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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Beginnings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pioneer_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneer_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pioneer era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneer_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture and practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_within_Mormonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_within_Mormonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Groups within Mormonism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groups_within_Mormonism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Groups within Mormonism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Groups_within_Mormonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latter-day_Saints_("LDS")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter-day_Saints_("LDS")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Latter-day Saints ("LDS") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter-day_Saints_("LDS")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamentalist_Mormons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamentalist_Mormons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Fundamentalist Mormons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamentalist_Mormons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_Mormons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Mormons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Liberal Mormons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Mormons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Mormons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Mormons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Cultural Mormons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Mormons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mormons</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormone" title="Mormone – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mormone" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="مورمون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مورمون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonlar" title="Mormonlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mormonlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mormon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mormon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Mormon" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonen" title="Mormonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mormonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormoonid" title="Mormoonid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mormoonid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Μορμόνοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μορμόνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormones" title="Mormones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mormones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonoj" title="Mormonoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mormonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مورمون‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مورمون‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mormons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mormon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamomoni" title="Amamomoni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amamomoni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamormoni" title="Wamormoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wamormoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormo%C5%86i" title="Mormoņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mormoņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မော်မန်ဂိုဏ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်မန်ဂိုဏ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonlar" title="Mormonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mormonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormoni" title="Mormoni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mormoni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rmon" title="Mórmon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mórmon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mormon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Члены Церкви Иисуса Христа Святых последних дней – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Члены Церкви Иисуса Христа Святых последних дней" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormoni" title="Mormoni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mormoni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мормони – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мормони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormoni" title="Mormoni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mormoni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonit" title="Mormonit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mormonit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mormon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="มอรมอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอรมอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мормони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мормони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="摩爾門教徒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩爾門教徒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mormon" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious group; part of the Latter Day Saint movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mormon" redirects here. For the Book of Mormon prophet who the word originally derives from, see <a href="/wiki/Mormon_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon (Book of Mormon)">Mormon (Book of Mormon)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mormon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mormon (disambiguation)">Mormon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Latter-day Saints or Mormons</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg/187px-Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg/281px-Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mormon_Pioneer_handcart_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A statue commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">+17,255,394<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,868,793<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Mexico" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,516,406<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,494,571<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Philippines" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">867,271<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Peru" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Peru">Peru</a></th><td class="infobox-data">637,180<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Chile" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">607,583<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Argentina" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">481,518<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Guatemala" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></th><td class="infobox-data">290,068<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mormons are a <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural group">cultural group</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, the principal branch of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> started by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a> during the 1820s. After Smith's death in 1844, the movement split into several groups following different leaders; the majority followed <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, while smaller groups followed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a>. Most of these smaller groups eventually merged into the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>, and the term Mormon typically refers to <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_membership_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics">members</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), as today, this branch is far larger than all the others combined. People who identify as Mormons may also be independently religious, secular, and non-practicing or belong to <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">other denominations</a>. Since 2018, the LDS Church has emphasized a desire for its members be referred to as "members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", or more simply as "Latter-day Saints".<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Criss-2018-15">[14]</a> Mormons have developed a strong sense of community that stems from their doctrine and history. One of the central doctrinal issues that defined Mormonism in the 19th century was the practice of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">plural marriage</a>, a form of religious <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. From 1852 until 1904, when the LDS Church banned the practice, many Mormons who had followed Brigham Young to the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> openly practiced polygamy. Mormons dedicate significant time and resources to serving in their churches. A prominent practice among young and retired members of the LDS Church is to serve a full-time <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">mission</a>. Mormons have <a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Word of Wisdom (Latter Day Saints)">a health code</a> that eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, tea, coffee, and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">addictive substances</a>. They tend to be very family-oriented and have strong connections across generations and with extended family, reflecting their belief that families can be <a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">sealed</a> together beyond death. They also have a strict <a href="/wiki/Law_of_chastity" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of chastity">law of chastity</a>, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside heterosexual marriage and fidelity within marriage. Mormons self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> but some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> because some of their <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">beliefs differ from those of Nicene Christianity</a>. Mormons believe that Christ's church was <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">restored</a> through Joseph Smith and is guided by living <a href="/wiki/Prophet,_seer,_and_revelator" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet, seer, and revelator">prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostles</a>. Mormons believe in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and other books of scripture, such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>. They have a unique view of cosmology and believe that all people are literal spirit children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> and accepting his <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> through repentance and <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">ordinances</a> such as baptism. During the 19th century, Mormon converts tended to gather in a central geographic location, a trend that reversed somewhat in the 1920s and 1930s. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, although about 60% of Mormons live outside the United States. As of December 31, 2021, the LDS Church reported a membership of 16,805,400.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mormon_(word)#Popular_usage" title="Mormon (word)">Mormon (word) § Popular usage</a></div> The terminology preferred by the church itself has varied over time. At various points, the church has embraced the term Mormon and stated that other sects within the shared faith tradition should not be called Mormon.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The word <a href="/wiki/Mormon_(word)#Origin_of_the_term" title="Mormon (word)">Mormon</a> was initially coined to describe any person who believes in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> as a scripture volume. Mormonite and Mormon were originally descriptive terms used both by outsiders to the faith, church members, and occasionally church leaders.<a href="#cite_note-mormonscholar.org-21">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The term Mormon later was sometimes used <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">derogatorily</a>; such use may have developed during the <a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> although church members and leaders "embraced the term", according to church historian Matthew Bowman, and by the end of the 1800s it was broadly used.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2018-23">[22]</a> The LDS Church has made efforts, including in 1982, in 2001 prior to the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Salt Lake City Olympics</a>, in 2011 after <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon_(musical)" title="The Book of Mormon (musical)">The Book of Mormon</a> appeared on Broadway, and again in 2018, to encourage the use of the church's full name, rather than the terms Mormon or LDS.<a href="#cite_note-Criss-2018-15">[14]</a> According to Patrick Mason, chair of <a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate University</a> and Richard Bennett, a professor of church history at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, this is because non-church members have historically been confused about whether it represents a Christian faith, which concerns church leaders, who want to emphasize that the church is a Christian church.<a href="#cite_note-Criss-2018-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2018-23">[22]</a> The term Mormon also causes concern for church leaders because it has been used to include splinter groups such as <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Latter Day Saints">Fundamentalist Latter Day Saints</a>, who practice <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">polygamy</a>, which the LDS Church does not; Mason said "For more than 100 years, the mainstream LDS Church has gone to great pains to distance itself from those who practice polygamy. It doesn't want to have any confusion there between those two groups."<a href="#cite_note-Criss-2018-15">[14]</a> In 2018, the LDS Church published a style guide that encourages the use of the terms "the Church", the "Church of Jesus Christ" or the "restored Church of Jesus Christ" as shortened versions after an initial use of the full name.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2018-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> According to church historian Bowman, 'the term "restored" refers to the idea that the original Christian religion is obsolete, and Mormons alone are practicing true Christianity.'<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2018-23">[22]</a> The 2018 style guide rejects the term Mormons along with "Mormon Church", "Mormonism", and the abbreviation LDS.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2018-23">[22]</a> The second-largest sect, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>, also rejects the term Mormon due to its association with the practice of polygamy among <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Apostolic_succession_by_Brigham_Young" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Brighamite sects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Other sects, including several <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">fundamentalist branches</a> of the Brighamite tradition, embrace the term Mormon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div> The history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and commonality.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call "<a href="/wiki/Zion_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Zion (Latter Day Saints)">Zion</a>", a utopian society of the righteous.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Mormon history can be divided into three broad periods: (1) the early history during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, (2) a "pioneer era" under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> and his successors, and (3) a modern era beginning around the turn of the 20th century. In the first period, Smith attempted to build a city called Zion, where converts could gather. Zion became a "landscape of villages" in Utah during the pioneer era. In modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than in a central geographic location.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History of the Latter Day Saint movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/170px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/255px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/340px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A stained glass window of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith's</a> 1820 <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></figcaption></figure> The Mormon movement began with the publishing of the Book of Mormon in March 1830, which Smith claimed was a translation of <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">golden plates</a> containing the religious history of an ancient American civilization that the ancient prophet-historian <a href="/wiki/Mormon_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon (Book of Mormon)">Mormon</a> had compiled. Smith stated that <a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">an angel</a> had directed him to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">golden plates</a> buried in the <a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Hill Cumorah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> On April 6, 1830, Smith founded the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In 1832, Smith added an account of <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">a vision</a> he had sometime in the early 1820s while living in Upstate New York.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Some Mormons regarded this vision as the most important event in human history after the birth, ministry, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ.<a href="#cite_note-LDS_Church_2010-33">[32]</a> The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In 1831, the church moved to <a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a>, where missionaries had made a large number of converts<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> and Smith began establishing an outpost in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson County, Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> where he planned to eventually build the city of <a href="/wiki/Zion_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Zion (Latter Day Saints)">Zion</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a>).<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby <a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Missouri" title="Clay County, Missouri">Clay County</a>, where local residents were more welcoming.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> After Smith led a mission, known as <a href="/wiki/Zion%27s_Camp" title="Zion's Camp">Zion's Camp</a>, to recover the land,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> he began building <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Temple" title="Kirtland Temple">Kirtland Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Ohio" title="Lake County, Ohio">Lake County, Ohio</a>, where the church flourished.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> When the Missouri Mormons were later asked to leave Clay County in 1836, they secured land in what would become <a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Missouri" title="Caldwell County, Missouri">Caldwell County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The Kirtland era ended in 1838 after the failure of a <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Safety_Society" title="Kirtland Safety Society">church-sponsored anti-bank</a> caused widespread defections,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> and Smith regrouped with the remaining church in <a href="/wiki/Far_West,_Missouri" title="Far West, Missouri">Far West, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> During the fall of 1838, tensions escalated into the <a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a> with the old Missouri settlers.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> On October 27, the <a href="/wiki/Lilburn_Boggs" title="Lilburn Boggs">governor</a> of Missouri <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Executive_Order_44" title="Missouri Executive Order 44">ordered</a> that the Mormons "must be treated as enemies" and be exterminated or driven from the state.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Between November and April, some eight thousand displaced Mormons migrated east into <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_Preaching_to_the_Indians_by_William_Armitage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Smith_Preaching_to_the_Indians_by_William_Armitage.png/220px-Joseph_Smith_Preaching_to_the_Indians_by_William_Armitage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Smith_Preaching_to_the_Indians_by_William_Armitage.png/330px-Joseph_Smith_Preaching_to_the_Indians_by_William_Armitage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Smith_Preaching_to_the_Indians_by_William_Armitage.png/440px-Joseph_Smith_Preaching_to_the_Indians_by_William_Armitage.png 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Smith preaching to the <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Indians</a> who visited Nauvoo on August 12, 1841</figcaption></figure> In 1839, the Mormons purchased the small town of Commerce, converted swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River, renamed the area <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and began constructing the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple" title="Nauvoo Temple">Nauvoo Temple</a>. The city became the church's new headquarters and gathering place, and it grew rapidly, fueled in part by converts immigrating from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Meanwhile, Smith introduced temple ceremonies meant to <a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">seal</a> families together for eternity, as well as the doctrines of eternal progression or <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">exaltation</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> and plural marriage.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Smith created a service organization for women called the <a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Fifty" title="Council of Fifty">Council of Fifty</a>, representing a future <a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">theodemocratic</a> "Kingdom of God" on the earth.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Smith also published the story of his <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Son</a> appeared to him when he was about 14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> This vision would come to be regarded by some Mormons as the most important event in human history after the birth, ministry, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-LDS_Church_2010-33">[32]</a> In 1844, local prejudices and political tensions, fueled by Mormon peculiarity, internal dissent, and reports of polygamy, escalated into conflicts between Mormons and "anti-Mormons" in Illinois and Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Smith was arrested, and on June 27, 1844, he and his brother <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum</a> were <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">killed by a mob</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Because Hyrum was Smith's logical successor,<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> their deaths caused a <a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">succession crisis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> assumed leadership over most Latter Day Saints.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Young had been a close associate of Smith's and was the senior <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve" title="Quorum of the Twelve">Quorum of the Twelve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Smaller groups of Latter-Day Saints followed other leaders to form other denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneer_era">Pioneer era</h3></div> For two years after Joseph Smith's death, conflicts escalated between Mormons and other Illinois residents. To prevent war, Brigham Young led the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Mormon pioneers</a> (constituting most of the Latter Day Saints) to a temporary <a href="/wiki/Winter_Quarters_(North_Omaha,_Nebraska)" title="Winter Quarters (North Omaha, Nebraska)">winter quarters</a> in Nebraska and then, eventually (beginning in 1847), to what became the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emigration-religious-freedom-60">[59]</a> Having failed to build Zion within the confines of American society, the Mormons began to construct a society in isolation based on their beliefs and values.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The cooperative ethic that Mormons had developed over the last decade and a half became important as settlers branched out and colonized a large desert region now known as the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Corridor">Mormon Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Colonizing efforts were seen as religious duties, and the new villages were governed by the Mormon <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">bishops</a> (local lay religious leaders).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The Mormons viewed land as a commonwealth, devising and maintaining a cooperative system of irrigation that allowed them to build a farming community in the desert.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> From 1849 to 1852, the Mormons greatly expanded their missionary efforts, establishing several <a href="/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)" title="Mission (LDS Church)">missions</a> in Europe, Latin America, and the South Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-ODea91-65">[64]</a> Converts were expected to "gather" to Zion, and during Young's presidency (1847–77), over seventy thousand Mormon converts immigrated to America.<a href="#cite_note-ODea91-65">[64]</a> Many of the converts came from England and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and were quickly assimilated into the Mormon community.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Many of these immigrants crossed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> in wagons drawn by oxen, while some later groups pulled their possessions in small handcarts. During the 1860s, newcomers began using the new <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">railroad</a> that was under construction.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In 1852, church leaders publicized the previously secret practice of <a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">plural marriage</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Over the next 50 years, many Mormons (between 20 and 30 percent of Mormon families)<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> entered into plural marriages as a religious duty, with the number of plural marriages reaching a peak around 1860 and then declining through the rest of the century.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Besides the doctrinal reasons for plural marriage, the practice made some economic sense, as many of the plural wives were single women who arrived in Utah without brothers or fathers to offer them societal support.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossing_the_Mississippi_on_the_Ice_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Crossing_the_Mississippi_on_the_Ice_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/220px-Crossing_the_Mississippi_on_the_Ice_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Crossing_the_Mississippi_on_the_Ice_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/330px-Crossing_the_Mississippi_on_the_Ice_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Crossing_the_Mississippi_on_the_Ice_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/440px-Crossing_the_Mississippi_on_the_Ice_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption>Mormon pioneers crossing the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> on the ice</figcaption></figure> By 1857, tensions had again escalated between Mormons and other Americans, primarily due to accusations involving polygamy and the <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> rule of the Utah Territory by Brigham Young.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 1857, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> sent an army to Utah, which Mormons interpreted as open aggression against them. Fearing a repeat of Missouri and Illinois, the Mormons prepared to defend themselves, determined to torch their own homes if they were invaded.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> ensued from 1857 to 1858, in which the most notable instance of violence was the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Meadows massacre">Mountain Meadows massacre</a> when leaders of a local Mormon militia ordered the killing of a civilian emigrant party that was traveling through Utah during the escalating tensions.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In 1858, Young agreed to step down from his position as governor and was replaced by a non-Mormon, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Nevertheless, the LDS Church still wielded significant political power in the Utah Territory.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> At Young's death in 1877, he was followed by other <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church presidents</a>, who resisted efforts by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to outlaw Mormon polygamous marriages.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman97-77">[76]</a> In 1878, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a> that religious duty was not a suitable defense for practicing polygamy. Many Mormon polygamists went into hiding; later, Congress began seizing church assets.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman97-77">[76]</a> In September 1890, church president <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">Manifesto</a> that officially suspended the practice of polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, such that Utah was admitted as a U.S. state in 1896. After the Manifesto, some Mormons continued to enter into polygamous marriages, but these eventually stopped in 1904 when church president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">Joseph F. Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">disavowed polygamy</a> before Congress and issued a "<a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">Second Manifesto</a>" calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease. Eventually, the church adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicating</a> members found practicing polygamy, and today actively seeks to distance itself from "<a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a>" groups that continue the practice.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_as_a_world_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism as a world religion">Mormonism as a world religion</a></div> During the early 20th century, Mormons began reintegrating into the American mainstream. In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Tabernacle_Choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Tabernacle Choir">Mormon Tabernacle Choir</a> began broadcasting a weekly performance on national radio, becoming an asset for public relations.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Mormons emphasized patriotism and industry, rising in socioeconomic status from the bottom among American religious denominations to the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In the 1920s and 1930s, Mormons began migrating out of Utah, a trend hurried by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, as Mormons looked for work wherever they could find it.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> As Mormons spread out, church leaders created programs to help preserve the tight-knit community feel of Mormon culture.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In addition to weekly worship services, Mormons began participating in numerous programs such as <a href="/wiki/Scouts_BSA_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouts BSA (Boy Scouts of America)">Boy Scouting</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women organization</a>, church-sponsored dances, ward basketball, camping trips, plays, and <a href="/wiki/LDS_Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Seminaries">religious education programs</a> for youth and college students.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> During the Great Depression, the church started a <a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">welfare program</a> to meet the needs of poor members, which has since grown to include a humanitarian branch that provides relief to disaster victims.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mtchoirandorchestra_ConferenceCenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mtchoirandorchestra_ConferenceCenter.jpg/220px-Mtchoirandorchestra_ConferenceCenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mtchoirandorchestra_ConferenceCenter.jpg/330px-Mtchoirandorchestra_ConferenceCenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mtchoirandorchestra_ConferenceCenter.jpg/440px-Mtchoirandorchestra_ConferenceCenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The 360-member <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square</a></figcaption></figure> During the later half of the 20th century, there was a retrenchment movement in Mormonism in which Mormons became more conservative, attempting to regain their status as a "peculiar people".<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Though the 1960s and 1970s brought changes such as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Liberation">Women's Liberation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, Mormon leaders were alarmed by the erosion of traditional values, the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>, the widespread use of recreational drugs, <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a>, and other forces they saw as damaging to the family.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Partly to counter this, Mormons put an even greater emphasis on family life, religious education, and missionary work, becoming more conservative in the process. As a result, Mormons today are probably less integrated with mainstream society than they were in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a> have been members of Mormon congregations since Joseph Smith's time, before 1978, black membership was small. From 1852 to 1978, the LDS Church enforced <a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">a policy</a> restricting men of black African descent from being ordained to the church's lay <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">priesthood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The church was sharply criticized for its policy during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, but the policy remained in force until <a href="/wiki/1978_Revelation_on_Priesthood" title="1978 Revelation on Priesthood">a 1978 reversal</a> that was prompted in part by questions about mixed-race converts in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman111-90">[89]</a> In general, Mormons greeted the change with joy and relief.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman111-90">[89]</a> Since 1978, black membership has grown, and in 1997 there were approximately 500,000 black church members (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temples</a> have been built.<a href="#cite_note-LDS-Africa-92">[91]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">black Mormons</a> are members of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Group" title="Genesis Group">Genesis Group</a>, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban and is endorsed by the church.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LDS_Global_Distribution_(2009).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/LDS_Global_Distribution_%282009%29.svg/330px-LDS_Global_Distribution_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/LDS_Global_Distribution_%282009%29.svg/495px-LDS_Global_Distribution_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/LDS_Global_Distribution_%282009%29.svg/660px-LDS_Global_Distribution_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of LDS Church members in 2009</figcaption></figure> The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as <a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">missionaries</a> were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20 years,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and by 1996, there were more Mormons outside the United States than inside.<a href="#cite_note-Todd_1996-95">[94]</a> In 2012, there were an estimated 14.8 million Mormons,<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> with roughly 57 percent living outside the United States.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> It is estimated that approximately 4.5 million Mormons – approximately 30% of the total membership – regularly attend services.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> A majority of U.S. Mormons are white and non-Hispanic (84 percent).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Most Mormons are distributed in North and South America, the South Pacific, and Western Europe. The global distribution of Mormons resembles a contact diffusion model, radiating out from the organization's headquarters in Utah.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The church enforces general doctrinal uniformity, congregations on all continents teach the same doctrines, and international Mormons tend to absorb a good deal of Mormon culture, possibly because of the church's top-down hierarchy and missionary presence. However, international Mormons often bring pieces of their own heritage into the church, adapting church practices to local cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_W._Murphy_1996-101">[100]</a> As of December 2019, the LDS Church reported having 16,565,036 members worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_2019-102">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and several areas in the South Pacific have a higher percentage of Mormons than the United States (which is at about 2 percent).<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> South Pacific countries and dependencies that are more than 10 percent Mormon include <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_practices">Culture and practices</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div> Isolation in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> had allowed Mormons to create a culture of their own.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman47-104">[103]</a> As the faith spread worldwide, many of its more distinctive practices followed. Mormon converts are urged to undergo lifestyle changes, repent of sins, and adopt sometimes atypical standards of conduct.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman47-104">[103]</a> Practices common to Mormons include studying <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scriptures</a>, praying daily, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> regularly, attending Sunday worship services, participating in church programs and activities on weekdays, and refraining from work on Sundays when possible. The most important part of the church services is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> (commonly called <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">sacrament</a>), in which church members renew covenants made at <a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Mormonism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Mormonism)">baptism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Mormons also emphasize standards they believe were taught by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, including personal honesty, integrity, obedience to the law, chastity outside marriage, and fidelity within marriage.<a href="#cite_note-StrengthofYouth-106">[105]</a> In 2010, around 13–14 percent of Mormons lived in Utah, the center of cultural influence for Mormonism.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Utah">Utah Mormons</a> (as well as Mormons living in the <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_West" title="Intermountain West">Intermountain West</a>) are on average more culturally and politically conservative than those living in some cosmopolitan centers elsewhere in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Utahns self-identifying as Mormon also attend church somewhat more on average than Mormons living in other states. (Nonetheless, whether they live in Utah or elsewhere in the U.S., Mormons tend to be more culturally and politically conservative than members of other U.S. religious groups.)<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Utah Mormons often emphasize <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon pioneer">pioneer</a> heritage more than international Mormons, who generally are not descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Mormon pioneers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_W._Murphy_1996-101">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_SUD_uruguaiana_rs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Igreja_SUD_uruguaiana_rs.jpg/220px-Igreja_SUD_uruguaiana_rs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Igreja_SUD_uruguaiana_rs.jpg/330px-Igreja_SUD_uruguaiana_rs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Igreja_SUD_uruguaiana_rs.jpg/440px-Igreja_SUD_uruguaiana_rs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>A Mormon meetinghouse used for Sunday worship services in Brazil</figcaption></figure> Mormons have a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> LDS Church members have a responsibility to dedicate their time and talents to helping the poor and building the church. The church is divided by locality into congregations called "<a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">wards</a>", with several wards or branches to create a "<a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">stake</a>".<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Most church leadership positions are <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> positions, and church leaders may work 10 to 15 hours a week in unpaid church service.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Observant Mormons also contribute 10 percent of their income to the church as <a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">tithing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Paying tithing is one of the prerequisites for entrance into Mormon temples. Many LDS young men, women, and elderly couples choose to serve a <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">mission</a>, during which they dedicate all of their time to the church without pay.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Members are often involved in <a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">humanitarian efforts</a>. Mormons adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a>, a health law or code that is interpreted as prohibiting the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, coffee and tea,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> while encouraging the use of herbs, grains, fruits, and a moderate consumption of meat.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The Word of Wisdom is also understood to forbid other harmful and addictive substances and practices, such as the use of illegal drugs and abuse of prescription drugs.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Mormons are encouraged to keep a year's supplies, including food and financial reserves.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Mormons also oppose behaviors such as viewing pornography and gambling.<a href="#cite_note-StrengthofYouth-106">[105]</a> The concept of a united family that lives and progresses forever is at the core of Latter-day Saint doctrine, and Mormons place a high importance on family life.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Many Mormons hold weekly <a href="/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evenings</a>, in which an evening is set aside for family bonding, study, prayer, and other activities they consider to be wholesome. Latter-day Saint fathers who hold the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">priesthood</a> typically name and <a href="/wiki/Baby_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby blessing">bless their children</a> shortly after birth to formally give the child a name. Mormon parents hope and pray that their children will gain testimonies of the "gospel"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] so they can grow up and marry in temples.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Mormons have a strict <a href="/wiki/Law_of_chastity" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of chastity">law of chastity</a>, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside opposite-sex marriage and strict fidelity within marriage. All sexual activity (heterosexual and homosexual) outside marriage is considered a grave sin, with marriage recognized as only between a man and a woman.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriages</a> are not performed or supported by the LDS Church. Church members are encouraged to marry and have children, and Latter-day Saint families tend to be larger than average. Mormons are opposed to abortion, except in some exceptional circumstances, such as when pregnancy is the result of incest or rape or when the life or health of the mother is in serious jeopardy.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Many practicing adult Mormons wear <a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">religious undergarments</a> that remind them of <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant (Latter Day Saints)">covenants</a> and encourage them to dress modestly. Latter-day Saints are counseled not to partake in any form of media that is obscene or pornographic in any way, including media that depicts graphic representations of sex or violence. Tattoos and <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">body piercings</a> are generally discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Mormons" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual Mormons">LGBTQ Mormons</a> remain in good standing in the church if they abstain from homosexual relations and obey the law of chastity.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> While there are no official numbers, LDS Family Services estimates that, on average, four or five members per <a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">LDS ward</a> experience same-sex attraction.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Gary Watts, former president of <a href="/wiki/Family_Fellowship" title="Family Fellowship">Family Fellowship</a>, estimates that only 10 percent of homosexuals stay in the church.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Many of these individuals have come forward through different support groups or websites discussing their homosexual attractions and concurrent church membership.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups_within_Mormonism">Groups within Mormonism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_-praxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and -praxy">Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and -praxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_membership_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics</a></div> Note that the categories below are not necessarily mutually exclusive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter-day_Saints_("LDS")">Latter-day Saints ("LDS")</h3></div> Members of the LDS Church, also known as Latter-day Saints, constitute over 95 percent of Mormons.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The beliefs and practices of LDS Mormons are generally guided by the teachings of <a href="/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority">LDS Church leaders</a>. However, several smaller groups substantially differ from "mainstream" Mormonism in various ways. LDS Church members who do not actively participate in worship services or church callings are often called "<a href="/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">less-active</a>" or "inactive" (akin to the qualifying expressions non-observant or non-practicing used in relation to members of other religious groups).<a href="#cite_note-Stack_2011-09-23-131">[130]</a> The LDS Church does not release statistics on church activity, but it is likely that about 40 percent of Mormons in the United States and 30 percent worldwide regularly attend worship services.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Reasons for inactivity can include rejection of the fundamental beliefs, history of the church, lifestyle incongruities with doctrinal teachings or problems with social integration.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Activity rates tend to vary with age, and disengagement occurs most frequently between age 16 and 25. In 1998, the church reported that most less active members returned to church activity later in life.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> As of 2017, the LDS Church was losing <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennial</a>-age members,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> a phenomenon not unique to the LDS Church.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Former Latter-day Saints who seek to disassociate themselves from the religion are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">ex-Mormons</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundamentalist_Mormons">Fundamentalist Mormons</h3></div> Members of sects that broke with the LDS Church over the issue of polygamy have become known as <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">fundamentalist Mormons</a>; these groups differ from mainstream Mormonism primarily in their belief in and practice of <a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">plural marriage</a>. There are thought to be between 20,000 and 60,000 members of fundamentalist sects (0.1–0.4 percent of Mormons), with roughly half of them practicing polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> There are many fundamentalist sects, the largest two being the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a> (FLDS Church) and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a> (AUB). In addition to plural marriage, some of these groups also practice a form of <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communalism</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">law of consecration</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_Order" title="United Order">United Order</a>. The LDS Church seeks to distance itself from all such polygamous groups, excommunicating their members if discovered practicing or teaching it,<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> and today, a majority of Mormon fundamentalists have never been members of the LDS Church.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_Mormons">Liberal Mormons</h3></div> Liberal Mormons, also known as Progressive Mormons, take an interpretive approach to LDS teachings and scripture.<a href="#cite_note-Stack_2011-09-23-131">[130]</a> They look to the scriptures for spiritual guidance, but may not necessarily believe the teachings to be literally or uniquely true. For liberal Mormons, revelation is a process through which God gradually brings fallible human beings to greater understanding.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> A person in this group is sometimes mistakenly regarded by others within the mainstream church as a <a href="/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a>, although this term is more commonly used to describe a different group with distinct motives to live the gospel in a non-traditional manner.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Liberal Mormons place doing good and loving fellow human beings above the importance of believing correctly.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> In a separate context, members of small <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement#Liberal_Mormon" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">progressive breakaway groups</a> have also adopted the label. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_Mormons">Cultural Mormons</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Mormon">Cultural Mormons</a> are individuals who may not believe in certain doctrines or practices of the institutional <a href="/wiki/LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Church">LDS Church</a> yet identify as members of the Mormon ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stack_2011-09-23-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-144">[143]</a> Usually, this is a result of having been raised in the LDS faith or having converted and spent a large portion of one's life as an active member of the LDS Church.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Cultural Mormons may or may not be actively involved with the LDS Church. In some cases, they may not be members of the LDS Church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Mormon cosmology</a></div> Mormons have <a href="/wiki/Standard_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Works">a scriptural canon</a> consisting of the Bible (both Old and New Testaments), the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, and a collection of revelations and writings by Joseph Smith known as the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a>. Mormons, however, have a relatively <a href="/wiki/Continuous_revelation" title="Continuous revelation">open</a> definition of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a>. As a general rule, anything spoken or written by a <a href="/wiki/Prophet,_seer,_and_revelator" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet, seer, and revelator">prophet</a>, while under inspiration, is considered to be the word of God.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Thus, the Bible, written by prophets and apostles, is the word of God, so far as it is translated correctly. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> is also believed to have been written by ancient prophets and is viewed as a companion to the Bible. By this definition, the teachings of Smith's successors are also accepted as scripture, though they are always measured against and draw heavily from the scriptural canon.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/220px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/330px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/440px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Mormons see <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> as the premier figure of their religion.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></figcaption></figure> Mormons believe in "a friendly universe" governed by a God whose aim is to bring his children to immortality and eternal life.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Mormons have a unique perspective on the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_of_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality of gods">nature of God</a>, the origin of man, and the purpose of life. For instance, Mormons believe in a pre-mortal existence where people were literal spirit children of God<a href="#cite_note-PMGpos-150">[149]</a> and that God presented a <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">plan of salvation</a> that would allow his children to progress and become more like him. The plan involved the spirits receiving bodies on earth and going through trials in order to learn, progress, and receive a "fullness of joy".<a href="#cite_note-PMGpos-150">[149]</a> The most important part of the plan involved <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>, the eldest of God's children, coming to earth as the literal Son of God to conquer sin and death so that God's other children could return. According to Mormons, every person who lives on earth will be resurrected, and nearly all of them will be received into various <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">kingdoms of glory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> To be accepted into the highest kingdom, a person must fully accept Christ through faith, repentance, and through <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">ordinances</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Mormonism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Mormonism)">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">laying on of hands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latter_Day_Saint_confirmation_(Mayhew_1852).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Latter_Day_Saint_confirmation_%28Mayhew_1852%29.png/220px-Latter_Day_Saint_confirmation_%28Mayhew_1852%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Latter_Day_Saint_confirmation_%28Mayhew_1852%29.png/330px-Latter_Day_Saint_confirmation_%28Mayhew_1852%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Latter_Day_Saint_confirmation_%28Mayhew_1852%29.png/440px-Latter_Day_Saint_confirmation_%28Mayhew_1852%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>A Latter Day Saint <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">confirmation</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1852</figcaption></figure> According to Mormons, a deviation from the original principles of Christianity, referred to by them as <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy#Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Great Apostasy">The Great Apostasy</a>, occurred after the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension of Jesus Christ">ascension of Jesus Christ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PMG35-153">[152]</a> marked by the corruption of Christian doctrine by <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek</a> and other philosophies,<a href="#cite_note-GA2-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-MARV1-155">[154]</a> Mormons claim the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a><a href="#cite_note-GA1-156">[155]</a> led to a loss of <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">priesthood authority</a> to administer the church and its ordinances.<a href="#cite_note-Eyring-157">[156]</a> Mormons believe that God <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">restored</a> the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> church through Joseph Smith. In particular, Mormons believe that <a href="/wiki/Angel#Latter_Day_Saints" title="Angel">angels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> appeared to Smith and others and bestowed various priesthood authorities on them. Mormons believe that their church is the "only true and living church" because of the divine authority restored through Smith. Mormons self-identify as being Christian,<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> while many Christians, particularly evangelical Protestants, disagree with this view.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Mormons view other religions as having portions of the truth, doing good works, and having genuine value.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The LDS Church has a top-down hierarchical structure with a president–prophet dictating <a href="/wiki/Revelation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation (Latter Day Saints)">revelations</a> for the entire church. Lay Mormons are also believed to have access to inspiration and are encouraged to seek their own <a href="/wiki/Revelation_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Personal_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation (Latter Day Saints)">personal revelations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Mormons see Joseph Smith's <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a> as proof that the heavens are open and that God answers prayers. They place considerable emphasis on "asking God" to find out if something is true. Most Mormons do not claim to have had heavenly visions like Smith's in response to prayers but feel that God talks to them in their hearts and minds through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a>. Though Mormons have some beliefs that are considered strange in a modernized world, they continue to hold onto their beliefs because they feel God has spoken to them.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/48px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/64px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saints" title="List of Latter Day Saints">List of Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighamite">Brighamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_or_dissident_LDS" class="mw-redirect" title="List of former or dissident LDS">List of former or dissident LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The term "Latter-day" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">last dispensation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and "Saints" is the same denomination used at the time of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2023-statistical-report-church-jesus-christ">"2023 Statistical Report of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=2023+Statistical+Report+of+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2F2023-statistical-report-church-jesus-christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> (The LDS Church claimed a membership of 17,255,394 in 2023, and the Community of Christ claimed around 250,000 in 2020.) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states">"Facts and Statistics - United States"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+United+States&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Funited-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/mexico">"Facts and Statistics - Mexico"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+Mexico&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fmexico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/brazil">"Facts and Statistics - Brazil"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+Brazil&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/philippines">"Facts and Statistics - Philippines"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+Philippines&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fphilippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/peru">"Facts and Statistics - Peru"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+Peru&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fperu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/chile">"Facts and Statistics - Chile"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+Chile&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fchile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/argentina">"Facts and Statistics - Argentina"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+Argentina&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fargentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/guatemala">"Facts and Statistics - Guatemala"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. April 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+-+Guatemala&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fguatemala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1972/04/the-last-dispensation?lang=eng">"The Last Dispensation"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved June 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=The+Last+Dispensation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fgeneral-conference%2F1972%2F04%2Fthe-last-dispensation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-16-the-church-of-jesus-christ-in-former-times?lang=eng">"The Church of Jesus Christ in Former Times"</a>. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+in+Former+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-principles%2Fchapter-16-the-church-of-jesus-christ-in-former-times%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/acts/9?lang=eng">"Acts 9:13;32;41"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Acts+9%3A13%3B32%3B41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fnt%2Facts%2F9%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/acts/26?lang=eng">"Acts 26:10"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Acts+26%3A10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fnt%2Facts%2F26%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Criss-2018-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Criss-2018_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Criss-2018_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Criss-2018_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Criss-2018_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriss2018" class="citation news cs1">Criss, Doug (August 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/17/us/mormon-church-name-trnd/index.html">"Mormons don't want you calling them Mormons anymore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131015335/https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/17/us/mormon-church-name-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mormons+don%27t+want+you+calling+them+Mormons+anymore&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Criss&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F08%2F17%2Fus%2Fmormon-church-name-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf">Mormons in America: Certain in Their Beliefs, Uncertain of Their Place in Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 2012, p.10: Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry (CARM), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carm.org/is-mormonism-christian">Is Mormonism Christian?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160226114106/https://carm.org/is-mormonism-christian">Archived</a> February 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed February 27, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/qa/are-mormons-christian">"Are Mormons Christian?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712233517/https://www.catholic.com/qa/are-mormons-christian">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved July 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+Mormons+Christian%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fqa%2Fare-mormons-christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/april-2022-general-conference-statistical-report">"2021 Statistical Report for 2022 April Conference"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Newsroom. Retrieved April 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-Day+Saints+Newsroom&rft.atitle=2021+Statistical+Report+for+2022+April+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Fapril-2022-general-conference-statistical-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The LDS Church has taken the position that the term Mormon should only apply to the LDS Church and its members, and not other adherents who have adopted the term. (See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide">"Style Guide – The Name of the Church"</a>. LDS Newsroom. April 9, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613210818/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Style+Guide+%E2%80%93+The+Name+of+the+Church&rft.pub=LDS+Newsroom&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstyle-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">) The Church cites the <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a>, which states, "The term Mormon is not properly applied to the other Latter Day Saints churches that resulted from the split after [Joseph] Smith's death." ("Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The", Associated Press, The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7382-0740-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7382-0740-3">0-7382-0740-3</a>, p.48) Despite the LDS Church's position, the term Mormon is widely used by journalists and non-journalists to refer to adherents of <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-mormonscholar.org-21"><a href="#cite_ref-mormonscholar.org_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mormonscholar.org/the-original-intention-behind-the-term-mormon/">"The Original Intention Behind the Term Mormon"</a>. Mormon Scholar. November 22, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213009/https://mormonscholar.org/the-original-intention-behind-the-term-mormon/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mormon+Scholar&rft.atitle=The+Original+Intention+Behind+the+Term+Mormon&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmormonscholar.org%2Fthe-original-intention-behind-the-term-mormon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boap.org/LDS/Nauvoo-Neighbor/1844/11-13-1844.pdf">"From the Illinois State Register"</a> (PDF). No. 2. The Pioneer. November 13, 1844. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414001942/http://boap.org/LDS/Nauvoo-Neighbor/1844/11-13-1844.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+the+Illinois+State+Register&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1844-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboap.org%2FLDS%2FNauvoo-Neighbor%2F1844%2F11-13-1844.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-2018-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs-2018_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs-2018_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs-2018_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs-2018_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs-2018_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2018" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Julia (August 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/us/mormon-latter-day-saints-name.html">"Stop Saying 'Mormon,' Church Leader Says. But Is the Real Name Too Long?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505165938/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/us/mormon-latter-day-saints-name.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stop+Saying+%27Mormon%2C%27+Church+Leader+Says.+But+Is+the+Real+Name+Too+Long%3F&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F18%2Fus%2Fmormon-latter-day-saints-name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> On August 18, 2018, church president <a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a> asked followers and non-followers to characterize the denomination with the name "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" instead of "Mormons", "Mormonism" or the shorthand of "LDS".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-45236892">"Latter Day Saints church leader rejects 'Mormon' label"</a>. BBC News. August 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819191629/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-45236892">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Latter+Day+Saints+church+leader+rejects+%27Mormon%27+label&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-45236892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2018" class="citation web cs1">Stack, Peggy Fletcher (August 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/2018/08/16/lds-church-wants-everyone/">"LDS Church wants everyone to stop calling it the LDS Church and drop the word 'Mormons' — but some members doubt it will happen"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420203816/https://www.sltrib.com/news/2018/08/16/lds-church-wants-everyone/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=LDS+Church+wants+everyone+to+stop+calling+it+the+LDS+Church+and+drop+the+word+%27Mormons%27+%E2%80%94+but+some+members+doubt+it+will+happen&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F08%2F16%2Flds-church-wants-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shields, Steven L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.40.4.158">"The Early Community of Christ Mission to "Redeem" the Church in Utah"</a>. Journal of Mormon History. 40 (4): 158–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.40.4.158">10.5406/jmormhist.40.4.158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246562695">246562695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=The+Early+Community+of+Christ+Mission+to+%22Redeem%22+the+Church+in+Utah&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjmormhist.40.4.158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246562695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5406%252Fjmormhist.40.4.158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 75, 119). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> A Mormon scripture describing the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a> became a model for the Saints. Enoch's city was a Zion "because they were of one heart and one mind, and dwelt in righteousness; and there were no poor among them" <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 36–38); (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/pgp/moses/7.18?lang=eng#17">Book of Moses 7:18</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "In Missouri and Illinois, Zion had been a city; in Utah, it was a landscape of villages; in the urban diaspora, it was the ward with its extensive programs." <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 107). </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 19). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Scholars and eye-witnesses disagree as to whether the church was organized in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester (town), New York">Manchester, New York</a> at the Smith log home, or in <a href="/wiki/Fayette,_New_York" title="Fayette, New York">Fayette</a> at the home of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitmer_Sr." title="Peter Whitmer Sr.">Peter Whitmer Sr.</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 109); <a href="#CITEREFMarquardt2005">Marquardt (2005</a>, pp. 223–23) (arguing that organization in Manchester is most consistent with eye-witness statements). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 1, 9); <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 9); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersuitte2000" class="citation book cs1">Persuitte, David (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Zx9qOay304C&pg=PA30">Joseph Smith and the Origins of the Book of Mormon</a>. McFarland. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786484034" title="Special:BookSources/9780786484034"><bdi>9780786484034</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith+and+the+Origins+of+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000-10&rft.isbn=9780786484034&rft.aulast=Persuitte&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Zx9qOay304C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-LDS_Church_2010-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LDS_Church_2010_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDS_Church_2010_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLDS_Church2010" class="citation web cs1">LDS Church (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://josephsmith.net/article/the-first-vision">"Joseph Smith Home Page/Mission of the Prophet/First Vision: This Is My Beloved Son. Hear Him!"</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith+Home+Page%2FMission+of+the+Prophet%2FFirst+Vision%3A+This+Is+My+Beloved+Son.+Hear+Him%21&rft.date=2010&rft.au=LDS+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjosephsmith.net%2Farticle%2Fthe-first-vision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFAllen1966">Allen (1966</a>, p. 29) (belief in the First Vision now considered second in importance only to belief in the divinity of Jesus.); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkley1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hinkley, Gordon B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/ensign/1998/11/what-are-people-asking-about-us">"What Are People Asking about Us?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a> (November). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705085517/http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/ensign/1998/11/what-are-people-asking-about-us">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=What+Are+People+Asking+about+Us%3F&rft.issue=November&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hinkley&rft.aufirst=Gordon+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fensign%2F1998%2F11%2Fwhat-are-people-asking-about-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> ("[N]othing we teach, nothing we live by is of greater importance than this initial declaration."). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 41) (by the next spring the church had 1,000 members). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 97) (citing letter by Smith to Kirtland converts, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFHowe1834">Howe (1834</a>, p. 111)); <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 41). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithCowderyRigdonWilliams1835">Smith et al. (1835</a>, p. 154); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 162); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 109). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Smith said in 1831 that God intended the Mormons to "retain a strong hold in the land of Kirtland, for the space of five years." (<a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> 64:21); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 122). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 222–27); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 137) (noting that the brutality of the Jackson Countians aroused sympathy for the Mormons and was almost universally deplored by the media); <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 43–45) (The Mormons were forced out in a November gale, and were taken in by Clay County residents, who earned from non-Mormons the derogative title of "Jack Mormons"). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 141, 146–59); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 322). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 101); <a href="#CITEREFArrington1992">Arrington (1992</a>, p. 21) (by summer of 1835, there were 1500 to 2000 Saints in Kirtland); Desert Morning News 2008 Church Almanac p. 655 (from 1831 to 1838, church membership grew from 680 to 17,881); (<a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman 2005</a>, pp. 310–19) (The Kirtland Temple was viewed as the site of a new <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>); (<a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie 1971</a>, p. 178). Smith also published several new <a href="/wiki/Revelation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation (Latter Day Saints)">revelations</a> during the Kirtland era. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 45) (In December 1836, the Missouri legislature granted the Mormons the right to organize Caldwell County). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 328–38); <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, p. 221) ("Ultimately, the rituals and visions dedicating the Kirtland temple were not sufficient to hold the church together in the face of a mounting series of internal disputes.") </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1905">Roberts (1905</a>, p. 24) (referring to the Far West church as the "church in Zion"); (<a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman 2005</a>, p. 345) (The revelation calling Far West "Zion" had the effect of "implying that Far West was to take the place of Independence.") </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 357–64); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 227–30); <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 134); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 97–98). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman 2005</a>, p. 367) (Boggs' executive order stated that the Mormon community had "made war upon the people of this State" and that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace"). (<a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman 2005</a>, p. 398) (In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> issued a formal apology for this order) <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 47). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 47) ("the Saints, after being ravaged by troops, robbed by neighbors, and insulted by public officials from February to April, crossed over into Illinois"). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 383–84). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 409); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 258, 264–65); <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 51) (noting the city growth and missionary success in England). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119) (Smith taught that faithful Mormons may progress until they become co-equal with God); <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1909">Roberts (1909</a>, pp. 502–03); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 497–98) (the <a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">second anointing</a> provided a guarantee that participants would be exalted even if they sinned). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Initially, Smith introduced plural marriage only to his closest associates.<a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 334–36); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 437, 644) The practice was acknowledged publicly in 1852 by <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1980">Quinn 1980</a>, pp. 120–122, 165; <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 519–21) (describing the Council of Fifty). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 30) The first extant account of the First Vision is the manuscript account in Joseph Smith, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuscript_History_of_the_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuscript History of the Church (page does not exist)">Manuscript History of the Church</a>" (1839); the first published account is <a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">Orson Pratt</a>, An Interesting Account of Several Remarkable Visions and of the Late Discovery of Ancient American Records (Edinburgh: Ballantyne and Hughes, 1840); and the first American publication is Smith's <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_letter" title="Wentworth letter">letter to John Wentworth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Times_and_Seasons" title="Times and Seasons">Times and Seasons</a>, 3 (March 1842), 706–08. (These accounts are available in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Vogel" title="Dan Vogel">Vogel, Dan</a>, ed. (1996). Early Mormon Documents. Vol. 1. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-072-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-072-4"><bdi>978-1-56085-072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mormon+Documents&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56085-072-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">.) As the LDS historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Richard Bushman</a> wrote in his biography of Smith, "At first, Joseph was reluctant to talk about his vision. Most early converts probably never heard about the 1820 vision." <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 39). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 64–67) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Encyclopedia of Latter-Day Saint History, p. 824; <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 393–94); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 539–50); Many local Illinoisans were uneasy with Mormon power, and their unease was fanned by the local media after Smith suppressed a newspaper containing an exposé regarding plural marriage, theocracy, and other sensitive and oft misinterpreted issues. The suppression resulted in Smith being arrested, tried, and acquitted for "inciting a riot". On June 25, Smith let himself be arrested and tried for the riot charges again, this time in Carthage, the county seat, where he was incarcerated without bail on a new charge of treason. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1992" class="citation cs2">Bentley, Joseph I. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4208">"Smith, Joseph: Legal Trials of Joseph Smith"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 1346–1348, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202830/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4208">archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2014, retrieved July 10, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+Joseph%3A+Legal+Trials+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1346-%3C%2Fspan%3E1348&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Brigham Young later said of Hyrum, "Did Joseph Smith ordain any man to take his place. He did. Who was it? It was Hyrum, but Hyrum fell a martyr before Joseph did. If Hyrum had lived he would have acted for Joseph." <a href="/wiki/Times_and_Seasons" title="Times and Seasons">Times and Seasons</a>, 5 [October 15, 1844]: 683. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, p. 143); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 398). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 556–57). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Smith's position as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church" title="President of the Church">President of the Church</a> was originally left vacant, based on the sentiment that nobody could succeed Smith's office. Years later, the church established the principle that Young, and any other senior <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle (LDS Church)">apostle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve" title="Quorum of the Twelve">Quorum of the Twelve</a>, would be ordained <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President of the Church</a> as a matter of course upon the death of the former President, subject to unanimous agreement of the Quorum of the Twelve. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 198–211). </li> <li id="cite_note-emigration-religious-freedom-60"><a href="#cite_ref-emigration-religious-freedom_60-0">^</a> In 2004, the State of Illinois recognized the expulsion of the Latter-day Saints as the "largest forced migration in American history" and stated in the adopted resolution that, "WHEREAS, The biases and prejudices of a less enlightened age in the history of the State of Illinois caused unmeasurable hardship and trauma for the community of Latter-day Saints by the distrust, violence, and inhospitable actions of a dark time in our past; therefore, be it RESOLVED, BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NINETY-THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, that we acknowledge the disparity of those past actions and suspicions, regretting the expulsion of the community of Latter-day Saints, a people of faith and hard work." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllinois_General_Assembly2004" class="citation web cs1">Illinois General Assembly (April 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?GAID=3&SessionID=3&GA=93&DocTypeID=HR&DocNum=0793&LegID=12984&SpecSess=&Session=">"Official House Resolution HR0793 (LRB093 21726 KEF 49525 r)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620015748/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?GAID=3">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+House+Resolution+HR0793+%28LRB093+21726+KEF+49525+r%29&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft.au=Illinois+General+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilga.gov%2Flegislation%2Ffulltext.asp%3FGAID%3D3%26SessionID%3D3%26GA%3D93%26DocTypeID%3DHR%26DocNum%3D0793%26LegID%3D12984%26SpecSess%3D%26Session%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; "The great Mormon migration of 1846–1847 was but one step in the Mormons' quest for religious freedom and growth." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mopi/historyculture/index.htm">"Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail: History & Culture"</a>, NPS.gov, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208215457/http://www.nps.gov/mopi/historyculture/index.htm">archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2014, retrieved July 9, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPS.gov&rft.atitle=Mormon+Pioneer+National+Historic+Trail%3A+History+%26+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmopi%2Fhistoryculture%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 86) ("Having failed to build Zion within the confines of American society, the Latter-day Saints found in the Great Basin the isolation that would enable them to establish a distinctive community based upon their own beliefs and values"). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 84) (From 1847 to 1857 ninety-five Mormon communities were established, most of them clustering around Salt Lake City); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1939" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Milton (June 1939). "The Mormon Corridor". Pacific Historical Review. 8 (2): 179–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3633392">10.2307/3633392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633392">3633392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mormon+Corridor&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=1939-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3633392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3633392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 86–89). </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 87–91). </li> <li id="cite_note-ODea91-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODea91_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODea91_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 91). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 91–92); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welshmormon.byu.edu/">"Welsh Mormon History"</a>, WelshMormon.BYU.edu, <a href="/wiki/BYU_Research_Institutes" title="BYU Research Institutes">Center for Family History and Genealogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202310/http://welshmormon.byu.edu/">archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014, retrieved July 10, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WelshMormon.BYU.edu&rft.atitle=Welsh+Mormon+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwelshmormon.byu.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> During the 1840s and 1850s many thousands of Welsh Mormon converts immigrated to America, and today, it is estimated that around 20 percent of the population of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> is of Welsh descent. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 95–96). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 88) (Plural marriage originated in a revelation that Joseph Smith apparently received in 1831 and wrote down in 1843. It was first publicly announced in a general conference in 1852); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbry1994" class="citation cs2">Embry, Jessie L. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417163937/http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html">"Polygamy"</a>, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.), Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-425-6"><bdi>978-0-87480-425-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473917">30473917</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2017, retrieved October 31, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polygamy&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30473917&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-425-6&rft.aulast=Embry&rft.aufirst=Jessie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fp%2FPOLYGAMY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> The Mormon doctrine of plural wives was officially announced by one of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Twelve Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">Orson Pratt</a>, and Young in a special conference of the elders of the LDS Church assembled in the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Tabernacle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Tabernacle">Mormon Tabernacle</a> on August 28, 1852, and reprinted in an extra edition of the <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Minutes of conference: a special conference of the elders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints assembled in the Tabernacle, Great Salt Lake City, August 28, 1852, 10 o'clock, a.m., pursuant to public notice". <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a> Extra. September 14, 1852. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minutes+of+conference%3A+a+special+conference+of+the+elders+of+the+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints+assembled+in+the+Tabernacle%2C+Great+Salt+Lake+City%2C+August+28%2C+1852%2C+10+o%27clock%2C+a.m.%2C+pursuant+to+public+notice&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1852-09-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. See also <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy#The_1850s:_Official_sanction_in_the_LDS_Church" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">The 1850s: Official sanction in the LDS Church</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlake2004" class="citation book cs1">Flake, Kathleen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GLLCAB5vmMQC">The Politics of American Religious Identity</a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 65, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5501-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5501-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-5501-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+American+Religious+Identity&rft.pages=65%2C+192&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5501-0&rft.aulast=Flake&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGLLCAB5vmMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 88) (If asked why they entered these relationships, both plural wives and husbands emphasized spiritual blessings of being sealed eternally and of submitting to God's will. According to the federal censuses, the highest percentage of the population in polygamous families was in 1860 (43.6 percent) and it declined to 25 percent in 1880 and to 7 percent in 1890). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 88) ("The close study of the marriages in one nineteenth-century Utah community revealed that a disproportionate number of plural wives were women who arrived in Utah without fathers or brothers to care for them...Since better-off men more frequently married plurally, the practice distributed wealth to the poor and disconnected"). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTullidge1886" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tullidge" title="Edward Tullidge">Tullidge, Edward</a> (1886), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofsaltlak00tull#page/n155/mode/2up">"Resignation of Judge Drummond"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsaltlak00tull">History of Salt Lake City</a>, Salt Lake City: Star Printing Company, pp. 132–35, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13941646">13941646</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resignation+of+Judge+Drummond&rft.btitle=History+of+Salt+Lake+City&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Star+Printing+Company&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13941646&rft.aulast=Tullidge&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofsaltlak00tull%23page%2Fn155%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, pp. 101–02); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 95). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 96–97) (calling the Mountain Meadows massacre the greatest tragedy in Mormon history). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> To combat the notion that rank-and-file Mormons were unhappy under Young's leadership, Cumming noted that he had offered to help any to leave the territory if they desired. Of the 50,000 inhabitants of the state of Utah, the underwhelming response—56 men, 33 women, and 71 children, most of whom stated they left for economic reasons—impressed Cumming, as did the fact that Mormon leaders contributed supplies to the emigrants. Cumming to [Secretary of State Lewis Cass], written by Thomas Kane, May 2, 1858, BYU Special Collections. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirmageMangrum2002" class="citation book cs1">Firmage, Edwin Brown; Mangrum, Richard Collin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AimifP2a-4C&pg=PR7">Zion in the Courts: A Legal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1830–1900</a>. U. of Illinois Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06980-2"><bdi>978-0-252-06980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zion+in+the+Courts%3A+A+Legal+History+of+the+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints.+1830%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=U.+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06980-2&rft.aulast=Firmage&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Brown&rft.au=Mangrum%2C+Richard+Collin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AimifP2a-4C%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman97-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman97_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman97_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 97). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Official_Declaration_1" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Official Declaration 1">Official Declaration 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide">"Style Guide – The Name of the Church: Topics and Background"</a>, MormonNewsroom.org, LDS Church, April 9, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613210818/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide">archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2019, retrieved July 9, 2014, <q>When referring to people or organizations that practice polygamy, it should be stated that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is not affiliated with polygamous groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MormonNewsroom.org&rft.atitle=Style+Guide+%E2%80%93+The+Name+of+the+Church%3A+Topics+and+Background&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstyle-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered: <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 91); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25396937">"Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects"</a>. NBCNews.com. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>. June 26, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021221253/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25396937/ns/us_news-faith/t/mormons-seek-distance-polygamist-sects">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mormons+seek+distance+from+polygamous+sects&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna25396937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 103). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMauss1994">Mauss (1994</a>, p. 22). "With the consistent encouragement of church leaders, Mormons became models of patriotic, law-abiding citizenship, sometimes seeming to "out-American" all other Americans. Their participation in the full spectrum of national, social, political, economic, and cultural life has been thorough and sincere". </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 105). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 106). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 53). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 40–41). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The term peculiar people is consciously borrowed from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/nt/1-pet/2.9?lang=eng#8">1 Peter 2:9</a>, and can be interpreted as "special" or "different", though Mormons have certainly been viewed as "peculiar" in the modern sense as well. <a href="#CITEREFMauss1994">Mauss (1994</a>, p. 60). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "Developments mitigating traditional racial, ethnic, and gender inequality and bigotry were regarded in hindsight by most Americans (and most Mormons) as desirable  .... On the other hand, Mormons (and many others) have watched with increasing alarm the spread throughout society of 'liberating' innovations such as the normalization of non-marital sexual behavior, the rise in abortion, illegitimacy, divorce, and child neglect or abuse, recreational drugs, crime, etc." <a href="#CITEREFMauss1994">Mauss (1994</a>, p. 124). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "[T]he church appears to have arrested, if not reversed, the erosion of distinctive Mormon ways that might have been anticipated in the 60s." <a href="#CITEREFMauss1994">Mauss (1994</a>, p. 140). "However, in partial contradiction to their public image, Mormons stand mostly on the liberal side of the continuum on certain other social and political issues, notably on civil rights, and even on women's rights, except where these seem to conflict with child-rearing roles." <a href="#CITEREFMauss1994">Mauss (1994</a>, p. 156). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauss2003" class="citation book cs1">Mauss, Armand L. (2003). All Abraham's Children: Changing Mormon Conceptions of Race and Lineage. University of Illinois Press. pp. 213–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02803-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02803-8"><bdi>978-0-252-02803-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Abraham%27s+Children%3A+Changing+Mormon+Conceptions+of+Race+and+Lineage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02803-8&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Armand+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 111–12) ("The origins of this policy are not altogether clear. "Passages in Joseph Smith's translations indicate that a lineage associated with Ham and the Egyptian pharaohs was forbidden the priesthood. Connecting the ancient pharaohs with modern Africans and African Americans required a speculative leap, but by the time of Brigham Young, the leap was made.") </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman111-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman111_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman111_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 111–12). </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604023854/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_218.html">"1999–2000 Church Almanac"</a>. Adherents.com: 119. 1998. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adherents.com&rft.atitle=1999%E2%80%932000+Church+Almanac&rft.pages=119&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2FNa%2FNa_218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> "A rough estimate would place the number of Church members with African roots at year-end 1997 at half a million, with about 100,000 each in Africa and the Caribbean, and another 300,000 in Brazil." </li> <li id="cite_note-LDS-Africa-92"><a href="#cite_ref-LDS-Africa_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105130157/http://www.ldsgenesisgroup.org/africagrowth.html">"The Church Continues to Grow in Africa"</a>. Genesis Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldsgenesisgroup.org/africagrowth.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Church+Continues+to+Grow+in+Africa&rft.pub=Genesis+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldsgenesisgroup.org%2Fafricagrowth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell_G._Bringhurst,_Darron_T._Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">Newell G. Bringhurst, Darron T. Smith (December 13, 2005). Black and Mormon. University of Illinois Press. pp. 102–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+and+Mormon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2005-12-13&rft.au=Newell+G.+Bringhurst%2C+Darron+T.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmand_L._Mauss1994" class="citation cs2">Armand L. Mauss (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTBUCGwdG8MC&q=doubled+twice+since+then&pg=PA92">The angel and the beehive: the Mormon struggle with assimilation</a>, University of Illinois Press, p. 92, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252020711" title="Special:BookSources/9780252020711"><bdi>9780252020711</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+angel+and+the+beehive%3A+the+Mormon+struggle+with+assimilation&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780252020711&rft.au=Armand+L.+Mauss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwTBUCGwdG8MC%26q%3Ddoubled%2Btwice%2Bsince%2Bthen%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21548247">"Building a bigger tent: Does Mormonism have a Mitt Romney problem?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, February 25, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227161709/http://www.economist.com/node/21548247">archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2012, retrieved February 27, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Building+a+bigger+tent%3A+Does+Mormonism+have+a+Mitt+Romney+problem%3F&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21548247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> (In 2010 alone the church grew by 400,000 new members, including converts and newborns). </li> <li id="cite_note-Todd_1996-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Todd_1996_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1996" class="citation web cs1">Todd, Jay M. (March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/ensign/1996/03/news-of-the-church/more-members-now-outside-us-than-in-us">"More Members Now outside U.S. Than in U.S"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=More+Members+Now+outside+U.S.+Than+in+U.S&rft.date=1996-03&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Jay+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fensign%2F1996%2F03%2Fnews-of-the-church%2Fmore-members-now-outside-us-than-in-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2012-statistical-report-2013-april-general-conference">"2012 Statistical Report for 2013 April General Conference"</a>. April 6, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628143049/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2012-statistical-report-2013-april-general-conference">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Statistical+Report+for+2013+April+General+Conference&rft.date=2013-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2F2012-statistical-report-2013-april-general-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> In 2011, approximately 6.2 million of the church's 14.4 million members lived in the U.S. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states">"Facts and Statistics: United States"</a>. LDS Newsroom. December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628015016/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Statistics%3A+United+States&rft.pub=LDS+Newsroom&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Funited-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack" title="Peggy Fletcher Stack">Stack, Peggy Fletcher</a> (January 10, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/57369318-80/church-percent-lds-growth.html.csp">"New almanac offers look at the world of Mormon membership"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021204834/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/57369318-80/church-percent-lds-growth.html.csp">archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2014, retrieved September 24, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=New+almanac+offers+look+at+the+world+of+Mormon+membership&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Fletcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fsltrib%2Flifestyle%2F57369318-80%2Fchurch-percent-lds-growth.html.csp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519042958/http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-methodology.aspx">"Mormons in America"</a>. Pew Research Center. January 12, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-methodology.aspx">the original</a> on May 19, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mormons+in+America&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FMormon%2Fmormons-in-america-methodology.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Reeves2009" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Reeves (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.natur.cuni.cz/ksgrrsek/acta/2009/2009_reeves.pdf">"The Global Distribution of Adventists and Mormons in 2007"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212033045/http://web.natur.cuni.cz/ksgrrsek/acta/2009/2009_reeves.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Distribution+of+Adventists+and+Mormons+in+2007&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Daniel+Reeves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.natur.cuni.cz%2Fksgrrsek%2Facta%2F2009%2F2009_reeves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_W._Murphy_1996-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_W._Murphy_1996_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_W._Murphy_1996_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_W._Murphy1996" class="citation web cs1">Thomas W. Murphy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V29N01_183.pdf">"Reinventing Mormonism: Guatemala as Harbinger of the Future?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927044542/https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V29N01_183.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Reinventing+Mormonism%3A+Guatemala+as+Harbinger+of+the+Future%3F&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Thomas+W.+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V29N01_183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_2019-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_2019_102-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2019-statistical-report">"2019 Statistical Report for April 2020 Conference"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629203050/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2017-statistical-report-april-2018-general-conference">Archived</a> June 29, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Church Newsroom, April 4, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/">"LDS Statistics and Church Facts – Total Church Membership"</a>. www.mormonnewsroom.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606222321/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mormonnewsroom.org&rft.atitle=LDS+Statistics+and+Church+Facts+%E2%80%93+Total+Church+Membership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman47-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman47_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman47_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 47). </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/sacrament">"Sacrament"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacrament&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fsacrament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StrengthofYouth-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StrengthofYouth_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrengthofYouth_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/for-the-strength-of-youth-fulfilling-our-duty-to-god">"For the Strength of Youth: Fulfilling Our Duty to God"</a>. LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+the+Strength+of+Youth%3A+Fulfilling+Our+Duty+to+God&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Ffor-the-strength-of-youth-fulfilling-our-duty-to-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/country/usa-utah">"USA–Utah"</a>. LDS Newsroom. July 27, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629013943/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/country/usa-utah">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA%E2%80%93Utah&rft.pub=LDS+Newsroom&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fcountry%2Fusa-utah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Mauss often compares <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> Mormons to California Mormons from San Francisco and <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay</a>. The Utah Mormons were generally more orthodox and conservative. <a href="#CITEREFMauss1994">Mauss (1994</a>, pp. 40, 128); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910044847/http://pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/A-Portrait-of-Mormons-in-the-US--Social-and-Political-Views.aspx">A Portrait of Mormons in the U.S.: III. Social and Political Views</a> (Report). Pew Research Center. July 24, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/A-Portrait-of-Mormons-in-the-US--Social-and-Political-Views.aspx">the original</a> on September 10, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Portrait+of+Mormons+in+the+U.S.%3A+III.+Social+and+Political+Views&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2FChristian%2FMormon%2FA-Portrait-of-Mormons-in-the-US--Social-and-Political-Views.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2010" class="citation report cs1">Newport, Frank (January 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/125021/mormons-conservative-major-religious-group.aspx">Mormons Most Conservative Major Religious Group in U.S.: Six out of 10 Mormons are politically conservative</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012194112/http://www.gallup.com/poll/125021/Mormons-Conservative-Major-Religious-Group.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mormons+Most+Conservative+Major+Religious+Group+in+U.S.%3A+Six+out+of+10+Mormons+are+politically+conservative&rft.pub=Gallup+poll&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F125021%2Fmormons-conservative-major-religious-group.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPond2009" class="citation report cs1">Pond, Allison (July 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012144516/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1292/mormon-religion-demographics-beliefs-practices-politics">A Portrait of Mormons in the U.S</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewresearch.org/pubs/1292/mormon-religion-demographics-beliefs-practices-politics">the original</a> on October 12, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Portrait+of+Mormons+in+the+U.S&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.aulast=Pond&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewresearch.org%2Fpubs%2F1292%2Fmormon-religion-demographics-beliefs-practices-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Early Mormons had practiced the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">law of consecration</a> in Missouri for two years, in an attempt to eliminate poverty. Families would return their surplus "income" to the bishop, who would then redistribute it among the saints. Though initial efforts at "consecration" failed, consecration has become a more general attitude that underlies Mormon charitable works. <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 36–39). </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 53) (The name "stake" comes from a passage in Isaiah that compares Zion to a tent that will enlarge as new stakes are planted); See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/ot/isa/33.20?lang=eng#19">Isaiah 33:20</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/ot/isa/54.2?lang=eng#1">Isaiah 54:2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 35, 52) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 39) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> A full-time mission is looked upon as important character training for a young man. <a href="#CITEREFO'Dea1957">O'Dea (1957</a>, p. 177). </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack" title="Peggy Fletcher Stack">Stack, Peggy Fletcher</a> (August 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327204542/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-08-31/national/35492011_1_drink-caffeine-lds-leaders-mormons">"It's Official: Coke and Pepsi are OK for Mormons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-08-31/national/35492011_1_drink-caffeine-lds-leaders-mormons">the original</a> on March 27, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=It%27s+Official%3A+Coke+and+Pepsi+are+OK+for+Mormons&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.washingtonpost.com%2F2012-08-31%2Fnational%2F35492011_1_drink-caffeine-lds-leaders-mormons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scriptures.churchofjesuschrist.org/en/dc/89">"Doctrine and Covenants, section 89"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants%2C+section+89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscriptures.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fen%2Fdc%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/true-to-the-faith/word-of-wisdom">"Word of Wisdom"</a>. True to the Faith. 2004. pp. 186–88. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=True+to+the+Faith&rft.atitle=Word+of+Wisdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fword-of-wisdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> February 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.providentliving.org/content/display/0,11666,7585-1-4081-1,00.html">All Is Safely Gathered In: Family Home Storage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319020514/http://providentliving.org/content/display/0,11666,7585-1-4081-1,00.html">Archived</a> March 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 59) (In the temple, husbands and wives are <a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">sealed</a> to each other for eternity. The implication is that other institutional forms, including the church, might disappear, but the family will endure); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115005308/http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx#family">Mormons in America</a> (Report). Pew Research Center. January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx#family">the original</a> on January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mormons+in+America&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FMormon%2Fmormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx%23family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> (A 2011 survey of Mormons in the United States showed that family life is very important to Mormons, with family concerns significantly higher than career concerns. Four out of five Mormons believe that being a good parent is one of the most important goals in life, and roughly three out of four Mormons put having a successful marriage in this category); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116100601/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700214901/New-Pew-survey-reinforces-Mormons-top-goals-of-family-marriage.html?pg=1">"New Pew survey reinforces Mormons' top goals of family, marriage"</a>. Deseret News. January 12, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700214901/New-Pew-survey-reinforces-Mormons-top-goals-of-family-marriage.html?pg=1">the original</a> on January 16, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=New+Pew+survey+reinforces+Mormons%27+top+goals+of+family%2C+marriage&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F700214901%2FNew-Pew-survey-reinforces-Mormons-top-goals-of-family-marriage.html%3Fpg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/family/proclamation">"The Family: A Proclamation to the World"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 30–31); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 58). </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/true-to-the-faith/chastity">"Chastity"</a>. True to the Faith. 2004. pp. 29–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=True+to+the+Faith&rft.atitle=Chastity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fchastity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115005308/http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx">Mormons in America</a> (Report). Pew Research Center. January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx">the original</a> on January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mormons+in+America&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FMormon%2Fmormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> (79% of Mormons in the US say that sex between unmarried adults is morally wrong, far higher than the 35% of the general public who hold the same view). </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/official-statement/abortion">"Topic: Abortion"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. November 8, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006032636/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/official-statement/abortion">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topic%3A+Abortion&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fofficial-statement%2Fabortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/for-the-strength-of-youth-fulfilling-our-duty-to-god/dress-and-appearance">"Dress and Appearance"</a>. For the Strength of the Youth. LDS Church. 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=For+the+Strength+of+the+Youth&rft.atitle=Dress+and+Appearance&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchurchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Ffor-the-strength-of-youth-fulfilling-our-duty-to-god%2Fdress-and-appearance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldsliving.com/whats-new-in-the-for-the-strength-of-youth-booklet/s/11043">"What are the biggest changes to the new 'For the Strength of Youth' booklet?"</a>. LDSLiving. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026172130/https://www.ldsliving.com/whats-new-in-the-for-the-strength-of-youth-booklet/s/11043">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LDSLiving&rft.atitle=What+are+the+biggest+changes+to+the+new+%27For+the+Strength+of+Youth%27+booklet%3F&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldsliving.com%2Fwhats-new-in-the-for-the-strength-of-youth-booklet%2Fs%2F11043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Homosexual acts (as well as other sexual acts outside the bonds of marriage) are prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_chastity" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of chastity">law of chastity</a>. Violating the law of chastity may result in <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_B._Hinckley1998" class="citation web cs1">Gordon B. Hinckley (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/ensign/1998/11/what-are-people-asking-about-us">"What Are People Asking about Us?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705085517/http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/ensign/1998/11/what-are-people-asking-about-us">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+People+Asking+about+Us%3F&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Gordon+B.+Hinckley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fensign%2F1998%2F11%2Fwhat-are-people-asking-about-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120213658/http://www.evergreeninternational.org/Individuals.htm">"Resources for Individuals"</a>, EvergreenInternational.org, <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_International" title="Evergreen International">Evergreen International</a>, archived from the original on November 20, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EvergreenInternational.org&rft.atitle=Resources+for+Individuals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evergreeninternational.org%2FIndividuals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Rosen_Lum2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rebecca Rosen Lum (August 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidebayarea.com/oaklandtribune/ci_6668882">"Mormon church changes stance on homosexuality; New teachings say lifelong celibacy to be rewarded with heterosexuality in heaven"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oakland_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oakland Tribune">The Oakland Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512075347/http://www.insidebayarea.com/oaklandtribune/ci_6668882">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mormon+church+changes+stance+on+homosexuality%3B+New+teachings+say+lifelong+celibacy+to+be+rewarded+with+heterosexuality+in+heaven&rft.date=2007-08-20&rft.au=Rebecca+Rosen+Lum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidebayarea.com%2Foaklandtribune%2Fci_6668882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616190527/http://mormonsandgays.org/">"Mormons and Gays"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormonsandgays.org/">the original</a> on June 16, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mormons+and+Gays&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonsandgays.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404010645/http://northstarlds.org/community/community-voices/">"North Star LDS Community"</a>. North Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northstarlds.org/community/community-voices/">the original</a> on April 4, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Star+LDS+Community&rft.pub=North+Star&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthstarlds.org%2Fcommunity%2Fcommunity-voices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Mortensen" class="citation web cs1">Paul Mortensen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021171253/http://www.affirmation.org/history/in_the_beginning.shtml">"In The Beginning: A Brief History of Affirmation"</a>. Affirmation: Gay & Lesbian Mormons. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.affirmation.org/history/in_the_beginning.shtml">the original</a> on October 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Affirmation%3A+Gay+%26+Lesbian+Mormons&rft.atitle=In+The+Beginning%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Affirmation&rft.au=Paul+Mortensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.affirmation.org%2Fhistory%2Fin_the_beginning.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; See also:<a href="/wiki/Affirmation:_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Mormons" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmation: Gay & Lesbian Mormons">Affirmation: Gay & Lesbian Mormons</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> As of the end of 2015, the LDS Church reported a membership of over 15 million (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2015-statistical-report-april-2016-general-conference">"2015 Statistical Report for 2016 April General Conference"</a>. April 2, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629065405/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2015-statistical-report-april-2016-general-conference">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Statistical+Report+for+2016+April+General+Conference&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2F2015-statistical-report-april-2016-general-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">). Most other <a href="/wiki/Brighamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighamite">Brigham Young–lineage sects</a> number in the tens of thousands. Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> has been dominated by the LDS Church, with over 95 percent of adherents. One denomination dominates the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie Saints">non-LDS Church section of the movement</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>, which has about 250,000 members.) Also note the use of the lower case d and hyphen in "Latter-day Saints", as opposed to the larger "Latter Day Saint movement". </li> <li id="cite_note-Stack_2011-09-23-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stack_2011-09-23_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stack_2011-09-23_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stack_2011-09-23_131-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack" title="Peggy Fletcher Stack">Stack, Peggy Fletcher</a> (September 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/52631643-80/mormon-church-lds-says.html.csp">"Active, inactive – do Mormon labels work or wound?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054458/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/52631643-80/mormon-church-lds-says.html.csp">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Active%2C+inactive+%E2%80%93+do+Mormon+labels+work+or+wound%3F&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Fletcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fsltrib%2Flifestyle%2F52631643-80%2Fmormon-church-lds-says.html.csp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Member activity rates are estimated from missionary reports, seminary and institute enrollment, and ratio of members per congregation – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ldschurchgrowth.blogspot.com/2011/07/countries-of-world-by-estimated-member.html">"Countries of the World by Estimated Member Activity Rate"</a>. LDS Church Growth. July 11, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322135322/http://ldschurchgrowth.blogspot.com/2011/07/countries-of-world-by-estimated-member.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LDS+Church+Growth&rft.atitle=Countries+of+the+World+by+Estimated+Member+Activity+Rate&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fldschurchgrowth.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fcountries-of-world-by-estimated-member.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStan_L._Albrecht1998" class="citation web cs1">Stan L. Albrecht (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006013004/http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/latter-day-saint-social-life-social-research-lds-church-and-its-members/8-consequential-dim">"The Consequential Dimension of Mormon Religiosity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/latter-day-saint-social-life-social-research-lds-church-and-its-members/8-consequential-dim">the original</a> on October 6, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Consequential+Dimension+of+Mormon+Religiosity&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Stan+L.+Albrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsc.byu.edu%2Farchived%2Flatter-day-saint-social-life-social-research-lds-church-and-its-members%2F8-consequential-dim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack" title="Peggy Fletcher Stack">Stack, Peggy Fletcher</a> (July 26, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054322/http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_2890645">"Keeping members a challenge for LDS church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>. 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Retrieved November 11, 2011. <q>When referring to people or organizations that practice polygamy, it should be stated that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is not affiliated with polygamous groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Style+Guide&rft.pub=LDS+Newsroom&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstyle-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered – <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 91); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25396937">"Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects"</a>. 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New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139227247" title="Special:BookSources/9781139227247"><bdi>9781139227247</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/886644501">886644501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormons+and+American+politics+%3A+seeking+the+promised+land%3A+Part+I+%E2%80%93+Mormons+as+an+Ethno-Religious+Group&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886644501&rft.isbn=9781139227247&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation cs2">Rogers, Peggy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002184908/http://www.newordermormon.org/essays/faithful-unbelievers.php">"New Order Mormon Essays: The Paradox of the Faithful Unbeliever"</a>, New Order Mormon, NewOrderMormon.org, Publisher is anonymous, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newordermormon.org/essays/faithful-unbelievers.php">the original</a> on October 2, 2015, retrieved September 19, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Order+Mormon%2C+NewOrderMormon.org&rft.atitle=New+Order+Mormon+Essays%3A+The+Paradox+of+the+Faithful+Unbeliever&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newordermormon.org%2Fessays%2Ffaithful-unbelievers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kent_P._Jackson" title="Kent P. Jackson">Jackson, Kent P.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4172">"Scriptures: Authority of Scripture"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 1280–1281, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203023934/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4172">archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2016, retrieved January 19, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scriptures%3A+Authority+of+Scripture&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1280-%3C%2Fspan%3E1281&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kent+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 25–26). </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 8) ("As the name of the church  ... suggests, Jesus Christ is the premier figure. Smith does not even play the role of the last and culminating prophet, as Muhammad does in Islam"); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/what-mormons-believe-about-jesus-christ">"What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ"</a>. LDS Newsroom. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Mormons+Believe+About+Jesus+Christ&rft.pub=LDS+Newsroom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Fwhat-mormons-believe-about-jesus-christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; In a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx#beliefs">2011 Pew Survey</a> a thousand Mormons were asked to volunteer the one word that best describes Mormons. The most common response from those surveyed was "Christian" or "Christ-centered". </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 79). </li> <li id="cite_note-PMGpos-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMGpos_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMGpos_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/true-to-the-faith/plan-of-salvation">"Plan of Salvation"</a>. True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference: 115. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=True+to+the+Faith%3A+A+Gospel+Reference&rft.atitle=Plan+of+Salvation&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fplan-of-salvation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 75). </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 78); In Mormonism, an ordinance is a formal act, in which people enter into <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant (Latter Day Saints)">covenants</a> with God. For example, covenants associated with baptism and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> involve taking the name of the Son upon themselves, always remembering him, and keeping his commandments; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/true-to-the-faith/atonement-of-jesus-christ">"Atonement of Jesus Christ"</a>. True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference: 14. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=True+to+the+Faith%3A+A+Gospel+Reference&rft.atitle=Atonement+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fatonement-of-jesus-christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 60–61) Because Mormons believe that everyone must receive certain ordinances to be saved, Mormons perform vicarious ordinances such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">baptism for the dead</a> on behalf of deceased persons. Mormons believe that the deceased may accept or reject the offered ordinance in the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">spirit world</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-PMG35-153"><a href="#cite_ref-PMG35_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMissionary_Department_of_the_LDS_Church2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Missionary Department of the LDS Church</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service/lesson-1-the-message-of-the-restoration-of-the-gospel-of-jesus-christ">Preach My Gospel</a>. <a href="/wiki/LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Church">LDS Church</a>, Inc. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-402-36617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-402-36617-1"><bdi>978-0-402-36617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preach+My+Gospel&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=LDS+Church%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-402-36617-1&rft.au=Missionary+Department+of+the+LDS+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Fpreach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service%2Flesson-1-the-message-of-the-restoration-of-the-gospel-of-jesus-christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA2-154"><a href="#cite_ref-GA2_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmage1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage, James E.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up">The Great Apostasy</a>. The Deseret News. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87579-843-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87579-843-1"><bdi>978-0-87579-843-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Apostasy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=The+Deseret+News&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-0-87579-843-1&rft.aulast=Talmage&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgreatapostasycon00atalm%23page%2F68%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MARV1-155"><a href="#cite_ref-MARV1_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/LeGrand_Richards" title="LeGrand Richards">Richards, LeGrand</a> (1976). <a href="/wiki/A_Marvelous_Work_and_a_Wonder" title="A Marvelous Work and a Wonder">A Marvelous Work and a Wonder</a>. Deseret Book Company. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87747-161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87747-161-5"><bdi>978-0-87747-161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marvelous+Work+and+a+Wonder&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Deseret+Book+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87747-161-5&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=LeGrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA1-156"><a href="#cite_ref-GA1_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmage1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage, James E.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up">The Great Apostasy</a>. The Deseret News. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87579-843-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87579-843-1"><bdi>978-0-87579-843-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Apostasy&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=The+Deseret+News&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-0-87579-843-1&rft.aulast=Talmage&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgreatapostasycon00atalm%23page%2F68%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyring-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Eyring_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyring2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Eyring" title="Henry B. Eyring">Eyring, Henry B.</a> (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/ensign/2008/05/the-true-and-living-church">"The True and Living Church"</a>. Ensign: 20–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+True+and+Living+Church&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Eyring&rft.aufirst=Henry+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fensign%2F2008%2F05%2Fthe-true-and-living-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=John&verse=14%3A16-17&src=1000">John 14:16–17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718074722/http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=John&verse=14%3A16-17&src=1000">Archived</a> July 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=John&verse=16%3A13&src=1000">16:13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021205848/http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=John&verse=16%3A13&src=1000">Archived</a> October 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=Acts&verse=2%3A1-4&src=1000">Acts 2:1–4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717004335/http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=Acts&verse=2%3A1-4&src=1000">Archived</a> July 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=Galatians&verse=1%3a6-9">Galatians 1:6–9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717233430/http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=Galatians&verse=1%3a6-9">Archived</a> July 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115005308/http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx">Mormonism in America</a> (Report). Pew Research Center. January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx">the original</a> on January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mormonism+in+America&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FMormon%2Fmormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> (Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Stephen_E.1998" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Stephen E. (May 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/new-era/1998/05/are-mormons-christians">"Are Mormons Christians?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Era_(magazine)" title="New Era (magazine)">New Era</a>, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era&rft.atitle=Are+Mormons+Christians%3F&rft.date=1998-05&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fnew-era%2F1998%2F05%2Fare-mormons-christians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114203658/http://www.pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Romneys-Mormon-Faith-Likely-a-Factor-in-Primaries-Not-in-a-General-Election.aspx">Romney's Mormon Faith Likely a Factor in Primaries, Not in a General Election</a> (Report). Pew Research Center. November 23, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Romneys-Mormon-Faith-Likely-a-Factor-in-Primaries-Not-in-a-General-Election.aspx">the original</a> on January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Romney%27s+Mormon+Faith+Likely+a+Factor+in+Primaries%2C+Not+in+a+General+Election&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FPolitics-and-Elections%2FRomneys-Mormon-Faith-Likely-a-Factor-in-Primaries-Not-in-a-General-Election.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"> (About a third of Americans and half of evangelical Protestants view Mormonism as a non-Christian religion). </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> "Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Fielding_Smith1993" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Fielding Smith (1993). <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Prophet_Joseph_Smith_(book)" title="Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith (book)">Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith</a>. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Prophet+Joseph+Smith&rft.pages=316&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Joseph+Fielding+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">; Mormons take an <a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">inclusivist</a> position that their religion is correct and true but that other religions have genuine value. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerKellerChoiToronto1997" class="citation book cs1">Palmer; Keller; Choi; Toronto (1997). Religions of the World: A Latter-day Saint View. Brigham Young University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Latter-day+Saint+View&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Palmer&rft.au=Keller&rft.au=Choi&rft.au=Toronto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 54). </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 15, 35–35) (Outside observers sometimes react to Mormonism as "nice people, wacky beliefs." Mormons insist that the "wacky" beliefs pull them together as a people and give them the strength and the know-how to succeed in the modern world). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Allen_(historian)" title="James B. Allen (historian)">Allen, James B.</a> (1966), "The Significance of Joseph Smith's First Vision in Mormon Thought", <a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a>, 1 (3): 28–45, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45223817">10.2307/45223817</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45223817">45223817</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222223353">222223353</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+Joseph+Smith%27s+First+Vision+in+Mormon+Thought&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222223353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45223817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45223817&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrington1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington" title="Leonard J. Arrington">Arrington, Leonard J.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak64mcdZlg4C&q=The+Mormon+Experience">The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06236-0"><bdi>978-0-252-06236-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Experience%3A+A+History+of+the+Latter-Day+Saints&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06236-0&rft.aulast=Arrington&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak64mcdZlg4C%26q%3DThe%2BMormon%2BExperience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Brodie, Fawn M.</a> (1971). <a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History:_The_Life_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith">No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46967-6"><bdi>978-0-394-46967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Man+Knows+My+History%3A+The+Life+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46967-6&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Fawn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1994" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, John L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eyvftt-1F_kC">The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844</a>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34545-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34545-6"><bdi>0-521-34545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Refiner%27s+Fire%3A+The+Making+of+Mormon+Cosmology%2C+1644%E2%80%931844&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-34545-6&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deyvftt-1F_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Bushman, Richard Lyman</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith:_Rough_Stone_Rolling" title="Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling">Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4270-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-4270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%3A+Rough+Stone+Rolling&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4270-8&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2008" class="citation book cs1">Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008). Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6"><bdi>978-0-19-531030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531030-6&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardt2005" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, H. Michael (2005). The Rise of Mormonism, 1816–1844. Xulon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Mormonism%2C+1816%E2%80%931844&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=H.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1834" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eber_Dudley_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eber Dudley Howe">Howe, Eber Dudley</a>, ed. (1834), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormonismunvaile00howe">Mormonism Unvailed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painesville,_Ohio" title="Painesville, Ohio">Painesville, Ohio</a>: Telegraph Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+Unvailed&rft.pub=Painesville%2C+Ohio%3A+Telegraph+Press&rft.date=1834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmormonismunvaile00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauss1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armand_Mauss" title="Armand Mauss">Mauss, Armand</a> (1994). The Angel and the Beehive: The Mormon Struggle with Assimilation. Urbana & Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02071-1"><bdi>978-0-252-02071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Angel+and+the+Beehive%3A+The+Mormon+Struggle+with+Assimilation&rft.place=Urbana+%26+Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02071-1&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Armand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Dea1957" class="citation book cs1">O'Dea, Thomas F. (1957). The Mormons. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61743-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61743-5"><bdi>978-0-226-61743-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormons&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61743-5&rft.aulast=O%27Dea&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. 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Roberts">Roberts, B. H.</a>, ed. (1905), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2bEVgSvbS8C">History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, vol. 3, Salt Lake City: Deseret News</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2bEVgSvbS8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1909" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Roberts" title="B. H. Roberts">Roberts, B. H.</a>, ed. 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Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01417-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01417-8"><bdi>978-0-252-01417-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+The+Story+of+a+New+Religious+Tradition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01417-8&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCowderyRigdonWilliams1835" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Smith, Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Cowdery, Oliver</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Rigdon, Sidney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Williams" title="Frederick G. Williams">Williams, Frederick G.</a> (1835), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irr.org/mit/BOC/default.html">Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God</a>, Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & Co, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520135750/http://irr.org/mit/boc/default.html">archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2012, retrieved December 22, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+of+the+Church+of+the+Latter+Day+Saints%3A+Carefully+Selected+from+the+Revelations+of+God&rft.place=Kirtland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=F.+G.+Williams+%26+Co&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Cowdery%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Rigdon%2C+Sidney&rft.au=Williams%2C+Frederick+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irr.org%2Fmit%2FBOC%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidmer2000" class="citation book cs1">Widmer, Kurt (2000). Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0776-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-0776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+and+the+Nature+of+God%3A+A+Theological+Evolution%2C+1830%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0776-7&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alexander" title="Thomas G. Alexander">Alexander, Thomas G.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/022-24-33.pdf">"The Reconstruction of Mormon Doctrine: From Joseph Smith to Progressive Theology"</a> (PDF). Sunstone. 5 (4): 24–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020075510/https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/022-24-33.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunstone&rft.atitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Mormon+Doctrine%3A+From+Joseph+Smith+to+Progressive+Theology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstonemagazine.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2F022-24-33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanreligio000bloo">The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67997-2"><bdi>978-0-671-67997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Religion%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Post-Christian+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-671-67997-2&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanreligio000bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2012" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Matthew (2012). The Mormon People: The Making of an American Faith. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64491-0"><bdi>978-0-679-64491-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+People%3A+The+Making+of+an+American+Faith&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64491-0&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpperson1999" class="citation book cs1">Epperson, Steven (1999). "Mormons". In Barkan, Elliott Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationofpeopless00bark">A notion of peoples: a sourcebook on America's multicultural heritage</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29961-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29961-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29961-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormons&rft.btitle=A+notion+of+peoples%3A+a+sourcebook+on+America%27s+multicultural+heritage&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29961-2&rft.aulast=Epperson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationofpeopless00bark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1883" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fraser, John (1883). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Mormons">"Mormons" </a>. In Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XVI (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormons&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_S._Hill" title="Marvin S. Hill">Hill, Marvin S.</a> (1989). Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism. Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941214704" title="Special:BookSources/9780941214704"><bdi>9780941214704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Refuge%3A+The+Mormon+Flight+from+American+Pluralism&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780941214704&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Marvin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H.</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo03ludl">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-904040-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-904040-9"><bdi>978-0-02-904040-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-02-904040-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo03ludl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dean_L._May" title="Dean L. May">May, Dean</a> (1980). "Mormons". In Thernstrom, Stephan (ed.). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 720.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormons&rft.btitle=Harvard+Encyclopedia+of+American+Ethnic+Groups&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=720&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurrin1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sterling_M._McMurrin" title="Sterling M. McMurrin">McMurrin, Sterling M.</a> (1965). The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion. Salt Lake City: <a href="/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-135-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-135-6"><bdi>978-1-56085-135-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theological+Foundations+of+the+Mormon+Religion&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1-56085-135-6&rft.aulast=McMurrin&rft.aufirst=Sterling+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstlingOstling2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Joan_Ostling" title="Richard and Joan Ostling">Ostling, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Joan_Ostling" title="Richard and Joan Ostling">Ostling, Joan K.</a> (2007). Mormon America: The Power and the Promise. New York: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143295-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143295-8"><bdi>978-0-06-143295-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+America%3A+The+Power+and+the+Promise&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-143295-8&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ostling%2C+Joan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipps2000" class="citation book cs1">Shipps, Jan (2000). Sojourner in the promised land: forty years among the Mormons. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02590-7"><bdi>978-0-252-02590-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sojourner+in+the+promised+land%3A+forty+years+among+the+Mormons&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02590-7&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormons" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Mormonism" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Mormonism">Mormonism</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://churchofjesuschrist.org/?lang=eng">churchofjesuschrist.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603191254/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/?lang=eng">Archived</a> June 3, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comeuntochrist.org/">comeuntochrist.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530113715/https://www.comeuntochrist.org/">Archived</a> May 30, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, official websites of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/mormons/">The Mormons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401102538/http://www.pbs.org/mormons/">Archived</a> April 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary series)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/16px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/24px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latter_Day_Saint_movement341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template talk:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">Extermination Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of the LDS Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Community of Christ history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboy_Conference" title="Amboy Conference">Amboy Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sacred texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord" title="Book of the Law of the Lord">Book of the Law of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangites only</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_of_the_Lord" title="The Word of the Lord">The Word of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Fettingites and offshoots</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Hedrick" title="Granville Hedrick">Granville Hedrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">LDS denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Bickertonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Hedrickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fellowships_of_%22the_Remnants%22_movement" title="Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement">Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_Reorganization_movement" title="List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement">List of Reorganized Restorationist churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_in_Mormonism" title="Agency in Mormonism">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_19th-century_Mormonism" title="Death in 19th-century Mormonism">Early views on death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Spirit_in_Mormonism" title="Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism">Gifts of the Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Views on God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_blessing" title="Patriarchal blessing">Patriarchal blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Women and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_early_Mormonism" title="Black people and early Mormonism">Black people and early Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_and_Mormonism" title="Civil rights and Mormonism">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historicity of the Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_art" title="Mormon art">Mormon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Mormon blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Mormon cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folklore" title="Mormon folklore">Mormon folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_literature" title="Mormon literature">Mormon literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_poetry" title="Mormon poetry">Mormon poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fiction" title="Mormon fiction">Mormon fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Mormon_Letters" title="Association for Mormon Letters">Association for Mormon Letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Mormon music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folk_music" title="Mormon folk music">Mormon folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Mormon Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Latter Day Saints in popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_Mormons_in_comics" title="Portrayal of Mormons in comics">Portrayal of Mormons in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">Smith Family Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Bibliography of the Latter Day Saint movement">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolob" title="Kolob">Kolob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_history" title="Mormonism and history">Mormonism and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_architecture_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple architecture (LDS Church)">Temple architecture (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voree_plates" title="Voree plates">Voree plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints1811" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template talk:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints1811" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy_(LDS_Church)" title="Good Neighbor policy (LDS Church)">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_sites_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT Mormon timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Handcart companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Name of the church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_charges_against_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="2023 Securities and Exchange Commission charges against the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Ensign Peak Advisors">2023 SEC case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">Sacred texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">Holy Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs and practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Apostasy and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Sunday" title="Fast Sunday">Fast Sunday</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Strength_of_Youth_(pamphlet)" title="For the Strength of Youth (pamphlet)">For the Strength of Youth</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Gender</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">Family Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_minorities_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministering" title="Ministering">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">Ordinances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">Baptism for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Marriage sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Temple endowment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">Temple garment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">Black Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_temple_and_priesthood_policies_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Black temple and priesthood restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Curses of Cain and Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_birth_control_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on birth control in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexual orientation change efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_masturbation_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaking_(sexual_practice)" title="Soaking (sexual practice)">Soaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_suicide_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on suicide in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Culture and worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Especially_for_Youth" title="Especially for Youth">Especially for Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Family_Services" title="LDS Family Services">Family Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Helping_Hands" title="Mormon Helping Hands">Helping Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">Humanitarian services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Hymns in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)" title="Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book)">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel" title="Latter-day Saints Channel">Latter-day Saints Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Missionary service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pageants_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of pageants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(LDS_Church)" title="Tabernacle (LDS Church)">Tabernacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_services_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Worship services of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Worship services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Sacrament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority">Leadership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)" title="Seventy (LDS Church)">Quorums of the Seventy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men_(organization)" title="Young Men (organization)">Young Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_(LDS_Church)" title="Primary (LDS Church)">Primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Membership history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">Less-active Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_people_and_organizations" title="LGBT Mormon people and organizations">LGBT Mormons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Congregational <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Congregations" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Idaho" title="Brigham Young University–Idaho">BYU-Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">BYU-Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Pathway_Worldwide" title="BYU–Pathway Worldwide">BYU–Pathway Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_College" title="Ensign College">Ensign College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation" title="Deseret Management Corporation">Deseret Management Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company" title="Deseret Book Company">Deseret Book Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Industries" title="Deseret Industries">Deseret Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Digital_Media" title="Deseret Digital Media">Deseret Digital Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Square_Hospitality" title="Temple Square Hospitality">Temple Square Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News Publishing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_Financial_Group" title="Beneficial Financial Group">Beneficial Financial Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RootsTech" title="RootsTech">RootsTech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropies" title="Philanthropies">Philanthropies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Finances of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Finances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="Ensign Peak Advisors">Ensign Peak Advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Emigration_Fund" title="Perpetual Emigration Fund">Perpetual Emigration Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fund" title="Perpetual Education Fund">Perpetual Education Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Property_Management_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Property Management Associates">Utah Property Management Associates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgReserves" title="AgReserves">AgReserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Ranches" title="Deseret Ranches">Deseret Ranches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Fawn M. Brodie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History" title="No Man Knows My History">No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Decker" title="Ed Decker">Ed Decker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Makers" title="The God Makers">The God Makers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dehlin" title="John Dehlin">John Dehlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Stories_Podcast" title="Mormon Stories Podcast">Mormon Stories Podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Runnells" title="Jeremy Runnells">Jeremy Runnells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CES_Letter" title="CES Letter">CES Letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_plates" title="Kinderhook plates">Kinderhook plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander_letter" title="Salamander letter">Salamander letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Six" title="September Six">September Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_%26_Transparency_Foundation" title="Truth & Transparency Foundation">Truth & Transparency Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComeUntoChrist.org" title="ComeUntoChrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations">List of Book of Mormon translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">The Joseph Smith Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_(Mormon_apologetics_organization)" title="FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)">FAIR organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Mormon" title="I'm a Mormon">I'm a Mormon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">LGBT Mormon suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_History_Association" title="Mormon History Association">Mormon History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Relationship to U.S. politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkyoshigo" title="Senkyoshigo">Senkyoshigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Machine" title="Giving Machine">Giving Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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