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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abstinence_in_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism,_Jainism,_Buddhism_and_Sikhism_(Dharmic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism,_Jainism,_Buddhism_and_Sikhism_(Dharmic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism (Dharmic)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism,_Jainism,_Buddhism_and_Sikhism_(Dharmic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco_smoking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco_smoking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tobacco smoking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco_smoking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Alcohol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleasure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleasure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pleasure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleasure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abstinence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abstinence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sexual abstinence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abstinence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caffeine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caffeine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Caffeine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caffeine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abstinence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="امتناع عن الملذات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="امتناع عن الملذات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinensiya" title="Abstinensiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abstinensiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абстиненция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абстиненция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstin%C3%A8ncia" title="Abstinència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abstinència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abstinence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinenz" title="Abstinenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abstinenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinents" title="Abstinents – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abstinents" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinencia" title="Abstinencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abstinencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinado" title="Abstinado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abstinado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinentzia" title="Abstinentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abstinentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پرهیز از لذت‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرهیز از لذت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abstinence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staonadh" title="Staonadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staonadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinencia_(concepto)" title="Abstinencia (concepto) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abstinencia (concepto)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apstinencija" title="Apstinencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apstinencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinensi" title="Abstinensi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abstinensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astinenza" title="Astinenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astinenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="גמילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גמילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აბსტინენცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბსტინენცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абсистенция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абсистенция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attur%C4%ABba" title="Atturība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atturība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinencija" title="Abstinencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abstinencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absztinencia" title="Absztinencia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Absztinencia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinens" title="Abstinens – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abstinens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%AC%B2" title="禁欲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="禁欲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astinenche" title="Astinenche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Astinenche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinensiya" title="Abstinensiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abstinensiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstynencja" title="Abstynencja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abstynencja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstin%C3%AAncia" title="Abstinência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abstinência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Abstinență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abstinență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Воздержание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воздержание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Туттунар күүс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туттунар күүс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abstinence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinencia" title="Abstinencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abstinencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinenca" title="Abstinenca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abstinenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Апстиненција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апстиненција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinens" title="Abstinens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abstinens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangilin" title="Pangilin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangilin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="การงดเว้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การงดเว้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyazet" title="Riyazet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Riyazet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Стриманість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стриманість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtinince" title="Abtinince – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abtinince" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Self-enforced restraint from pleasurable activities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abstinence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abstinence (disambiguation)">Abstinence (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Abstinence</b> is the practice of self-enforced restraint from indulging in bodily activities that are widely experienced as giving <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a>. Most frequently, the term refers to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">sexual abstinence</a>, but it can also mean abstinence from <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, or other comforts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the regimen is intended to be a <a href="/wiki/Conscious_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscious mind">conscious act</a>, freely chosen to enhance life, abstinence is sometimes distinguished from the psychological mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repression (psychological)">repression</a>. The latter is an <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious state</a>, having unhealthy consequences. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abstinence_in_religion">Abstinence in religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abstinence in religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abstinence may arise from an <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> over indulgent, hasidic point of view in natural ways of procreation, present in most faiths, or from a subjective need for spiritual discipline. In its religious context, abstinence is meant to elevate the believer beyond the normal life of desire, to a chosen ideal, by following a path of renunciation. </p><p>In Judaism, Christianity and Islam, amongst others, <a href="/wiki/Pre-marital_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-marital sex">pre-marital sex</a> is prohibited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, the principal day of fast is <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, the Day of Atonement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> abstain from meat on <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> and on Fridays except <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">solemnities</a>. During the Christian season of repentance, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, many Lutheran Christians abstain from alcohol and meat on Fridays.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> prescribes certain days as days for fasting and abstinence, "consisting of the 40 days of Lent, the ember days, the three rogation days (the Monday to Wednesday following the Sunday after Ascension Day), and all Fridays in the year (except Christmas Day, if it falls on a Friday)".<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church">fasting and abstinence</a>; the former referring to the discipline of diminishing intake of bodily pleasures, and the latter signifying the discipline of completely restraining from bodily pleasures, most notably meats on Fridays (for example, there is the Traditional Catholic practice of fasting from food and liquids from midnight until the reception of Holy Communion).<sup id="cite_ref-Carota2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carota2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a>, abstain from drinking alcohol and the use of tobacco; additionally, all Fridays of the year are days of fasting and abstinence from meat in Methodist Christianity (except Christmas Day, if it falls on a Friday).<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1825_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1825-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western Christianity, abstinence from meat on Fridays is done as a sacrifice because on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, Jesus sacrificed his flesh for humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian Churches">Western Christian Churches</a>, including those of the Catholic, Methodist and Baptist traditions, certain congregations have committed to undertaking the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fast" title="Daniel Fast">Daniel Fast</a> during the whole season of Lent, in which believers practice <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Christianity">abstinence</a> from meat, lacticina and alcohol for the entire forty days of the liturgical season.<sup id="cite_ref-RNS2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNS2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hinton2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinton2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMMRCC2021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMMRCC2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orthodox Christians abstain from food and drink from midnight on the day they receive Holy Communion, and abstain from meat and dairy on Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year, as well as during Great Lent. During Great Lent, Orthodox Christians practice <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">sexual abstinence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menzel2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menzel2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> encourages the consumption of only clean meats as specified in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> and forbids the consumption of alcohol, smoking, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Narcotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotics">narcotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adventist_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adventist-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latter-Day Saints abstain from certain foods and drinks by combining spiritual discipline with health concerns. Mormons also fast one day a month, for both spiritual and charitable reasons (the money saved by skipping meals is donated to the needy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, the period of fasting lasts during the whole month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, from dawn to dusk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism,_Jainism,_Buddhism_and_Sikhism_(Dharmic)"><span id="Hinduism.2C_Jainism.2C_Buddhism_and_Sikhism_.28Dharmic.29"></span>Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism (Dharmic)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism (Dharmic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> abstain from eating meat and fish (basically, all living animals) on the grounds both of health and of reverence for all sentient forms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total abstinence from feeding on the flesh of cows is a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. In addition, lay and monastic Buddhists refrain from killing any living creature and from consuming intoxicants, and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhus</a> keep vows of celibacy. In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, bhikkhus also refrain from eating in the afternoon, and cannot accept money. <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Jains abstain</a> from violence in any form, and will not consume living creatures or kill bugs or insects. Lord Ayappa devotees who visit the shrine, observe 41 days of fasting which includes abstinence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine">Medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the section and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abstinence%22">"Abstinence"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abstinence%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abstinence%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abstinence%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abstinence%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abstinence%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In medicine, abstinence is the discontinuation of a drug, often an <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">addictive</a> one. This might, in addition to craving after the drug, be expressed as <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal syndromes">withdrawal syndromes</a>. In the Basic Text of Narcotics Anonymous, a large fellowship following the 12-steps outlined by AA, NA is outlined to be "a program of complete abstinence from all mood or mind-altering substances."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This description includes alcohol and is widely known to include any kind of prescription narcotics, like pain-killers (opiates), anti-anxiety medicine (benzodiazepines) or diet pills (stimulants). The practice of abstinence is a learned behavior, and comes slowly over time - time spent listening and sharing in NA and AA meetings, behavioral health psychology group or individualized therapies, and hanging out with people in the recovery support community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drugs">Drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of drug use, individuals may, at some point, decide to abstain from taking the drug following chronic use. Addicts engage in chronic drug use, followed by periods of abstinence, then in many cases relapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasin_et_al_2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasin_et_al_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addicts decide to abstain due to the negative consequences that are often associated with the drug. Depending on the individual, abstinence time may vary. In many cases, individuals relapse, and the cycle begins anew. There are several forms of abstinence that exist. Two common ones are forced and voluntary. Voluntary abstinence refers to an individual actively choosing to stop taking the drug. Forced abstinence occurs when an individual is removed from the drug environment. This makes them unable to have access to the drug. An example of forced abstinence is in-patient rehabilitation treatment, or incarceration. There are three main triggers of relapse: stress, drug re-exposure and drug associated cues.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasin_et_al_2013_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasin_et_al_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual may relapse if they are presented with a stressful situation that compels them to re-administer the drug that they used to take. If the individual is in an environment where they are in contact with the drug, they may feel compelled to engage in drug-taking behaviour (for example, someone who is practicing sobriety that finds themselves in a bar and re-engages in drinking alcohol). Finally, drug associated cues can be the environment in which the person used to administer the drug, or the smell of a cigarette.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Individuals report that when engaging in abstinence, the longer they are not taking the drug, the more they crave it. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womans-Holy-War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Womans-Holy-War.jpg/220px-Womans-Holy-War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Womans-Holy-War.jpg/330px-Womans-Holy-War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Womans-Holy-War.jpg/440px-Womans-Holy-War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>"Woman's Holy War. Grand Charge on the Enemy's Works". An allegorical 1874 political cartoon print by <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a>, which somewhat unusually shows temperance campaigners (alcohol prohibition advocates) as virtuous armored women warriors (riding sidesaddle), wielding axes Carrie-Nation-style to destroy barrels of Beer, Whisky, Gin, Rum, Brandy, Wine and Liquors, under the banners of "In the name of God and humanity" and "Temperance League". The foremost woman bears the shield seen in the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States">Seal of the United States</a> (based on the U.S. flag), suggesting the patriotic motivations of temperance campaigners. The shoe and pants-leg of a fleeing male miscreant are seen at lower right.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Fasting</i> is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">drink</a>, or both, for a period of time. A fast may be total or partial concerning that from which one fasts, and may be prolonged or intermittent as to the period of fasting. Fasting practices may preclude sexual activity as well as food, in addition to refraining from eating certain types or groups of foods; for example, one might refrain from eating <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>. A complete fast in its traditional definition is abstinence of all food and liquids except for water. </p><p><i>Vegetarianism</i> is the practice of a diet that excludes meat (including <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a>, marine mammals and slaughter by-products), <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, fowl, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and other sea creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CompactOED_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompactOED-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several variants of the diet, some of which also exclude <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> or products produced from animal labour such as <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco_smoking">Tobacco smoking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tobacco smoking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></div> <p><i>Smoking cessation</i> is the discontinuation of a smoked or vaporized substance, such as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> or anything containing <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alcohol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></div> <p><i>Teetotalism</i> is the practice and promotion of complete abstinence from <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>. </p><p>Some common reasons for choosing teetotalism are <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> reasons, and, sometimes, as simply a matter of taste preference. When at <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">drinking establishments</a>, they either abstain from drinking or consume non-alcoholic beverages such as tea, coffee, water, juice, and <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a>. </p><p>Contemporary and <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> usage has somewhat expanded teetotalism to include strict abstinence from most "recreational" <a href="/wiki/Intoxicants" class="mw-redirect" title="Intoxicants">intoxicants</a> (legal and illegal, see <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled substances">controlled substances</a>). Most teetotaller organizations also demand from their members that they do not promote or produce alcoholic intoxicants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pleasure">Pleasure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pleasure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Work-life_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Work-life balance">Work-life balance</a></div><p> A general abstinence from pleasures or <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a>, either partial or full, may be motivated by ambition, <a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">career</a> or general self-respect (excluding the point of view that even the latter examples may be regarded as sources of pleasure).</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purity-Rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Purity-Rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Purity_ring" title="Purity ring">Purity rings</a> are worn by some <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youth</a> committed to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">sexual abstinence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Brien2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abstinence">Sexual abstinence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sexual abstinence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caffeine">Caffeine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caffeine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></div> <p>This systematic review highlights the effectiveness of caffeine abstinence for improving sleep quality.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Anonymous" title="Narcotics Anonymous">Narcotics Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagans_in_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagans in Recovery">Pagans in Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_for_Addicted_Prisoners_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehabilitation for Addicted Prisoners Trust">Rehabilitation for Addicted Prisoners Trust</a> (RAPT)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence_(psychoanalysis)" title="Abstinence (psychoanalysis)">Abstinence (psychoanalysis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Mortification of the flesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-denial" title="Self-denial">Self-denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_sobriety" title="List of books about sobriety">List of books about sobriety</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKempner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kempner, Martha (2015). "Abstinence". <i>The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs003">10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9006-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-9006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Abstinence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs003&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9006-0&rft.aulast=Kempner&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231135426/https://www.glctulsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Fasting-Guidelines-Rev-2016.pdf">"Fasting Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glctulsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Fasting-Guidelines-Rev-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fasting+Guidelines&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church%E2%80%93Missouri+Synod&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglctulsa.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FFasting-Guidelines-Rev-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Colin (27 February 2006). <i>Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6506-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6506-8</bdi></a>. <q>In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, there is a list of "Days of Fasting, or Abstinence," consisting of the 40 days of Lent, the ember days, the three rogation days (the Monday to Wednesday following the Sunday after Ascension Day), and all Fridays in the year (except Christmas, if it falls on a Friday).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Anglicanism&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006-02-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6506-8&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carota2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carota2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarota2014" class="citation web cs1">Carota, Peter (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditionalcatholicpriest.com/2014/02/07/holy-communion-fast-for-traditional-catholics/">"Holy Communion Fast For Traditional Catholics"</a>. Traditional Catholic Priest<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Communion+Fast+For+Traditional+Catholics&rft.pub=Traditional+Catholic+Priest&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Carota&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditionalcatholicpriest.com%2F2014%2F02%2F07%2Fholy-communion-fast-for-traditional-catholics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley1825-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1825_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wesley1825" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (1825). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i>. J. Kershaw. p. 145. <q><i>Days of Fasting or Abstinence</i> All the Fridays in the Year, except Christmas-Day</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunday+Service+of+the+Methodists&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=J.+Kershaw&rft.date=1825&rft.au=John+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWMC2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AWMC2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>. 2014. pp. 37, 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection+%28Original+Allegheny+Conference%29&rft.place=Salem&rft.pages=37%2C+44&rft.pub=Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archspm.org/faith-and-discipleship/catholic-faith/why-dont-catholics-eat-meat-on-fridays/">"Why don't Catholics eat meat on Fridays?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis</a>. 12 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Abstinence is one of our oldest Christian traditions. "From the first century, the day of the crucifixion has been traditionally observed as a day of abstaining from flesh meat ("black fast") to honor Christ who sacrificed his flesh on a Friday" (Klein, P., Catholic Source Book, 78). ... Since Jesus sacrificed his flesh for us on Good Friday, we refrain from eating flesh meat in his honor on Fridays.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+don%27t+Catholics+eat+meat+on+Fridays%3F&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Saint+Paul+and+Minneapolis&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archspm.org%2Ffaith-and-discipleship%2Fcatholic-faith%2Fwhy-dont-catholics-eat-meat-on-fridays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNS2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNS2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/lent-daniel-fast-gains-popularity_n_2640352.html">"Lent: Daniel Fast Gains Popularity"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. Religion News Service. February 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2018</span>. <q>In some cases, entire churches do the Daniel Fast together during Lent. The idea strikes a chord in Methodist traditions, which trace their heritage to John Wesley, a proponent of fasting. Leaders in the African Methodist Episcopal Church have urged churchgoers to do the Daniel Fast together, and congregations from Washington to Pennsylvania and Maryland have joined in. For the fourth consecutive year, St. Mark's United Methodist Church in Charlotte, N.C., will observe Lent this year with a churchwide Daniel Fast. Young adults in the congregation tend to keep the fast more rigorously than older ones, according to Pastor Paul Milton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Lent%3A+Daniel+Fast+Gains+Popularity&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F02%2F07%2Flent-daniel-fast-gains-popularity_n_2640352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinton2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hinton2016_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2016" class="citation web cs1">Hinton, Carla (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/religion/2016/02/20/fast-and-the-faithful-catholic-parish-oklahoma-takes-lenten-discipline-based-biblical-daniels-diet/60691130007/">"The Fast and the Faithful: Catholic parish in Oklahoma takes up Lenten discipline based on biblical Daniel's diet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oklahoman" title="The Oklahoman">The Oklahoman</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Many parishioners at St. Philip Neri are participating in the Daniel fast, a religious diet program based on the fasting experiences of the Old Testament prophet Daniel. ... participating parishioners started the fast Ash Wednesday (Feb. 10) and will continue through Holy Saturday, the day before Easter Sunday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fast+and+the+Faithful%3A+Catholic+parish+in+Oklahoma+takes+up+Lenten+discipline+based+on+biblical+Daniel%27s+diet&rft.pub=The+Oklahoman&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oklahoman.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2016%2F02%2F20%2Ffast-and-the-faithful-catholic-parish-oklahoma-takes-lenten-discipline-based-biblical-daniels-diet%2F60691130007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMMRCC2021-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMMRCC2021_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmarymagdalensa.org/daniel-fast-lent-2021/">"Daniel Fast – Lent 2021"</a>. St. Mary Magdalen Catholic Church. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Fast+%E2%80%93+Lent+2021&rft.pub=St.+Mary+Magdalen+Catholic+Church&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmarymagdalensa.org%2Fdaniel-fast-lent-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513184223/https://enontab.org/40dayjourney2021/">"40 Day Journey & Daniel Fast"</a>. Enon Tabernacle Baptist Church. 17 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enontab.org/40dayjourney2021/">the original</a> on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Our family and friends are encouraged to take this journey during the season of Lent. This is a time we as Christians mature spiritually the 40 days before Resurrection Sunday. The Daniel Fast begins Ash Wednesday, February 17, 2021 and ends on Resurrection Sunday, April 4, 2021. Our common practice is 6 days on and 1 day off.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40+Day+Journey+%26+Daniel+Fast&rft.pub=Enon+Tabernacle+Baptist+Church&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenontab.org%2F40dayjourney2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menzel2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menzel2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzel2014" class="citation news cs1">Menzel, Konstantinos (14 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2014/04/14/abstaining-from-sex-is-part-of-fasting/">"Abstaining From Sex Is Part of Fasting"</a>. <i>Greekreporter.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_Reporter" title="Greek Reporter">Greek Reporter</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greekreporter.com&rft.atitle=Abstaining+From+Sex+Is+Part+of+Fasting&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Menzel&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2014%2F04%2F14%2Fabstaining-from-sex-is-part-of-fasting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adventist-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adventist_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">"Fundamental Beliefs"</a>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Beliefs&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ffundamental%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTähtinen1976" class="citation book cs1">Tähtinen, Unto (1976). <i>Ahimsa: Non-Violence in Indian Tradition</i>. London. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahimsa%3A+Non-Violence+in+Indian+Tradition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=T%C3%A4htinen&rft.aufirst=Unto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltersLisa_Portmess2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_S._Walters" title="Kerry S. Walters">Walters, Kerry S.</a>; Lisa Portmess (2001). <i>Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama</i>. Albany. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Vegetarianism+From+Hesiod+to+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Kerry+S.&rft.au=Lisa+Portmess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasin_et_al_2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasin_et_al_2013_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasin_et_al_2013_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasinO'BrienAuriacombeBorges2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hasin, Deborah S.; O'Brien, Charles P.; Auriacombe, Marc; Borges, Guilherme; Bucholz, Kathleen; Budney, Alan; Compton, Wilson M.; Crowley, Thomas; Ling, Walter; Petry, Nancy M.; Schuckit, Marc; Grant, Bridget F. (1 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767415">"DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale"</a>. <i>American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>170</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">834–</span>851. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2013.12060782">10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767415">3767415</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23903334">23903334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=DSM-5+Criteria+for+Substance+Use+Disorders%3A+Recommendations+and+Rationale&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E834-%3C%2Fspan%3E851&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3767415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23903334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2013.12060782&rft.aulast=Hasin&rft.aufirst=Deborah+S.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Charles+P.&rft.au=Auriacombe%2C+Marc&rft.au=Borges%2C+Guilherme&rft.au=Bucholz%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Budney%2C+Alan&rft.au=Compton%2C+Wilson+M.&rft.au=Crowley%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Ling%2C+Walter&rft.au=Petry%2C+Nancy+M.&rft.au=Schuckit%2C+Marc&rft.au=Grant%2C+Bridget+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3767415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmBarnesKoerberGlueck2016" class="citation journal cs1">Grimm, Jeffrey W.; Barnes, Jesse L.; Koerber, Jonathon; Glueck, Edwin; Ginder, Darren; Hyde, Jeff; Eaton, Laura (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676962">"Effects of Acute or Chronic Environmental Enrichment on Regional Fos Protein Expression following Sucrose Cue-reactivity testing in Rats"</a>. <i>Brain Structure & Function</i>. <b>221</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">2817–</span>2830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00429-015-1074-z">10.1007/s00429-015-1074-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676962">4676962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26068175">26068175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Structure+%26+Function&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Acute+or+Chronic+Environmental+Enrichment+on+Regional+Fos+Protein+Expression+following+Sucrose+Cue-reactivity+testing+in+Rats&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2817-%3C%2Fspan%3E2830&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4676962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26068175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00429-015-1074-z&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+W.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Jesse+L.&rft.au=Koerber%2C+Jonathon&rft.au=Glueck%2C+Edwin&rft.au=Ginder%2C+Darren&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Eaton%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4676962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991128112640/http://www.vegsoc.org/info/definitions.html">"The Vegetarian Society - Definitions Information Sheet"</a>. The Vegetarian Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegsoc.org/info/definitions.html">the original</a> on 1999-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vegetarian+Society+-+Definitions+Information+Sheet&rft.pub=The+Vegetarian+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Finfo%2Fdefinitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompactOED-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CompactOED_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317034344/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/vegetarian">"Vegetarian"</a>. <i>AskOxford: Vegetarian</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Compact_Editions_of_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Editions of the Oxford English Dictionary">Compact Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/vegetarian">the original</a> on 2006-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-15</span></span>. <q>a person who does not eat meat for moral, religious, or health reasons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AskOxford%3A+Vegetarian&rft.btitle=Compact+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fvegetarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>['meat' is defined as 'the flesh of an animal as food']; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604121547/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/meat">"Meat"</a>. <i>Definition of meat from Oxford Dictionaries Online</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Compact_Editions_of_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Editions of the Oxford English Dictionary">Compact Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/meat?">the original</a> on 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+meat+from+Oxford+Dictionaries+Online&rft.btitle=Compact+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fmeat%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-O'Brien2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Jodi (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Gender and Society</i>. SAGE Publications. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0916-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-0916-7</bdi></a>. <q>In this subset of abstinence-only education programs, young people vow chastity until marriage and wear a "purity ring" to demonstrate a commitment to sexual abstinence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Gender+and+Society&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0916-7&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinHoChung2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sin, Celia WM; Ho, Jacqueline SC; Chung, Joanne WY (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02375.x">"Systematic review on the effectiveness of caffeine abstinence on the quality of sleep"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Nursing</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2008.02375.x">10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02375.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19120728">19120728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Nursing&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+on+the+effectiveness+of+caffeine+abstinence+on+the+quality+of+sleep&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2008.02375.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19120728&rft.aulast=Sin&rft.aufirst=Celia+WM&rft.au=Ho%2C+Jacqueline+SC&rft.au=Chung%2C+Joanne+WY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2008.02375.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstinence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abstinence">"Abstinence" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abstinence&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abstinence"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abstinence">"Abstinence" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abstinence&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbstinence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikisaurus:celibate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Wikisaurus:celibate">Wikisaurus:celibate</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a 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