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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christian views on poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-denial" title="Self-denial">Self-denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_world,_the_flesh,_and_the_devil" title="The world, the flesh, and the devil">The world, the flesh, and the devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-reformation">Counter-reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemptus_mundi" title="Contemptus mundi">Contemptus mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation#Christianity" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">Redemption (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absence_of_good" title="Absence of good">Absence of good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian 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title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> is "the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time."<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordDict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordDict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polygamy has been practiced by many cultures throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitzen2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> describes numerous examples of polygynous (one male, one wife with multiple <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a>) instances of polygamy among devotees to God, most Christian groups have historically rejected the practice of polygamy and have upheld <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> alone as normative. Nevertheless, some Christian groups in different periods have practiced, or currently do practice, polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nyami2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyami2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mamdani2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mamdani2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christians actively debate whether the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> allows or forbids polygamy<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and there are several <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a>. </p><p>The practice primarily focuses on <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> (one man having more than one wife) and not <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a> (one woman having more than one husband), as polyandry is implied to be unlawful by the Hebrew Bible's laws of adultery (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2022:22&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 22:22</a>) and in the New Testament (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%207:3&version=nrsv">Romans 7:3</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_background">Jewish background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Jewish background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polygamy#Judaism" title="Polygamy">Polygamy § Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> contains a few specific regulations that apply to polygyny (a male with multiple wives),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Exodus 21:10: "If he take another wife for himself; her food, her clothing, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish".<sup id="cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJBEX2110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%2021:15–17">Deut 21:15–17</a>, states that a man must award the inheritance due to a first-born son to the son who was actually born first, even if he hates that son's mother and likes another wife more;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%2017:17">Deut 17:17</a> states that the king shall not have many wives. </p><p>The Torah may distinguish concubines and "sub-standard" wives with the prefix "to" (e.g., lit. "took to wives").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these nuances to the biblical perspective on polygamy, many important figures had more than one wife, such as <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> (Gen 26:34; 28:6-9),<sup id="cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJBEX2110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> (Gen 29:15-28),<sup id="cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJBEX2110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a> (1 Samuel 1:1-8),<sup id="cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJBEX2110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (1 Samuel 25:39-44; 2 Samuel 3:2-5; 5:13-16),<sup id="cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJBEX2110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (1 Kings 11:1-3).<sup id="cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJBEX2110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its prevalence in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, some scholars do not believe that polygyny was commonly practiced in the biblical era because it required a significant amount of wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Michael Coogan</a> (and others), in contrast, states that "Polygyny continued to be practiced well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the <a href="/wiki/Second_century_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Second century CE">second century CE</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-coogan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karras2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karras2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monogamy of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was the cause of two explanatory notes in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> describing how the polygamous marriages of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> were permitted under Jewish custom.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polygamy was a rare exception in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">post-exilic</a> Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenstone1906_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenstone1906-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice began to be criticized and declined during the <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental period</a><sup id="cite_ref-Instone-Brewer2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instone-Brewer2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59–62">: 59–62 </span></sup> but there is some extant evidence of polygamy being practiced in the New Testament period.<sup id="cite_ref-Instone-Brewer2002_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instone-Brewer2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McClintockStrong1889_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintockStrong1889-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> show that several smaller <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism#Jewish_sects" title="Second Temple Judaism">Jewish sects</a> forbade polygamy before and during the time of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermès1975_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermès1975-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooke2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murphy2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll</a> (11QT LVII 17–18) seems to prohibit polygamy for kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke2005_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loader2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loader2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three passages in the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">pastoral epistles</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Timothy+3:2">1 Timothy 3:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Timothy+3:12">1 Timothy 3:12</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Titus+1:6">Titus 1:6</a>) state that church leaders should be the "husband of one wife." This has been read by some Christian denominations as a prohibition of polygamy. Others argue that polygamy is allowed, but not for church leaders. Still others argue that the passage only prevents church leaders from divorcing their first wives. In his 1990 book <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lock" title="Walter Lock">Walter Lock</a> argues that it simply prevents marital unfaithfulness<sup id="cite_ref-Lock1999_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since "no Christian, whether an overseer or not, would have been allowed to practice polygamy."<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie1990_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie1990-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> states that a man is to have his own wife and a woman is to have her own husband. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now concerning the matters about which you wrote: "It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman." But because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband. The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time, that you may devote yourselves to prayer; but then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+7:1">1 Corinthians 7:1–7</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Matthew Henry</a> comments on 1 Corinthians 7: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>II. He informs them that marriage, and the comforts and satisfactions of that state, are by divine wisdom prescribed for preventing fornication (v. 2), Porneias—Fornications, all sorts of lawless lust. To avoid these, Let every man, says he, have his own wife, and every woman her own husband; that is, marry, and confine themselves to their own mates. And, when they are married, let each render the other due benevolence (v. 3), consider the disposition and exigency of each other, and render conjugal duty, which is owing to each other. For, as the apostle argues (v. 4), in the married state neither person has power over his own body, but has delivered it into the power of the other, the wife hers into the power of the husband, the husband his into the power of the wife. Note, Polygamy, or the marriage of more persons than one, as well as adultery, must be a breach of marriage-covenants, and a violation of the partner's rights. And therefore they should not defraud one another of the use of their bodies, nor any other of the comforts of the conjugal state, appointed of God for keeping the vessel in sanctification and honour, and preventing the lusts of uncleanness, except it be with mutual consent (v. 5) and for a time only, while they employ themselves in some extraordinary duties of religion, or give themselves to fasting and prayer. Note, Seasons of deep humiliation require abstinence from lawful pleasures. But this separation between husband and wife must not be for a continuance, lest they expose themselves to Satan's temptations, by reason of their incontinence, or inability to contain. Note, Persons expose themselves to great danger by attempting to perform what is above their strength, and at the same time not bound upon them by any law of God. If they abstain from lawful enjoyments, they may be ensnared into unlawful ones. The remedies God hath provided against sinful inclinations are certainly best.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew Henry Commentary on the Whole Bible<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> comments on 1 Corinthians 7 and states that polygamy is unlawful; and that one man is to have but one wife, and to keep to her; and that one woman is to have but one husband, and to keep to him and the wife only has a power over the husband's body, a right to it, and may claim the use of it: this power over each other's bodies is not such, as that they may, by consent, either the husband allow the wife, or the wife the husband, to lie with another.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> is largely silent on the issue, some point to Jesus' repetition of the earlier scriptures, noting that a man and a wife "shall become one flesh." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0102.htm#24">Genesis 2:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+19:3">Matthew 19:3–6</a>) However, some look to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+6:16">1 Corinthians 6:16</a>: "Or do you not know that he who is joined to a prostitute becomes one body with her? For, as it is written, "The two will become one flesh."" Supporters of polygamy claim this indicates a physical, rather than spiritual, union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most Christian theologians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2019:3–9&version=nrsv">Matthew 19:3–9</a> and referring to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:24&version=nrsv">Genesis 2:24</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> explicitly states a man should have only one wife: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh?</p></blockquote> <p>Polygamists do not dispute that in marriage "two shall be one flesh"; they only disagree with the idea that a married man can only be "one flesh" with one woman. Assuming the man is married, the act of a man becoming "one flesh" with a <a href="/wiki/Harlot" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlot">harlot</a> apparently does not negate his being "one flesh" with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-CarolBrooks_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarolBrooks-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, if a man is married, he and his wife are "one flesh." To add another wife would mean that the new wife becomes "one flesh" with the man <i>and</i> his current wife. Gill argues that polygamists in disagreeing with the idea that a married man can only be "one flesh" with one woman are in fact disagreeing with Apostle Paul, who makes it clear that in the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">Christian Covenant</a> the man who already has one wife can not add another wife because his body belongs to the one wife and is no longer his; if the man adds another wife, then that woman is coveting another woman's husband. In the Christian Covenant, a woman shalt not covet another woman's husband just like in the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a> a man is shalt not covet another man's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many critics of polygamy also point to the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> that state that church officials should be respectable, above reproach, and the husband of a single wife. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Timothy+3:1">1 Timothy 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Titus+1:1">Titus 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutically</a>, the Greek phrase <i>mias gunaikos andra</i> is an unusual Greek construction, capable of being translated in multiple ways, including (but not limited to): 1) "one wife man," (prohibiting plural marriage) or 2) "a wife man" (requiring elders to be married) or 3) "first wife man" (prohibiting divorcés from ordination).<sup id="cite_ref-Shipley2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipley2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the time around Jesus' birth, polygamy (also called <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a> or digamy in texts) was understood as having several spouses consecutively, as evidenced for example by Tertullian's work <i>De Exhortatione Castitatis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthOn_Exhortation_to_ChastityChapter_7_Vol_IV,_Ch._7]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthOn_Exhortation_to_ChastityChapter_7_Vol_IV,_Ch._7]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul the Apostle allowed widows to remarry (1 Cor. vii. 39. and 1 Tim 5:11–16). Paul says that only women older than 60 years can make the list of Christian widows,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but that younger widows should remarry to hinder sin. Some conclude that by requiring leaders of the Church be monogamous, Paul excluded remarried widowers from having influence. Perpetual monogamy — even after the death of one's spouse — would have been a more strict understanding of <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> than <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> codified, and would have been a new and unusual demand on men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On this subject William Luck writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus it is most probable that the qualifications list sees the "husband of one wife" as a condemnation of porneia—unlawful sex, though doubtless the clause also prohibited adultery—sex with someone else's wife, polygyny was out of sight and mind. The issue is not the number of covenant relations the man had—he would only have had one at a time, since the empire was monogamous—but his womanizing. This of course does not eliminate the grievous sin of marrying and divorcing in order to have sexual relations with a number of women. But that too is not the issue in polygyny.<sup id="cite_ref-Luck2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luck2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Church_period">Early Church period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Church period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage in ancient Rome</a></div> <p>Jewish polygamy clashed with Roman monogamy at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Early_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early church">early church</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"When the Christian Church came into being, polygamy was still practiced by the Jews. It is true that we find no references to it in the New Testament; and from this some have inferred that it must have fallen into disuse, and that at the time of our Lord the Jewish people had become monogamous. But the conclusion appears to be unwarranted. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in two places speaks of polygamy as a recognized institution: and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> makes it a matter of reproach to <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho" title="Dialogue with Trypho">Trypho</a> that the Jewish teachers permitted a man to have several wives. Indeed when in 212 A.D. the <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">lex Antoniana de civitate</a> gave the rights of Roman Citizenship to great numbers of Jews, it was found necessary to tolerate polygamy among them, even though it was against Roman law for a citizen to have more than one wife. In 285 A.D. a constitution of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> interdicted polygamy to all subjects of the empire without exception. But with the Jews, at least, the enactment failed of its effect; and in 393 A.D. a special law was issued by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> to compel the Jews to relinquish this national custom. Even so they were not induced to conform."<sup id="cite_ref-Joyce2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyce2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 560">: 560 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, who lived at the turn of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, wrote that marriage is lawful, but <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> is not: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We do not indeed forbid the union of man and woman, blest by God as the seminary of the human race, and devised for the replenishment of the earth and the furnishing of the world and therefore permitted, yet singly. For Adam was the one husband of Eve, and Eve his one wife, one woman, one rib." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthTo_His_WifeIChapter_2_Vol._4,_Ch._2]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthTo_His_WifeIChapter_2_Vol._4,_Ch._2]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost work</a> "On the Numerous Progeny of the Ancients". Eusebius references this twice, in the <i>Præparatio Evangelica</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eusebius1903_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eusebius1903-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <i>Demonstratio Evangelica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eusebius1920_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eusebius1920-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his work has been given as an example of plural marriage being reconciled with the ascetic life, the problem dealt with was the contrast presented by the desire of the Patriarchs for numerous offspring and the honour in which continence was held by Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-CE1913a_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE1913a-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Basil">Basil of Caesarea</a> wrote in the 4th century of plural marriage that "such a state is no longer called marriage but polygamy or, indeed, a moderate fornication."<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1996_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ordered that those who are engaged in it should be excommunicated for up to five years, and "only after they have shown some fruitful repentance"<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1996_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were they to be allowed back into the church. Moreover, he stated that the teachings against plural marriage are "accepted as our usual practice, not from the canons but in conformity with our predecessors."<sup id="cite_ref-Shea1996_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> wrote in the second half of the 4th century: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"That the good purpose of marriage, however, is better promoted by one husband with one wife, than by a husband with several wives, is shown plainly enough by the very first union of a married pair, which was made by the Divine Being Himself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo1885_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo1885-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p> and "The Sacrament of marriage of our time has been so reduced to one man and one wife, as that it is not lawful to ordain any as a steward of the Church, save the husband of one wife."<sup id="cite_ref-CE1913b_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE1913b-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a> wrote in the 5th century that the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> took two wives and authorized his subjects to take two wives, supporting that Christians were then practicing plural marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage1893_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage1893-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 398">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/womanchurchstate00gagerich#page/398/mode/2up/search/polygamy">398</a> </span></sup> There is no trace of such an edict in any of the extant Roman Laws. Valentinian I divorced his first wife according to <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nikiu" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Nikiu">John of Nikiu</a>, before marrying his mistress, which was viewed as bigamy by Socrates, since the Church did not accept <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_divorce" title="Christian views on divorce">divorce</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> all spoke against polygamy, condemning it. Tertullian explicitly tackled the objection that polygamy was allowed for the patriarchs. He wrote, "each pronouncement and arrangement is (the act) of one and the same God; who did then indeed, in the beginning, send forth a sowing of the race by an indulgent laxity granted to the reins of connubial alliances, until the world should be replenished, until the material of the new discipline should attain to forwardness: now, however, at the extreme boundaries of the times, has checked (the command) which He had sent out, and recalled the indulgence which He had granted". (<i>De Monogamia</i> chapt. VI.) According to chapter XVI of <i>De Monogamia</i>, Hermogenes thought it was allowed for a man to take several wives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthOn_Exhortation_to_ChastityChapter_7_Vol_IV,_Ch._7]_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthOn_Exhortation_to_ChastityChapter_7_Vol_IV,_Ch._7]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tertullian also made a direct attack on the polygamous practice of some cults in his work <i>Adversus Hermogenem</i>. This is the same Hermogenes mentioned above. Tertullian writes that he was a sect leader, who mixed Stoic, Gnostic and Christian views to create a new religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church held a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hertford" title="Council of Hertford">synod in Hertford</a>, England, in 673 that was supervised by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Archbishop Theodore</a>. Chapter 10 issued by the synod declared that marriage is allowed between one man and one woman, and <a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">separation</a> (but not divorce) is only granted in the case of adultery, but even then remarriage is not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bede1903_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bede1903-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the medieval period, multiple wives were often obtained through kidnapping. It is with this in view that we must interpret the following laws: The Frankish Laws of 818–9 strictly forbade <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">kidnapping of women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Závodszky1904_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Závodszky1904-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The XXVII. law issued by King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a> (1000–1030) declares that the kidnapper must return the woman to her parents even if he has had sexual intercourse with her, and must pay a penalty to the parents. According to the Hungarian law, the kidnapped girl was then free to marry anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-Závodszky1904_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Závodszky1904-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman councils of 1052 and 1063 suspended from communion those laymen who had a wife and a concubine at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce was also forbidden, and remarriage after a divorce counted as polygamy. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas the Great">Nicholas the Great</a> (858–67) forbade <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair II of Lotharingia">Lothair II of Lotharingia</a> to divorce his barren wife <a href="/wiki/Teutberga" title="Teutberga">Teutberga</a> and marry his concubine <a href="/wiki/Waldrada_of_Lotharingia" title="Waldrada of Lotharingia">Waldrada</a>, with whom he had several children. After a council of the Lotharingian bishops, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> of Köln and Trier, had annulled his marriage to Theutberga, the pope voided this decision, and made him take his wife back.<sup id="cite_ref-Szántó1988_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szántó1988-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sdralek1881_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sdralek1881-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scandinavia, the word for an official concubine was "<i>frille</i>". Norwegian Bishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Erlendsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Øystein Erlendsson">Øystein Erlendsson</a> (ca. 1120–1188) declared that concubines were not allowed to accept the sacraments unless they married, and men were forced to promise marriage to women they had lain with outside of wedlock. In 1280, the Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Eirik_Magnusson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eirik Magnusson">Eirik Magnusson</a> (1280–99) declared that men were exempted from having to promise marriage to the <i>frille</i> if they went to confession and did penance. The Church answered by making several declarations in the 14th century, urging men to marry their concubines. In 1305, King <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon V">Håkon V</a> (1270–1319) issued a law that declared marriage to be the only lawful way of cohabitation, and declared that only women in wedlock were allowed to dress as they pleased, while the dress of concubines was restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagge1998_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagge1998-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformation_period">Reformation period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reformation period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monogamy was the norm among Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Doernberg1961_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doernberg1961-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swan2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the context of the sickness of a wife preventing matrimonial intercourse,<sup id="cite_ref-Grisar1916_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grisar1916-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, wrote: "I confess that I cannot forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict the Scripture. If a man wishes to marry more than one wife he should be asked whether he is satisfied in his conscience that he may do so in accordance with the word of God. In such a case the civil authority has nothing to do in the matter."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Hare1916_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Hare1916-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cushman_McGiffert" title="Arthur Cushman McGiffert">Arthur Cushman McGiffert</a> also states, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Some of the radical Anabaptists undertook to introduce polygamy, appealing to the patriarchal order of society in justification of their position. Even among Luther's followers and associates there was no little uncertainty about the matter, as was not altogether surprising when the old order of things was undergoing revision at so many points, including the marriage of monks, priests, and near relatives. But Luther himself was unalterably opposed to any such revolution. Monogamy he considered, under ordinary circumstances, alone tolerable in a Christian community, and held that no Christian ruler has any moral right to legalize polygamy. At the same time, finding no explicit prohibition in the Bible, he believed exceptions might be allowed in certain extreme cases such as are now generally recognized in Protestant countries as justifying divorce."<sup id="cite_ref-McGiffert1911_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGiffert1911-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lutheran theologians approved of <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Hesse">Philip of Hesse</a>'s polygamous marriages to <a href="/wiki/Christine_of_Saxony" title="Christine of Saxony">Christine of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_von_der_Saale" title="Margarethe von der Saale">Margarethe von der Saale</a> for this purpose, as well as initial disapproval of divorce and adultery. Apart from Philip, there was much experimentation with marital duration within early German Lutheranism amongst clergy and their erstwhile wives.<sup id="cite_ref-Plummer2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plummer2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theologian <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> likewise counseled that <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> need not risk <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> by dissolving his union with the established churches to grant himself divorces in order to replace his barren wives, but reluctantly, and with remorse afterward, consented that polygamy was an allowable alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-Durant1980_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durant1980-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rothmann" title="Bernhard Rothmann">Bernhard Rothmann</a> initially opposed the idea of plural marriage. However, he later wrote a theological defense of plural marriage, and took nine wives himself, saying "God has restored the true practice of holy matrimony amongst us."<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg2000_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg2000-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Waldeck" title="Franz von Waldeck">Franz von Waldeck</a> and the other enemies of Anabaptist leader <a href="/wiki/John_of_Leiden" title="John of Leiden">John of Leiden</a> accused him of keeping 16 wives, and publicly beheading one when she disobeyed him. This was used as the basis for their conquest of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> in 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-Kautsky1897_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kautsky1897-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 16th-century Italian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> friar, <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Ochino" title="Bernardino Ochino">Bernardino Ochino</a>, 77 years old and never married, wrote the "Thirty Dialogues", wherein Dialog XXI was considered a defense of plural marriage. Evidently, he borrowed some of his strongest arguments from a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> dialogue written in 1541 in favor of plural marriage which was written under the fictitious name <i>Huldericus Necobulus</i> in the interest of justifying Philip of Hesse.<sup id="cite_ref-Ochini1563_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ochini1563-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different position was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in 1563, which was opposed to polygyny<sup id="cite_ref-Waterworth1848_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterworth1848-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p194">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct24.html">p194</a> </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>: "If anyone says that it is lawful for Christians to have several wives at the same time, and that it is not forbidden by any divine law (Matt. 19:4f): let him be <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Waterworth1848_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterworth1848-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p194">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct24.html">p194</a> </span></sup> The polemicist <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> expressed support for polygamy in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana_(Milton)" title="De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)">De doctrina christiana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milton2003_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milton2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller1974_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller1974-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lutheran pastor Johann Lyser strongly defended plural marriage in a work entitled "Polygamia Triumphatrix".<sup id="cite_ref-Gage1893_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage1893-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 398">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/womanchurchstate00gagerich#page/398/mode/2up/search/polygamy">398</a> </span></sup> As a result, he was imprisoned, beaten and exiled from Italy to the Netherlands. His book was burned by the public executioner.<sup id="cite_ref-Ditchfield1895_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditchfield1895-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never married nor desired wedlock.<sup id="cite_ref-Ditchfield1895_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditchfield1895-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Friedrich Willenberg, a doctor of law at the University of Cracow, wrote the pro-plural marriage book <i>De finibus polygamiae licitae</i>. In 1715, his book was ordered to be burned. Friedrich escaped with his life, but was fined one hundred thousand gold pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-Ditchfield1895_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditchfield1895-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the more notable published works regarding the modern concept of Christian plural marriage dates from the 18th century. The book <i>Thelyphthora</i><sup id="cite_ref-Madan1780_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madan1780-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Madan" title="Martin Madan">Martin Madan</a>, a significant writer of hymns and a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>. Although Madan was an adherent only of polygyny in a Christian context, this particular volume set the foundation of what is considered the modern Christian plural marriage movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> explicitly condemned polygamy: "If any one saith, that it is lawful for Christians to have several wives at the same time, and that this is not prohibited by any divine law; let him be <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> forbids polygamy as a grave offense against the institution of <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">marriage</a>, and contrary to the original plan of God and equal dignity of human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church2000[httpswwwvaticanvaarchiveccc_cssarchivecatechismp3s2c2a6htm_560]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church2000[httpswwwvaticanvaarchiveccc_cssarchivecatechismp3s2c2a6htm_560]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church2000[httpswwwvaticanvaarchiveccc_cssarchivecatechismp3s2c2a6htm_560]_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church2000[httpswwwvaticanvaarchiveccc_cssarchivecatechismp3s2c2a6htm_560]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, in parts of Africa such as <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, many Catholics (including <a href="/wiki/Catechist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechist">catechists</a>) have more than one wife, although participants are usually not vocal about the cultural practice due to its conflict with Church teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajiambo2018_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajiambo2018-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_Church">Lutheran Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lutheran Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> deplored divorce (only permitting it in the cases of adultery and the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a>) and taught that polygamy was allowed in Scripture, citing positive examples of it from the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">biblical patriarchs</a>; as such in 1521, he granted the approval for a man to take a second wife, and again in 1539 for <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse</a> to take a second wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorensen2016_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorensen2016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cole2015_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole2015-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> hosted a regional conference in Africa, in which the acceptance of polygamists and their wives into full membership by the Lutheran Church in Liberia was defended as being permissible.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Lutheran Church in Liberia permits men to retain their wives if they married them prior to being received into the Church, it does not permit polygamists who have become Christians to marry more wives after they have received the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Holy Baptism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KilbridePage2012_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KilbridePage2012-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evangelical Lutheran missionaries among the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a> also tolerate the practice of polygamy; and in Southern Sudan, some polygamists are becoming Lutheran Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Moses2016_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moses2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglican_Communion">Anglican Communion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anglican Communion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polygamy was first discussed during the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> of 1888: </p> <dl><dd>"That it is the opinion of this Conference that persons living in polygamy be not admitted to baptism, but they may be accepted as candidates and kept under Christian instruction until such time as they shall be in a position to accept the law of Christ. That the wives of polygamists may, in the opinion of this Conference, be admitted in some cases to baptism, but that it must be left to the local authorities of the Church to decide under what circumstances they may be baptized." (Resolution 5).</dd></dl> <p>A resolution dated 1958 and numbered 120 states that: </p> <dl><dd>"(a) The Conference bears witness to the truth that monogamy is the divine will, testified by the teaching of Christ himself, and therefore true for every race of men,"</dd></dl> <p>but adds: </p> <dl><dd>"(d) The Conference, recognising that the problem of polygamy is bound up with the limitations of opportunities for women in society, urges that the Church should make every effort to advance the status of women in every possible way, especially in the sphere of education."<sup id="cite_ref-Lambeth1958/120_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambeth1958/120-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The Twelfth <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> held in 1988, in <b>Resolution 26 – Church and Polygamy</b> stated: </p><p>This Conference upholds monogamy as God's plan, and as the ideal relationship of love between husband and wife; nevertheless recommends that a polygamist who responds to the Gospel and wishes to join the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> may be baptized and confirmed with his believing wives and children on the following conditions: </p> <ol><li>that the polygamist shall promise not to marry again as long as any of his wives at the time of his conversion are alive;</li> <li>that the receiving of such a polygamist has the consent of the local Anglican community;</li> <li>that such a polygamist shall not be compelled to put away any of his wives, on account of the social deprivation they would suffer;<sup id="cite_ref-Lambeth1988_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambeth1988-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In 2008 the Lambeth Conference noted: </p> <dl><dd>"In the case of polygamy, there is a universal standard – it is understood to be a sin, therefore polygamists are not admitted to positions of leadership including Holy Orders, nor after acceptance of the Gospel can a convert take another wife, nor, in some areas, are they admitted to Holy Communion."<sup id="cite_ref-Lambeth2008_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambeth2008-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mormonism">Mormonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mormonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_(1_husband,_4_wives),_by_Charles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of five caucasian Latter-day Saints, married to each other in nineteenth-century Latter-day Saint polygamy, against the backdrop of what may be a hedge. All seem to be posing; none face the camera. Leftmost is a woman, seated, her hair done in a high, braided bun, wearing a dress with buttons down the middle; in her hands are an open book. Center-left, standing furthest to the back (though still very much with the portraited group) is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, in a polka-dotted top and a scarf or ascot around her neck and a skirt. She carries a hat, held to her waist. Center is a woman, sort of kneeling or seated (perhaps there is an unseen stool she's sitting on?). She wears a white dress, her hair is done up in a high and large bun and she wears a headband. In her right arm she holds a hat, over her knees; her left arm rests on the lap of the man sitting center right. She may be leaning against his legs. Center-right is a man, wearing a suit jacket of some kind and a high-collared shirt. He is balded and bearded. His left hand is placed over the left arm of the center woman. Rightmost is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, sitting in a visibly wooden (likely handcrafted) chair. She wears a dress with buttons going down the middle. She holds a hat, which looks very like center's hat, over her knees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/250px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/375px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/500px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="791" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>A Mormon "Saint" and Wives</i> by Charles Weitfle (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1878–1885)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early Mormonism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">Wives of Joseph Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_wifery" title="Spiritual wifery">Spiritual wifery</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brigham_Young%27s_wives" title="List of Brigham Young's wives">Wives of Brigham Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy_in_the_late-19th_century" title="Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century">Late-19th century Mormon polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon colonies in Mexico</a> • <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">Reed Smoot hearings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">1904 Manifesto</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">AUB</a> • <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Friends_(Woolley)" title="Council of Friends (Woolley)">Council of Friends</a> • <a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state of polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a> • <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Kingston Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_fundamentalist_leaders" title="List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders">List of leaders</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Short_Creek_raid" title="Short Creek raid">Short Creek raid</a> • <a href="/wiki/YFZ_Ranch" title="YFZ Ranch">YFZ Ranch</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antipolygamy laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poland_Act" title="Poland Act">Poland Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmunds%E2%80%93Tucker_Act" title="Edmunds–Tucker Act">Edmunds–Tucker Act</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Angus_M._Cannon#Polygamy_prosecution" title="Angus M. Cannon">Cannon v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Clawson_v._United_States" title="Clawson v. United States">Clawson v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Beason" title="Davis v. Beason">Davis v. Beason</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Corp._of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints_v._United_States" title="Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States">Late Corp. of the LDS Church v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_v._United_States_(1946)" title="Cleveland v. United States (1946)">Cleveland v. US</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Buhman" title="Brown v. Buhman">Brown v. Buhman</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_polygamy_court_cases" title="List of polygamy court cases">List of polygamy court cases</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Category:Mormonism and polygamy">Related articles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial marriage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion in the US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of practitioners</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_czar" title="Polygamy czar">Polygamy czar</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamy in Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Polygamy in North America</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_civil_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of civil marriage in the United States">Timeline of civil marriage in the United States</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/16px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/24px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSpolygamy" title="Template:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSpolygamy" title="Template talk:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpolygamy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></div> <p>Polygamy (which was called "plural marriage" by <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> in the 19th century or "the Principle" as it is called by modern fundamentalist practitioners) was taught by leaders of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church)<sup id="cite_ref-LDS1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDS1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and publicly practiced from 1852 to 1890, nevertheless, it was not the norm but the exception, even during this period. On September 24, 1890, <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">president</a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at that time, issued the 1890 Manifesto, which advised church members against entering into any marriage prohibited by the law of the land, and made it possible for <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> to become a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>. Nevertheless, even after the Manifesto, the church quietly continued to perform a small number of plural marriages in the United States, Mexico, and Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinn1985_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn1985-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus a <a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">Second Manifesto</a> was released during <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">U.S. congressional hearings</a> which were held in 1904. Although neither Manifesto dissolved existing plural marriages, plural marriage in the LDS Church gradually died by attrition during the early 1900s. The Manifesto was canonized in the LDS Church <a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">standard works</a> as Official Declaration 1<sup id="cite_ref-Flake2004_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flake2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Embry1994_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embry1994-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mainstream <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormons</a> believe it was prompted by a divine revelation in which Woodruff was shown that the church would be thrown into turmoil if they did not comply with it.<sup id="cite_ref-LDS1_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDS1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalists</a> dispute the claim that Woodruff received any such revelation and as a result, they continue to practice plural marriage; these denominations include the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Mormon_fundamentalist" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">among others</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hales2006_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hales2006-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, teenagers belonging to <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">fundamentalist Mormon</a> families demonstrated at a pro-plural marriage rally in Salt Lake City in 2006; over 200 supporters attended the event.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_views">Other views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Luck states that <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> is not prohibited by the Bible and it would have been required if a married man seduced (Ex. 22) or <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> (Deut. 22) a virgin, as long as her father did not veto the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Luck2009_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luck2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in a book-length consideration of the problem, William George Blum argues that monogamy was always God's ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-Blum1989_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum1989-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points out that in every Old Testament example where polygynous families are described in any detail, family strife which involves the plural wives is also described. He argues that the concept of two becoming one flesh makes polygamy a violation of God's plan for marriage. </p><p>On August 29, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a> released a manifesto on human sexuality which is known as the "Nashville Statement". The statement was signed by 150 evangelical leaders, and it includes 14 points of belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2017a_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2017a-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other things, it states, "We deny that God has designed marriage to be a homosexual, polygamous, or polyamorous relationship."<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2017b_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2017b-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mikelionis2017_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikelionis2017-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a group identifying as <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christians</a> claim an estimated 50,000 of their group practice Christian polygamy in the West, based on their belief that the Bible glorifies this form of marriage, which they justify by citing the fact that many biblical prophets had multiple wives, including <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mamdani2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mamdani2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual evangelical Christian pastors have married more than one woman throughout Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenbaum2015_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenbaum2015-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henderson2015_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson2015-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nyami2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyami2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Presbyterian missionary Harold Turner acknowledged the fact that the practice of polygamy was a cultural norm in some parts of the world, such as Africa, and based on it, he cautioned Western Christian missionaries not to impose the foreign cultural norm of monogamy on the Christians of Africa because doing so would lead to the sin of divorce, leaving children without both of their parents, and leading divorced wives to remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-Owusu2007_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owusu2007-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What have we done to the Africans in the name of Christianity? Polygamy which Christ does not forbid, we have fought against as the greatest of all evils, but divorce and remarriage which he does forbid, we have introduced. We have truly managed to Europeanize them. Mission theory should teach us to preach the gospel but not our own national traditions. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Harold Turner, Presbyterian missionary<sup id="cite_ref-Owusu2007_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owusu2007-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Indeed, in many cultures, there is the possibility that the image of Christianity can be marred when a cleric in a Christian denomination which opposes polygamy "suggests that these wives may marry others, while the community regards them as still married to the first man"; in these cases, the Church can be seen as "a promoter of immorality and a destroyer of home and family" and become a <a href="/wiki/Stumbling_block" title="Stumbling block">stumbling block</a> to nonbelievers.<sup id="cite_ref-Siron1991_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siron1991-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rev. Vincent Mulwa of Christ Pilgrim Restoration Centre opines that polygamy is a biblical practice, because it was the standard for various biblical prophets, and opposition to having more than one wife stems from Westerners imposing their views on Christians who belong to other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Nyami2018_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyami2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptions_in_Africa">Exceptions in Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exceptions in Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Colenso" title="John Colenso">John Colenso</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Natal">bishop of Natal</a>, South Africa in 1853, was the first to write down the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu language</a>. He championed the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> way of life, including plural marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Colenso1855_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colenso1855-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Liberia, the Lutheran Church began allowing plural marriage in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown1998_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown1998-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie2001_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie2001-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/African_initiated_church" class="mw-redirect" title="African initiated church">African instituted</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Wad%C3%A9_Harris" title="William Wadé Harris">Harrist Church</a>, started in 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown1998_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown1998-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permits those who are already living in polygamous marriages to convert and join it without having to renounce their multiple marriages. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Church_of_Christ" title="Celestial Church of Christ">Celestial Church of Christ</a>, another African initiated church, permits polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a>, the Christian <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Swaziland">king of Eswatini</a>, has 15 wives.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Christian_Foundation" title="Alamo Christian Foundation">Alamo Christian Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian views on marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalpa_Kohhran_Thar" title="Lalpa Kohhran Thar">Lalpa Kohhran Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Münster Rebellion">Münster Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Polygamy in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny in Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ledger of 'marriages and sealings performed outside the temple,' which is not comprehensive, lists 315 marriages which were performed between October 17, 1890, and September 8, 1903.36 Of the 315 marriages which are recorded in the ledger, research indicates that 25 of them (7.9%) were plural marriages and 290 of them were monogamous marriages (92.1%). Almost all of the monogamous marriages which are recorded were performed in Arizona or Mexico. Of the 25 plural marriages which are recorded, 18 were performed in Mexico, 3 were performed in Arizona, 2 were performed in Utah, 1 was performed in Colorado and 1 was performed on a boat on the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-LDS2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDS2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OxfordDict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordDict_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOxford" class="citation web cs1">Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925160549/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/polygamy">"Oxford Dictionary, definition of "polygamy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/polygamy">the original</a> on September 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary%2C+definition+of+%22polygamy%22&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.au=Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpolygamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitzen2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeitzen2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3"><i>Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis</i></a>. Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0"><bdi>978-1-84520-220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+a+cross-cultural+analysis&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-220-0&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIzHjpTJgdQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyami2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nyami2018_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nyami2018_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nyami2018_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyami2018" class="citation web cs1">Nyami, Faith (11 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.co.ke/news/-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife/1056-4299848-dtv96mz/index.html">"Cleric: Christian men can marry more than one wife"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Nation" title="Daily Nation">Daily Nation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleric%3A+Christian+men+can+marry+more+than+one+wife&rft.pub=Daily+Nation&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft.aulast=Nyami&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.co.ke%2Fnews%2F-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife%2F1056-4299848-dtv96mz%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mamdani2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mamdani2008_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mamdani2008_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamdani2008" class="citation web cs1">Mamdani, Zehra (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2008/2/28/20073463/idaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses">"Idaho Evangelical Christian polygamists use Internet to meet potential spouses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idaho+Evangelical+Christian+polygamists+use+Internet+to+meet+potential+spouses&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.aulast=Mamdani&rft.aufirst=Zehra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2008%2F2%2F28%2F20073463%2Fidaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilber2021" class="citation web cs1">Wilber, David (August 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidwilber.com/videos/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal">"Monogamy: God's Creational Marriage Ideal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monogamy%3A+God%27s+Creational+Marriage+Ideal&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidwilber.com%2Fvideos%2Fmonogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/79"><i>God and Sex: What the Bible Really Says</i></a> (1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-446-54525-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/505927356">505927356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex%3A+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F505927356&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsexwhatbi00coog%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TJBEX2110-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TJBEX2110_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jerusalem Bible: The Holy Scriptures</i>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Fisch" title="Harold Fisch">Harold Fisch</a>. Trans. Fisch. Jerusalem: Koren Publishers Jerusalem, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0521.htm#15">Deuteronomy 21:15–17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003183019/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0521.htm#15">Archived</a> 3 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from mechon-mamre.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vadimcherny.org/judaism/women_similar_wives.htm">Women, similar to wives</a> from vadimcherny.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gene McAfee <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t120.e0669">"Sex"</a> The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan, eds. Oxford University Press 1993. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. 19 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coogan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coogan_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/78"><i>God and Sex: What the Bible Really Says</i></a> (1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-446-54525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex%3A+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-10&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsexwhatbi00coog%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA339"><i>The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514917-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514917-3</bdi></a>. <q>polygamy was accepted and practiced throughout Israel's history, although to what extent we cannot be sure, since the sources for the most part are derived from and describe the elite ruling and upper classes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Ideas+%26+Issues+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514917-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daml3tEWoOVEC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karras2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karras2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarras2012" class="citation book cs1">Karras, Ruth Mazo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZQZh9r2yU0C&pg=PA14"><i>Unmarriages: Women, Men, and Sexual Unions in the Middle Ages</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0641-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0641-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0641-8</bdi></a>. <q>In the Second Temple period in Palestine, plural marriage seems to have become less common than earlier, although it was not formally outlawed and was more common in Babylonia. It still appeared in the Talmud and was practiced occasionally in early medieval Europe. Gershom Me'or ha-Golah (the Light of the Exile), an eleventh- century German rabbi, possibly under Christian influence, eventually forbade it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmarriages%3A+Women%2C+Men%2C+and+Sexual+Unions+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0641-8&rft.aulast=Karras&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Mazo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZQZh9r2yU0C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Jewish Family: Metaphor and Memory", <a href="/wiki/David_Charles_Kraemer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Charles Kraemer">David Charles Kraemer</a>, p. 21, Oxford University Press, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505467-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505467-9">0-19-505467-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/ant-17.htm">xvii. 1, § 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenstone1906-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenstone1906_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenstone1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greenstone, Julius H. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12260-polygamy">"POLYGAMY"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=POLYGAMY&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Greenstone&rft.aufirst=Julius+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12260-polygamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Instone-Brewer2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Instone-Brewer2002_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instone-Brewer2002_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstone-Brewer2002" class="citation book cs1">Instone-Brewer, David (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divorceandre_inst_2002_000_7460602"><i>Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible: The Social and Literary Context</i></a></span>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4943-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-4943-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divorce+and+Remarriage+in+the+Bible%3A+The+Social+and+Literary+Context&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4943-4&rft.aulast=Instone-Brewer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdivorceandre_inst_2002_000_7460602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintockStrong1889-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClintockStrong1889_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintockStrong1889" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, John; Strong, James (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZysrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA365"><i>Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature</i></a>. Vol. 8. New York: Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Strong%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZysrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermès1975-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vermès1975_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermès1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Verm%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Géza Vermès">Vermès, Géza</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Post-Biblical Jewish Studies</i></a>. Brill. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04160-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04160-5"><bdi>90-04-04160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Biblical+Jewish+Studies&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04160-5&rft.aulast=Verm%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcYUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke2005_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke2005_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2005" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, George J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7TSr36vVkEC"><i>The Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament</i></a>. Fortress Press. pp. 4, <span class="nowrap">100–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0844-7"><bdi>978-1-4514-0844-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=4%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0844-7&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7TSr36vVkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2002" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Catherine M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUPIG-TEKR8C&pg=PA380"><i>Wealth in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Qumran Community</i></a>. Brill. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11934-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11934-5"><bdi>90-04-11934-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+in+the+Qumran+Community&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-11934-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Catherine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUPIG-TEKR8C%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loader2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loader2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoader2009" class="citation book cs1">Loader, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gVjAdUx-cIC&pg=PA45"><i>The Dead Sea Scrolls on Sexuality: Attitudes Towards Sexuality in Sectarian and Related Literature at Qumran</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6391-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6391-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-6391-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+on+Sexuality%3A+Attitudes+Towards+Sexuality+in+Sectarian+and+Related+Literature+at+Qumran&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6391-1&rft.aulast=Loader&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gVjAdUx-cIC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoader,_William2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Loader" title="Bill Loader">Loader, William</a> (2013). <i>Making Sense of Sex: Attitudes towards Sexuality in Early Jewish and Christian Literature</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802870957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802870957"><bdi>978-0802870957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Sex%3A+Attitudes+towards+Sexuality+in+Early+Jewish+and+Christian+Literature&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0802870957&rft.au=Loader%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock1999-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lock1999_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock1999" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Walter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyuN-O73besC&pg=PA37"><i>The Pastoral Epistles: Critical and Exegetical Commentary</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 37–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05033-5"><bdi>978-0-567-05033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles%3A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary&rft.pages=37-&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-567-05033-5&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyuN-O73besC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie1990-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie1990_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1990" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Donald (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nMrKGbj30C&pg=PA92"><i>The Pastoral Epistles: An Introduction and Commentary</i></a> (2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 92–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0482-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0482-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pages=92-&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0482-2&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2nMrKGbj30C%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/matthew-henry-complete/1-corinthians/7.html">"1 Corinthians 7 Commentary – Matthew Henry Commentary on the Whole Bible (Complete)"</a>. <i>Bible Study Tools</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Study+Tools&rft.atitle=1+Corinthians+7+Commentary+%E2%80%93+Matthew+Henry+Commentary+on+the+Whole+Bible+%28Complete%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fmatthew-henry-complete%2F1-corinthians%2F7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/gill/1-corinthians/7">"1 Corinthians 7 Bible Commentary – John Gill's Exposition of the Bible"</a>. <i>www.christianity.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christianity.com&rft.atitle=1+Corinthians+7+Bible+Commentary+%E2%80%93+John+Gill%27s+Exposition+of+the+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianity.com%2Fbible%2Fcommentary%2Fgill%2F1-corinthians%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarolBrooks-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CarolBrooks_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksn.d." class="citation web cs1">Brooks, Carol (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inplainsite.org/html/polygamy_in_the_bible.html">"Polygamy In The Bible"</a>. <i>inplainsite.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inplainsite.org&rft.atitle=Polygamy+In+The+Bible&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inplainsite.org%2Fhtml%2Fpolygamy_in_the_bible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/matthew-henry-complete/1-corinthians/7.html">"Matthew Henry commentary on the whole Bible"</a>. <i>Bibletools</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bibletools&rft.atitle=Matthew+Henry+commentary+on+the+whole+Bible&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fmatthew-henry-complete%2F1-corinthians%2F7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1">Gill, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/1-corinthians-7-2.html">"John Gill's exposition of the Bible"</a>. <i>Bibletools</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bibletools&rft.atitle=John+Gill%27s+exposition+of+the+Bible&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fgills-exposition-of-the-bible%2F1-corinthians-7-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shipley2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shipley2010_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipley2010" class="citation book cs1">Shipley, Tom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACxCAgAAQBAJ"><i>Man and Woman in Biblical Law</i></a>. Lulu.com. pp. 146, <span class="nowrap">197–</span>200, 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-52900-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-52900-1"><bdi>978-0-557-52900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+Woman+in+Biblical+Law&rft.pages=146%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E200%2C+205&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-557-52900-1&rft.aulast=Shipley&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACxCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthOn_Exhortation_to_ChastityChapter_7_Vol_IV,_Ch._7]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthOn_Exhortation_to_ChastityChapter_7_Vol_IV,_Ch._7]_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthOn_Exhortation_to_ChastityChapter_7_Vol_IV,_Ch._7]_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTertullian1885">Tertullian 1885</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Tertullian:_Part_Fourth/On_Exhortation_to_Chastity/Chapter_7">Vol IV, Ch. 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luck2009-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luck2009_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luck2009_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck2009" class="citation book cs1">Luck, William F. (2009). "14. On the Morality of Biblical Polygyny". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/article/morality-biblical-polygyny"><i>Divorce and Re-Marriage: Recovering the Biblical View</i></a>. Biblical Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7375-0156-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7375-0156-8"><bdi>978-0-7375-0156-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+On+the+Morality+of+Biblical+Polygyny&rft.btitle=Divorce+and+Re-Marriage%3A+Recovering+the+Biblical+View&rft.pub=Biblical+Studies+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7375-0156-8&rft.aulast=Luck&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.org%2Farticle%2Fmorality-biblical-polygyny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyce2007-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joyce2007_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2007" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, George Hayward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRsYu-5MoDwC"><i>Christian Marriage: An Historical and Doctrinal Study</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-2991-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-2991-8"><bdi>978-1-4086-2991-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Marriage%3A+An+Historical+and+Doctrinal+Study&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4086-2991-8&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=George+Hayward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRsYu-5MoDwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthTo_His_WifeIChapter_2_Vol._4,_Ch._2]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETertullian1885[httpsenwikisourceorgwikiAnte-Nicene_FathersVolume_IVTertullian_Part_FourthTo_His_WifeIChapter_2_Vol._4,_Ch._2]_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTertullian1885">Tertullian 1885</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Tertullian:_Part_Fourth/To_His_Wife/I/Chapter_2">Vol. 4, Ch. 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eusebius1903-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eusebius1903_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius_of_Caesarea1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> (1903). "Ch. X". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_01_book1.htm"><i>Præparatio Evangelica</i></a> [<i>Preparation for the Gospel</i>]. Vol. Book. I. Translated by E.H. Gifford. London: <a href="/wiki/S.P.C.K." class="mw-redirect" title="S.P.C.K.">S.P.C.K.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+X&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A6paratio+Evangelica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S.P.C.K.&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Feusebius_pe_01_book1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eusebius1920-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eusebius1920_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius_of_Caesarea1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> (1920). "Ch. 9". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_de_03_book1.htm"><i>The proof of the Gospel, being the Demonstratio evangelica</i></a>. Vol. I. Translated by W.J. Ferrar. London: <a href="/wiki/S.P.C.K." class="mw-redirect" title="S.P.C.K.">S.P.C.K.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+9&rft.btitle=The+proof+of+the+Gospel%2C+being+the+Demonstratio+evangelica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S.P.C.K.&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Feusebius_de_03_book1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE1913a-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CE1913a_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchus1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bacchus, Francis Joseph (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eusebius of Cæsarea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Eusebius_of_C%C3%A6sarea">"Eusebius of Cæsarea" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eusebius+of+C%C3%A6sarea&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Bacchus&rft.aufirst=Francis+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shea1996-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1996_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1996_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea1996_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea1996" class="citation web cs1">Shea, Mark P. 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New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+Good+of+Marriage&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F1309.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gage1893-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gage1893_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gage1893_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Gage, Matilda Joslyn</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanchurchstate00gagerich"><i>Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Woman Through the Christian Ages</i></a>. Chicago: Charles Kerr and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%2C+Church+and+State%3A+A+Historical+Account+of+the+Status+of+Woman+Through+the+Christian+Ages&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Charles+Kerr+and+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Matilda+Joslyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanchurchstate00gagerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede1903-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bede1903_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Venerable_Bede1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">The Venerable Bede</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalh00bede#page/232/mode/2up/search/hertford"><i>The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation</i></a>. 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Freiburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinkmars+von+Rheims+Kanonistisches+Gutachten+uber+die+Ehescheidung+des+K%C3%B6nigs+Lothar+II&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Sdralek&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinkmarsvonrhei00sdragoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagge1998-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagge1998_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagge1998" class="citation book cs1">Bagge, Sverre (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hlpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mennesket i middelalderens Norge: tanker, tro og holdninger 1000–1300</i></a>. Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22509-3"><bdi>978-82-03-22509-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mennesket+i+middelalderens+Norge%3A+tanker%2C+tro+og+holdninger+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-82-03-22509-3&rft.aulast=Bagge&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hlpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doernberg1961-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doernberg1961_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoernberg1961" class="citation book cs1">Doernberg, Erwin (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sioJAQAAIAAJ"><i>Henry VIII and Luther: An Account of Their Personal Relations</i></a>. Barrie and Rockliff. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+Luther%3A+An+Account+of+Their+Personal+Relations&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Rockliff&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Doernberg&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsioJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swan2009-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swan2009_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2009" class="citation web cs1">Swan, James (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com/2009/04/luthers-teachings-on-bigamy-and.html">"Luther's "Teachings" on Bigamy and Catholic Double Standards"</a>. <i>Beggars All Reformation and Apologetics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beggars+All+Reformation+and+Apologetics&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+%22Teachings%22+on+Bigamy+and+Catholic+Double+Standards&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeggarsallreformation.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F04%2Fluthers-teachings-on-bigamy-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grisar1916-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grisar1916_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrisar1916" class="citation book cs1">Grisar, Hartmann (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/grisarsluther05grisuoft/grisarsluther05grisuoft_djvu.txt"><i>Luther</i></a>. Vol. 5. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Grisar&rft.aufirst=Hartmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgrisarsluther05grisuoft%2Fgrisarsluther05grisuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luter, Martin. De Wette II, 459, ibid., pp. 329–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Hare1916-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Hare1916_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hare1916" class="citation book cs1">O'Hare, Patrick F. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndoPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA334"><i>The Facts about Luther</i></a>. F. Pustet & Co. pp. 334–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+about+Luther&rft.pages=334-&rft.pub=F.+Pustet+%26+Co&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=O%27Hare&rft.aufirst=Patrick+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndoPAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGiffert1911-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGiffert1911_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGiffert1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cushman_McGiffert" title="Arthur Cushman McGiffert">McGiffert, Arthur Cushman</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/martinluthermanh00mcgiuoft/martinluthermanh00mcgiuoft_djvu.txt"><i>Martin Luther: The Man and His Work</i></a>. The Century Company. p. 362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+The+Man+and+His+Work&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=The+Century+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=McGiffert&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Cushman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmartinluthermanh00mcgiuoft%2Fmartinluthermanh00mcgiuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plummer2009-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plummer2009_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2009" class="citation book cs1">Plummer, Marjorie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=467Te0SqWLUC&pg=PA98">"The Much-Married Michael Kramer: Evangelical Clergy and Bigamy in Ernestine Saxony: 1522–1542"</a>. In Barnes, Robin; Plummer, Marjorie (eds.). <i>Ideas and Cultural Margins in Early Modern Germany</i>. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6568-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6568-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-6568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Much-Married+Michael+Kramer%3A+Evangelical+Clergy+and+Bigamy+in+Ernestine+Saxony%3A+1522%E2%80%931542&rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Cultural+Margins+in+Early+Modern+Germany&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6568-7&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D467Te0SqWLUC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durant1980-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Durant1980_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1980" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (1980). <i>The Reformation: The Story of Civilization</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 449.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation%3A+The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindberg2000-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg2000_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Carter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQR_QUzrq8gC"><i>The European Reformations Sourcebook</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21362-8"><bdi>978-0-631-21362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Reformations+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21362-8&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQR_QUzrq8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kautsky1897-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kautsky1897_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKautsky1897" class="citation book cs1">Kautsky, Karl (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communismincent01kautgoog"><i>Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation</i></a>. T. F. Unwin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communismincent01kautgoog/page/n178">1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+Central+Europe+in+the+Time+of+the+Reformation&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Kautsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunismincent01kautgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ochini1563-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ochini1563_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchini1563" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Ochino" title="Bernardino Ochino">Ochini, Bernardini</a> (1563). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N79kAAAAcAAJ"><i>Senensis Dialogi XXX.: In duos libros divisi</i></a>. Perna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senensis+Dialogi+XXX.%3A+In+duos+libros+divisi&rft.pub=Perna&rft.date=1563&rft.aulast=Ochini&rft.aufirst=Bernardini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN79kAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterworth1848-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waterworth1848_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waterworth1848_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterworth,_James1848" class="citation book cs1">Waterworth, James, ed. (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thecanonsanddecr00unknuoft"><i>The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent: Celebrated Under the Sovereign Pontiffs, Paul III, Julius III and Pius IV</i></a>. Burns and Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canons+and+Decrees+of+the+Sacred+and+Oecumenical+Council+of+Trent%3A+Celebrated+Under+the+Sovereign+Pontiffs%2C+Paul+III%2C+Julius+III+and+Pius+IV.&rft.pub=Burns+and+Oates&rft.date=1848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthecanonsanddecr00unknuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milton2003-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milton2003_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton, John</a> (2003). Hughes, Merritt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc28ocJWCSMC"><i>Complete Poems and Major Prose</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">994–</span>1000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-678-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-678-5"><bdi>0-87220-678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Poems+and+Major+Prose&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E994-%3C%2Fspan%3E1000&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87220-678-5&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKc28ocJWCSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1974-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1974_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1974" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Leo (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnmiltonamongp0000mill"><i>John Milton Among the Polygamophiles</i></a></span>. Loewenthal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914382-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914382-00-3"><bdi>978-0-914382-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Milton+Among+the+Polygamophiles&rft.pub=Loewenthal+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-914382-00-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnmiltonamongp0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ditchfield1895-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ditchfield1895_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ditchfield1895_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ditchfield1895_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitchfield1895" class="citation book cs1">Ditchfield, Peter Hampson (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksfataltothe00ditcgoog"><i>Books Fatal to Their Authors</i></a>. E. Stock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+Fatal+to+Their+Authors&rft.pub=E.+Stock&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Ditchfield&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hampson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooksfataltothe00ditcgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madan1780-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madan1780_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadan1780" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Madan" title="Martin Madan">Madan, Martin</a> (1780). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frLUfEa4YXsC"><i>Thelyphthora: Or, A Treatise on Female Ruin... Including an Examination of the Principles and Tendency of Stat. 26 Geo. II. C. 33, Commonly Called The Marriage Act</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: J. Dodsley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thelyphthora%3A+Or%2C+A+Treatise+on+Female+Ruin...+Including+an+Examination+of+the+Principles+and+Tendency+of+Stat.+26+Geo.+II.+C.+33%2C+Commonly+Called+The+Marriage+Act&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1780&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfrLUfEa4YXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/trent/twenty-fourth-session.htm">"General Council of Trent: Twenty-Fourth Session"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals Online</i>. February 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals+Online&rft.atitle=General+Council+of+Trent%3A+Twenty-Fourth+Session&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fcouncils%2Ftrent%2Ftwenty-fourth-session.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church2000[httpswwwvaticanvaarchiveccc_cssarchivecatechismp3s2c2a6htm_560]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church2000[httpswwwvaticanvaarchiveccc_cssarchivecatechismp3s2c2a6htm_560]_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church2000[httpswwwvaticanvaarchiveccc_cssarchivecatechismp3s2c2a6htm_560]_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatholic_Church2000">Catholic Church 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm">560</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajiambo2018-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ajiambo2018_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjiambo2018" class="citation web cs1">Ajiambo, Doreen (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/cns/2018/05/some-kenyan-christians-support-polygamy-but-catholic-church-says-no/">"Some Kenyan Christians support polygamy, but Catholic Church says no"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crux_(online_newspaper)" title="Crux (online newspaper)">Crux</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>But one priest who asked not to be named told Catholic News Service that, in Kenya, many Catholics, including catechists, have more than one wife. "They don't want to do it openly because the Church doctrine doesn't allow it. They know they will be expelled from the Church and condemned by everyone," he said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crux&rft.atitle=Some+Kenyan+Christians+support+polygamy%2C+but+Catholic+Church+says+no&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Ajiambo&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fcns%2F2018%2F05%2Fsome-kenyan-christians-support-polygamy-but-catholic-church-says-no%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorensen2016-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sorensen2016_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen2016" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Rob (7 July 2016). <i>Martin Luther and the German Reformation</i>. Anthem Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-441-8"><bdi>978-1-78308-441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+and+the+German+Reformation&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-441-8&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole2015-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole2015_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2015" class="citation book cs1">Cole, William Graham (6 November 2015). <i>Sex in Christianity and Psychoanalysis</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35977-7"><bdi>978-1-317-35977-7</bdi></a>. <q>Luther's preference for bigamy to divorce appeared again in the case of Philipp of Hesse. Luther insisted that whatever was not specifically forbidden by Scripture was an option for the Christian, and not only is there no Biblical ban on polygamy, there are positive examples of it, in the patriarchs. In January of 1521, long before the affair of either Philipp or Henry, Luther had written to a friend whose marital life was wholly asexual owing to the illness of his wife and who had asked whether he might take a second wife. At that time Luther had responded that he could raise no objection if a man wished to take several wives, since Holy Scripture does not forbid it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+in+Christianity+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft.isbn=978-1-317-35977-7&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=William+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeressa1973" class="citation book cs1">Deressa, Yonas (1973). <i>The Ministry of the Whole Person</i>. Gudina Tumsa Foundation. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ministry+of+the+Whole+Person&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Gudina+Tumsa+Foundation&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Deressa&rft.aufirst=Yonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KilbridePage2012-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KilbridePage2012_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilbridePage2012" class="citation book cs1">Kilbride, Philip Leroy; Page, Douglas R. (2012). <i>Plural Marriage for Our Times: A Reinvented Option?</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38478-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38478-3"><bdi>978-0-313-38478-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plural+Marriage+for+Our+Times%3A+A+Reinvented+Option%3F&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38478-3&rft.aulast=Kilbride&rft.aufirst=Philip+Leroy&rft.au=Page%2C+Douglas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moses2016-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moses2016_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMlenga2016" class="citation book cs1">Mlenga, Moses (13 January 2016). <i>Polygamy in Northern Malawi: A Christian Reassessment</i>. Mzuni Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789996045097" title="Special:BookSources/9789996045097"><bdi>9789996045097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy+in+Northern+Malawi%3A+A+Christian+Reassessment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Mzuni+Press&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.isbn=9789996045097&rft.aulast=Mlenga&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambeth1958/120-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambeth1958/120_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/resources/document-library/lambeth-conference/1958/resolution-120-the-family-in-contemporary-society-polygamy.aspx">"Resolution 120 – The Family in Contemporary Society – Polygamy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/127740/1958.pdf"><i>Resolutions of the 1958 Lambeth Conference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Anglican Communion Office. 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-22</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resolution+120+%E2%80%93+The+Family+in+Contemporary+Society+%E2%80%93+Polygamy&rft.btitle=Resolutions+of+the+1958+Lambeth+Conference&rft.pub=Anglican+Communion+Office&rft.date=1958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fresources%2Fdocument-library%2Flambeth-conference%2F1958%2Fresolution-120-the-family-in-contemporary-society-polygamy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambeth1988-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambeth1988_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/resources/document-library/lambeth-conference/1988/resolution-26-church-and-polygamy.aspx">"Resolution 26 – Church and Polygamy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/127749/1988.pdf"><i>Resolutions of the 1988 Lambeth Conference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Anglican Communion Office. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-20</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resolution+26+%E2%80%93+Church+and+Polygamy&rft.btitle=Resolutions+of+the+1988+Lambeth+Conference&rft.pub=Anglican+Communion+Office&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fresources%2Fdocument-library%2Flambeth-conference%2F1988%2Fresolution-26-church-and-polygamy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambeth2008-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambeth2008_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/72554/reflections_document_-final-.pdf"><i>Lambeth Indaba Capturing Conversations and Reflections from the Lambeth Conference 2008</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Anglican Communion Office. 3 August 2008. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-20</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lambeth+Indaba+Capturing+Conversations+and+Reflections+from+the+Lambeth+Conference+2008&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Anglican+Communion+Office&rft.date=2008-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fmedia%2F72554%2Freflections_document_-final-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDS1-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LDS1_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDS1_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/polygamy-latter-day-saints-and-the-practice-of-plural-marriage">"Polygamy: Latter-day Saints and the Practice of Plural Marriage"</a>. <i>mormonnewsroom.org</i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mormonnewsroom.org&rft.atitle=Polygamy%3A+Latter-day+Saints+and+the+Practice+of+Plural+Marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Fpolygamy-latter-day-saints-and-the-practice-of-plural-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDS2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LDS2_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/the-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage?lang=eng">"The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage"</a>. <i>churchofjesuschrist.org</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=The+Manifesto+and+the+End+of+Plural+Marriage&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fthe-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinn1985-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quinn1985_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V18N01_11.pdf">"LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890–1904"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225323">10.2307/45225323</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225323">45225323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259871046">259871046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=LDS+Church+Authority+and+New+Plural+Marriages%2C+1890%E2%80%931904&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259871046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45225323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45225323&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V18N01_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flake2004-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flake2004_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlake2004" class="citation book cs1">Flake, Kathleen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GLLCAB5vmMQC"><i>The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina. pp. 65, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5501-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5501-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-5501-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+American+Religious+Identity%3A+The+Seating+of+Senator+Reed+Smoot%2C+Mormon+Apostle&rft.pages=65%2C+192&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5501-0&rft.aulast=Flake&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGLLCAB5vmMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embry1994-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Embry1994_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbry1994" class="citation cs2">Embry, Jessie L. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html">"Polygamy"</a>, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7d5AAAAMAAJ"><i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i></a>, Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-425-6"><bdi>0-87480-425-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473917">30473917</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polygamy&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30473917&rft.isbn=0-87480-425-6&rft.aulast=Embry&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fp%2FPOLYGAMY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hales2006-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hales2006_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales2006" class="citation book cs1">Hales, Brian C. (2006). <i>Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto</i>. Greg Kofford Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-035-0"><bdi>978-1-58958-035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Polygamy+and+Mormon+Fundamentalists%3A+The+Generations+After+the+Manifesto&rft.pub=Greg+Kofford+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58958-035-0&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobner2006" class="citation news cs1">Dobner, Jennifer (August 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902171217/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060820/ap_on_re_us/polygamy_rally">"Teens defend polygamy at Utah rally"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060820/ap_on_re_us/polygamy_rally">the original</a> on September 2, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teens+defend+polygamy+at+Utah+rally&rft.date=2006-08-20&rft.aulast=Dobner&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20060820%2Fap_on_re_us%2Fpolygamy_rally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum1989-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blum1989_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1989" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William George (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stYnAAAAYAAJ"><i>Forms of Marriage: Monogamy Reconsidered</i></a>. Nairobi: AMECEA Gaba Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-836-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-836-00-7"><bdi>978-9966-836-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Marriage%3A+Monogamy+Reconsidered&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=AMECEA+Gaba+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-9966-836-00-7&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstYnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer2017a-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer2017a_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2017" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Holly (29 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/08/29/evangelical-manifesto-human-sexuality/614201001/">"More than 150 evangelical religious leaders sign 'Christian manifesto' on human sexuality"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-22</span></span> – via usatoday.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=More+than+150+evangelical+religious+leaders+sign+%27Christian+manifesto%27+on+human+sexuality&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation-now%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fevangelical-manifesto-human-sexuality%2F614201001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer2017b-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer2017b_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2017" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Holly (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/08/30/what-nashville-statement-and-why-people-talking-it/619009001/">"What is the Nashville Statement and why are people talking about it?"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Nashville+Statement+and+why+are+people+talking+about+it%3F&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation-now%2F2017%2F08%2F30%2Fwhat-nashville-statement-and-why-people-talking-it%2F619009001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikelionis2017-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikelionis2017_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikelionis2017" class="citation web cs1">Mikelionis, Lukas (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/evangelicals-draw-critics-with-nashville-statement-on-sexuality">"Evangelicals draw critics with 'Nashville Statement' on sexuality"</a>. <i>Fox News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Evangelicals+draw+critics+with+%27Nashville+Statement%27+on+sexuality&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.aulast=Mikelionis&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fevangelicals-draw-critics-with-nashville-statement-on-sexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenbaum2015-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenbaum2015_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum2015" class="citation web cs1">Rosenbaum, Sophia (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2015/11/30/pastor-marries-pregnant-teen-with-wifes-blessing/">"Pastor marries pregnant teen with wife's blessing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Post">The New York Post</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pastor+marries+pregnant+teen+with+wife%27s+blessing&rft.pub=The+New+York+Post&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2015%2F11%2F30%2Fpastor-marries-pregnant-teen-with-wifes-blessing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson2015-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson2015_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2015" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Emma (1 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/thom-miller-the-man-who-married-his-pregnant-girlfriend-with-the-consent-of-his-wife-ohio-america-a6755536.html">"The woman who lives with her husband – and his 19-year-old pregnant wife"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+woman+who+lives+with+her+husband+%E2%80%93+and+his+19-year-old+pregnant+wife&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fthom-miller-the-man-who-married-his-pregnant-girlfriend-with-the-consent-of-his-wife-ohio-america-a6755536.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owusu2007-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owusu2007_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owusu2007_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwusu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Owusu, Sam (2007). "Towards a Theology of Marriage and Polygamy". <i>Direction</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">192–</span>205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Direction&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Theology+of+Marriage+and+Polygamy&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Owusu&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siron1991-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siron1991_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiron1991" class="citation web cs1">Siron, Josephat R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1991/04/polygamy-an-enduring-problem">"Polygamy: an enduring problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(magazine)" title="Ministry (magazine)">Ministry</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>The proponents of both N1 and N2 suggest that since, in their view, there was no valid marriage in the case of the wives from whom the husband separated, these wives are free to marry other men. But this is unpracticable in many societies because the social environment holds marriage in high esteem, even to the point of regarding a wife as still being married to someone who has died. When the church suggests that these wives may marry others, while the community still regards them as married to the first man, the church's image can be greatly marred--as a promoter of immorality and a destroyer of home and family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+an+enduring+problem&rft.pub=Ministry&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Siron&rft.aufirst=Josephat+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministrymagazine.org%2Farchive%2F1991%2F04%2Fpolygamy-an-enduring-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colenso1855-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colenso1855_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColenso1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Colenso" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Colenso">Colenso, John William</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/africa/colenso/polygamy1855.html"><i>Remarks on the Proper Treatment of Cases of Polygamy Converts from Heathensm</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a>: May & Davis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+the+Proper+Treatment+of+Cases+of+Polygamy+Converts+from+Heathensm&rft.place=Pietermaritzburg&rft.pub=May+%26+Davis&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Colenso&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fafrica%2Fcolenso%2Fpolygamy1855.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Colenso, John William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Colenso,_John_William">"Colenso, John William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 666.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colenso%2C+John+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=666&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1998-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1998_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1998_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Stephen (5 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eni.ch/assembly/0553.html">"WCC delays decision on membership for church with polygamous clergy"</a>. <i>Special Reports from the Eighth Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></i>. Ecumenical News International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Reports+from+the+Eighth+Assembly+of+the+World+Council+of+Churches&rft.atitle=WCC+delays+decision+on+membership+for+church+with+polygamous+clergy&rft.date=1998-12-05&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eni.ch%2Fassembly%2F0553.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritchie2001-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie2001_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2001" class="citation web cs1">Ritchie, Ian D. (25 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cts-stc.ca/2001/AFRWOMEN.html">"African Theology and the Status of Women in Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Theological_Society" title="Canadian Theological Society">Canadian Theological Society</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=African+Theology+and+the+Status+of+Women+in+Africa&rft.date=2001-05-25&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcts-stc.ca%2F2001%2FAFRWOMEN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotayo2024" class="citation web cs1">Shotayo, Nurudeen (28 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/polygamy-is-not-forbidden-in-any-celestial-church-law-oshoffas-son/ywwl5qh">"Polygamy is not forbidden in any Celestial Church law — Oshoffa's son"</a>. <i>Pulse Nigeria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pulse+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Polygamy+is+not+forbidden+in+any+Celestial+Church+law+%E2%80%94+Oshoffa%27s+son&rft.date=2024-04-28&rft.aulast=Shotayo&rft.aufirst=Nurudeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulse.ng%2Fnews%2Fmetro%2Fpolygamy-is-not-forbidden-in-any-celestial-church-law-oshoffas-son%2Fywwl5qh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church2000" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFAmAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA560"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Our Sunday Visitor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-110-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-110-5"><bdi>978-1-57455-110-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57455-110-5&rft.au=Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFAmAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Henry, Matthew</a> (2006). <i>Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible Complete and Unabridged in Six Volumes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hendrickson_Publishers" title="Hendrickson Publishers">Hendrickson Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-078-7"><bdi>978-1-59856-078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+Henry%27s+Commentary+on+the+Whole+Bible+Complete+and+Unabridged+in+Six+Volumes&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-078-7&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kanyandago, Peter M. 1991. <i>Evangelising Polygamous Families</i>. Eldoret : AMECEA Gaba Publications.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian1885" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Tertullian: Part Fourth"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Tertullian:_Part_Fourth"><i>Ante-Nicene Fathers</i> </a></span>. Vol. IV. Translated by Philip Schaff et al. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Tertullian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo1885" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume V/On Marriage and Concupiscence/Book I/Chapter 10"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_V/On_Marriage_and_Concupiscence/Book_I/Chapter_10"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i> </a></span>. Vol. V. Translated by Philip Schaff et al. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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