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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Years of poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Calvin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Calvin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conflict with Calvin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Calvin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="سيبستيان كاستيلو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيبستيان كاستيلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Castellion" title="Sébastien Castellion – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sébastien Castellion" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sebastian Castellio" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sebastian Castellio" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sebastian Castellio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Σεμπαστιάν Καστελιόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεμπαστιάν Καστελιόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Castellion" title="Sebastián Castellion – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sebastián Castellion" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Ch%C3%A2teillon" title="Sébastien Châteillon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sébastien Châteillon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellion" title="Sebastian Castellion – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sebastian Castellion" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سباستین کاستلیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سباستین کاستلیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Castellion" title="Sébastien Castellion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sébastien Castellion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sebastian Castellio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Castellion" title="Sébastien Castellion – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sébastien Castellion" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95" title="סבסטיאן קסטליו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סבסטיאן קסטליו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastianus_Castellio" title="Sebastianus Castellio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sebastianus Castellio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88" title="سيباستيان كاستيليو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيباستيان كاستيليو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sebastian Castellio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Castellion" title="Sébastien Castellion – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sébastien Castellion" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellion" title="Sebastian Castellion – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sebastian Castellion" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Кастеллио, Себастьян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кастеллио, Себастьян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sebastian Castellio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7" title="塞巴斯蒂安·卡斯特利奧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞巴斯蒂安·卡斯特利奧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French theologian (1515–1563)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sebastian Castellio</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SebastianCastellio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SebastianCastellio.jpg/220px-SebastianCastellio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/SebastianCastellio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1515<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin-du-Fr%C3%AAne" title="Saint-Martin-du-Frêne">Saint-Martin-du-Frêne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1563<span style="display:none">(1563-12-29)</span> (aged 47–48)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">Preacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Translator">translator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>De haereticis, an sint persequendi</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Theological work</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastian_Castellio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sebastian_Castellio.jpg/220px-Sebastian_Castellio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sebastian_Castellio.jpg/330px-Sebastian_Castellio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sebastian_Castellio.jpg/440px-Sebastian_Castellio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque in Basel</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sebastian Castellio</b> (also Sébastien Châteillon, Châtaillon, Castellión, and Castello; 1515 – 29 December 1563) was a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>; and one of the first <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Christian">Reformed Christian</a> proponents of <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a>, freedom of <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">thought</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castellio later wrote that he was deeply affected and moved when he saw the <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning of heretics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> by the French Inquisition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951239_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951239-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the age of twenty-four he decided to subscribe to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. In the spring of 1540, after witnessing the killings of the early Protestant martyrs, he left Lyon and became a missionary for Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951239_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951239-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1543, after the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> struck Geneva, Sebastian Castellio was one of the only divines in Geneva to visit the sick and console the dying. Though Calvin himself did visit the sick, others among the Genevan ministers did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951234_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951234-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his outstanding work, the Geneva City Council recommended Castellio's permanent appointment as preacher in <a href="/wiki/Vandoeuvres" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandoeuvres">Vandoeuvres</a>; however in 1544 a campaign against him was initiated by Calvin. At the time, Castellio decided to translate the Bible into his native French, and was very excited to ask for an endorsement from his friend Calvin, but Calvin's endorsement was already given to his cousin <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Olivetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Olivetan">Pierre Olivetan</a>'s French translation of the Bible, so Castellio was rebuked and turned down. Calvin wrote to a friend regarding the matter: "Just listen to Sebastian's preposterous scheme, which makes me smile, and at the same time angers me. Three days ago he called on me, to ask permission for the publication of his translation of the New Testament."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951242_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951242-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Castellio and Calvin's disagreements grew even wider when during a public meeting Castellio rose to his feet and claimed that clergy should stop <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecuting</a> those who disagree with them on matters of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical interpretation</a>, and should be held to the same standards that all other believers were held to. Soon after, Calvin charged Castellio with the offense of "undermining the prestige of the clergy." Castellio was forced to resign from his position of <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a> and asked to be dismissed from being a preacher in Vandoeuvres. Anticipating future attacks from Calvin, Castellio asked for a signed letter that outlined in detail the reasons for his departure: "That no one may form a false idea of the reasons for the departure of Sebastian Castellio, we all declare that he has voluntarily resigned his position as rector at the College, and up till now performed his duties in such a way that we regarded him worthy to become one of our preachers. If, in the end, the affair was not thus arranged, this is not because any fault has been found in Castellio's conduct, but merely for the reasons previously indicated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951250_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951250-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_of_poverty">Years of poverty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Years of poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The man who once was the Rector in Geneva was now <a href="/wiki/Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a> and in deep <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. The next few years were desperate times for him. Though one of the most learned men of his time, his life came down to <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">begging</a> for food from door to door. Living in abject poverty with his eight dependents, Castellio was forced to depend on strangers to stay alive. His plight brought sympathy and admiration from his contemporaries. <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> wrote "it was deplorable that a man who had done such good service as Castellio should have fallen upon evil days" and added that "many persons would unquestionably have been glad to help Castellio had they known soon enough that he was in want."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951252_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951252-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>History indicates that many perhaps were afraid to help Castellio for fear of reprisals from Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951337ff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951337ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castellio's existence ranged from begging and digging ditches for food to <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proof-reading</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> printshop of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oporinus" title="Johannes Oporinus">Johannes Oporinus</a>. He also worked as a private <a href="/wiki/Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tutor</a> while translating thousands of pages from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> into French and German. He was also the designated successor to <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a> in continuing his work of the reconciliation of Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> branches, and prophetically predicted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>, and potentially the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe#East–West_Schism_and_Protestant_Reformation" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity in Europe</a>, if Christians could not learn to tolerate and reach each other by <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> rather than by <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">force of arms</a>, and in short become real followers of Christ, rather than of <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">bitter, partisan, and sectarian ideologies</a>. His writings were widely circulated in manuscript form for a time, but were later forgotten. <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> desired their publication, but at that time it was a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital crime</a> to even own copies of manuscripts by Castellio or on the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus#Aftermath" title="Michael Servetus">Servetus controversy</a>, so Locke's friends convinced him to publish the same ideas under his own name. These writings were remembered by foundational theologians and historians such as <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold" title="Gottfried Arnold">Gottfried Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Lorenz_von_Mosheim" title="Johann Lorenz von Mosheim">Johann Lorenz von Mosheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Wettstein" title="Johann Jakob Wettstein">Johann Jakob Wettstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1551, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblia_interprete_Sebastiano_Castalione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblia interprete Sebastiano Castalione (page does not exist)">his translation of the Bible into Latin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q95567890#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q95567890"><span title=""Biblia interprete Sebastiano Castalione" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span> was published;<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gueunier2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gueunier2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1555 <a href="/wiki/Castellio_Bible" title="Castellio Bible">his French translation of the Bible</a> was published.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_Calvin">Conflict with Calvin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict with Calvin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castellio's fortunes gradually improved, and in August 1553 he was made a Master of Arts of the University of Basel and appointed to a prestigious teaching position.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in October 1553, the physician and theologian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> was <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus#Imprisonment_and_execution" title="Michael Servetus">executed in Geneva for blasphemy and heresy</a> – in particular, his repudiation of the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. Many prominent Protestant leaders of the day approved of the execution, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a> wrote to Calvin: "To you also the Church owes gratitude at the present moment, and will owe it to the latest posterity. [...] I affirm also that your magistrates did right in punishing, after a regular trial, this blasphemous man."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many other contemporary scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Joris" title="David Joris">David Joris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Ochino" title="Bernardino Ochino">Bernardino Ochino</a> (also known as the remonstrators) were outraged both publicly and privately over the execution of Servetus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synods of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> were far from enthusiastic, and Castellio took an especially hard line regarding the whole affair. He became enraged over what he saw as a blatant <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> committed by Calvin, and spoke of his "<a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">hands dripping with the blood</a> of Servetus."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951298,_332_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951298,_332-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a defense of his actions, in February 1554 Calvin published a treatise titled <i>Defense of the orthodox faith in the sacred Trinity</i> (<i>Defensio orthodoxae fidei de sacra Trinitate</i>) in which he presented arguments in favor of the execution of Servetus for diverging from orthodox Christian doctrine. </p><p>Three months later, Castellio wrote (as Basil Montfort) a large part of the pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Heretics" title="Treatise on Heretics">Treatise on Heretics</a></i> (<i>De haereticis, an sint persequendi</i>) with the place of publication being given on the first page as <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. The book was financed by the wealthy Italian Bernardino Bonifazio, was published under the pseudonym <i>Martinus Bellius</i>, and was printed by Johannes Oporinus, a known Basel book printer. It is believed that the pamphlet was co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Lelio_Sozzini" title="Lelio Sozzini">Laelius Socinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celio_Secondo_Curione" title="Celio Secondo Curione">Celio Secondo Curione</a>. Concerning the execution of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Servetus</a>, Castellio wrote: "When Servetus fought with <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">reasons and writings</a>, he should have been repulsed by reasons and writings."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invoked the testimony of Church Fathers like <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">freedom of thought</a>, and even used Calvin's own words, written back when he was himself being persecuted by the Catholic Church: "It is unchristian to use arms against those who have been expelled from the Church, and to deny them rights common to all mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951307_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951307-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asking who is a heretic, he concluded, "I can find no other criterion than that we are all heretics in the eyes of those who do not share our views."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contra_libellum_Calvini_in_quo_ostendere_conatur_haereticos_jure_gladij_coercendos_esse_(1612)_(page_85_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Contra_libellum_Calvini_in_quo_ostendere_conatur_haereticos_jure_gladij_coercendos_esse_%281612%29_%28page_85_crop%29.jpg/280px-Contra_libellum_Calvini_in_quo_ostendere_conatur_haereticos_jure_gladij_coercendos_esse_%281612%29_%28page_85_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Contra_libellum_Calvini_in_quo_ostendere_conatur_haereticos_jure_gladij_coercendos_esse_%281612%29_%28page_85_crop%29.jpg/421px-Contra_libellum_Calvini_in_quo_ostendere_conatur_haereticos_jure_gladij_coercendos_esse_%281612%29_%28page_85_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Contra_libellum_Calvini_in_quo_ostendere_conatur_haereticos_jure_gladij_coercendos_esse_%281612%29_%28page_85_crop%29.jpg/561px-Contra_libellum_Calvini_in_quo_ostendere_conatur_haereticos_jure_gladij_coercendos_esse_%281612%29_%28page_85_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Page of Castellio's <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Calvin%27s_Booklet" title="Against Calvin's Booklet">Against Calvin's Booklet</a></i> in which he states: "Hominem occidere, non est doctrinam tueri, sed hominem occidere." ("To kill a man is not to protect a doctrine, it is to kill a man.") </figcaption></figure> <p>Marius Valkhoff describes Castellio's <i><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_desolate_France" title="Advice to a desolate France">Advice to a desolate France</a></i> as a pacifist manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Castellio also can be credited with a huge advance in the promotion of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>. He passionately argued for <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> and against the idea of <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>. Arguing that no one is entitled to direct and control another's thought, he stated that authorities should have "no concern with matters of opinion"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951311_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951311-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concluded: "We can live together peacefully only when we control our intolerance. Even though there will always be differences of opinion from time to time, we can at any rate come to general understandings, can love one another, and can enter the bonds of peace, pending the day when we shall attain unity of faith."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951312_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951312-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castellio died in Basel in 1563, and was buried in the tomb of a noble family. His enemies <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">unearthed the body, burned it, and scattered the ashes</a>. Some of his students erected a <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a> to his memory, which was later destroyed by accident; only the <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscription</a> is preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Dialogi Sacri.</i> Geneva 1542, also a much expanded version, Basel 1545</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblia_interprete_Sebastiano_Castalione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblia interprete Sebastiano Castalione (page does not exist)"><i>Biblia interprete Sebastiano Castalione</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q95567890#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q95567890"><span title=""Biblia interprete Sebastiano Castalione" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span><i>.</i> Basel 1551</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Heretics" title="Treatise on Heretics">Treatise on Heretics</a>.</i> Basel 1554</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Calvin%27s_Booklet" title="Against Calvin's Booklet">Against Calvin's Booklet</a>.</i> Basel 1554 (first edition 1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castellio_Bible" title="Castellio Bible">Castellio Bible</a>.</i> Basel 1555</li> <li><i>De arte dubitandi.</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_desolate_France" title="Advice to a desolate France">Advice to a desolate France</a>.</i> 1562</li> <li><i>De Imitatione Christi.</i> 1563</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951239-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951239_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951239_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951234-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951234_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951242-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951242_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951250-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951250_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951252-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951252_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951337ff-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951337ff_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, pp. 337ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuggisbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Guggisbert, Hans (2003). <i>Sebastian Castellio, 1515-1563; Humanist and Defender of Religious Toleration in a Confessional Age; Translated and Edited by Bruce Gordon</i>. Hants England; Burlington, Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 247–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754630196" title="Special:BookSources/0754630196"><bdi>0754630196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sebastian+Castellio%2C+1515-1563%3B+Humanist+and+Defender+of+Religious+Toleration+in+a+Confessional+Age%3B+Translated+and+Edited+by+Bruce+Gordon&rft.place=Hants+England%3B+Burlington%2C+Vermont%2C+USA&rft.pages=247-270&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0754630196&rft.aulast=Guggisbert&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuisson1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buisson, Ferdinand (1892). "Les deux traductions de la Bible, en latin (1550) en français (1555)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k209976b/f312.image"><i>Sébastien Castellion, sa vie et son oeuvre (1515-1563) : étude sur les origines du protestantisme libéral français</i></a> (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette. p. 294<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+deux+traductions+de+la+Bible%2C+en+latin+%281550%29+en+fran%C3%A7ais+%281555%29&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9bastien+Castellion%2C+sa+vie+et+son+oeuvre+%281515-1563%29+%3A+%C3%A9tude+sur+les+origines+du+protestantisme+lib%C3%A9ral+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Librairie+Hachette&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Buisson&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k209976b%2Ff312.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gueunier2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gueunier2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueunier2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gueunier, Nicole (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJzs2ayvgs4C&q=bible+latine+castellion+1551+Biblia+interprete+Sebastiano+Castalione&pg=PA98">"Le Cantique des cantiques dans la Bible Latine de Castellion"</a>. In Gomez-Géraud, Marie-Christine (ed.). <i>Biblia</i> (in French). Presses Paris Sorbonne. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782840505372" title="Special:BookSources/9782840505372"><bdi>9782840505372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+Cantique+des+cantiques+dans+la+Bible+Latine+de+Castellion&rft.btitle=Biblia&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Presses+Paris+Sorbonne&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782840505372&rft.aulast=Gueunier&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJzs2ayvgs4C%26q%3Dbible%2Blatine%2Bcastellion%2B1551%2BBiblia%2Binterprete%2BSebastiano%2BCastalione%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayling, A. C. (2007) Towards the Light. The story of the struggles for liberty & rights that made the modern west. London: Bloomsbury.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8.iv.xvi.iv.html">"Protestant Intolerance. Judgments of the Reformers on Servetus."</a>. <i>History of the Christian Church</i>. Vol. VIII<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protestant+Intolerance.+Judgments+of+the+Reformers+on+Servetus.&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc8.iv.xvi.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainton1951" class="citation book cs1">Bainton, Roland (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travailofreligio012230mbp"><i>The Travail of Religious Liberty</i></a>. Westminster. pp. nearly entire book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travail+of+Religious+Liberty&rft.pages=nearly+entire+book&rft.pub=Westminster&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Bainton&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravailofreligio012230mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951298,_332-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951298,_332_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, pp. 298, 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRives2008" class="citation book cs1">Rives, Standford (2008). <i>Did Calvin Murder Servetus?</i>. BookSurge. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-0868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-0868-7"><bdi>978-1-4392-0868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Calvin+Murder+Servetus%3F&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=BookSurge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4392-0868-7&rft.aulast=Rives&rft.aufirst=Standford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951307-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951307_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/conversion-and-its-discontents/">"Los Angeles Review of Books"</a>. March 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2016-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Farticle%2Fconversion-and-its-discontents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValkhoff1967" class="citation book cs1">Valkhoff, Marius (1967). <i>Advice to a Desolate France (introduction)</i>. Grand Rapids: Acton Institute. p. xi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advice+to+a+Desolate+France+%28introduction%29&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Acton+Institute&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Valkhoff&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951311-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951311_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig1951312-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig1951312_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZweig1951">Zweig 1951</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socinian.org/castellio.html">Sebastian Castellio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306160331/http://www.socinian.org/castellio.html">Archived</a> March 6, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainton2005" class="citation book cs1">Bainton, Roland (2005). <i>Hunted heretic : the life and death of Michael Servetus, 1511-1553</i>. Providence, R.I: Blackstone Editions Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9725017-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9725017-3-8"><bdi>0-9725017-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunted+heretic+%3A+the+life+and+death+of+Michael+Servetus%2C+1511-1553&rft.place=Providence%2C+R.I&rft.pub=Blackstone+Editions+Unitarian+Universalist+Historical+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9725017-3-8&rft.aulast=Bainton&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2011" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Bruce (2011). <i>Calvin</i>. New Haven Conn. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17084-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17084-9"><bdi>978-0-300-17084-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin&rft.place=New+Haven+Conn.+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17084-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jack, Kristin (2023). <i>Fire and Faith: The Untold Story of Sebastian Castellio's Epic Battle with John Calvin. ISBN 978-0-473-69823-2</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuggisberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Guggisberg, Hans R. (2003). Bruce Gordon (ed.). <i>Sebastian Castellio, 1515–1563: Humanist and Defender of Religious Toleration in a Confessional Age</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3019-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3019-6"><bdi>0-7546-3019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sebastian+Castellio%2C+1515%E2%80%931563%3A+Humanist+and+Defender+of+Religious+Toleration+in+a+Confessional+Age&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-3019-6&rft.aulast=Guggisberg&rft.aufirst=Hans+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig1936" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Stefan (1936). <i>Castellio gegen Calvin oder Ein Gewissen gegen die Gewalt</i> [<i>Castellio against Calvin or a conscience against violence</i>]. Vienna: H. Reichner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1903690">1903690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castellio+gegen+Calvin+oder+Ein+Gewissen+gegen+die+Gewalt&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=H.+Reichner&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1903690&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig1951" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Stefan (1951). <i>Erasmus; The Right to Heresy: Castellio against Calvin</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24340377">24340377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3B+The+Right+to+Heresy%3A+Castellio+against+Calvin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24340377&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreminger2015" class="citation book cs1">Greminger, Ueli (2015). <i>Sebastian Castellio - Eine Biographie aus den Wirren der Reformationszeit</i>. Zürich: Orell Fuessli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-280-05597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-280-05597-7"><bdi>978-3-280-05597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sebastian+Castellio+-+Eine+Biographie+aus+den+Wirren+der+Reformationszeit&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pub=Orell+Fuessli&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-280-05597-7&rft.aulast=Greminger&rft.aufirst=Ueli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASebastian+Castellio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Castellio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sebastian_Castellio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sebastian Castellio">Sebastian Castellio</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospeltruth.net/zweig/heresy_toc.htm"><i>The Right to Heresy: Castellio Against Calvin</i> by Stefan Zweig</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306160331/http://www.socinian.org/castellio.html">Sebastian Castellio and the Struggle for Freedom of Conscience</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/emcurley/files/castellioerasmianliberalism.doc">Sebastian Castellio's Erasmian Liberalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306160331/http://www.socinian.org/castellio.html#_edn13">Castellio versus Calvin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319011752/http://www.genevox.net/le-procegraves-de-michel-servet.html">New opera featuring Sebastian Castellio</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118519565">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83121236">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120626495">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120626495">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01078083">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chateillon, Sebastien"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV035406">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35076182">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0033765&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX829731">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1012511">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069316279">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90951816">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000065381&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000412337&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000149440">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=100586">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201868904">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1359j75ddxnl9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810591612705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/2495">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259550805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058582316906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14737820">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0331324X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/156443">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118519565.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118519565">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Castellion, Sébastien (1515-1563)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028883187">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chatillon, Sébastien (1515-1563)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076642186">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011072">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kw8ppb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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