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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Catholic_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Catholic_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Catholic theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Catholic_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Arminian_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Arminian_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Arminian theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Arminian_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Arminian theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Arminian_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Arminianism" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ce_pr%C3%A9venante" title="Grâce prévenante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grâce prévenante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%96%89%EC%A0%81_%EC%9D%80%ED%98%9C" title="선행적 은혜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선행적 은혜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmat_yang_mendahului" title="Rahmat yang mendahului – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rahmat yang mendahului" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratia_preveniente" title="Gratia preveniente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gratia preveniente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazia_preveniente" title="Grazia preveniente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grazia preveniente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%81%A9%E5%AF%B5" title="先行的恩寵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="先行的恩寵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A series of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0.3em 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Common_grace" title="Common grace"><b>Common grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology"><b>Free grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace"><b>Irresistible grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Prevenient grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia"><i><b>Sola gratia</b></i></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament"><b>Sacraments</b></a></div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grace_in_Christianity" title="Template:Grace in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grace_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Grace in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grace_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grace in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 180px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">The Five Articles of<br />Remonstrance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding:0;"> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prevenient grace</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Articles" title="Template:Five Articles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Five_Articles" title="Template talk:Five Articles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_Articles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five Articles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Prevenient grace</b> (or <b>preceding grace</b> or <b>enabling grace</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theological</a> concept that refers to the <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> of God in a person's life which precedes and prepares to conversion. The concept was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430), was affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Orange_(529)" title="Council of Orange (529)">Second Council of Orange</a> (529) and has become part of <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a> theology. It is also present in <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> theology, through the form of an effectual calling leading some individuals <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">irresistibly</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>. It is also in <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Wesleyan-Arminian</a> theology according to which it is dispensed universally in order to enable people to respond to the offer of salvation, though it does not ensure personal acceptance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of "prevenient grace" was originated and developed by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354 – 430),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2014131_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2014131-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on St. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>'s (c. 339 – c. 397) writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevenient grace refers to the grace of God in a person's life that precedes conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original expression (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">gratia praeveniens</i>) means literally "grace that precedes". The English expression comes from an archaic usage of the word "prevenient" meaning "preceding".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli2002153_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicirilli2002153-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept has a similar meaning to the concepts of "vocation" or "calling".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940ch._26_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940ch._26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some variations of understanding of the prevenient grace, in terms of intent of God: </p> <ul><li>In Roman Catholic theology, it is a predisposing grace which helps to believe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndres201279_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndres201279-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2022206_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2022206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Arminian theology, it is an enabling grace which helps to believe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzBechtold2015165_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzBechtold2015165-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForlines201120–24_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlines201120–24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Reformed theology, it is comparable simultaneously to two concepts: <a href="/wiki/Common_grace" title="Common grace">common grace</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969144_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1969144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which doesn't improve man's depraved unregenerate nature and has no salvific purpose and the <a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">effectual calling</a> by which God calls to irresistibly believe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994692_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994692-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When grace is considered with regard to its effects, prevenient grace is differentiated from subsequent grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAquinas1954Art._3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinas1954Art._3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of subsequent grace differs depending on the view on the <a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">deterministic</a> or non-deterministic nature of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providence of God</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> named two forms of subsequent grace : "<a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justifying</a> grace" (also called saving grace) and "<a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctifying</a> grace". Both of those subsequent forms of grace are resistible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton2015_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary Calvinists have considered the justifying grace as an <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">irresistible grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHägglund2007139–140_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHägglund2007139–140-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of "prevenient grace" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Gratia praeveniens</i>) was developed by Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2014131_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2014131-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>, he argued that prevenient grace is necessary to prepare the human will for <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> appealed to St. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (c. 339 – c. 397) to support his view, Augustine replied with a series of quotations from Ambrose which indicated the need for prevenient grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine described <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> without the spiritual aid of <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> as, "captive free will" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">liberum arbitrium captivatum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200526_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200526-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the influence of grace, however, this will becomes a spiritually "freed will" or literally a "liberated free will" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">liberum arbitrium liberatum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200527_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200527-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevenient grace first imparts essential spiritual enlightenment, after which the power to believe is granted exclusively to the <a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">elect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940345_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940345-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine viewed the grace leading to justification as unfailing for the elect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2005107–110_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2005107–110-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird202189-90_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird202189-90-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018106_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018106-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments">Developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 529, at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Orange_(529)" title="Council of Orange (529)">Second Council of Orange</a>, the question at hand was whether the doctrines of Augustine on God's providence were to be affirmed, or if <a href="/wiki/Semi-Pelagianism" title="Semi-Pelagianism">Semi-Pelagianism</a> could be affirmed. Semi-Pelagianism was a moderate form of <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> which teaches that the first step of salvation is by human will and not the <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a> of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012160_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012160-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The determination of the Council could be considered "semi-Augustinian".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley198864_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley198864-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorsen2007ch._20.3.4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorsen2007ch._20.3.4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBounds2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It defined that faith, though a free act of man, resulted, even in its beginnings, from the grace of God, enlightening the <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">human mind</a> and enabling belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._5-7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._5-7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickar1981797_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickar1981797-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross2005701_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross2005701-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This describes the operation of prevenient grace allowing the unregenerate to repent in faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200981_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200981-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Council of Orange condemned the belief in <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> to <a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">damnation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._199_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._199-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implied by the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canons of the Council directly quoted Augustine's work related on the concept of prevenient grace (Canons 1, 2, 5, 6, 7).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boniface_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface II">Boniface II</a> (died in 532) writing to <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a>, confirmed the notion of prevenient grace: "[W]e confirm by the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic See</a> your confession, in which in the Opposite way you explain that right faith in Christ and the beginning of all good will, according to Catholic truth, is inspired in the minds of individuals by the preceding grace of God."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Confirmation_of_the_Council_of_Orange_II,_Item_200_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Confirmation_of_the_Council_of_Orange_II,_Item_200-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Catholic_theology">In Catholic theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Catholic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Orange_(529)" title="Council of Orange (529)">Second Council of Orange</a> of 529 stated that faith, though a free act, resulted even in its beginnings from the grace of God, enlightening the human mind and enabling belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012160_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012160-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In canon 18 it is said "That grace is preceded by no merits. A reward is due to good works, if they are performed; but grace, which is not due, precedes, that they may be done [St. Prosper]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_18_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_18-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In canon 23 it is said that God prepares our wills that they may desire the good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_23_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_23-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canon 25 states, "In every good work, it is not we who begin… but He (God) first inspires us with faith and love of Him, through no preceding merit on our part."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_25_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_25-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prevenient grace was discussed in the fifth chapter of the sixth session of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–63) which used the phrase: "<i>a Dei per dominum Christum Iesum praeveniente gratia</i>" rendered "a predisposing grace of God through Jesus Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterworth1848Session_6,_ch._5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterworth1848Session_6,_ch._5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who turned from God by sins are disposed by God's grace to turn back and become justified by freely assenting to that grace. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> (1992) explains, "No one can say 'Jesus is Lord' except by the Holy Spirit. Every time we begin to pray to Jesus it is the Holy Spirit who draws us on the way of prayer by his prevenient grace."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1993item_2670_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1993item_2670-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Arminian_theology">In Arminian theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Arminian theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Arminianism">Classical Arminianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classical Arminianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prevenient grace is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettenson1970204–205_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettenson1970204–205-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> affirmed <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a> but believed that prevenient grace enables people to respond to God's offer of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>: "Concerning grace and free will, this is what I teach according to the Scriptures and orthodox consent: Free will is unable to begin or to perfect any true and spiritual good, without grace. […] This grace [<i>prævenit</i>] goes before, accompanies, and follows; it excites, assists, operates that we will, and co operates lest we will in vain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArminius1853472_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArminius1853472-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologian Robert E. Picirilli writes, quoting Arminius, that: "What Arminius meant by "prevenient grace" was that grace that precedes actual <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a> and which, except when finally resisted, inevitably leads to regeneration. He was quick to observe that this "assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>" is of such sufficiency "as to keep at the greatest possible distance from Pelagianism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli2002153_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicirilli2002153-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius distinguished between "prevenient" or "preceding" grace that involves a <a href="/wiki/Monergistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monergistic">monergistic</a> work of God, and a "subsequent" or "following" grace that involves a <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergistic</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012152_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012152-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wesleyan_Arminianism">Wesleyan Arminianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wesleyan Arminianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Sermons_of_John_Wesley" title="Sermons of John Wesley">sermon</a> #85, "On Working Out Our Own Salvation", stated that : "prevenient grace elicits the first wish to please God, the first dawn of light concerning His will, and the first slight transient conviction of having sinned against Him." Wesley insisted on prevenient grace as a solution to two great problems in Christianity: the belief of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">salvation by grace alone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oden" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Oden">Thomas Oden</a> defines prevenient grace as "the grace that begins to enable one to choose further to cooperate with saving grace. By offering the will the restored capacity to respond to grace, the person then may freely and increasingly become an active, willing participant in receiving the conditions for <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden1994243_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden1994243-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wesleyans generally distinguish two forms of call related to prevenient grace : 1. A universal call which is the secret influence of the Holy Spirit upon the conscience. 2. A direct call through the revealed word as found in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Holy Scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940ch._26_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940ch._26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Wesley adapted the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> of Religion adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in 1563 into the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>, for use by American <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>. With very similar language with Article X of the first, the Article VIII of the second states, "The condition of man after the fall of Adam is such that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and works, to faith, and calling upon God; wherefore we have no power to do good works, pleasant and acceptable to God, <i>without the grace of God by Christ preventing [preceding] us</i>, that we may have a good will, and working with us, when we have that good will" (emphasis added)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton200548_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton200548-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Article VIII is official doctrine for many Wesleyan or <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a> denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUMPH2004Section_1:_Our_Doctrinal_Heritage:_Distinctive_Wesleyan_Emphases_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUMPH2004Section_1:_Our_Doctrinal_Heritage:_Distinctive_Wesleyan_Emphases-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPH2017art_7,_Section:_Prevenient_Grace_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENPH2017art_7,_Section:_Prevenient_Grace-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Fire_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Fire Church">Pillar of Fire Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPF194839_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPF194839-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a> is seen in Methodism as a celebration of prevenient grace. Although infant baptism is important for the life journey of the faithful disciple, it is not essential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMannsMeyer1984141_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannsMeyer1984141-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Methodist <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnals</a> have a section with hymns concerning prevenient grace as <i><a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Hymnal" title="The United Methodist Hymnal">The United Methodist Hymnal</a></i> (1989). One of the best known hymns written about this doctrine is <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>'s "Come, Sinners, to the Gospel Feast", which includes the lines, "Ye need not one be left behind, <i>for God hath bid all humankind… the invitation is to all</i>" (emphasis added).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfield_Tucker2011172_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfield_Tucker2011172-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objections">Objections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Objections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some refer to the Arminian concept of prevenient grace as "universal enablement." They characterize the Arminian view as teaching that God has restored to every individual the ability to seek after God and choose salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1990925_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1990925-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Arminians consider that prevenient grace is rather individually directed than universally directed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReasoner2014183–189_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasoner2014183–189-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consider it is the enabling influence of the Holy Spirit on a human person in a "relational dynamic—a back-and-forth, influence-and-response, relational movement. Like other interpersonal forms of communication and influence, it is something that can come and go".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden1994246_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden1994246-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calvinists argue that because this grace is supposedly given to all alike, the determining factor in salvation becomes the will of man. They see this <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">libertarian</a> will and choice of the individual as a <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good work</a> required for salvation and thus an implicit rejection of salvation by <a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">grace alone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoords2021_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoords2021-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arminians object that, according to their view, salvation is by grace alone. This is because the provision of salvation including its initiation, activation and obtaining is by grace alone. It is respectively the result of prevenient grace, justifying grace and regenerating grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoords2021_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoords2021-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides, they remark that Calvinism teaches the compatibility of <a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">divine determinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">moral responsibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelm2010230_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelm2010230-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man is responsible for his choice when he acts voluntarily, even if his will is determined by God. Thus, as man comes to faith voluntarily, it follows that man is morally responsible for his faith. Consequently, the choice of salvation through faith is a good work. So, for Calvinists to remain consistent, they can not claim that the praiseworthiness of the choice of salvation (whether libertarian or <a href="/wiki/Semicompatibilism" title="Semicompatibilism">semicompatibilist</a>) is a rejection of salvation by grace alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBignon2018231-232_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBignon2018231-232-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Arminians reject the idea that the libertarian choice to accept the provision of salvation is participation in the work of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Reformed_theology">In Reformed theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Reformed theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> have their own doctrine of prevenient grace, which they identify with the <a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">effectual calling</a> and which is immediately and necessarily followed by faith. Because of the necessity of salvation following this dispensation of prevenient grace, the justifying grace is called <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">irresistible grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2022_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994692_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994692-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Calvinist form of prevenient grace is also related to <a href="/wiki/Common_grace" title="Common grace">common grace</a> by which God shows general mercy to everyone, restrains sin, and gives humankind a knowledge of God and of their sinfulness and need of rescue from sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969144_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1969144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton2015_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this grace has no salvific purpose, it is said to let people without excuse of not coming to God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuyper2016ch._22,_§_6_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuyper2016ch._22,_§_6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common grace explains also why people seem to come to God, but eventually seem to commit definitive <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">apostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About that issue, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> formulated the concept of a temporary grace (sometimes called "evanescent grace") that appears and works for only a while in the reprobate but then disappears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin196166_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin196166-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin1961151–152_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin1961151–152-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:24:8_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:24:8-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin196376_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin196376-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1991217–218_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1991217–218-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this concept, the Holy Spirit can create in some people effects which are indistinguishable from those of the irresistible grace of God,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:2:11_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:2:11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> producing also visible "fruit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin1845478–4793:2:11-12_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin1845478–4793:2:11-12-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporary grace was also supported by later Calvinist theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeathley2010ch._6&#x200c;_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeathley2010ch._6&#x200c;-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGribbenTweeddale2022402_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribbenTweeddale2022402-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A._W._Pink" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. Pink">A. W. Pink</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPink200918–19_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPink200918–19-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Loraine_Boettner" title="Loraine Boettner">Lorraine Boettner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoettner1932ch._14_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoettner1932ch._14-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objections_2">Objections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Objections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Calvinist common grace leaves people absolutely incapable of coming to God, non-Calvinists do not believe it leaves them without excuse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the operation of temporary grace supposed to explain apparent apostasy, non-Calvinists find it contrary to the revealed character of God,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352–253_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352–253-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and leaving Christian believers without real assurance of salvation during their life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallsDongell2004201–202_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallsDongell2004201–202-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2014131-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2014131_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2014131_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2014">Stewart 2014</a>, p. 131. "[...] to [Augustine] we owe the term <i>gratia praeveniens</i> [...]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2001356_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2001">McGrath 2001</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1999">Fitzgerald 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicirilli2002153-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli2002153_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicirilli2002153_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicirilli2002">Picirilli 2002</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940ch._26-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940ch._26_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940ch._26_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley1940">Wiley 1940</a>, ch. 26. "Vocation or Call is further distinguished as the Indirect or universal call, and the Direct or immediate call [...] By the Universal Call, or <i>Vocatio Catholica</i>, is meant that secret influence exerted upon the consciences of men, apart from the revealed Word as found in the Holy Scriptures."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndres201279-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndres201279_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndres2012">Endres 2012</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2022206-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2022206_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay2022">Ray 2022</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzBechtold2015165-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzBechtold2015165_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzBechtold2015">Schwartz & Bechtold 2015</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForlines201120–24-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForlines201120–24_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForlines2011">Forlines 2011</a>, pp. 20–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1969144-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969144_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969144_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox1969">Cox 1969</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinson2022197_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinson2022">Pinson 2022</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelton2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton2015_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton2015_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelton2015_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelton2015">Shelton 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2022_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2022_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2022">Cunningham 2022</a>. "[...] contrasting [the Arminian doctrines of universal vocation and sufficient grace] with the doctrines generally held by Calvinists, in regard to effectual calling and efficacious grace."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994692-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994692_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994692_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrudem1994">Grudem 1994</a>, p. 692.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinas1954Art._3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAquinas1954Art._3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAquinas1954">Aquinas 1954</a>, Art. 3. "[S]ince God's love means something eternal, it can never be called other than prevenient. Grace, however, signifies an effect in time, which can precede one effect and follow another. It may therefore be called both prevenient and subsequent. [G]race is not divided into prevenient and subsequent grace in respect of its essence, but solely in respect of its effects [...].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHägglund2007139–140-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHägglund2007139–140_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHägglund2007">Hägglund 2007</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200526-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200526_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2005">McGrath 2005</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200527-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200527_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2005">McGrath 2005</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940345-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940345_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley1940">Wiley 1940</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2005107–110-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2005107–110_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2005">McGrath 2005</a>, pp. 107–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird202189-90-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird202189-90_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBird2021">Bird 2021</a>, p. 89-90. "The asymmetry in Augustine’s doctrine of grace is here plainly stated: if a man believes, it is because he has been irresistibly drawn; but if he does not believe, “his determination stands alone.” All credit for conversion is attributed to God; all guilt for refusal, to man. In coming to this position, Augustine had not abandoned his previously developed notions of adjutive grace and the power of delight, but now comprehended that both the adjutum and the delectatio must be of overwhelming strength. Salvation comes to a man when God does a work in him by his Spirit that can neither fail nor be refused."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018106-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018106_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012160-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012160_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012160_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012">Stanglin & McCall 2012</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley198864-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley198864_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley1988">Oakley 1988</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorsen2007ch._20.3.4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorsen2007ch._20.3.4_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorsen2007">Thorsen 2007</a>, ch. 20.3.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBounds2011-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds2011_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBounds2011">Bounds 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._5-7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._5-7_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenzinger1954">Denzinger 1954</a>, ch. Second Council of Orange, art. 5-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickar1981797-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickar1981797_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPickar1981">Pickar 1981</a>, p. 797.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross2005701-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross2005701_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2005">Cross 2005</a>, p. 701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200981-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200981_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2009">Olson 2009</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012153_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012">Stanglin & McCall 2012</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._199-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_art._199_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenzinger1954">Denzinger 1954</a>, ch. Second Council of Orange, art. 199. "We not only do not believe that some have been truly predestined to evil by divine power, but also with every execration we pronounce anathema upon those, if there are [any such], who wish to believe so great an evil."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 102. "Some Scholars, especially Catholics, understand Augustine not to have articulated a doctrine of double predestination. Others, Protestants and secular scholars, are more divided on the issue. [...] From our analysis, the Bishop of Hippo may will have believed in double predestination, though he does not unequivocally develop such a doctrine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenzinger1954">Denzinger 1954</a>, ch. Second Council of Orange.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Confirmation_of_the_Council_of_Orange_II,_Item_200-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Confirmation_of_the_Council_of_Orange_II,_Item_200_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenzinger1954">Denzinger 1954</a>, ch. Confirmation of the Council of Orange II, Item 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_18-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_18_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenzinger1954">Denzinger 1954</a>, ch. Second Council of Orange, Canon 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_23-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_23_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenzinger1954">Denzinger 1954</a>, ch. Second Council of Orange, Canon 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_25-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenzinger1954ch._Second_Council_of_Orange,_Canon_25_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenzinger1954">Denzinger 1954</a>, ch. Second Council of Orange, Canon 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterworth1848Session_6,_ch._5-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterworth1848Session_6,_ch._5_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterworth1848">Waterworth 1848</a>, Session 6, ch. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1993item_2670-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1993item_2670_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1993">John Paul II 1993</a>, item 2670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettenson1970204–205-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettenson1970204–205_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBettenson1970">Bettenson 1970</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArminius1853472-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArminius1853472_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArminius1853">Arminius 1853</a>, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012152-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012152_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012">Stanglin & McCall 2012</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1969147–148_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox1969">Cox 1969</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden1994243-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden1994243_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOden1994">Oden 1994</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton200548-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton200548_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton2005">Melton 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUMPH2004Section_1:_Our_Doctrinal_Heritage:_Distinctive_Wesleyan_Emphases-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUMPH2004Section_1:_Our_Doctrinal_Heritage:_Distinctive_Wesleyan_Emphases_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUMPH2004">UMPH 2004</a>, Section 1: Our Doctrinal Heritage: Distinctive Wesleyan Emphases. "[Prevenient grace is] the divine love that surrounds all humanity and precedes any and all of our conscious impulses. This grace prompts our first wish to please God, our first glimmer of understanding concerning God's will, and our 'first slight transient conviction' of having sinned against God. God's grace also awakens in us an earnest longing for deliverance from sin and death and moves us toward repentance and faith."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENPH2017art_7,_Section:_Prevenient_Grace-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPH2017art_7,_Section:_Prevenient_Grace_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNPH2017">NPH 2017</a>, art 7, Section: Prevenient Grace.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPF194839-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPF194839_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPF1948">PF 1948</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannsMeyer1984141-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMannsMeyer1984141_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMannsMeyer1984">Manns & Meyer 1984</a>, p. 141. "When modern Methodists expound infant baptism, they think first of "prevenient grace", for which infant baptism is said to be an effective, or at least a useful, sign."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfield_Tucker2011172-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfield_Tucker2011172_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterfield_Tucker2011">Westerfield Tucker 2011</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1990925-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1990925_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1990">Erickson 1990</a>, p. 925. "It is here that many Arminians, recognizing human inability as taught in the Scripture, introduce the concept of prevenient grace, which is believed to have a universal effect nullifying the noetic results of sin, thus making belief possible. The problem is that there is no clear and adequate basis in Scripture for this concept of universal enablement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReasoner2014183–189-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReasoner2014183–189_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReasoner2014">Reasoner 2014</a>, pp. 183–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden1994246-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden1994246_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOden1994">Oden 1994</a>, p. 246. "[Prevenient grace] draws us gradually, incrementally, in stages [...]. At each stage, we are called to receive and respond to the grace being incrementally given[...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoords2021-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoords2021_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoords2021_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoords2021">Coords 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelm2010230-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelm2010230_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelm2010">Helm 2010</a>, p. 230. "[Calvin] holds that this determinism is compatible with human responsibility."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBignon2018231-232-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBignon2018231-232_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBignon2018">Bignon 2018</a>, p. 231-232. "Praiseworthiness and blameworthiness are the two sides of the one same coin of moral responsibility. If one goes, the other one goes with it, and denying praiseworthiness would, I'm afraid, come at the cost of denying blameworthiness also, which is unacceptable given orthodox views of divine judgment. The burden of much of the present work has been to defend the compatibility of moral responsibility with determinism, in the obvious hope of maintaining the truth of both of them. So determinists ought not deny any moral praiseworthiness for righteous deeds, as there is no asymmetry at that level between praiseworthiness for the good and blameworthiness for evil: both are entailed by human moral responsibility."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuyper2016ch._22,_§_6-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuyper2016ch._22,_§_6_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuyper2016">Kuyper 2016</a>, ch. 22, § 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2022">Robinson 2022</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin196166-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin196166_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1961">Calvin 1961</a>, p. 66. "[T]hose who appear to live piously may be called sons of God; but since they will eventually live impiously and die in that impiety, God does not call them sons in His foreknowledge. There are sons of God who do not yet appear so to us, but now do so to God; and there are those who, on account of some arrogated or temporal grace, are called so by us, but are not so to God".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin1961151–152-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin1961151–152_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1961">Calvin 1961</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:24:8-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:24:8_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1845">Calvin 1845</a>, 3:24:8. "Sometimes, however, he communicates it also to those whom he enlightens only for a time, and whom afterwards, in just punishment for their ingratitude, he abandons and smites with greater blindness."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin196376-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin196376_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1963">Calvin 1963</a>, p. 76. "[...] I do not see that this is any reason why He should not touch the reprobate with a taste of His grace, or illumine their minds with some glimmerings of His light, or affect them with some sense of His goodness, or to some extent engrave His Word in their hearts. Otherwise where would be that passing faith which Marks mentions (4.17)? Therefore there is some knowledge in the reprobate, which later vanishes away either because it drives its roots less deep than it ought to, or because it is choked and withers away."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1991217–218-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1991217–218_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1991">Davis 1991</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:2:11-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin18453:2:11_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1845">Calvin 1845</a>, 3:2:11. "Experience shows that the reprobate are sometimes affected in a way so similar to the elect that even in their own judgment there is no difference between them. [...] [T]he Lord, the better to convict them, and leave them without excuse, instills into their minds such a sense of goodness as can be felt without the Spirit of adoption [...] Therefore, as God regenerates the elect only for ever by incorruptible seed, [...] there is nothing to prevent an inferior operation of the Spirit from taking its course in the reprobate. [...] Thus we dispose of the objection, that if God truly displays his grace, it must endure for ever. There is nothing inconsistent in this with the fact of his enlightening some with a present sense of grace, which afterwards proves evanescent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin1845478–4793:2:11-12-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin1845478–4793:2:11-12_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1845">Calvin 1845</a>, pp. 478–479, 3:2:11-12. "[Some reprobates are] just as a tree not planted deep enough may take root, but in the process of time wither away, though it may for several years not only put forth leaves and flowers, but produce fruit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeathley2010ch._6&#x200c;-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeathley2010ch._6&#x200c;_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeathley2010">Keathley 2010</a>, ch. 6‌. "The doctrine of temporary faith, a notion first formulated by Calvin but later developed by Beza and William Perkins, further intensified the problem of assurance in Calvinist and Puritan theology. According to them, God gives to the reprobate, whom He never intended to save in the first place, a “taste” of his grace. Based on passages such as Matt 7:21–23; Heb 6:4–6, and the parable of the Sower, Beza and Perkins attribute this false, temporary faith to an ineffectual work of the Holy Spirit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribbenTweeddale2022402-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGribbenTweeddale2022402_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGribbenTweeddale2022">Gribben & Tweeddale 2022</a>, p. 402. "[...] Owen readily admits that the Spirit occasionally induces a partial illumination of the gospel truth, which might produce some conviction of sin and reformation of behavior. [...] For whatever its superficial resemblance to genuine conversion, it nevertheless falls short of that reality and explains the phenomenon of an apparently temporary illumination famously described in Heb. 6.4."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPink200918–19-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPink200918–19_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPink2009">Pink 2009</a>, pp. 18–19. "Scripture also teaches that people may possess a faith which is one of the Holy Spirit, and yet which is a <i>non-saving one</i>. This faith which we now allude to has two ingredients which neither education nor self-effort can produce: spiritual light and a Divine power moving the mind to assent. Now a man may have both illumination and inclination from heaven, and yet not be regenerated. We have a solemn proof of this in Hebrews 6:4-6."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoettner1932ch._14-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoettner1932ch._14_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoettner1932">Boettner 1932</a>, ch. 14. "In addition to what has been said it is to be admitted that often times the common operations of the Spirit on the enlightened conscience lead to reformation and to an externally religious life. Those so influenced are often very strict in their conduct and diligent in their religious duties. To the awakened sinner the promises of the Gospel and the exhibition of the plan of salvation contained in the Scriptures appear not only as true but as suited to his condition. [...] This faith continues as long as the state of mind by which it is produced continues. When that changes, he relapses into his usual state of insensibility, and his faith disappears."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352–253-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2022352–253_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2022">Robinson 2022</a>, pp. 352–253. "For God to act in this manner strikes the non-Calvinist as not only ludicrous, but more importantly, as God being deceptive in lulling the temporary believer into thinking that he (and his fellow believers) are true believers and part of God's elect at one time. [...] [I]t is contrary to the character of the God who reveals himself as the God of truth and faithfulness [...] ."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallsDongell2004201–202-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallsDongell2004201–202_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallsDongell2004">Walls & Dongell 2004</a>, pp. 201–202. "What is truly remarkable here is that persons who receive this partial and temporary illumination appear for a time to be truly elect but in fact aren't. They are deluded by a false hope. This dreadful possibility is what haunts Calvinists who struggle with the assurance and certainty of salvation."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1954" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/nature_grace.viii.iii.iii.html"><i>Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas</i></a>. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+and+Grace%3A+Selections+from+the+Summa+Theologica+of+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+Westminster+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Faquinas%2Fnature_grace.viii.iii.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrevenient+grace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArminius1853" class="citation book cs1">Arminius, Jacobus (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofjamesarmi02armi/page/n6"><i>The Works of James Arminius</i></a>. Vol. 2. Translated by Nichols, James; Bagnall, W. R. Auburn, N.Y.: Derby and Miller.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+James+Arminius&rft.place=Auburn%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Derby+and+Miller&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Arminius&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofjamesarmi02armi%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrevenient+grace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettenson1970" class="citation book cs1">Bettenson, Henry (1970). <i>The Later Christian Fathers</i>. 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Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+theology&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=Beacon+Hill+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=H.+Orton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhdl.org%2Fen%2Fbrowse%2Fresources%2F6495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrevenient+grace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth (2018). <i>Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will: A Comprehensive Methodology</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Conversion+from+Traditional+Free+Choice+to+%22Non-free+Free+Will%3A+A+Comprehensive+Methodology&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrevenient+grace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevenient_grace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arminianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arminianism_footer" title="Template talk:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arminianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Arminius"><img alt="James Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/125px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/188px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/250px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrant_Confession" title="Remonstrant Confession">Remonstrant Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)" title="John Goodwin (preacher)">John Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osmond_Summers" title="Thomas Osmond Summers">Thomas Osmond Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burt_Pope" title="William Burt Pope">William Burt Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Orton_Wiley" title="Henry Orton Wiley">Henry Orton Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Oden" title="Thomas C. Oden">Thomas C. Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">B. J. Oropeza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Methodism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Methodism_footer" title="Template:Methodism footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodism_footer" title="Template talk:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Methodism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">List of denominations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodism#Origins" title="Methodism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Doctrinal<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christianity" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Distinctive beliefs<br /> and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalist_(person)" title="Revivalist (person)">Revivalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert C. Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Related <br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_of_the_British_Province" title="Moravian Church of the British Province">Moravian Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fetter_Lane_Society" title="Fetter Lane Society">Fetter Lane Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Christian perfection">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Other relevant <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">Methodist views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">Itinerant preacher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism" title="Homosexuality and Methodism">Homosexuality and Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Bishops in Methodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template talk:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_theology_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, 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