينيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Якаб Арміній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якаб Арміній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Arminius" title="Jakub Arminius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub Arminius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Arminius" title="Jacob Arminius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jacob Arminius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Arminio" title="Jacobo Arminio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobo Arminio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جیکوب آرمینیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیکوب آرمینیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_Arminius" title="Jakobus Arminius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jakobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="야코부스 아르미니우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야코부스 아르미니우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Arminio" title="Jacob Arminio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jacob Arminio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Arminius" title="Iacobus Arminius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جاكوب ارمينيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاكوب ارمينيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ヤーコブス・アルミニウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤーコブス・アルミニウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%C3%B3_Arm%C3%ADnio" title="Jacó Armínio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacó Armínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacob_Arminius" title="Iacob Arminius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iacob Arminius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Арминий, Якоб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арминий, Якоб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Arminius" title="Jacob Arminius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jacob Arminius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Arminius" title="Jacob Arminius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jacob Arminius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Arminije" title="Jakob Arminije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jakob Arminije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jacobus Arminius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Якоб Арміній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Якоб Арміній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%B0%91%E5%BF%B5" title="雅各布斯·阿民念 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雅各布斯·阿民念" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%B0%91%E5%BF%B5" title="雅各布斯·阿民念 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雅各布斯·阿民念" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313070#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch theologian (1560–1609)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Dutch theologian. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arminius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arminius (disambiguation)">Arminius (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Jacobus Arminius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Jakob Hermanszoon</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Arminius_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Jacobus Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Arminius_2.jpg/220px-James_Arminius_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/James_Arminius_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Jacobus Arminius</i> (1620) by <a href="/wiki/David_Bailly" title="David Bailly">David Bailly</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 1560<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oudewater" title="Oudewater">Oudewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 1609<span style="display:none">(1609-10-19)</span> (aged 49)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Pastor, theologian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Lijsbet Reael</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Theological work</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tradition or movement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">conditional preservation of the saints</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jacobus Arminius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i>Jakob Hermanszoon</i><sup id="cite_ref-Name_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ; 10 October 1560 – 19 October 1609) was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Reformed_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed minister">Reformed minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theologian</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> period whose views became the basis of <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Remonstrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Remonstrant">Remonstrant</a> movement. He served from 1603 as professor in theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a> and wrote many books and treatises on theology. </p><p>Following his death, his challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> standard, the <i><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></i>, provoked ample discussion at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a>, which crafted the <a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">five points of Calvinism</a> in response to Arminius's teaching. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jakob Hermanszoon<sup id="cite_ref-Name_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in 1559 or 1560 in <a href="/wiki/Oudewater" title="Oudewater">Oudewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>. He became an orphan while still young. His father Herman, a manufacturer of weapons, died, leaving his wife a widow with small children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs198525_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs198525-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never knew his father, and his mother was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oudewater_(1575)" title="Siege of Oudewater (1575)">Spanish massacre at Oudewater</a> in 1575.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The child was adopted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodorus_Aemilius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodorus Aemilius (page does not exist)">Theodorus Aemilius</a>, a priest inclined towards <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. Around 1572 (the year Oudewater was conquered by the rebels), Arminius and Aemilius settled in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. The young Jacobus studied there, probably at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hieronymusschool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieronymusschool (page does not exist)">Hieronymusschool</a>. After the death of Aemilius (1574 or 1575), Arminius became acquainted with the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Snellius" title="Rudolph Snellius">Rudolph Snellius</a>, also from <a href="/wiki/Oudewater" title="Oudewater">Oudewater</a>. The latter brought Arminius to <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> and enabled him to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">Leiden University</a>, where he taught.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeij-Tolsma2009ix–xvi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeij-Tolsma2009ix–xvi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1576, Arminius was registered as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts</a> student at the newly opened Leiden University.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_studies_and_ministry">Theological studies and ministry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theological studies and ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arminius remained a student at Leiden from 1576 to 1582. Although he enrolled as a student in Liberal Arts, this allowed him to pursue an education in theology, as well. His teachers in theology included Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Lambertus_Danaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambertus Danaeus">Lambertus Danaeus</a>, Hebrew scholar <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Drusius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Drusius">Johannes Drusius</a>, Guillaume Feuguereius (or Feugueires, d. 1613), and Johann Kolmann. Kolmann is now known for teaching that the overemphasis of God's sovereignty in high <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> made God "a tyrant and an executioner".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the university in Leiden was solidly Reformed, it had influences from Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Anabaptist views in addition to Calvinism. One Leiden pastor (<a href="/wiki/Caspar_Coolhaes" title="Caspar Coolhaes">Caspar Coolhaes</a>) held, <i>contra</i> Calvin, that civil authorities did have jurisdiction in some church affairs, that it was wrong to punish and execute heretics, and that Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anabaptists could unite around core tenets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronomer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Willebrord_Snellius" title="Willebrord Snellius">Willebrord Snellius</a> used <a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramist</a> philosophy in an effort to encourage his students to pursue truth without over reliance on Aristotle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of these men, Arminius studied with success and may have had seeds planted that would begin to develop into a theology that would later question the dominant Reformed theology of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>. The success he showed in his studies motivated the merchants guild of Amsterdam to fund the next three years of his studies. </p><p>In 1582, Arminius began studying under <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a> at Geneva. He found himself under pressure for using <a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramist</a> philosophical methods, familiar to him from his time at Leiden. Arminius was publicly forbidden to teach Ramean philosophy. After this difficult state of affairs, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> to continue his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeij-Tolsma2009ix–xvi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeij-Tolsma2009ix–xvi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He continued to distinguish himself there as an excellent student. In 1583 Arminius was contemplating a return to Geneva when the theological faculty at Basel spontaneously offered him a doctorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185425_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185425-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declined the honor on account of his youth (he was about 24)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli20025_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicirilli20025-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and returned to the school in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> to finish his schooling in Geneva under <a href="/wiki/Beza" class="mw-redirect" title="Beza">Beza</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commendations_from_Beza_and_Grynaeus">Commendations from Beza and Grynaeus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commendations from Beza and Grynaeus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon the conclusion of Arminius' studies and a request for him to pastor in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Beza replied to leaders in Amsterdam with this letter: </p> <blockquote><p>"...Let it be known to you that from the time Arminius returned to us from Basel, his life and learning both have so approved themselves to us, that we hope for the best from him in every respect, if he steadily persists in the same course, which, by the blessing of God, we doubt not he will; for, among other endowments, God has given him an intellect well-suited both to the apprehension and to the discrimination of things. If this henceforward be regulated by piety, which he appears assiduously to cultivate, it cannot but happen that this power of intellect, when consolidated by mature age and experience, will be productive of the richest fruits. Such is our opinion of Arminius — a young man, unquestionably, so far as we are able to judge, most worthy of your kindness and liberality" (Letter of 3 June 1585 from Beza to Amsterdam).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli20025_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicirilli20025-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185424_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185424-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From this letter it would seem that the earlier tension from Arminius' attraction to Ramist philosophy had dissipated and Arminius was known even to Beza as an excellent though budding theologian. Three months later, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Grynaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Grynaeus (page does not exist)">John Grynaeus</a> at the University of Basel sent this letter of commendation: </p> <blockquote><p>"To pious readers, greeting: 'Inasmuch as a faithful testimonial of learning and piety ought not to be refused to any learned and pious man, so neither to James Arminius, a native of Amsterdam [sic], for his deportment while he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> was marked by piety, moderation, and assiduity in study ; and very often, in the course of our theological discussions, he made his gift of a discerning spirit so manifest to all of us, as to elicit from us well-merited congratulations. More recently, too, in certain extraordinary prelections delivered with the consent, and by the order, of the Theological Faculty, in which he publicly expounded a few chapters of the Epistle to the Romans, he gave us the best ground to hope that he was destined erelong — if, indeed, he goes on to stir up the gift of God that is in him — to undertake and sustain the function of teaching, to which he may be lawfully set apart, with much fruit to the Church. I commend him, accordingly, to all good men, and, in particular, to the Church of God in the famous city of Amsterdam ; and I respectfully entreat that regard may be had to that learned and pious youth, so that he may never be under the necessity of intermitting theological studies which have been thus far so happily prosecuted. Farewell ! 'John James Grynaeus, Professor of Sacred Literature, and Dean of the Theological Faculty. — Written with mine own hand. Basle, 3rd September, 1583."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_public_ministry">Beginning of public ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginning of public ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Oude_Kerk_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amsterdam_Oude_Kerk_3.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Oude_Kerk_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amsterdam_Oude_Kerk_3.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_Oude_Kerk_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amsterdam_Oude_Kerk_3.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_Oude_Kerk_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4486" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk,_Amsterdam" title="Oude Kerk, Amsterdam">Old Church</a>, Amsterdam, where Arminius was pastor from 1587 to 1603.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arminius answered the call to pastor at <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in 1587, delivering Sunday and midweek sermons. After being tested by the church leaders, he was <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> in 1588. He gained a reputation as a good preacher and faithful pastor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of Arminius' first tasks was given to him by Ecclesiastical Court of Amsterdam; namely, to refute the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Volckertszoon_Coornhert" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert">Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert</a>, who rejected Beza's <a href="/wiki/Supralapsarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Supralapsarian">supralapsarian</a> doctrine of God's absolute and unconditional decree to create men so as to save some and damn others, based on nothing in themselves. The discussion had already begun with two ministers at <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> who had written "<i>An Answer to certain Arguments of Beza and Calvin, from a Treatise on Predestination as taught in the Ninth Chapter of Romans</i>" a document which contradicted both Beza and Coornhert. They proposed that although God's decree to save only some was indeed absolute and unconditional, it had occurred after the fall (proposing <a href="/wiki/Infralapsarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Infralapsarianism">infralapsarianism</a> rather than Beza's <a href="/wiki/Supralapsarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supralapsarianism">supralapsarianism</a>). Arminius was tasked with refuting both Coornhert and infralapsarianism theology. He readily agreed to the task, but after greater study found himself in conflict over the matter. He determined to spend greater time in study before continuing his refutation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1590 he married Lijsbet Reael, the daughter of Laurens Jacobsz Reael, a prominent merchant and poet in Amsterdam who also helped lead the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and later helped establish the first <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESierhuis2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESierhuis2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius's marriage to Reael allowed him access to her prestigious connections, and he made many friends in the merchant industry and high society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESierhuis2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESierhuis2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was commissioned to organize the educational system of Amsterdam, and is said to have done it well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He greatly distinguished himself by faithfulness to his duties in 1602 during a plague that swept through Amsterdam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> going into infected houses that others did not dare to enter in order to give them water, and supplying their neighbors with funds to care for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185491_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185491-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Amsterdam, Arminius taught through "a number of sermons on the Epistle of the Romans". In discussing <a href="/wiki/Romans_7" title="Romans 7">Romans 7</a> in 1591, he taught that man, through grace and rebirth, did not have to live in bondage to sin, and that Romans 7:14 was speaking of a man living under the law and convicted of sin by the Holy Spirit, yet not presently regenerated. This was met with some resistance, and some detractors labeled him <a href="/wiki/Pelagian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagian">Pelagian</a> for teaching that an unregenerate man could feel such conviction and desire for salvation, even with the influence of the Law and the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185440–41_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185440–41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, responding to Arminius' theological positions, his colleague <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Plancius" title="Petrus Plancius">Petrus Plancius</a> began to dispute him openly. During a gathering of ministers, Arminius insisted he was not teaching anything in contradiction to the Heidelberg Confession and other standards of orthodoxy, that early church theologians held similar views, and that he utterly repudiated the heresy of Pelagianism. Further, Arminius expressed some astonishment that he was not to be allowed to interpret this passage according to the dictates of his own conscience and within the pattern of historic orthodoxy. The Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomasters</a> intervened, in an effort to keep the peace and tamp down divisions in the populace, urging them to peacefully coexist and for Arminius to teach nothing out of accord with the Reformed thought agreed upon at the time unless he had consulted with the church council or other bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995374_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995374-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the following years, controversy emerged as he preached through <a href="/wiki/Romans_9" title="Romans 9">Romans 9</a>. Although he did not directly contradict Calvinist interpretations, he focused on Paul's theme of "justification by faith" in contradiction to works, rather than focusing on God's eternal decrees. During this time he "gradually developed opinions on grace, predestination and free will that were inconsistent with the doctrine of the Reformed teachers Calvin and Beza".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19952_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19952-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professor_at_Leiden">Professor at Leiden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Professor at Leiden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius2_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arminius2_50.jpg/220px-Arminius2_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arminius2_50.jpg/330px-Arminius2_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arminius2_50.jpg/440px-Arminius2_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>17-century portrait of Arminius from the Dutch portrait collection of the Andover-Harvard Theological Library, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>. From an engraving by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Caspar_Philips" title="Jan Caspar Philips">J. C. Philips</a> and J. G. Meet.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></div> <p>In 1603 he was called back to Leiden University to teach theology. This came about after almost simultaneous deaths in 1602 of two faculty members, <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Junius_(the_elder)" title="Franciscus Junius (the elder)">Franciscus Junius</a> and Lucas Trelcatius the elder, in an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a>. Lucas Trelcatius the younger and Arminius (despite Plancius' protest) were appointed, the decision resting largely with <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a>, the surviving faculty member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglin200730_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglin200730-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Gomarus cautiously approved Arminius, whose views were already suspected of unorthodoxy, his arrival opened a period of debate rather than closed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog1951296_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog1951296-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment had also a political dimension, being backed by both <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Uytenbogaert" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Uytenbogaert">Johannes Uytenbogaert</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995393_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995393-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalating_controversy_with_Gomarus">Escalating controversy with Gomarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Escalating controversy with Gomarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gomarus, a Fleming who had been in Leiden since 1594, has been described as "a rather mediocre scholar" but "a forceful defender of the Calvinistic doctrine... a man of deep-rooted faith"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast Arminius has been described as "a seeker, a doubter".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the question of predestination Gomarus was a <a href="/wiki/Supralapsarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Supralapsarian">supralapsarian</a> and it was in debate over this point that the conflict between the two began. Arminius advocated revising the <i><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a></i>, but was not explicit, until much later when the debate became an open conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute took a public turn on 7 February 1604, when Willem Bastingius in his disputation <i>De divina praedestinatione</i> defended a number of Arminius's theses, Arminius himself presiding. This event led Gomarus to have Samuel Gruterus argue an opposite position to these theses on 14 October 1604, but not on the official schedule. Gomarus ascribed the positions he disliked to Calvin's adversary <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio">Sebastian Castellio</a> and his follower, <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Volckertszoon_Coornhert" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert">Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert</a>. While Arminius pointed to the Bible to defend his positions, the Calvinist views set forth by "the Genevan patriarchs gradually acquired the force of <i><a href="/wiki/Res_judicata" title="Res judicata">Res judicata</a></i>, so that resistance against it was no longer tolerated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of Arminius outside the university gradually expanded the controversy. The <a href="/wiki/Classis_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classis (ecclesiastical)">classis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> drew up a <a href="/wiki/Gravamen" title="Gravamen">gravamen</a> in which "some differences" that "were said to have arisen in the Church and University of Leiden on the doctrine of the Reformed Churches" was laid out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response the three Leiden professors of theology (Lucas Trelcatius Jr. joining Arminius and Gomarus) and the Regent of the State College, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Cuchlinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Cuchlinus (page does not exist)">Johannes Cuchlinus</a>, wrote an indignant letter, stating "that as far as was known to them there was no conflict between the professors on any fundamental doctrine whatsoever."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gomarus was incited to increase his opposition to Arminius by Leiden minister <a href="/wiki/Festus_Hommius" title="Festus Hommius">Festus Hommius</a> and Petrus Plancius, Arminius's old opponent. An anonymous series of thirty-one articles was circulated, "in which all kinds of unorthodox opinions held by Arminius were exposed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sibrandus_Lubbertus" title="Sibrandus Lubbertus">Sibrandus Lubbertus</a>, Professor of Theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Franeker" title="University of Franeker">University of Franeker</a>, began sending letters to foreign theologians attacking Arminius with charges of heresy; and one of these letters fell into Arminius's hands. Because his opponents remained anonymous or bypassed official procedures, Arminius in April 1608 requested from the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Holland">States of Holland</a> permission to expound his views. On 30 May 1608 Arminius and Gomarus were allowed by the States to deliver speeches before the Supreme Court in The Hague. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Reinout van Brederode (Oldenbarnevelt's son-in-law) concluded that "the points of difference between the two professors, mostly relating to the subtle details of doctrine of predestination, were of minor importance and could co-exist... [and] enjoined both gentlemen to tolerate one another lovingly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In direct defiance of the Court, Gomarus then published the speech he had made before it, and Arminius followed suit by publishing his own speech. In response to the Court's opinion Gomarus declared that "he would not dare die holding Arminius' opinion, nor to appear with it before God's judgement seat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius then asked to defend his positions in public or for a national or provincial synod to be called to examine the matter. Seeking to avoid a synod, the States of Holland allowed Arminius to expound on his views to their assembly on 30 October 1608.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall202129_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall202129-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the assembly, Arminius finally explained his call to rewrite the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism, saying that he did not feel obligated to explain his position before, for "as a professor, he considered himself subject only to the authority of the Leiden Curators and the States, not to the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius then gave an overview of all the various opinions existing on predestination. He claimed that supralapsarianism was contrary to the Confession and Catechism and that "supra- and <a href="/wiki/Infralapsarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Infralapsarianism">infralapsarianism</a>, basically amount to the same thing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius1995_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius put forward his own view on predestination which he held was in concordance with the Confession and the Catechism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Learning that Arminius had appeared before the States assembly, Gomarus requested permission to address it as well, which was granted. On 12 December 1608 Gomarus blasted Arminius, accusing "his colleague of being a supporter of Pelagianism and the Jesuits; he also attacked <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wtenbogaert" title="Johannes Wtenbogaert">Johannes Wtenbogaert</a>, whom he branded a 'courtly trumpeter.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19956_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19956-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembly took offence against this polemical tone, which contrasted with Arminius's <a href="/wiki/Eirenicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eirenicism">eirenicism</a>, and ordered the speeches made before them by both men to be banned from publication. Despite the ban the speeches soon appeared in print.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25 July 1609 Jacobus Bontebal defended the theses <i>De vocatione hominis ad salutem</i> under Arminius's presidency. A Roman Catholic priest (rumored to be a Jesuit) was in the audience and dared to oppose Arminius' positions. While an already seriously ill Arminius refuted the arguments, Gomarus "who was among the audience, became alternately flushing and deathly pale, and afterwards, while the Papist was within earshot, he insultingly remarked to his colleague that now the door to Papism had been widely opened."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19956_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19956-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_debate_and_last_days">Final debate and last days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Final debate and last days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius.TIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Arminius.TIF/lossy-page1-220px-Arminius.TIF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Arminius.TIF/lossy-page1-330px-Arminius.TIF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Arminius.TIF/lossy-page1-440px-Arminius.TIF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Memorial stone for Jacobus Arminius at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's Church, Leiden">St. Peter's Church, Leiden</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arminius remained as a teacher at Leiden until his death, and was valued by his students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2005374_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2005374-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the conflict with Gomarus widened out into a large-scale split within <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog195316_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog195316-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the local clergy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrianus_Borrius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrianus Borrius (page does not exist)">Adrianus Borrius</a> supported Arminius, while Festus Hommius opposed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKooi2000135_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKooi2000135-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close friends, students and supporters of Arminius included <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Drusius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Drusius">Johannes Drusius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Vorstius" title="Conrad Vorstius">Conrad Vorstius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Thysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Thysius">Anthony Thysius</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Halsbergius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Halsbergius (page does not exist)">Johannes Halsbergius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bertius" title="Petrus Bertius">Petrus Bertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Arnoldi_Corvinus" title="Johannes Arnoldi Corvinus">Johannes Arnoldi Corvinus</a>, the brothers Rembert and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArminius1825319_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArminius1825319-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor at Leiden (again selected with the support of Uytenbogaert and Oldenbarnevelt) was Vorstius, a past influence on Arminius by his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995428_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995428-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once again the States attempted to tamp down the growing controversy without calling a synod. Arminius was ordered to attend another conference with Gomarus in The Hague in on 13–14 August 1609. When the conference was to reconvene on 18 August, Arminius' health began to fail and so he returned to Leiden. The States suspended the conference and asked both men for a written reaction to their adversary's viewpoint.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arminius died on 19 October 1609 at his house at the Pieterskerkhof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Pieterskerk,_Leiden" title="Pieterskerk, Leiden">Pieterskerk at Leiden</a>, where a memorial stone on his behalf was placed in 1934.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology_and_legacy">Theology and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theology and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></div> <p>In attempting to defend Calvinistic <a href="/wiki/Predestination_(Calvinism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predestination (Calvinism)">predestination</a> against the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Volckertszoon_Coornhert" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert">Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert</a>, Arminius began to doubt aspects of Calvinism and modified some parts of his own view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983255_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983255-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to reform Calvinism, and lent his name to a movement—<a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>—which resisted some of the Calvinist tenets (unconditional election, the nature of the limitation of the atonement, and irresistible grace). The early Dutch followers of his teaching became known as <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a> after they issued a document containing five points of disagreement with mainstream Calvinism, entitled <i>Remonstrantiæ</i> (1610).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arminius wrote that he sought to teach only those things which could be proved from the Scriptures and that tended toward edification among Christians (with the exception of Roman Catholics, with whom he said there could be no spiritual accord).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1877508_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1877508-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His motto was reputed to be "<i>Bona conscientia paradisus</i>", meaning, "A good conscience is a paradise."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallorSytsmaZuidema2013368_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallorSytsmaZuidema2013368-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arminius taught of a <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">"preventing" (or prevenient) grace</a> that has been conferred upon all by the Holy Spirit and this grace is "sufficient for belief, in spite of our sinful corruption, and thus for salvation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983257_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983257-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius stated that "the grace sufficient for salvation is conferred on the Elect, and on the Non-elect; that, if they will, they may believe or not believe, may be saved or not be saved."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArminius1853a367_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArminius1853a367-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Witt states that "Arminius has a very high theology of grace. He insists emphatically that grace is gratuitous because it is obtained through God's redemption in Christ, not through human effort."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitt1993259–60_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitt1993259–60-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theology of Arminianism did not become fully developed during Arminius' lifetime, but after his death (1609) the <i><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Five articles of the Remonstrants</a></i> (1610) systematized and formalized the ideas. But the Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a> (1618–19), convening for the purpose of condemning Arminius' theology, declared it and its adherents <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathemas</a>, defined the <a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">five points of Calvinism</a>, and persecuted Arminian pastors who remained in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. But in spite of persecution, "the Remonstrants continued in Holland as a distinct church and again and again where Calvinism was taught Arminianism raised its head."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatourette1975765_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatourette1975765-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publishers in Leiden (1629) and at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> (1631 and 1635) issued the works of Arminius in Latin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (1703–91), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist Movement</a>, came to his own religious beliefs while in college and through his Aldersgate Experience or epiphany and expressed himself strongly against the doctrines of Calvinistic election and <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">reprobation</a>. His system of thought has become known as <a href="/wiki/Arminianism#Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Wesleyan Arminianism</a>, the foundations of which were laid by Wesley and his fellow preacher <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2018115_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2018115-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Wesley knew very little about the beliefs of Jacobus Arminius and arrived at his religious views independently of Arminius, Wesley acknowledged late in life, with the 1778 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Magazine" title="Wesleyan Methodist Magazine">The Arminian Magazine</a></i>, that he and Arminius were in general agreement. Theology Professor W. Stephen Gunther concludes he was "a faithful representative" of Arminius' beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesley was perhaps the clearest English proponent of Arminianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He embraced Arminian theology and became its most prominent champion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999464_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999464-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the majority of Methodists remain committed (knowingly or unknowingly) to Arminian theology, and Arminianism itself has become one of the dominant theological systems in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, thanks in large part to the influence of John and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006384_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006384-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arminius and his wife Lijsbet Laurensdochtor Reael, who married in 1590, had a total of 12 children, three of whom died young during infancy. They had ten sons; Harmen (b. 1594), Pieter (b. 1596), Jan (b. 1598), Laurens (b. 1600, died in infancy), Laurens (b. 1601), Jacob (b. 1603), Willem (b. 1605), and Daniel (b. 1606). They had two other sons who also died in infancy, whose names are not part of the public record. Their daughters were Engelte (b. 1593) and Geertruyd (b. 1608).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1986_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1986-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was survived by his wife and children when he died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1986_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1986-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Name-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Name_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Jacobus Arminius</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">Latinized</a> name of <b>Jakob Hermanszoon</b>; he was also known as <b>Jakob Herman</b> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicized</a> names of <b>Jacob Arminius</b> and <b>James Arminius</b>. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs198525-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs198525_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1985">Bangs 1985</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeij-Tolsma2009ix–xvi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeij-Tolsma2009ix–xvi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeij-Tolsma2009ix–xvi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeij-Tolsma2009">Meij-Tolsma 2009</a>, pp. ix–xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911576_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185425-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185425_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandt1854">Brandt 1854</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicirilli20025-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli20025_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli20025_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicirilli2002">Picirilli 2002</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185424-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185424_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandt1854">Brandt 1854</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESierhuis2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESierhuis2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESierhuis2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSierhuis2015">Sierhuis 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185491-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185491_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandt1854">Brandt 1854</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt185440–41-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt185440–41_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandt1854">Brandt 1854</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995374-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995374_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19952-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19952_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotius1995">Grotius 1995</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglin200730-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglin200730_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanglin2007">Stanglin 2007</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog1951296-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog1951296_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaffHerzog1951">Schaff & Herzog 1951</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995393-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995393_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19953_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotius1995">Grotius 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19954_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotius1995">Grotius 1995</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall202129-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall202129_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanglinMcCall2021">Stanglin & McCall 2021</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius1995-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius1995_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius1995_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotius1995">Grotius 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotius19956-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19956_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotius19956_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotius1995">Grotius 1995</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2005374-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2005374_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2005">MacCulloch 2005</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog195316-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffHerzog195316_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaffHerzog1953">Schaff & Herzog 1953</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKooi2000135-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKooi2000135_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKooi2000">Kooi 2000</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArminius1825319-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArminius1825319_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArminius1825">Arminius 1825</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995428-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995428_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983255-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983255_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzalez1983">Gonzalez 1983</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1877508-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1877508_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaff1877">Schaff 1877</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallorSytsmaZuidema2013368-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallorSytsmaZuidema2013368_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallorSytsmaZuidema2013">Ballor, Sytsma & Zuidema 2013</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983257-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1983257_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzalez1983">Gonzalez 1983</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArminius1853a367-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArminius1853a367_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArminius1853a">Arminius 1853a</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitt1993259–60-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitt1993259–60_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitt1993">Witt 1993</a>, pp. 259–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatourette1975765-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatourette1975765_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatourette1975">Latourette 1975</a>, p. 765.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2018115-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2018115_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2018">Knight 2018</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGunter2007" class="citation web cs1">Gunter, William Stephen (1 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oimts.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/2002-2-gunter.pdf">"John Wesley, a Faithful Representative of Jacobus Arminius"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Oxford Institute of Methodist Studies</i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Institute+of+Methodist+Studies&rft.atitle=John+Wesley%2C+a+Faithful+Representative+of+Jacobus+Arminius&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.aulast=Gunter&rft.aufirst=William+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foimts.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F04%2F2002-2-gunter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012">Stanglin & McCall 2012</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999464-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999464_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1999">Olson 1999</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006384-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006384_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangs1986-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1986_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangs1986_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangs1986">Bangs 1986</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArminius1825" class="citation book cs1">Arminius, Jacobus (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PV0PAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319"><i>The Works of James Arminius, D. D., Formerly Professor of Divinity in the University of Leyden: To which are Added Brandt's Life of the Author, with Considerable Augmentations, Numerous Extracts from His Private Letters, a Copious and Authentic Account of the Synod of Dort and Its Proceedings, and Several Interesting Notices of the Progress of His Theological Opinions in Great Britain and on the Continent</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by James Nichols. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+James+Arminius%2C+D.+D.%2C+Formerly+Professor+of+Divinity+in+the+University+of+Leyden%3A+To+which+are+Added+Brandt%27s+Life+of+the+Author%2C+with+Considerable+Augmentations%2C+Numerous+Extracts+from+His+Private+Letters%2C+a+Copious+and+Authentic+Account+of+the+Synod+of+Dort+and+Its+Proceedings%2C+and+Several+Interesting+Notices+of+the+Progress+of+His+Theological+Opinions+in+Great+Britain+and+on+the+Continent&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown+and+Green&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Arminius&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPV0PAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArminius1853a" class="citation book cs1">Arminius, Jacob (1853a). <a href="/wiki/James_Nichols_(printer)" title="James Nichols (printer)">Nichols, James</a>; Bagnall, WR (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/arminius/works1.html"><i>The Works of James Arminius, DD, Formerly Professor of Divinity in the University of Leyden</i></a>. Vol. I. Buffalo, NY: Derby, Miller, & Orton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+James+Arminius%2C+DD%2C+Formerly+Professor+of+Divinity+in+the+University+of+Leyden&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Derby%2C+Miller%2C+%26+Orton&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Arminius&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Farminius%2Fworks1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallorSytsmaZuidema2013" class="citation book cs1">Ballor, Jordan J.; Sytsma, David; Zuidema, Jason (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWNTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA368"><i>Church and School in Early Modern Protestantism: Studies in Honor of Richard A. Muller on the Maturation of a Theological Tradition</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25829-7"><bdi>978-90-04-25829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+School+in+Early+Modern+Protestantism%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Richard+A.+Muller+on+the+Maturation+of+a+Theological+Tradition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25829-7&rft.aulast=Ballor&rft.aufirst=Jordan+J.&rft.au=Sytsma%2C+David&rft.au=Zuidema%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWNTAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs1985" class="citation book cs1">Bangs, Carl (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1smAQAAIAAJ"><i>Arminius: a study in the Dutch Reformation</i></a>. F. Asbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-29481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-29481-8"><bdi>978-0-310-29481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminius%3A+a+study+in+the+Dutch+Reformation&rft.pub=F.+Asbury+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-310-29481-8&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1smAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs1986" class="citation book cs1">Bangs, Carl (1986). <i>The Works of James Arminius</i>. Grand Rapids, MI.: Baker Books. pp. 130–136, 150–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+James+Arminius&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI.&rft.pages=130-136%2C+150-152&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt1854" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Kaspar (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjamesarmin00branrich/page/n6"><i>The Life of James Arminius</i></a>. London: Ward and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+James+Arminius&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ward+and+Co.&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Kaspar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjamesarmin00branrich%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arminius, Jacobus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arminius,_Jacobus">"Arminius, Jacobus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arminius%2C+Jacobus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1983" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Justo L. (1983). <i>A History of Christian Thought</i>. Vol. 3. Nashville: Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-17178-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-17178-4"><bdi>0-687-17178-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Thought&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-687-17178-4&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotius1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius, Hugo</a> (1995). Rabbie, Edwin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bP1_TZh36YwC"><i>Hugo Grotius, Ordinum Hollandiae AC Westfrisiae Pietas (1613): Critical Edition with English Translation and Commentary</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10385-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10385-6"><bdi>90-04-10385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%2C+Ordinum+Hollandiae+AC+Westfrisiae+Pietas+%281613%29%3A+Critical+Edition+with+English+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10385-6&rft.aulast=Grotius&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbP1_TZh36YwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1995). <i>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness+and+Fall%2C+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2018" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Henry H. (2018). <i>John Wesley: Optimist of Grace</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley%3A+Optimist+of+Grace&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooi2000" class="citation book cs1">Kooi, Christine (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWo9k8C8DiwC&pg=PA135"><i>Liberty and Relligion: Church and State in Leinden's Reformation, 1572-1620</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11643-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11643-5"><bdi>90-04-11643-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+Relligion%3A+Church+and+State+in+Leinden%27s+Reformation%2C+1572-1620&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11643-5&rft.aulast=Kooi&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWo9k8C8DiwC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatourette1975" class="citation book cs1">Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1975). <i>A History of Christianity</i>. Vol. II. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-064953-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-064953-4"><bdi>0-06-064953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-06-064953-4&rft.aulast=Latourette&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformation00diar_0"><i>The Reformation</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303538-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303538-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303538-1&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformation00diar_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2006" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHlY94UWi3UC"><i>Christian Theology: An Introduction</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5360-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5360-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-5360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5360-7&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHlY94UWi3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeij-Tolsma2009" class="citation book cs1">Meij-Tolsma, Marijke (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw8Ja1h8l0gC&pg=PR9">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Arminius, Arminianism, and Europe: Jacobus Arminius (1559/60–1609)</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178878" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178878"><bdi>978-9004178878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Arminius%2C+Arminianism%2C+and+Europe%3A+Jacobus+Arminius+%281559%2F60%E2%80%931609%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9004178878&rft.aulast=Meij-Tolsma&rft.aufirst=Marijke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFw8Ja1h8l0gC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso"><i>The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition and Reform</i></a></span>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-1505-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Theology%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Tradition+and+Reform&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1505-0&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofchristian00olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicirilli2002" class="citation book cs1">Picirilli, Robert E. (2002). <i>Grace, Faith, Free Will: Contrasting Views of Salvation</i>. Nashville: Randall House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89265-648-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89265-648-4"><bdi>0-89265-648-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace%2C+Faith%2C+Free+Will%3A+Contrasting+Views+of+Salvation&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Randall+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-89265-648-4&rft.aulast=Picirilli&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34Uyhcp--IQC&pg=PA508">"§65 The Arminian Controversy (AD1604-1619)"</a>. <i>The Creeds of Christendom: With a History and Critical Notes</i>. Vol. 1. Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A765+The+Arminian+Controversy+%28AD1604-1619%29&rft.btitle=The+Creeds+of+Christendom%3A+With+a+History+and+Critical+Notes&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34Uyhcp--IQC%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffHerzog1951" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Phillip; Herzog, Jakob (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01/encyc01/Page_296.html">"Jacobus Arminius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schaff-Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge"><i>The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i></a>. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Baker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobus+Arminius&rft.btitle=The+New+Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fencyc01%2Fencyc01%2FPage_296.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffHerzog1953" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Phillip; Herzog, Jakob (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05/Page_16.html">"Gomarus (Gomar), Franciscus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schaff-Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge"><i>The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i></a>. Vol. 5. Grand Rapids: Baker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gomarus+%28Gomar%29%2C+Franciscus&rft.btitle=The+New+Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Jakob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fencyc05%2FPage_16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSierhuis2015" class="citation book cs1">Sierhuis, Freya (2015). <i>The Literature of the Arminian Controversy</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+the+Arminian+Controversy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sierhuis&rft.aufirst=Freya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanglin2007" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-2wKN4AuCQC&pg=PA30"><i>Arminius on the Assurance of Salvation: The Context, Roots, and Shape of the Leiden Debate, 1603–1609</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15608-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15608-1"><bdi>978-90-04-15608-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminius+on+the+Assurance+of+Salvation%3A+The+Context%2C+Roots%2C+and+Shape+of+the+Leiden+Debate%2C+1603%E2%80%931609&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15608-1&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-2wKN4AuCQC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2021" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (2021). <i>After Arminius: A Historical Introduction to Arminian Theology</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Arminius%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+Arminian+Theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pinson, J. Matthew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evangelicalarminians.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Pinson-on-Arminius.pdf">"Will the Real Arminius Please Stand Up? A Study of the Theology of Jacobus Arminius in Light of His Interpreters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Integrity: A Journal of Christian Thought</i>. <b>2</b>: 121–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrity%3A+A+Journal+of+Christian+Thought&rft.atitle=Will+the+Real+Arminius+Please+Stand+Up%3F+A+Study+of+the+Theology+of+Jacobus+Arminius+in+Light+of+His+Interpreters&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=121-139&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pinson&rft.aufirst=J.+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevangelicalarminians.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2FPinson-on-Arminius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitt1993" class="citation thesis cs1">Witt, William Gene (1993). <i>Creation, redemption and grace in the theology of Jacob Arminius</i> (PhD). University of Notre Dame.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Creation%2C+redemption+and+grace+in+the+theology+of+Jacob+Arminius.&rft.inst=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=William+Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArminius1853b" class="citation book cs1">Arminius, Jacob (1853b). Nichols, James; Bagnall, WR (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/arminius/works2.html"><i>The Works of James Arminius, DD, Formerly Professor of Divinity in the University of Leyden</i></a>. Vol. II. Buffalo, NY: Derby, Miller, & Orton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+James+Arminius%2C+DD%2C+Formerly+Professor+of+Divinity+in+the+University+of+Leyden&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Derby%2C+Miller%2C+%26+Orton&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Arminius&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Farminius%2Fworks2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArminius1853c" class="citation book cs1">Arminius, Jacob (1853c). Nichols, James; Bagnall, WR (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/arminius/works3.html"><i>The Works of James Arminius, DD, Formerly Professor of Divinity in the University of Leyden</i></a>. Vol. III. Buffalo, NY: Derby, Miller, & Orton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+James+Arminius%2C+DD%2C+Formerly+Professor+of+Divinity+in+the+University+of+Leyden&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Derby%2C+Miller%2C+%26+Orton&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Arminius&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Farminius%2Fworks3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForlines2011" class="citation book cs1">Forlines, F. Leroy (2011). <i>Classical Arminianism: The Theology of Salvation</i>. Nashville: Randall House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89265-607-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89265-607-3"><bdi>978-0-89265-607-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Arminianism%3A+The+Theology+of+Salvation&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Randall+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-89265-607-3&rft.aulast=Forlines&rft.aufirst=F.+Leroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeuwen2009" class="citation book cs1">Leeuwen, Theodoor Marius van (2009). <i>Arminius, Arminianism, and Europe: Jacobus Arminius (1559/60–1609)</i>. Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17887-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17887-8"><bdi>978-90-04-17887-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminius%2C+Arminianism%2C+and+Europe%3A+Jacobus+Arminius+%281559%2F60%E2%80%931609%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17887-8&rft.aulast=Leeuwen&rft.aufirst=Theodoor+Marius+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2006" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2006). <i>Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities</i>. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2841-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2841-9"><bdi>0-8308-2841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8308-2841-9&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReasoner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Reasoner, Vic (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evangelicalarminians.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Arminius-the-Scapegoat-of-Calvinism-Reasoner.pdf">"Arminius: The Scapegoat of Calvinism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Arminian Magazine</i>. <b>19</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arminian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Arminius%3A+The+Scapegoat+of+Calvinism&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Reasoner&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevangelicalarminians.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F06%2FArminius-the-Scapegoat-of-Calvinism-Reasoner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (2012). <i>Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975567-7"><bdi>978-0-19-975567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Arminius%3A+Theologian+of+Grace&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975567-7&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacobus+Arminius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jacobus_Arminius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=10">Works by Jacobus Arminius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Post-Reformation_Digital_Library" title="Post-Reformation Digital Library">Post-Reformation Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=126489">Jacobus Arminius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Junius_(the_elder)" title="Franciscus Junius (the elder)">Franciscus Junius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of Theology at<br />the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a> </b><br />1603–1609 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Vorstius" title="Conrad Vorstius">Conrad Vorstius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arminianism_footer" title="Template talk:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arminianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Arminius"><img alt="James Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/125px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/188px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/250px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrant_Confession" title="Remonstrant Confession">Remonstrant Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)" title="John Goodwin (preacher)">John Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osmond_Summers" title="Thomas Osmond Summers">Thomas Osmond Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burt_Pope" title="William Burt Pope">William Burt Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Orton_Wiley" title="Henry Orton Wiley">Henry Orton Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Oden" title="Thomas C. Oden">Thomas C. Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">B. J. Oropeza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/12px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/19px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/25px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313070#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313070#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313070#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123205023">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37709819">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/153176/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGT6hcMBdppF9rgYgxjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118645838">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85114811">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122113300">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122113300">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arminius, Jacobus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV018068">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35782813">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2013795714&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX837162">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069852812">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1088495">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arminius, Jacobus, 1560-1609"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000307876&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9psw3rw4l4jncp">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810647419905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/58071">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257853205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07779940?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=126489">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/71465388">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1085337">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118645838.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118645838">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030762626">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68q01hp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&oldid=1256609123">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Arminius&oldid=1256609123</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jacobus_Arminius" title="Category:Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1560_births" title="Category:1560 births">1560 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1609_deaths" title="Category:1609 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