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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_and_Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_and_Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Greek and Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_and_Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Christian mosaics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Early Christian art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ravenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ravenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Ravenna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ravenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butrint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butrint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Butrint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butrint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Antique_and_Early_Medieval_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antique_and_Early_Medieval_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Late Antique and Early Medieval Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antique_and_Early_Medieval_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Byzantine mosaics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome_in_the_High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Rome in the High Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome_in_the_High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Venice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Medieval Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_and_Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_and_Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Western and Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_and_Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>Renaissance and Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Christian_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Christian_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.12</span> <span>The Christian East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Christian_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.13</span> <span>Orthodox countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jewish mosaics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Eastern_and_Western_Asian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Eastern_and_Western_Asian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Middle Eastern and Western Asian art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Eastern_and_Western_Asian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Christian Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrian_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrian_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Zoroastrian Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrian_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Islamic art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.1</span> <span>Arab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern mosaics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_mosaics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern mosaics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_popular_craft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_popular_craft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As a popular craft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_popular_craft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_street_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_street_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In street art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_street_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calçada_Portuguesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calçada_Portuguesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Calçada Portuguesa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calçada_Portuguesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Three techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Three_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Three techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Three_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Direct method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Indirect method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Digital imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robotic_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotic_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Robotic manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotic_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosaic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosa%C3%AFek" title="Mosaïek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mosaïek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فسيفساء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فسيفساء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խճանկարչութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խճանկարչութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaicu" title="Mosaicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mosaicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peh%E1%BA%BD%27aty" title="Pehẽ'aty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pehẽ'aty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaika" title="Mozaika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mozaika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95" title="মোজাইক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোজাইক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мазаіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мазаіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мозайка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мозайка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaik" title="Mozaik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mozaik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marelladur_(arz)" title="Marelladur (arz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marelladur (arz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mosaic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaika" title="Mozaika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mozaika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A4ig" title="Mosäig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mosäig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaik" title="Mosaik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mosaik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaik" title="Mosaik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mosaik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaiik" title="Mosaiik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mosaiik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Ψηφιδωτό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψηφιδωτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mosaico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaiko" title="Mozaiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mozaiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaiko" title="Mosaiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mosaiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="معرق‌کاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معرق‌کاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosa%C3%AFque" title="Mosaïque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mosaïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3s%C3%A1ic" title="Mósáic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mósáic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mosaico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC" title="모자이크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모자이크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խճանկարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խճանկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="मोज़ेक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोज़ेक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaik" title="Mozaik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mozaik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaiko" title="Mozaiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mozaiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaik" title="Mosaik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mosaik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mosaico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3sa%C3%ADk" title="Mósaík – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mósaík" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mosaico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A1" title="פסיפס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיפס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მოზაიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოზაიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мозаика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мозаика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaiki" title="Mozaiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mozaiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мозаика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мозаика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_tessellatum" title="Opus tessellatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opus tessellatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moza%C4%ABka" title="Mozaīka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mozaīka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaik" title="Mosaik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mosaik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaika" title="Mozaika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mozaika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moz%C3%A0ico" title="Mozàico – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mozàico" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaik" title="Mozaik – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mozaik" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мозаик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мозаик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozek" title="Mozek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mozek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mosaic" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moza%C3%AFek" title="Mozaïek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mozaïek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF" title="モザイク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モザイク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaik" title="Mosaik – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Mosaik" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaikk" title="Mosaikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mosaikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaikk" title="Mosaikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mosaikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosa%C3%AFc" title="Mosaïc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mosaïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaika" title="Mozaika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mozaika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="موزایيک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موزایيک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaika" title="Mozaika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mozaika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mosaico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaika" title="Mozaika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mozaika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaic" title="Mozaic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mozaic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мозаіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мозаіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мозаика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мозаика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A0icu" title="Mosàicu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mosàicu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A0icu" title="Mosàicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mosàicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mosaic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaika" title="Mozaika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mozaika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaik" title="Mozaik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mozaik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мозаик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мозаик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaik" title="Mozaik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mozaik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaiikki" title="Mosaiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mosaiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaik" title="Mosaik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mosaik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mosaic" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мозаика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мозаика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81" title="งานโมเสก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งานโมเสก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaik" title="Mozaik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mozaik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мозаїка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мозаїка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_10.jpg/207px-Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_10.jpg/276px-Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3551" data-file-height="3391" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst,_Winter,_Zomer_en_Lente_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_07.jpg/138px-Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_07.jpg/207px-Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_07.jpg/276px-Antwerpen_Jugendstil_Waterloostraat_Herfst%2C_Winter%2C_Zomer_en_Lente_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falguera-lactancia-1940-01red.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Falguera-lactancia-1940-01red.jpg/179px-Falguera-lactancia-1940-01red.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Falguera-lactancia-1940-01red.jpg/269px-Falguera-lactancia-1940-01red.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Falguera-lactancia-1940-01red.jpg/358px-Falguera-lactancia-1940-01red.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various examples of mosaics. Each row of 3 pictures represents a style: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau#Architecture_and_ornamentation" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>mosaic</b> is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, and covering a surface.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaics are often used as floor and wall decoration, and were particularly popular in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Roman</a> world. </p><p>Mosaic today includes not just murals and pavements, but also artwork, hobby crafts, and industrial and construction forms. </p><p>Mosaics have a long history, starting in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the 3rd millennium BC. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pebble_mosaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pebble mosaic (page does not exist)">Pebble mosaics</a> were made in <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean civilisation">Mycenean</a> Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>. Early Christian <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Norman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman dynasty">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in the 12th century, by the eastern-influenced <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, and among the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (people)">Rus</a>. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, though artists like <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> continued to practice the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jewish artists to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> with floor mosaics. </p><p>Figurative mosaic, but mostly without human figures, was widely used on religious buildings and palaces in early <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, including Islam's first great religious building, the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Such mosaics went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century, except for geometrical patterns in techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a>, which remain popular in many areas. </p><p>Modern mosaics are made by artists and craftspeople around the world. Many materials other than traditional stone, ceramic tesserae, enameled and stained glass may be employed, including shells, beads, charms, chains, gears, coins, and pieces of costume jewelry. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mosaic_materials">Mosaic materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mosaic materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sousse_mosaic_Gorgon_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sousse_mosaic_Gorgon_03.JPG/220px-Sousse_mosaic_Gorgon_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sousse_mosaic_Gorgon_03.JPG/330px-Sousse_mosaic_Gorgon_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sousse_mosaic_Gorgon_03.JPG/440px-Sousse_mosaic_Gorgon_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Tepidarium of Dar Zmela house</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional mosaics are made of small cubes of roughly square pieces of stone or hand made glass enamel of different colours, known as <a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tesserae</a>. Some of the earliest mosaics were made of natural pebbles, originally used to reinforce floors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosaic skinning (covering objects with mosaic glass) is done with thin enameled glass and opaque stained glass. Modern mosaic art is made from any material in any size ranging from carved stone, bottle caps, and found objects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Anthropology_-_Aztecs_(JC)_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_-_Aztecs_%28JC%29_13.JPG/220px-National_Museum_of_Anthropology_-_Aztecs_%28JC%29_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_-_Aztecs_%28JC%29_13.JPG/330px-National_Museum_of_Anthropology_-_Aztecs_%28JC%29_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_-_Aztecs_%28JC%29_13.JPG/440px-National_Museum_of_Anthropology_-_Aztecs_%28JC%29_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>(Museo Nacional de Antropología (México))</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg/220px-Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg/330px-Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg/440px-Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>From Pompeii, Casa di Orfeo <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">National Archaeological Museum, Naples</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known examples of mosaics made of different materials were found at a temple building in Abra, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and are dated to the second half of 3rd millennium BC. They consist of pieces of colored stones, shells and ivory. Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> show evidence of the first glazed tiles, dating from around 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryOfIranianTile_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryOfIranianTile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, mosaic patterns were not used until the times of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> and Roman influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_and_Roman">Greek and Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greek and Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mosaics_of_Delos" title="Mosaics of Delos">Mosaics of Delos</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> pebble mosaics have been found at <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19995_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> palace-city of <a href="/wiki/Aegae_(Macedon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegae (Macedon)">Aegae</a>, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of <a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="The Beauty of Durrës">The Beauty of Durrës</a> discovered in <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentions the artist <a href="/wiki/Sosus_of_Pergamon" title="Sosus of Pergamon">Sosus of Pergamon</a> by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these themes were widely copied.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings, a far more prestigious artform, and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> dwellings from Britain to <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>. </p><p>Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek, suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves. Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, in places such as <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, and can still be seen in the extensive collection in <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardo Museum">Bardo Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. </p><p>There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_vermiculatum" title="Opus vermiculatum">opus vermiculatum</a></i> used tiny <i><a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a></i>, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny <i>tesserae</i> allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called <i>emblemata</i> were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_tessellatum" title="Opus tessellatum">opus tessellatum</a></i>, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1983116–119_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1983116–119-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1983121–123_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1983121–123-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the <i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i>, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. The Roman church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>, which served as a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault, which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration. </p><p>The mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a> near <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics <i>in situ</i> in the world, and are protected as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The large <i>villa rustica</i>, which was probably owned by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century. The most important pieces are the <i>Circus Scene</i>, the 64m long <i>Great Hunting Scene</i>, the <i>Little Hunt</i>, the <i>Labours of Hercules</i> and the famous <i>Bikini Girls</i>, showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century <a href="/wiki/Bikinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikinis">bikinis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a>, the imperial apartments and the <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> were also decorated with ornamental and <a href="/wiki/Mythological" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological">mythological</a> mosaics.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_casale_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_casale-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> where two houses were discovered. The most important scenes there depicted are an <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_mosaic" title="Orpheus mosaic">Orpheus mosaic</a>, <i>Alexander the Great's Hunt</i> and the <i>Four Seasons</i>. </p><p>In 1913 the <a href="/wiki/Zliten_mosaic" title="Zliten mosaic">Zliten mosaic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan">Libyan</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Zliten" title="Zliten">Zliten</a>. In 2000 archaeologists working in <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The mosaics show a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue, staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a bath house within a Roman villa. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen – a "masterpiece comparable in quality with the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>." </p><p>A specific genre of Roman mosaic was called <i>asaroton</i> (Greek for "unswept floor"). It depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> style the feast leftovers on the floors of wealthy houses.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic from the House of the Abduction of Helen at Pella, ancient Macedonia, late 4th century BC"><img alt="Stag Hunt Mosaic from the House of the Abduction of Helen at Pella, ancient Macedonia, late 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/220px-Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/330px-Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/440px-Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stag_Hunt_Mosaic" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic">Stag Hunt Mosaic</a> from the <i>House of the Abduction of Helen</i> at <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Macedonia">ancient Macedonia</a>, late 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto,_Amphipolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto, 4th century BC"><img alt="A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto, 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/220px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/330px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/440px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Kasta_Tomb" title="Kasta Tomb">Kasta Tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> depicting the abduction of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hellenistic Greek mosaic depicting the god Dionysos as a winged daimon riding on a tiger, from the House of Dionysos at Delos in the South Aegean region of Greece, late 2nd century BC"><img alt="A Hellenistic Greek mosaic depicting the god Dionysos as a winged daimon riding on a tiger, from the House of Dionysos at Delos in the South Aegean region of Greece, late 2nd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg/220px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg/330px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg/440px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic Greek</a> mosaic depicting the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> as a winged <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimon</a> riding on a tiger, from <a href="/wiki/Mosaics_of_Delos" title="Mosaics of Delos">the House of Dionysos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Aegean" title="South Aegean">South Aegean</a> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, late 2nd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi,_sala_del_cavalluccio,_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo,_da_kos,_periodo_romano,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hellenistic Greek mosaic of a nymph riding on a marine creature, from the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Greece, 2nd century BC"><img alt="A Hellenistic Greek mosaic of a nymph riding on a marine creature, from the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Greece, 2nd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG/220px-Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG/330px-Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG/440px-Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Greek</a> mosaic of a <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> riding on a marine creature, from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" title="Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greece</a>, 2nd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouched.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="This centaur mosaic was found on the site of the Roman emperor Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli, Italy. Altes Museum, Berlin."><img alt="This centaur mosaic was found on the site of the Roman emperor Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli, Italy. Altes Museum, Berlin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouched.jpeg/220px-Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouched.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouched.jpeg/330px-Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouched.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouched.jpeg/440px-Centaur_mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project_retouched.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="27974" data-file-height="18078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This centaur mosaic was found on the site of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian's</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Villa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tivoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a>, Berlin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mosaic of Ulysses, from Carthage, 2nd century AD, now in the Bardo Museum, Tunisia"><img alt="Roman mosaic of Ulysses, from Carthage, 2nd century AD, now in the Bardo Museum, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg/220px-Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg/330px-Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg/440px-Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a>, from Carthage, 2nd century AD, now in the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardo Museum">Bardo Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_dramaturga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cave canem mosaics ('Beware of the dog') were a popular motif for the thresholds of Roman villas"><img alt="Cave canem mosaics ('Beware of the dog') were a popular motif for the thresholds of Roman villas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dom_dramaturga.jpg/220px-Dom_dramaturga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dom_dramaturga.jpg/330px-Dom_dramaturga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dom_dramaturga.jpg/440px-Dom_dramaturga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cave canem</i> mosaics ('<a href="/wiki/Beware_of_the_dog" title="Beware of the dog">Beware of the dog</a>') were a popular motif for the thresholds of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> villas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic.woodchester.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A small part of The Great Pavement, a Roman mosaic laid in AD 325 at Woodchester, Gloucestershire, England"><img alt="A small part of The Great Pavement, a Roman mosaic laid in AD 325 at Woodchester, Gloucestershire, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic.woodchester.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Mosaic.woodchester.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic.woodchester.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Mosaic.woodchester.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic.woodchester.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Mosaic.woodchester.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A small part of <i>The Great Pavement</i>, a Roman mosaic laid in AD 325 at <a href="/wiki/Woodchester" title="Woodchester">Woodchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Zliten mosaic showing gladiators, 2nd century AD"><img alt="The Zliten mosaic showing gladiators, 2nd century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3_cropped.JPG/220px-Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3_cropped.JPG/330px-Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3_cropped.JPG/440px-Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Zliten_mosaic" title="Zliten mosaic">Zliten mosaic</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Gladiators" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladiators">gladiators</a>, 2nd century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silchester_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mosaic found at Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester)"><img alt="Roman mosaic found at Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Silchester_mosaic.jpg/165px-Silchester_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Silchester_mosaic.jpg/247px-Silchester_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Silchester_mosaic.jpg/330px-Silchester_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman mosaic found at <a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Calleva Atrebatum</a> (Silchester)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GiorcesBardo56.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Roman mosaic depicting the wedding of Dionysos and Ariadne, with Silenus and a satyr, 2nd century AD, Tunis, Tunisia"><img alt="A Roman mosaic depicting the wedding of Dionysos and Ariadne, with Silenus and a satyr, 2nd century AD, Tunis, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GiorcesBardo56.jpg/220px-GiorcesBardo56.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GiorcesBardo56.jpg/330px-GiorcesBardo56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GiorcesBardo56.jpg/440px-GiorcesBardo56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="2333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Roman mosaic depicting the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A mosaic showing Medusa and representational figures of the four seasons, from Palencia, Spain, made between 167 and 200 AD"><img alt="A mosaic showing Medusa and representational figures of the four seasons, from Palencia, Spain, made between 167 and 200 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG/220px-Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG/330px-Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG/440px-Mosaico_Medusa_M.A.N._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3710" data-file-height="3295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mosaic showing <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> and representational figures of the four seasons, from <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, Spain, made between 167 and 200 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epiphany of Dionysus mosaic, from the Villa of Dionysus (2nd century AD) in Dion, Greece. Now in the Archeological Museum of Dion."><img alt="Epiphany of Dionysus mosaic, from the Villa of Dionysus (2nd century AD) in Dion, Greece. Now in the Archeological Museum of Dion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/220px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/330px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/440px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4847" data-file-height="3633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Epiphany of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> mosaic, from the Villa of Dionysus (2nd century AD) in <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Dion, Greece">Dion, Greece</a>. Now in the <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Museum_of_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological Museum of Dion">Archeological Museum of Dion</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikini_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Romana del Casale of Piazza Armerina, 4th century AD"><img alt="Villa Romana del Casale of Piazza Armerina, 4th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bikini_mosaic.jpg/220px-Bikini_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bikini_mosaic.jpg/330px-Bikini_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bikini_mosaic.jpg/440px-Bikini_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a> of <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, 4th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_(Palencia).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Roman mosaics at Villa Romana La Olmeda, Spain, 4th-5th centuries AD"><img alt="Late Roman mosaics at Villa Romana La Olmeda, Spain, 4th-5th centuries AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG/220px-Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG/330px-Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG/440px-Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Roman mosaics at Villa Romana <a href="/wiki/La_Olmeda" title="La Olmeda">La Olmeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, 4th-5th centuries AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a princess of Skyros (from a larger scene of the Iliad depicting her and other princesses fawning over Achilles as Odysseus looks on), from the villa of La Olmeda, Spain, 4th-5th centuries AD"><img alt="Detail of a princess of Skyros (from a larger scene of the Iliad depicting her and other princesses fawning over Achilles as Odysseus looks on), from the villa of La Olmeda, Spain, 4th-5th centuries AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_002.jpg/220px-Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_002.jpg/330px-Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_002.jpg/440px-Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a princess of <a href="/wiki/Skyros" title="Skyros">Skyros</a> (from a larger scene of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> depicting her and <a href="/wiki/Achilles_on_Skyros" title="Achilles on Skyros">other princesses</a> fawning over <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> as <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> looks on), from the villa of <a href="/wiki/La_Olmeda" title="La Olmeda">La Olmeda</a>, Spain, 4th-5th centuries AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Judgment of Paris, marble, limestone and glass tesserae, 115–150 AD; from the Atrium House triclinium in Antioch-on-the-Orontes"><img alt="Judgment of Paris, marble, limestone and glass tesserae, 115–150 AD; from the Atrium House triclinium in Antioch-on-the-Orontes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg/220px-P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg/330px-P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg/440px-P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a>, marble, limestone and glass tesserae, 115–150 AD; from the Atrium House triclinium in <a href="/wiki/Antioch-on-the-Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch-on-the-Orontes">Antioch-on-the-Orontes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cirta_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumph of Poseidon and Amphitrite showing the couple in procession, detail of a mosaic from Cirta, Roman Africa, 315–325 AD, Louvre"><img alt="Triumph of Poseidon and Amphitrite showing the couple in procession, detail of a mosaic from Cirta, Roman Africa, 315–325 AD, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cirta_mosaic.jpg/137px-Cirta_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cirta_mosaic.jpg/206px-Cirta_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cirta_mosaic.jpg/275px-Cirta_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></i> showing the couple <a href="/wiki/Thiasos#Other_thiasoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiasos">in procession</a>, detail of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">mosaic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a>, 315–325 AD, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari_-_Museo_Archelogico_di_Torino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of Orpheus from Caralis, modern Cagliari (Italy), now in Archeological Museum of Turin"><img alt="Mosaic of Orpheus from Caralis, modern Cagliari (Italy), now in Archeological Museum of Turin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari_-_Museo_Archelogico_di_Torino.jpg/142px-Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari_-_Museo_Archelogico_di_Torino.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari_-_Museo_Archelogico_di_Torino.jpg/213px-Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari_-_Museo_Archelogico_di_Torino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari_-_Museo_Archelogico_di_Torino.jpg/284px-Mosaico_di_Orfeo_da_Cagliari_-_Museo_Archelogico_di_Torino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic of Orpheus from Caralis, modern Cagliari (Italy), now in Archeological Museum of Turin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_the_Neptune_Mosaic_(7254084220).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House of the Neptune Mosaic Casa di Nettuno ed Anfitrite (Ins. V) - Triclinium (dining room) decor"><img alt="House of the Neptune Mosaic Casa di Nettuno ed Anfitrite (Ins. V) - Triclinium (dining room) decor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/House_of_the_Neptune_Mosaic_%287254084220%29.jpg/147px-House_of_the_Neptune_Mosaic_%287254084220%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/House_of_the_Neptune_Mosaic_%287254084220%29.jpg/220px-House_of_the_Neptune_Mosaic_%287254084220%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/House_of_the_Neptune_Mosaic_%287254084220%29.jpg/294px-House_of_the_Neptune_Mosaic_%287254084220%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="3995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House of the Neptune Mosaic Casa di Nettuno ed Anfitrite (Ins. V) - Triclinium (dining room) decor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antep_erased2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Gaziantep Museum of Archeology)(Zeugma)"><img alt="(Gaziantep Museum of Archeology)(Zeugma)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Antep_erased2.jpg/220px-Antep_erased2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Antep_erased2.jpg/330px-Antep_erased2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Antep_erased2.jpg/440px-Antep_erased2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="1658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Gaziantep Museum of Archeology)(<a href="/wiki/Zeugma,_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugma, Commagene">Zeugma</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_mosaics">Christian mosaics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian mosaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Christian_art">Early Christian art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Christian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_and_medieval_mosaics_in_Italy" title="Late Antique and medieval mosaics in Italy">Late Antique and medieval mosaics in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaico_di_cristo_in_trono_tra_gli_apostoli_e_le_ss._prudenziana_e_prassede,_410_dc_ca._06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mosaico_di_cristo_in_trono_tra_gli_apostoli_e_le_ss._prudenziana_e_prassede%2C_410_dc_ca._06.jpg/400px-Mosaico_di_cristo_in_trono_tra_gli_apostoli_e_le_ss._prudenziana_e_prassede%2C_410_dc_ca._06.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mosaico_di_cristo_in_trono_tra_gli_apostoli_e_le_ss._prudenziana_e_prassede%2C_410_dc_ca._06.jpg/600px-Mosaico_di_cristo_in_trono_tra_gli_apostoli_e_le_ss._prudenziana_e_prassede%2C_410_dc_ca._06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mosaico_di_cristo_in_trono_tra_gli_apostoli_e_le_ss._prudenziana_e_prassede%2C_410_dc_ca._06.jpg/800px-Mosaico_di_cristo_in_trono_tra_gli_apostoli_e_le_ss._prudenziana_e_prassede%2C_410_dc_ca._06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a <a href="/wiki/Paleochristian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleochristian">Paleochristian</a> mosaic from the basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">Santa Pudenziana</a> in Rome, c. 410 AD, depicting Saint <a href="/wiki/Pudentiana" title="Pudentiana">Pudentiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the building of Christian <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Constanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Constanza">Santa Constanza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">Santa Pudenziana</a>, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a>, near the crypt beneath <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Rotunda of Galerius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies. </p><p>In the following century <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the <a href="/wiki/St_Aquilinus" class="mw-redirect" title="St Aquilinus">St Aquilinus</a> Chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Milan" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan">Basilica of San Lorenzo</a>, mosaics executed in the late 4th and early 5th centuries depict Christ with the Apostles and the Abduction of <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>; these mosaics are outstanding for their bright colors, naturalism and adherence to the classical canons of order and proportion. The surviving apse mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a>, which shows Christ enthroned between Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius and angels before a golden background date back to the 5th and to the 8th century, although it was restored many times later. The baptistery of the basilica, which was demolished in the 15th century, had a vault covered with gold-leaf tesserae, large quantities of which were found when the site was excavated. In the small shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro, now a chapel of Sant'Ambrogio, every surface is covered with mosaics from the second half of the 5th century. Saint Victor is depicted in the center of the golden dome, while figures of saints are shown on the walls before a blue background. The low spandrels give space for the symbols of the four Evangelists. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albenga" title="Albenga">Albingaunum</a> was the main Roman port of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. The octagonal baptistery of the town was decorated in the 5th century with high quality blue and white mosaics representing the Apostles. The surviving remains are somewhat fragmented. <a href="/wiki/Massilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massilia">Massilia</a> remained a thriving port and a Christian spiritual center in Southern Gaul where favourable societal and economic conditions ensured the survival of mosaic art in the 5th and 6th centuries. The large baptistery, once the grandest building of its kind in Western Europe, had a geometric floor mosaic which is only known from 19th century descriptions. Other parts of the episcopal complex were also decorated with mosaics as new finds, that were unearthed in the 2000s, attest. The funerary <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Victor,_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille">basilica of Saint Victor</a>, built in a quarry outside the walls, was decorated with mosaics but only a small fragment with blue and green scrolls survived on the intrados of an arch (the basilica was later buried under a medieval abbey). </p><p>A mosaic pavement depicting humans, animals and plants from the original 4th-century cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> has survived in the later medieval church. This mosaic adopts pagan motifs such as the Nilotic scene, but behind the traditional naturalistic content is Christian symbolism such as the <a href="/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">ichthys</a>. The 6th-century early Christian basilicas of Sant' Eufemia <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Eufemia_(Grado)" class="extiw" title="it:Basilica di Sant'Eufemia (Grado)">it:Basilica di Sant'Eufemia (Grado)</a> and Santa Maria delle Grazie in <a href="/wiki/Grado,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grado, Italy">Grado</a> also have mosaic floors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERentetzi2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERentetzi2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ravenna">Ravenna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ravenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_good_Shepherd%22_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%22The_good_Shepherd%22_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg/220px-%22The_good_Shepherd%22_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%22The_good_Shepherd%22_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg/330px-%22The_good_Shepherd%22_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%22The_good_Shepherd%22_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg/440px-%22The_good_Shepherd%22_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4179" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Shepherd_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good Shepherd (Christianity)">The Good Shepherd</a> mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/170px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/255px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/340px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a> was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif above the crossing is a golden cross in the middle of the starry sky. Another great building established by <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a> was the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Evangelista,_Ravenna" title="San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna">San Giovanni Evangelista</a>. She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna. The mosaics depicted the storm, portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial family and the bishop of Ravenna, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a>. They are known only from Renaissance sources because almost all were destroyed in 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> kept alive the tradition in the 6th century, as the mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Arian_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian Baptistry">Arian Baptistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptistry_of_Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistry of Neon">Baptistry of Neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop%27s_Chapel,_Ravenna" title="Archbishop's Chapel, Ravenna">Archbishop's Chapel</a>, and the earlier phase mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> testify. </p><p>After 539, Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. The mosaic depicting Emperor Saint <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Empress Theodora</a> in the Basilica of San Vitale were executed shortly after the Byzantine conquest. The mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a> were made around 549. The anti-Arian theme is obvious in the apse mosaic of <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Michele_in_Affricisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Michele in Affricisco (page does not exist)">San Michele in Affricisco</a>, executed in 545–547 (largely destroyed; the remains in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>). </p><p>The last example of Byzantine mosaics in Ravenna was commissioned by bishop Reparatus between 673 and 679 in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe. The mosaic panel in the apse showing the bishop with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> is obviously an imitation of the Justinian panel in San Vitale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butrint">Butrint</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Butrint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts – designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God's creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors' humility and an acknowledgement of God's omniscience. </p><p>The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God's creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The <a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a> vase and vine refer to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharist</a>, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection; shown eating or drinking from the vase they indicate the route to eternal life. Deer or stags were commonly used as images of the faithful aspiring to Christ: "As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God." Water-birds and fish and other sea-creatures can indicate baptism as well as the members of the Church who are christened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Antique_and_Early_Medieval_Rome">Late Antique and Early Medieval Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late Antique and Early Medieval Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_and_medieval_mosaics_in_Italy" title="Late Antique and medieval mosaics in Italy">Late Antique and medieval mosaics in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleDxRegistro4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleDxRegistro4.jpg/220px-RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleDxRegistro4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleDxRegistro4.jpg/330px-RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleDxRegistro4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleDxRegistro4.jpg/440px-RomaSantaMariaMaggioreArcoTrionfaleDxRegistro4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>5th century mosaic in the triumphal arch of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rome of this period. Two other important 5th century mosaics are lost but we know them from 17th-century drawings. In the apse mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agata_dei_Goti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Agata dei Goti">Sant'Agata dei Goti</a> (462–472, destroyed in 1589) Christ was seated on a globe with the twelve Apostles flanking him, six on either side. At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sant%27Andrea_in_Catabarbara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara (page does not exist)">Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara</a> (468–483, destroyed in 1686) Christ appeared in the center, flanked on either side by three Apostles. Four streams flowed from the little mountain supporting Christ. The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">Santa Sabina</a> was replaced by a very similar fresco by <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Zuccari" title="Taddeo Zuccari">Taddeo Zuccari</a> in 1559. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ flanked by male and female saints, seated on a hill while lambs drinking from a stream at its feet. All three mosaics had a similar iconography. </p><p>6th-century pieces are rare in Rome but the mosaics inside the triumphal arch of the basilica of <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">San Lorenzo fuori le mura</a> belong to this era. The <i>Chapel of Ss. Primo e Feliciano</i> in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_Rotondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Stefano Rotondo">Santo Stefano Rotondo</a> has very interesting and rare mosaics from the 7th century. This chapel was built by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Pope Theodore I</a> as a family burial place. </p><p>In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">Santa Prassede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">Santa Maria in Domnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_Mura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura">Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">Santa Cecilia in Trastevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Santi Nereo e Achilleo</a> and the San Venanzio chapel of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Laterano">San Giovanni in Laterano</a>. The great dining hall of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> was also decorated with mosaics. They were all destroyed later except for one example, the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triclinio_Leoniano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triclinio Leoniano (page does not exist)">Triclinio Leoniano</a> of which a copy was made in the 18th century. Another great work of Pope Leo, the apse mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Susanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Susanna">Santa Susanna</a>, depicted Christ with the Pope and <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> on one side, and SS. Susanna and Felicity on the other. It was plastered over during a renovation in 1585. Pope <a href="/wiki/Paschal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschal I">Paschal I</a> (817–824) embellished the church of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_del_Cacco" title="Santo Stefano del Cacco">Santo Stefano del Cacco</a> with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church (destroyed in 1607). </p><p>The fragment of an 8th-century mosaic, the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> is one of the very rare remaining pieces of the medieval decoration of <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a>, demolished in the late 16th century. The precious fragment is kept in the sacristy of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">Santa Maria in Cosmedin</a>. It proves the high artistic quality of the destroyed St. Peter's mosaics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_mosaics">Byzantine mosaics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Byzantine mosaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine mosaics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatpalacemosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greatpalacemosaic.jpg/250px-Greatpalacemosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greatpalacemosaic.jpg/375px-Greatpalacemosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Greatpalacemosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>The so-called Gothic chieftain, from the Mosaic Peristyle of the Great Palace of Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <p>Mosaics were more central to Byzantine culture than to that of Western Europe. Byzantine church interiors were generally covered with golden mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> from the 6th to the 15th centuries. The majority of Byzantine mosaics were destroyed without trace during wars and conquests, but the surviving remains still form a fine collection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great buildings of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Emperor Justinian</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nea_Ekklesia_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos">Nea Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> were certainly embellished with mosaics but none of these survived. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_George_as_patron_of_two_children._Mosaic,_church_of_St_Demetrios_in_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/St_George_as_patron_of_two_children._Mosaic%2C_church_of_St_Demetrios_in_Thessaloniki.jpg/170px-St_George_as_patron_of_two_children._Mosaic%2C_church_of_St_Demetrios_in_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/St_George_as_patron_of_two_children._Mosaic%2C_church_of_St_Demetrios_in_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A pre-<a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic">Iconoclastic</a> depiction of St. Demetrios at the Hagios Demetrios Basilica in Thessaloniki.</figcaption></figure> <p>Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a> which was commissioned during <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>'s reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinianian age. The so-called <i>small sekreton</i> of the palace was built during <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a>'s reign around 565–577. Some fragments survive from the mosaics of this vaulted room. The vine scroll motifs are very similar to those in the Santa Constanza and they still closely follow the Classical tradition. There are remains of floral decoration in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos" title="Church of the Acheiropoietos">Church of the Acheiropoietos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> (5th–6th centuries). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eufrazijeva_bazilika_-_ulazni_natpis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eufrazijeva_bazilika_-_ulazni_natpis.jpg/220px-Eufrazijeva_bazilika_-_ulazni_natpis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eufrazijeva_bazilika_-_ulazni_natpis.jpg/330px-Eufrazijeva_bazilika_-_ulazni_natpis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eufrazijeva_bazilika_-_ulazni_natpis.jpg/440px-Eufrazijeva_bazilika_-_ulazni_natpis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine mosaic above the entrance portal of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrasian_Basilica" title="Euphrasian Basilica">Euphrasian Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pore%C4%8D" title="Poreč">Poreč</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (6th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, the capital of Byzantine Italy, became the center of mosaic making. <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> also boasts some important examples from this era. The <a href="/wiki/Euphrasian_Basilica" title="Euphrasian Basilica">Euphrasian Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pore%C4%8D" title="Poreč">Parentium</a> was built in the middle of the 6th century and decorated with mosaics depicting the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> flanked by angels and saints. </p><p>Fragments remain from the mosaics of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Santa_Maria_Formosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Santa Maria Formosa (page does not exist)">Church of Santa Maria Formosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a>. These pieces were made during the 6th century by artists from Constantinople. Their pure Byzantine style is different from the contemporary Ravennate mosaics. </p><p>Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclastic</a> destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century <i>Christ in majesty</i> (or <i>Ezekiel's Vision</i>) mosaic in the apse of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Hosios_David" title="Church of Hosios David">Church of Hosios David</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels in the <a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios Church</a>, which were made between 634 and 730, also escaped destruction. Unusually almost all represent <a href="/wiki/Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki">Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki</a>, often with suppliants before him. This iconoclasm was almost certainly because of nearby Muslims' beliefs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_in_Chora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_in_Chora.jpg/170px-Peter_in_Chora.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_in_Chora.jpg/255px-Peter_in_Chora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_in_Chora.jpg/340px-Peter_in_Chora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> mosaic from the <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclastic era</a>, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a> in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_(Thessaloniki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)">Hagia Sophia Church</a> in Thessaloniki and in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Dormition,_Nicaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of the Dormition, Nicaea (page does not exist)">Church of the Dormition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Nicaea</a>. The crosses were substituted with the image of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> in both churches after the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Iconodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconodules">Iconodules</a> (787–797 and in 8th–9th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922). </p><p>A similar Theotokos image flanked by two archangels were made for the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in Constantinople in 867. The dedication inscription says: "The images which the impostors had cast down here pious emperors have again set up." In the 870s the so-called <i>large sekreton</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a> was decorated with the images of the four great iconodule patriarchs. </p><p>The post-Iconoclastic era was the heyday of Byzantine art with the most beautiful mosaics executed. The mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a> (867–1056) carefully mingled traditionalism with innovation. Constantinopolitan mosaics of this age followed the decoration scheme first used in Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nea_Ekklesia" title="Nea Ekklesia">Nea Ekklesia</a>. Not only this prototype was later totally destroyed but each surviving composition is battered so it is necessary to move from church to church to reconstruct the system. </p><p>An interesting set of Macedonian-era mosaics make up the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> Monastery. In the narthex there is the Crucifixion, the Pantokrator and the Anastasis above the doors, while in the church the Theotokos (apse), Pentecost, scenes from Christ's life and ermit St Loukas (all executed before 1048). The scenes are treated with a minimum of detail and the panels are dominated with the gold setting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_002.jpg/170px-Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_002.jpg/255px-Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_002.jpg/340px-Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>Detail of mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nea Moni">Nea Moni</a> Monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nea Moni">Nea Moni</a> Monastery on <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine Monomachos</a> in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and an interesting Anastasis where King Salomon bears resemblance to Constantine Monomachos). In comparison with Osios Loukas Nea Moni mosaics contain more figures, detail, landscape and setting. </p><p>Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling, over the tribune. The altar is surmounted by a mosaic image of Christ. In the main altar one can see the mosaic of the Exaltation of Adam. In the apse the Ascension of Christ. The Annunciation occupies the two pillars next to the altar."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a> houses the best preserved complex of mosaics from the early Comnenan period (ca. 1100) when the austere and hieratic manner typical for the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian epoch</a> and represented by the awesome <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> image inside the dome, was metamorphosing into a more intimate and delicate style, of which <i>The Angel before St Joachim</i> — with its pastoral backdrop, harmonious gestures and pensive lyricism – is considered a superb example. </p><p>The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an <i>Emperor kneeling before Christ</i> (late 9th or early 10th century). Above the door from the southwest vestibule to the narthex another mosaic shows the <i>Theotokos with Justinian and Constantine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> is offering the model of the church to Mary while <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> is holding a model of the city in his hand. Both emperors are beardless – this is an example for conscious archaization as contemporary Byzantine rulers were bearded. A mosaic panel on the gallery shows <i>Christ with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine Monomachos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoe_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoe (empress)">Empress Zoe</a></i> (1042–1055). The emperor gives a bulging <a href="/wiki/Money_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Money sack">money sack</a> to Christ as a donation for the church. </p><p>The dome of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_(Thessaloniki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)">Hagia Sophia Church</a> in Thessaloniki is decorated with an <i>Ascension</i> mosaic (c. 885). The composition resembles the great baptistries in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, with apostles standing between palms and Christ in the middle. The scheme is somewhat unusual as the standard post-Iconoclastic formula for domes contained only the image of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Pantokrator</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/180px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/270px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/360px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> from the <i>Deesis</i> mosaic.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are very few existing mosaics from the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenian period</a> but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II</a> and Empress <a href="/wiki/Piroska_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Piroska of Hungary">Eirene</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (1122–34). The empress with her long braided hair and rosy cheeks is especially capturing. It must be a lifelike portrayal because Eirene was really a redhead as her original Hungarian name, <i>Piroska</i> shows. The adjacent portrait of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> on a pier (from 1122) is similarly personal. The imperial mausoleum of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Camii" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeyrek Camii">Pantokrator Monastery</a> was certainly decorated with great mosaics but these were later destroyed. The lack of Komnenian mosaics outside the capital is even more apparent. There is only a "Communion of the Apostles" in the apse of the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Serres,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Serres, Greece">Serres</a>. </p><p>A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Transfiguration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre Transfiguration (page does not exist)">Louvre Transfiguration</a> is a very fine example from the late 12th century. The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> illustrates the more gentle, humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa,_Irene.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG/250px-Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG/375px-Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG/500px-Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>A mosaic from the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (modern Istanbul), depicting <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, flanked by <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (left) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> (right), c. 1118 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The sack of Constantinople in 1204 caused the decline of mosaic art for the next five decades. After the reconquest of the city by <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> in 1261 the Hagia Sophia was restored and a beautiful new <i><a href="/wiki/Deesis" title="Deesis">Deesis</a></i> was made on the south gallery. This huge mosaic panel with figures two and a half times lifesize is really overwhelming due to its grand scale and superlative craftsmanship. The Hagia Sophia <i>Deesis</i> is probably the most famous Byzantine mosaic in Constantinople. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Monastery</a> was restored by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Doukas_Glabas_Tarchaneiotes" title="Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes">Michael Glabas</a>, an imperial official, in the late 13th century. Only the mosaic decoration of the small burial chapel (<a href="/wiki/Parekklesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parekklesion">parekklesion</a>) of Glabas survived. This domed chapel was built by his widow, Martha around 1304–08. In the miniature dome the traditional Pantokrator can be seen with twelve prophets beneath. Unusually the apse is decorated with a <i><a href="/wiki/Deesis" title="Deesis">Deesis</a></i>, probably due to the funerary function of the chapel. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles_(Thessaloniki)" title="Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki)">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is supposed that the same team of mosaicists worked in both buildings. Another building with a related mosaic decoration is the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_Paregoritissa_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos Paregoritissa Church">Theotokos Paregoritissa Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>. The church was established by the Despot of <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> in 1294–96. In the dome is the traditional stern Pantokrator, with prophets and cherubim below. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG/220px-Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG/330px-Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG/440px-Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of Theodore Metochites offering the Chora Church to Christ</figcaption></figure> <p>The greatest mosaic work of the <a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_renaissance_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeologan renaissance in art">Palaeologan renaissance in art</a> is the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a> in Constantinople. Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels, the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople after the Hagia Sophia. They were executed around 1320 by the command of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Metochites" title="Theodore Metochites">Theodore Metochites</a>. The esonarthex has two fluted domes, specially created to provide the ideal setting for the mosaic images of the ancestors of Christ. The southern one is called the Dome of the Pantokrator while the northern one is the Dome of the Theotokos. The most important panel of the esonarthex depicts Theodore Metochites wearing a huge <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>, offering the model of the church to Christ. The walls of both narthexes are decorated with mosaic cycles from the life of the Virgin and the life of Christ. These panels show the influence of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">trecento</a> on Byzantine art especially the more natural settings, landscapes, figures. </p><p>The last Byzantine mosaic work was created for the Hagia Sophia, Constantinople in the middle of the 14th century. The great eastern arch of the cathedral collapsed in 1346, bringing down the third of the main dome. By 1355 not only the big Pantokrator image was restored but new mosaics were set on the eastern arch depicting the Theotokos, the Baptist and Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (discovered only in 1989). </p><p>In addition to the large-scale monuments several miniature mosaic icons of outstanding quality was produced for the Palaiologos court and nobles. The loveliest examples from the 14th century are <i>Annunciation</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> and a mosaic diptych in the Cathedral Treasury of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> representing the <i>Twelve Feasts of the Church</i>. </p><p>In the troubled years of the 15th century the fatally weakened empire could not afford luxurious mosaics. Churches were decorated with wall-paintings in this era and after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Turkish conquest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rome_in_the_High_Middle_Ages">Rome in the High Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rome in the High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apse_mosaic_SM_Maggiore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apse_mosaic_SM_Maggiore.jpg/220px-Apse_mosaic_SM_Maggiore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apse_mosaic_SM_Maggiore.jpg/330px-Apse_mosaic_SM_Maggiore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apse_mosaic_SM_Maggiore.jpg/440px-Apse_mosaic_SM_Maggiore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Apse mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The last great period of Roman mosaic art was the 12th–13th century when <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> developed its own distinctive artistic style, free from the strict rules of eastern tradition and with a more realistic portrayal of figures in the space. Well-known works of this period are the floral mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Clemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Clemente">Basilica di San Clemente</a>, the façade of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Paolo_fuori_le_Mura" class="mw-redirect" title="San Paolo fuori le Mura">San Paolo fuori le Mura</a>. The beautiful apse mosaic of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1140) depicts Christ and Mary sitting next to each other on the heavenly throne, the first example of this iconographic scheme. A similar mosaic, the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a>, decorates the apse of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>. It is a work of <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Torriti" title="Jacopo Torriti">Jacopo Torriti</a> from 1295. The mosaics of Torriti and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Camerino" title="Jacopo da Camerino">Jacopo da Camerino</a> in the apse of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Laterano">San Giovanni in Laterano</a> from 1288 to 1294 were thoroughly restored in 1884. The apse mosaic of <a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono" title="San Crisogono">San Crisogono</a> is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cavallini" title="Pietro Cavallini">Pietro Cavallini</a>, the greatest Roman painter of the 13th century. Six scenes from the life of Mary in Santa Maria in Trastevere were also executed by Cavallini in 1290. These mosaics are praised for their realistic portrayal and attempts at perspective. There is an interesting mosaic medallion from 1210 above the gate of the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Tommaso_in_Formis" title="San Tommaso in Formis">San Tommaso in Formis</a> showing Christ enthroned between a white and a black slave. The church belonged to the Order of the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a> which was devoted to ransoming Christian slaves. </p><p>The great <a href="/wiki/Navicella_(mosaic)" title="Navicella (mosaic)"><i>Navicella</i> mosaic</a> (1305–1313) in the atrium of the Old St. Peter's is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a>. The giant mosaic, commissioned by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Stefaneschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo Stefaneschi">Jacopo Stefaneschi</a>, was originally situated on the eastern porch of the old basilica and occupied the whole wall above the entrance arcade facing the courtyard. It depicted St. Peter walking on the waters. This extraordinary work was mainly destroyed during the construction of the new St. Peter's in the 17th century. Navicella means "little ship" referring to the large boat which dominated the scene, and whose sail, filled by the storm, loomed over the horizon. Such a natural representation of a seascape was known only from ancient works of art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sicily">Sicily</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapelle_Palatine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/170px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/255px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/340px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> arches and Byzantine mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The heyday of mosaic making in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> was the age of the independent <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> kingdom in the 12th century. The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule. Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style, that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies. Best examples of Sicilian mosaic art are the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Martorana" class="mw-redirect" title="Martorana">Martorana</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cefalù">Cefalù</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale</a>. </p><p>The Cappella Palatina clearly shows evidence for blending the eastern and western styles. The dome (1142–42) and the eastern end of the church (1143–1154) were decorated with typical Byzantine mosaics i.e. Pantokrator, angels, scenes from the life of Christ. Even the inscriptions are written in Greek. The narrative scenes of the nave (Old Testament, life of Sts Peter and Paul) are resembling to the mosaics of the Old St. Peter's and St. Paul's Basilica in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (Latin inscriptions, 1154–66). </p><p>The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished. The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina, with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed, elongated angels. The Greek inscriptions, decorative patterns, and evangelists in the <a href="/wiki/Squinches" class="mw-redirect" title="Squinches">squinches</a> are obviously executed by the same Greek masters who worked on the Cappella Palatina. The mosaic depicting Roger II of Sicily, dressed in Byzantine imperial robes and receiving the crown by Christ, was originally in the demolished <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> together with another panel, the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> with Georgios of Antiochia, the founder of the church. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a> (1148) only the high, French Gothic presbytery was covered with mosaics: the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Pantokrator</a> on the semidome of the apse and <a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">cherubim</a> on the vault. On the walls are Latin and Greek saints, with Greek inscriptions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_(crop).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG/170px-Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG/255px-Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG/340px-Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale</a> mosaics: William II offering the <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale</a> mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy, covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae. This huge work was executed between 1176 and 1186 by the order of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a>. The iconography of the mosaics in the presbytery is similar to Cefalu while the pictures in the nave are almost the same as the narrative scenes in the Cappella Palatina. The Martorana mosaic of Roger II blessed by Christ was repeated with the figure of King William II instead of his predecessor. Another panel shows the king offering the model of the cathedral to the Theotokos. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Palermo">Cathedral of Palermo</a>, rebuilt by Archbishop Walter in the same time (1172–85), was also decorated with mosaics but none of these survived except the 12th-century image of <i>Madonna del Tocco</i> above the western portal. </p><p>The cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, consecrated in 1197, was also decorated with a great mosaic cycle, originally on par with Cefalù and Monreale, but heavily damaged and restored many times later. In the left apse of the same cathedral 14th-century mosaics survived, representing the Madonna and Child between Saints Agata and Lucy, the Archangels Gabriel and Michael and Queens Eleonora and Elisabetta. </p><p>Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the <a href="/wiki/Otranto_Cathedral" title="Otranto Cathedral">Otranto Cathedral</a> from 1166, with mosaics tied into a tree of life, mostly still preserved. The scenes depict biblical characters, warrior kings, medieval beasts, allegories of the months and working activity. Only fragments survived from the original mosaic decoration of <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>'s Norman Cathedral. The mosaic ambos in the churches of <a href="/wiki/Ravello" title="Ravello">Ravello</a> prove that mosaic art was widespread in Southern Italy during the 11th–13th centuries. </p><p>The palaces of the Norman kings were decorated with mosaics depicting animals and landscapes. The secular mosaics are seemingly more Eastern in character than the great religious cycles and show a strong Persian influence. The most notable examples are the <i>Sala di Ruggero</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni" title="Palazzo dei Normanni">Palazzo dei Normanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and the <i>Sala della Fontana</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Zisa,_Palermo" title="Zisa, Palermo">Zisa</a> summer palace, both from the 12th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venice">Venice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Venice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In parts of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, which were under eastern artistic influences, like <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th–13th centuries. The decoration of the church was finished only in the 16th century. One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark's were based directly on the miniatures of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Genesis" title="Cotton Genesis">Cotton Genesis</a>, a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople (1204). The mosaics were executed in the 1220s. </p><p>Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Torcello_Cathedral" title="Torcello Cathedral">Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torcello" title="Torcello">Torcello</a> from the 12th century, and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a> with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement (1140). The apse of the San Cipriano Church in Murano was decorated with an impressive golden mosaic from the early 13th century showing Christ enthroned with Mary, St John and the two patron saints, Cipriano and Cipriana. When the church was demolished in the 19th century, the mosaic was bought by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a>. It was reassembled in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Peace_(Sanssouci)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Peace (Sanssouci)">Friedenskirche</a> of <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> in the 1840s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> was also an important center of mosaic art. The mosaics in the apse of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_San_Giusto,_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of San Giusto, Trieste">Cathedral of San Giusto</a> were laid by master craftsmen from <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> in the 12th–13th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Italy">Medieval Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medieval Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monastery of <a href="/wiki/Grottaferrata" title="Grottaferrata">Grottaferrata</a> founded by Greek <a href="/wiki/Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian monks</a> and consecrated by the Pope in 1024 was decorated with <a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a> mosaics, some of which survived in the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> and the interior. The mosaics on the triumphal <a href="/wiki/Chancel_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancel arch">chancel arch</a> portray the Twelve Apostles sitting beside an empty throne, evoking Christ's ascent to Heaven. It is a Byzantine work of the 12th century. There is a beautiful 11th-century Deesis above the main portal. </p><p>The Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Desiderius</a> sent envoys to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Ostia" title="Leo of Ostia">Leo of Ostia</a> the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte Cassino Museum). "The abbot in his wisdom decided that great number of young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts" – says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florenca133b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Florenca133b.jpg/220px-Florenca133b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Florenca133b.jpg/330px-Florenca133b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Florenca133b.jpg/440px-Florenca133b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Baptistry">Florence Baptistry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> a magnificiant mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a> decorates the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Baptistery</a>. The earliest mosaics, works of art of many unknown Venetian craftsmen (including probably <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a>), date from 1225. The covering of the ceiling was probably not completed until the 14th century. </p><p>The impressive mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">Christ in Majesty</a>, flanked by the Virgin Mary and St. John the Evangelist in the apse of the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">cathedral of Pisa</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> in 1302. It evokes the Monreale mosaics in style. It survived the great fire of 1595 which destroyed most of the medieval interior decoration. </p><p>Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> in Venice (mainly from the 17th–19th centuries, but the oldest one from 1270 to 1275, "The burial of St Mark in the first basilica"), the <a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Orvieto" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Orvieto">Cathedral of Orvieto</a> (golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century, many times redone) and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Frediano" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Frediano">Basilica di San Frediano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> (huge, striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below, designed by <a href="/wiki/Berlinghiero_Berlinghieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinghiero Berlinghieri">Berlinghiero Berlinghieri</a> in the 13th century). The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Spoleto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Spoleto">Cathedral of Spoleto</a> is also decorated on the upper façade with a huge mosaic portraying the <i>Blessing Christ</i> (signed by one Solsternus from 1207). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_and_Central_Europe">Western and Central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western and Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/St.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp.jpg/220px-St.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/St.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp.jpg/330px-St.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/St.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp.jpg/440px-St.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1654" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A "painting" made from tesserae in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican State">Vatican State</a>, Italy</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.peters.basilica.tesserae.closeup.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St.peters.basilica.tesserae.closeup.arp.jpg/220px-St.peters.basilica.tesserae.closeup.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St.peters.basilica.tesserae.closeup.arp.jpg/330px-St.peters.basilica.tesserae.closeup.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St.peters.basilica.tesserae.closeup.arp.jpg/440px-St.peters.basilica.tesserae.closeup.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Close up of the bottom left corner of the picture above. Click the picture to see the individual <a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tesserae</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Beyond the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> the first important example of mosaic art was the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel_in_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Chapel in Aachen">Palatine Chapel in Aachen</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. It was completely destroyed in a fire in 1650. A rare example of surviving Carolingian mosaics is the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-dome</a> decoration of the oratory of <a href="/wiki/Germigny-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Germigny-des-Prés">Germigny-des-Prés</a> built in 805–806 by <a href="/wiki/Theodulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodulf">Theodulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Orléans">bishop of Orléans</a>, a leading figure of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>. This unique work of art, rediscovered only in the 19th century, had no followers. </p><p>Only scant remains prove that mosaics were still used in the Early Middle Ages. The Abbey of Saint-Martial in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, originally an important place of pilgrimage, was totally demolished during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> except its crypt which was rediscovered in the 1960s. A mosaic panel was unearthed which was dated to the 9th century. It somewhat incongruously uses cubes of gilded glass and deep green marble, probably taken from antique pavements. This could also be the case with the early 9th century mosaic found under the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Basilica of Saint-Quentin">Basilica of Saint-Quentin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, where antique motifs are copied but using only simple colors. The mosaics in the Cathedral of Saint-Jean at <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> have been dated to the 11th century because they employ the same non-antique simple colors. More fragments were found on the site of Saint-Croix at <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> which might be from the 6th or 9th century. </p><p>Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese craftsmen, executed in the first decades of the 11th century. The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century. The Golden Gate of the <a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral" title="St. Vitus Cathedral">St. Vitus Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a> above the portal. It was executed by Venetian craftsmen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germigny_Jplm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germigny_Jplm.jpg/220px-Germigny_Jplm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germigny_Jplm.jpg/330px-Germigny_Jplm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germigny_Jplm.jpg/440px-Germigny_Jplm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Carolingian mosaic in <a href="/wiki/Germigny-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Germigny-des-Prés">Germigny-des-Prés</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence. During their 12th-century reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones. Almost nothing of them survived except the "Ascension of Christ" in the Latin Chapel (now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics). More substantial fragments were preserved from the 12th-century mosaic decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>. The mosaics in the nave are arranged in five horizontal bands with the figures of the ancestors of Christ, Councils of the Church and angels. In the apses the Annunciation, the Nativity, Adoration of the Magi and Dormition of the Blessed Virgin can be seen. The program of redecoration of the church was completed in 1169 as a unique collaboration of the Byzantine emperor, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">king of Jerusalem</a> and the Latin Church.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Frumu%C5%9Feni_Mosaics" class="mw-redirect" title="Frumuşeni Mosaics">Bizere Monastery</a> near the River <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mureș River">Mureş</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. The panels depict real or fantastic animal, floral, solar and geometric representations. Some archeologists supposed that it was the floor of an Orthodox church, built some time between the 10th and 11th century. Other experts claim that it was part of the later Catholic monastery on the site because it shows the signs of strong Italianate influence. The monastery was situated at that time in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance_and_Baroque">Renaissance and Baroque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although mosaics went out of fashion and were substituted by frescoes, some of the great Renaissance artists also worked with the old technique. <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_the_World_(Raphael)" title="Creation of the World (Raphael)">Creation of the World</a> in the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Chigi_Chapel" title="Chigi Chapel">Chigi Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">Santa Maria del Popolo</a> is a notable example that was executed by a Venetian craftsman, Luigi di Pace. </p><p>During the papacy of <a href="/wiki/Clement_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a> (1592–1605), the "Congregazione della Reverenda Fabbrica di San Pietro" was established, providing an independent organisation charged with completing the decorations in the newly built <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. Instead of frescoes the cavernous Basilica was mainly decorated with mosaics. Among the explanations are: </p> <ol><li>The old St. Peter's Basilica had been decorated with mosaic, as was common in churches built during the early Christian era; the 17th century followed the tradition to enhance continuity.</li> <li>In a church like this with high walls and few windows, mosaics were brighter and reflected more light.</li> <li>Mosaics had greater intrinsic longevity than either frescoes or canvases.</li> <li>Mosaics had an association with bejeweled decoration, flaunting richness.</li></ol> <p>The mosaics of St. Peter's often show lively <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> compositions based on designs or canvases from like <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Ferri" title="Ciro Ferri">Ciro Ferri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenichino" title="Domenichino">Domenichino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maratta" title="Carlo Maratta">Carlo Maratta</a>, and many others. <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting, the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a>. Many different artists contributed to the 17th- and 18th-century mosaics in St. Peter's, including <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Calandra" title="Giovanni Battista Calandra">Giovanni Battista Calandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Cristofari" title="Fabio Cristofari">Fabio Cristofari</a> (died 1689), and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Paolo_Cristofari" title="Pietro Paolo Cristofari">Pietro Paolo Cristofari</a> (died 1743).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works of the Fabbrica were often used as papal gifts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Christian_East">The Christian East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Christian East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madaba_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Madaba_map.jpg/220px-Madaba_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Madaba_map.jpg/330px-Madaba_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Madaba_map.jpg/440px-Madaba_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The eastern provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empires</a> inherited a strong artistic tradition from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, churches and important secular buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> were decorated with elaborate mosaic panels between the 5th and 8th centuries. The great majority of these works of art were later destroyed, but archeological excavations unearthed many surviving examples. </p><p>The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a>, made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. It was rediscovered in 1894. The Madaba Map is the oldest surviving cartographic depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. It depicts an area from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> in the south, and from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Eastern Desert</a>. The largest and most detailed element of the topographic depiction is <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, at the center of the map. The map is enriched with many naturalistic features, like animals, fishing boats, bridges and palm trees. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birds_Mosaic_(Jerusalem)" title="Birds Mosaic (Jerusalem)">Armenian Mosaic from Jerusalem</a>, dated to the Byzantine period, between the years 450 and 640</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_mosaic,_Samatya" title="Dionysus mosaic, Samatya">Byzantine mosaic art</a> in the region can be found on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Nebo (Jordan)">Mount Nebo</a>, an important place of pilgrimage in the Byzantine era where <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> died. Among the many 6th-century mosaics in the church complex (discovered after 1933) the most interesting one is located in the baptistery. The intact floor mosaic covers an area of 9 × 3 m and was laid down in 530. It depicts hunting and pastoral scenes with rich Middle Eastern flora and fauna. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebo05(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nebo05%28js%29.jpg/220px-Nebo05%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nebo05%28js%29.jpg/330px-Nebo05%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nebo05%28js%29.jpg/440px-Nebo05%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic floor from the church on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Nebo (Jordan)">Mount Nebo</a> (baptistery, 530)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Church of Sts. Lot and Procopius was founded in 567 in Nebo village under Mount Nebo (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Mukhayyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet Mukhayyat (page does not exist)">Khirbet Mukhayyat</a>). Its floor mosaic depicts everyday activities like grape harvest. Another two spectacular mosaics were discovered in the ruined Church of Preacher John nearby. One of the mosaics was placed above the other one which was completely covered and unknown until the modern restoration. The figures on the older mosaic have thus escaped the iconoclasts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a> remained an important center of mosaic making during the 5th–8th centuries. In the Church of the Apostles the middle of the main panel Thalassa, goddess of the sea, can be seen surrounded by fishes and other sea creatures. Native Middle Eastern birds, mammals, plants and fruits were also added.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Catherine%27s_Transfiguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Saint_Catherine%27s_Transfiguration.jpg/220px-Saint_Catherine%27s_Transfiguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Saint_Catherine%27s_Transfiguration.jpg/330px-Saint_Catherine%27s_Transfiguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Saint_Catherine%27s_Transfiguration.jpg/440px-Saint_Catherine%27s_Transfiguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>The Transfiguration of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In the apse we can see the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a> on a golden background. The apse is surrounded with bands containing medallions of apostles and prophets, and two contemporary figure, "Abbot Longinos" and "John the Deacon". The mosaic was probably created in 565/6. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called "Armenian Mosaic" which was discovered in 1894 on the <a href="/wiki/Street_of_the_Prophets" title="Street of the Prophets">Street of the Prophets</a> near <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a>. It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters, which springs from a vase. Populating the vine's branches are peacocks, ducks, storks, pigeons, an eagle, a partridge, and a parrot in a cage. The inscription reads: "For the memory and salvation of all those Armenians whose name the Lord knows." Beneath a corner of the mosaic is a small, natural cave which contained human bones dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary">mortuary</a> chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exceptionally well preserved, carpet-like mosaic floor was uncovered in 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Al-Eizariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Eizariya">Bethany</a>, the early Byzantine church of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lazarus_(al-Eizariya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Lazarus (al-Eizariya)">Lazarium</a> which was built between 333 and 390. Because of its purely geometrical pattern, the church floor is to be grouped with other mosaics of the time in Palestine and neighboring areas, especially the Constantinian mosaics in the central nave at Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second church was built above the older one during the 6th century with another more simple geometric mosaic floor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masada_Byzantine_Church_floor_mosaic_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Masada_Byzantine_Church_floor_mosaic_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Masada_Byzantine_Church_floor_mosaic_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Masada_Byzantine_Church_floor_mosaic_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Masada_Byzantine_Church_floor_mosaic_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Masada_Byzantine_Church_floor_mosaic_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Masada_Byzantine_Church_floor_mosaic_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the mosaic floor of the Byzantine church of in <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>. The monastic community lived here in the 5th–7th centuries.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> communities of the <a href="/wiki/Judean_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Desert">Judean Desert</a> also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Martyrius" title="Monastery of Martyrius">Monastery of Martyrius</a> was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely damaged church floor was similarly rich.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosaics in the church of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Euthymius" title="Monastery of Euthymius">Monastery of Euthymius</a> are of later date (discovered in 1930). They were laid down in the Umayyad era, after a devastating earthquake in 659. Two six pointed stars and a red chalice are the most important surviving features. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petra-Mosaic-2-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Petra-Mosaic-2-2.jpg/190px-Petra-Mosaic-2-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Petra-Mosaic-2-2.jpg/285px-Petra-Mosaic-2-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Petra-Mosaic-2-2.jpg/380px-Petra-Mosaic-2-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the mosaic floor of the <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mosaic art also flourished in Christian <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in the 7th century did not break off the art of mosaic making. Arabs learned and accepted the craft as their own and carried on the classical tradition. During the Umayyad era Christianity retained its importance, churches were built and repaired and some of the most important mosaics of the Christian East were made during the 8th century when the region was under Islamic rule. </p><p>The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now <a href="/wiki/Umm_ar-Rasas" title="Umm ar-Rasas">Umm ar-Rasas</a>) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration. </p><p>The last great mosaics in Madaba were made in 767 in the Church of the Virgin Mary (discovered in 1887). It is a masterpiece of the geometric style with a Greek inscription in the central medallion. </p><p>With the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a> in 750 the Middle East went through deep cultural changes. No great mosaics were made after the end of the 8th century and the majority of churches gradually fell into disrepair and were eventually destroyed. The tradition of mosaic making died out among the Christians and also in the Islamic community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox_countries">Orthodox countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orthodox countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_Tallinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_Tallinn.jpg/220px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_Tallinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_Tallinn.jpg/330px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_Tallinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_Tallinn.jpg/440px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_Tallinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic on the pediment of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Tallinn" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_of_salonica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael_of_salonica.jpg/170px-Michael_of_salonica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael_of_salonica.jpg/255px-Michael_of_salonica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Michael_of_salonica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Early 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyivan</a> mosaic depicting <a href="/wiki/St._Demetrius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Demetrius">St. Demetrius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The craft has also been popular in early medieval <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (people)">Rus</a>, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_I_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslav I the Wise">Yaroslav</a>, the Grand Prince of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> built a large cathedral in his capital, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. The model of the church was the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and it was also called <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a>. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine Monomachos</a>, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Pantokrator</a> supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Deesis" title="Deesis">Deesis</a> in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles. </p><p>Prince <a href="/wiki/Sviatopolk_II_of_Kiev" title="Sviatopolk II of Kiev">Sviatopolk II</a> built <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery" title="St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery">St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> in 1108. The mosaics of the church are undoubtedly works of Byzantine artists. Although the church was destroyed by Soviet authorities, majority of the panels were preserved. Small parts of ornamental mosaic decoration from the 12th century survived in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod">Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod</a> but this church was largely decorated with frescoes. </p><p>Using mosaics and frescoes in the same building was a unique practice in Ukraine. Harmony was achieved by using the same dominant colors in mosaic and fresco. Both Saint Sophia Cathedral and Saint Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv use this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Internet_encyclopedia_of_Ukraine_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internet_encyclopedia_of_Ukraine-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaics stopped being used for church decoration as early as the 12th century in the eastern Slavic countries. Later Russian churches were decorated with frescoes, similarly then orthodox churches in the Balkan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelati_conch_mosaic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gelati_conch_mosaic.JPG/220px-Gelati_conch_mosaic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gelati_conch_mosaic.JPG/330px-Gelati_conch_mosaic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gelati_conch_mosaic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Apse mosaic "Glory of the Theotokos" in <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1125</span>–1130.</figcaption></figure> <p>The apse mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati Monastery</a> is a rare example of mosaic use in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Began by king <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV</a> and completed by his son <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia" title="Demetrius I of Georgia">Demetrius I of Georgia</a>, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda_Cathedral" title="Pitsunda Cathedral">Pitsunda Cathedral</a> have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsromi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsromi (page does not exist)">Tsromi</a> the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_mosaics">Jewish mosaics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jewish mosaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg/220px-ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg/330px-ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg/440px-ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a> wheel on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under Roman and Byzantine influence the Jews also decorated their <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> with classical floor mosaics. Many interesting examples were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Judean_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Desert">Judean Desert</a>. </p><p>The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> wheel was depicted. <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> is matched with a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Jewish month</a>. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beit_alfa01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beit_alfa01.jpg/220px-Beit_alfa01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beit_alfa01.jpg/330px-Beit_alfa01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beit_alfa01.jpg/440px-Beit_alfa01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Another example of a <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a> wheel on the floor of the synagogue, this time in <a href="/wiki/Beit_Alfa" title="Beit Alfa">Beit Alfa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another zodiac mosaic decorated the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Beit_Alfa" title="Beit Alfa">Beit Alfa</a> <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> which was built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> (518–27). It is regarded one of the most important mosaics discovered in Israel. Each of its three panels depicts a scene – the Holy Ark, the zodiac, and the story of the sacrifice of Isaac. In the center of the zodiac is <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, the sun god, in his chariot. The four women in the corners of the mosaic represent the four seasons. </p><p>A third superbly preserved zodiac mosaic was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Severus_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Severus synagogue">Severus synagogue</a> in the ancient resort town of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Hammat Tiberias</a>. In the center of the 4th-century mosaic the Sun god, Helios sits in his chariot holding the celestial sphere and a whip. Nine of the 12 signs of the zodiac survived intact. Another panel shows the Ark of Covenant and Jewish cultic objects used in the Temple at Jerusalem. </p><p>In 1936, a synagogue was excavated in <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> which was named <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Al_Yisrael_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue">Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue</a> after an inscription on its mosaic floor ("Peace on Israel"). It appears to have been in use from the 5th to 8th centuries and contained a big mosaic on the floor with drawings of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a>. Nearby in <a href="/wiki/Naaran" title="Naaran">Naaran</a>, there is another synagogue (discovered in 1918) from the 6th century that also has a mosaic floor. </p><p>The synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Eshtemoa_synagogue" title="Eshtemoa synagogue">Eshtemoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/As-Samu" title="As-Samu">As-Samu</a>) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Susiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet Susiya">Khirbet Susiya</a> (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> shrine, two <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorahs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">lulav</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Etrog_(ritual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Etrog (ritual)">etrog</a> with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> in the lion's den. The Roman synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a> was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community. </p><p>The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> as <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellal_(Palestine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shellal (Palestine) (page does not exist)">Shellal</a>, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places. </p><p>The House of Leontius in <a href="/wiki/Bet_She%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet She'an">Bet She'an</a> (excavated in 1964–72) is a rare example of a synagogue which was part of an inn. It was built in the Byzantine period. The colorful mosaic floor of the synagogue room had an outer stripe decorated with flowers and birds, around medallions with animals, created by <a href="/wiki/Vine_trellises" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine trellises">vine trellises</a> emerging from an amphora. The central medallion enclosed a menorah (candelabrum) beneath the word shalom (peace). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Menorah.05.27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosaic_of_Menorah.05.27.jpg/220px-Mosaic_of_Menorah.05.27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosaic_of_Menorah.05.27.jpg/330px-Mosaic_of_Menorah.05.27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosaic_of_Menorah.05.27.jpg/440px-Mosaic_of_Menorah.05.27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of Menorah from Hammam Lif synagogue, Tunisia, 6th c. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A 5th-century building in <a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a> may be a <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script. </p><p>In 2003, a synagogue of the 5th or 6th century was uncovered in the coastal Ionian town of <a href="/wiki/Saranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranda">Saranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. It had exceptional mosaics depicting items associated with Jewish holidays, including a menorah, ram's horn, and lemon tree. Mosaics in the basilica of the synagogue show the facade of what resembles a <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, animals, trees, and other biblical symbols. The structure measures 20 by 24 m. and was probably last used in the 6th century as a church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Eastern_and_Western_Asian_art">Middle Eastern and Western Asian art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Middle Eastern and Western Asian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_Arabia">Christian Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Christian Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Arabia two mosaic works were excavated in a Qatabanian from the late 3rd century, those two plates formed geometric and grapevines formation reflecting the traditions of that culture. In the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassanid">Ghassanid</a> era religious mosaic art flourished in their territory, so far five churches with mosaic were recorded from that era, two built by Ghassanid rulers and the other three by the Christian Arab community who wrote their names and dedications. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishapur_zan,_AO_26169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bishapur_zan%2C_AO_26169.jpg/190px-Bishapur_zan%2C_AO_26169.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bishapur_zan%2C_AO_26169.jpg/285px-Bishapur_zan%2C_AO_26169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bishapur_zan%2C_AO_26169.jpg/380px-Bishapur_zan%2C_AO_26169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Sasanian-era floor pavement marble mosaic representing female dancers, Shapur palace, <a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a>, Iran, c. 260 AD. Excavated by Roman Ghirshman, ca. 1939–1941. Department of Near Eastern antiquities, Suly, ground floor, room 16, Louvre.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoroastrian_Persia">Zoroastrian Persia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Zoroastrian Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tilework had been known there for about two thousand years when cultural exchange between <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> and Romans influenced <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> artists to create mosaic patterns. <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> decorated his palace with tile compositions depicting dancers, musicians, courtesans, etc. This was the only significant example of <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a> Persian mosaic, which became prohibited after <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Arab conquest</a> and arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_art">Islamic art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Islamic art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Arab">Arab</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> of the eastern provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad Dynasty">Umayyad Dynasty</a> mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of <a href="/wiki/Zellige" class="mw-redirect" title="Zellige">zellige</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">azulejo</a> in various parts of the Arab world, although <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabischer_Maler_um_690_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arabischer_Maler_um_690_002.jpg/190px-Arabischer_Maler_um_690_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arabischer_Maler_um_690_002.jpg/285px-Arabischer_Maler_um_690_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arabischer_Maler_um_690_002.jpg/380px-Arabischer_Maler_um_690_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>Islamic mosaics inside the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> (c. 690)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first great religious building of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, which was built between 688 and 692, was decorated with glass mosaics both inside and outside, by craftsmen of the Byzantine tradition. Only parts of the original interior decoration survive. The rich floral motifs follow Byzantine traditions, and are "Islamic only in the sense that the vocabulary is syncretic and does not include representation of men or animals."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, then capital of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Caliphate">Arab Caliphate</a>. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river <a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada</a>. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m<sup>2</sup>. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since. </p><p>The mosaics of the Umayyad Mosque gave inspiration to later Damascene mosaic works. The Dome of the Treasury, which stands in the mosque courtyard, is covered with fine mosaics, probably dating from 13th- or 14th-century restoration work. The style of them are strikingly similar to the Barada Panel. The mausoleum of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahiriyah_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahiriyah library">Madrassa Zahiriyah</a>, which was built after 1277, is also decorated with a band of golden floral and architectural mosaics, running around inside the main prayer hall.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of <a href="/wiki/Hisham%27s_Palace" title="Hisham's Palace">Hisham's Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deer peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The luxurious desert residence of <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_II" title="Al-Walid II">Al-Walid II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hallabat" title="Qasr al-Hallabat">Qasr al-Hallabat</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qastal,_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qastal, Jordan (page does not exist)">Qastal</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, dating probably from the caliphate of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in <a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The golden mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> and the central dome of the <a href="/wiki/Mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezquita de Córdoba">Great Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Corduba</a> have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral <a href="/wiki/Arabesques" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesques">arabesques</a> and wide bands of Arab <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosaics generally went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century. Similar effects were achieved by the use of painted tilework, either geometric with small tiles, sometimes called mosaic, like the <a href="/wiki/Zillij" class="mw-redirect" title="Zillij">zillij</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, or larger tiles painted with parts of a large decorative scheme (<a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a>) in Persia, Turkey and further east. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Complex Mosaic patterns also known as Girih are popular forms of architectural art in many Muslim cultures. Tomb of Hafez, Shiraz, Iran"><img alt="Complex Mosaic patterns also known as Girih are popular forms of architectural art in many Muslim cultures. Tomb of Hafez, Shiraz, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg/200px-Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg/300px-Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg/400px-Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Complex Mosaic patterns also known as <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> are popular forms of architectural art in many <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> cultures. <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hafez" title="Tomb of Hafez">Tomb of Hafez</a>, Shiraz, Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabischer_Mosaizist_um_735_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Umayyad mosaics of Hisham's Palace closely followed classical traditions"><img alt="The Umayyad mosaics of Hisham's Palace closely followed classical traditions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arabischer_Mosaizist_um_735_001.jpg/198px-Arabischer_Mosaizist_um_735_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arabischer_Mosaizist_um_735_001.jpg/297px-Arabischer_Mosaizist_um_735_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arabischer_Mosaizist_um_735_001.jpg/397px-Arabischer_Mosaizist_um_735_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Umayyad mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Hisham%27s_Palace" title="Hisham's Palace">Hisham's Palace</a> closely followed classical traditions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordoba_moschee_innen5_dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden mosaics in the dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba, Moorish Spain (965–970)"><img alt="Golden mosaics in the dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba, Moorish Spain (965–970)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cordoba_moschee_innen5_dome.jpg/200px-Cordoba_moschee_innen5_dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cordoba_moschee_innen5_dome.jpg/300px-Cordoba_moschee_innen5_dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cordoba_moschee_innen5_dome.jpg/400px-Cordoba_moschee_innen5_dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden mosaics in the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezquita de Córdoba">Great Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Corduba</a>, Moorish Spain (965–970)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_mosaics">Modern mosaics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern mosaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DryStoneArt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DryStoneArt.jpg/220px-DryStoneArt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DryStoneArt.jpg/330px-DryStoneArt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DryStoneArt.jpg/440px-DryStoneArt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic embedded in stone wall, Italian area of Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p>Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> at St Pauls within the Walls in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis">Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern example of mosaic is the <a href="/wiki/81st_Street_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_Natural_History_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="81st Street – Museum of Natural History (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">Museum of Natural History</a> station of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many <a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">IND</a> stations are usually designed with bland mosaics). Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">rest areas</a> along some Texas interstate highways. </p><p>Some modern mosaics are the work of <i><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">modernisme</a></i> style architects <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josep_Maria_Jujol" title="Josep Maria Jujol">Josep Maria Jujol</a>, for example the mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Park_G%C3%BCell" title="Park Güell">Park Güell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. Today, among the leading figures of the mosaic world are <a href="/wiki/Elaine_M._Goodwin" title="Elaine M. Goodwin">Elaine M. Goodwin</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felice_Nittolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felice Nittolo (page does not exist)">Felice Nittolo</a> (Italy), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_Hammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brit Hammer (page does not exist)">Brit Hammer</a> (Netherlands), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dugald_MacInnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dugald MacInnes (page does not exist)">Dugald MacInnes</a> (Scotland), <a href="/wiki/Heather_Hancock" title="Heather Hancock">Heather Hancock</a> (USA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelley_Knickerbocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelley Knickerbocker (page does not exist)">Kelley Knickerbocker</a> (USA), <a href="/wiki/Aida_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aida Valencia">Aida Valencia</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/Emma_Biggs" title="Emma Biggs">Emma Biggs</a> (UK), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Nock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Nock (page does not exist)">Helen Nock</a> (UK), <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_de_Melo" title="Marcelo de Melo">Marcelo de Melo</a> (Brazil), <a href="/wiki/Sonia_King" title="Sonia King">Sonia King</a> (USA) and <a href="/wiki/Saimir_Strati" title="Saimir Strati">Saimir Strati</a> (Albania). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_popular_craft">As a popular craft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: As a popular craft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottlecap_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bottlecap_mosaic.jpg/170px-Bottlecap_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bottlecap_mosaic.jpg/255px-Bottlecap_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bottlecap_mosaic.jpg/340px-Bottlecap_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>A detail of mosaic mural made of bottle screw tops. A high school in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mosaics have developed into a popular craft and art, and are not limited to professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's artisans and crafters work with stone, ceramics, smalti, shells, art glass, mirror, beads, and even odd items like doll parts, pearls, or photographs. While ancient mosaics tended to be architectural, modern mosaics are found covering everything from park benches and flowerpots to guitars and bicycles. Items can be as small as an earring or as large as a house. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trencad%C3%ADs" title="Trencadís">Trencadís</a> or pique assiette (a French term – "stolen from plate") is a mosaic made from pieces of broken pottery, china, glass, buttons, figurines, or jewelry which are cemented onto a base to create a new surface. Almost any form can be used as a base, and any combination of pieces can be applied, restricted only by the individual creator's imagination. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunst-am-campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Art mosaic, University of Bremen, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kunst-am-campus.jpg/170px-Kunst-am-campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kunst-am-campus.jpg/255px-Kunst-am-campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kunst-am-campus.jpg/340px-Kunst-am-campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Art mosaic, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bremen" title="University of Bremen">University of Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_street_art">In street art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In street art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Invader_-_2007_-_Shoreditch_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Space_Invader_-_2007_-_Shoreditch_-_1.jpg/220px-Space_Invader_-_2007_-_Shoreditch_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Space_Invader_-_2007_-_Shoreditch_-_1.jpg/330px-Space_Invader_-_2007_-_Shoreditch_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Space_Invader_-_2007_-_Shoreditch_-_1.jpg/440px-Space_Invader_-_2007_-_Shoreditch_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A work by <a href="/wiki/Invader_(artist)" title="Invader (artist)">Invader</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emaux_de_Briare" title="Emaux de Briare">Emaux de Briare</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and pop culture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French <a href="/wiki/Invader_(artist)" title="Invader (artist)">Invader</a>. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calçada_Portuguesa"><span id="Cal.C3.A7ada_Portuguesa"></span>Calçada Portuguesa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Calçada Portuguesa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Portuguese pavement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CopacabanaPavement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CopacabanaPavement.jpg/170px-CopacabanaPavement.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CopacabanaPavement.jpg/255px-CopacabanaPavement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CopacabanaPavement.jpg/340px-CopacabanaPavement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Copacabana_(Rio_de_Janeiro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)">Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Portuguese pavement (in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language">Portuguese</a>, <i>Calçada Portuguesa</i>) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the <a href="/wiki/Lusosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusosphere">Lusosphere</a>. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its prevalence and popularity throughout Portugal and its former colonies, and its relation to older art and architectural styles like <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a>, Portuguese and Spanish painted tilework, it is a relatively young mosaic artform, its first definitive appearance in a modernly recognizable form being in the mid-1800s. Among the most commonly used stones in this style are <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernand_L%C3%A9ger_-_Grand_parade_with_red_background_(mosaic)_1958_made.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger_-_Grand_parade_with_red_background_%28mosaic%29_1958_made.jpg/220px-Fernand_L%C3%A9ger_-_Grand_parade_with_red_background_%28mosaic%29_1958_made.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger_-_Grand_parade_with_red_background_%28mosaic%29_1958_made.jpg/330px-Fernand_L%C3%A9ger_-_Grand_parade_with_red_background_%28mosaic%29_1958_made.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger_-_Grand_parade_with_red_background_%28mosaic%29_1958_made.jpg/440px-Fernand_L%C3%A9ger_-_Grand_parade_with_red_background_%28mosaic%29_1958_made.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a> – Grand parade with red background, mosaic 1958 (designed 1953). <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a> (NGV), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaics_by_Wojciech_Fangor_in_Warsaw_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosaics_by_Wojciech_Fangor_in_Warsaw_1963.jpg/220px-Mosaics_by_Wojciech_Fangor_in_Warsaw_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosaics_by_Wojciech_Fangor_in_Warsaw_1963.jpg/330px-Mosaics_by_Wojciech_Fangor_in_Warsaw_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosaics_by_Wojciech_Fangor_in_Warsaw_1963.jpg/440px-Mosaics_by_Wojciech_Fangor_in_Warsaw_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a> ceramic mosaics together with <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Fangor" title="Wojciech Fangor">Wojciech Fangor</a> in a railway station in Warsaw, Poland (1963)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mosaic is an art form which uses small pieces of materials placed together to create a unified whole. The materials commonly used are marble or other stone, glass, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, mirror or foil-backed glass, or shells. </p><p>The word <i>mosaic</i> is from the Italian <i>mosaico</i> deriving from the Latin <i>mosaicus</i> and ultimately from the Greek <i>mouseios</i> meaning <i>belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></i>, hence artistic. Each piece of material is a <i><a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tessera</a></i> (plural: <i>tesserae</i>). The space in between where the <a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">grout</a> goes is an interstice. <a href="/wiki/Andamento" title="Andamento">Andamento</a> is the word used to describe the movement and flow of <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>. The 'opus', the Latin for 'work', is the way in which the pieces are cut and placed. </p><p>Common techniques include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_regulatum" title="Opus regulatum">Opus regulatum</a>: A grid; all tesserae align both vertically and horizontally.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_tessellatum" title="Opus tessellatum">Opus tessellatum</a>: Tesserae form vertical or horizontal rows, but not both.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_vermiculatum" title="Opus vermiculatum">Opus vermiculatum</a>: One or more lines of tesserae follow the edge of a special shape (letters or a major central graphic).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opus_musivum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opus musivum (page does not exist)">Opus musivum</a>: Vermiculatum extends throughout the entire background.</li> <li>Opus palladianum: Instead of forming rows, tesserae are irregularly shaped. Also known as "crazy paving".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">Opus sectile</a>: A major shape (e.g. heart, letter, cat) is formed by a single tessera, as later in <a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">pietra dura</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opus_classicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opus classicum (page does not exist)">Opus classicum</a>: When vermiculatum is combined with tessellatum or regulatum.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opus_circumactum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opus circumactum (page does not exist)">Opus circumactum</a>: Tesserae are laid in overlapping semicircles or fan shapes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a>: using very small tesserae, in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and Italian panels for jewellery from the Renaissance on.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_techniques">Three techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Three techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three main methods: the direct method, the indirect method and the double indirect method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_method">Direct method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Direct method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The direct method of mosaic construction involves directly placing (gluing) the individual <a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tesserae</a> onto the supporting surface. This method is well suited to surfaces that have a three-dimensional quality, such as vases. This was used for the historic European wall and ceiling mosaics, following <a href="/wiki/Underdrawing" title="Underdrawing">underdrawings</a> of the main outlines on the wall below, which are often revealed again when the mosaic falls away. </p><p>The direct method suits small projects that are transportable. Another advantage of the direct method is that the resulting mosaic is progressively visible, allowing for any adjustments to tile color or placement. </p><p>The disadvantage of the direct method is that the artist must work directly at the chosen surface, which is often not practical for long periods of time, especially for large-scale projects. Also, it is difficult to control the evenness of the finished surface. This is of particular importance when creating a functional surface such as a floor or a table top. </p><p>A modern version of the direct method, sometimes called "double direct," is to work directly onto <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_mesh" title="Fiberglass mesh">fiberglass mesh</a>. The mosaic can then be constructed with the design visible on the surface and transported to its final location. Large work can be done in this way, with the mosaic being cut up for shipping and then reassembled for installation. It enables the artist to work in comfort in a studio rather than at the site of installation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_method">Indirect method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Indirect method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tesserae are applied face-down to a backing paper using a water-soluble adhesive. Once the mosaic is completed in the studio it is transferred in sections to the site and cemented, paper facing outwards. Once fixed the paper is dampened and removed. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tesserae to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">mathematics and art</a></div> <p>The best way to arrange variously shaped tiles on a surface leads to the mathematical field of <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artist <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> was influenced by Moorish mosaics to begin his investigations into tessellation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_imaging">Digital imaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Digital imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital image mosaic">Digital image mosaic</a>.</div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Photomosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photomosaic">photomosaic</a> is a picture made up of various other pictures (pioneered by Joseph Francis), in which each "<a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a>" is another picture, when examined closely. This form has been adopted in many modern media and digital <a href="/wiki/Image_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Image search">image searches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tile mosaic is a <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital image</a> made up of individual <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme. </p><p>Recent developments in digital image processing have led to the ability to design physical tile mosaics using <a href="/wiki/Computer_aided_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer aided design">computer aided design</a> (CAD) software. The software typically takes as inputs a source <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">palette</a> of colored tiles. The software makes a <a href="/wiki/Best-fit" class="mw-redirect" title="Best-fit">best-fit</a> match of the tiles to the source image. In order to place tiles in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Opus_vermiculatum" title="Opus vermiculatum">opus vermiculatum</a> the first step is to find edges of visually important objects in the image.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> implementation of a complete pixel image to mosaic vector image algorithm is available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Robotic_manufacturing">Robotic manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Robotic manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With high cost of labor in developed countries, production <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using <a href="/wiki/Computer_aided_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer aided design">computer aided design</a> (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buffer" class="extiw" title="wikt:buffer">buffers</a>, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">Terrazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_priest_F%C3%A9lix_and_baptistry_of_K%C3%A9libia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the priest Félix and baptistry of Kélibia">Church of the priest Félix and baptistry of Kélibia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFischer1971" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Peter (1971). <i>Mosaic History and Technique</i>. Thames and Hudson. pp. 7, 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500231427" title="Special:BookSources/0500231427"><bdi>0500231427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosaic+History+and+Technique&rft.pages=7%2C+8&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0500231427&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19995-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19995_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19995_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1999">Dunbabin 1999</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryOfIranianTile-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryOfIranianTile_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/tile_history1.php">Iran: Visual Arts: history of Iranian Tile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124201206/http://iranchamber.com/art/articles/tile_history1.php">Archived</a> 24 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Iran Chamber Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapizzi1989" class="citation book cs1">Capizzi, Padre (1989). <i>Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina</i>. International Specialized Book Service Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piazza+Armerina%3A+The+Mosaics+and+Morgantina&rft.pub=International+Specialized+Book+Service+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Capizzi&rft.aufirst=Padre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerWheelerStevens1937" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Harold North; Wheeler, James Rignall; Stevens, Gorham Phillips (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mr_iiuv86Y4C&pg=PA538"><i>A Handbook of Greek Archaeology</i></a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-2009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-2009-5"><bdi>978-0-8196-2009-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Greek+Archaeology&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-2009-5&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Harold+North&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+James+Rignall&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Gorham+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmr_iiuv86Y4C%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruck2009" class="citation web cs1">Struck, Peter T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tools/dictionary.php?method=did®exp=649&setcard=0&link=0&media=1">"MOSAICS"</a>. Upenn<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to...+Mosaic&rft.pub=Hobbycraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hobbycraft.co.uk%2Fsupplyimages%2Fwf1002%2Fhow-to-mosaic-tiles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130127000000/http://www.lisbonlux.com/culture/calcada-portuguesa.html">"Portuguese Pavements A Calçada Portuguesa"</a>. Lisbon Lux. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisbonlux.com/culture/calcada-portuguesa.html">the original</a> on 27 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Pavements+A+Cal%C3%A7ada+Portuguesa&rft.pub=Lisbon+Lux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisbonlux.com%2Fculture%2Fcalcada-portuguesa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mosaiclegs.com/">"Indirect Method Mosaic studio"</a>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indirect+Method+Mosaic+studio&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmosaiclegs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxeter1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.S.M._Coxeter" class="mw-redirect" title="H.S.M. Coxeter">Coxeter, H.S.M.</a> (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regularpolytopes0000coxe"><i>Regular Polytopes, Section IV : Tessellations and Honeycombs</i></a></span>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-61480-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-61480-8"><bdi>0-486-61480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regular+Polytopes%2C+Section+IV+%3A+Tessellations+and+Honeycombs&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-486-61480-8&rft.aulast=Coxeter&rft.aufirst=H.S.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregularpolytopes0000coxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoza2005" class="citation book cs1">Roza, Greg (2005). <i>An Optical Artist: Exploring Patterns and Symmetry</i>. Rosen Classroom. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-5117-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-5117-5"><bdi>978-1-4042-5117-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Optical+Artist%3A+Exploring+Patterns+and+Symmetry&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rosen+Classroom&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-5117-5&rft.aulast=Roza&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120613180134/http://www.thudit.com/">"Search Pictures in Mosaic Format"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thudit.com/">the original</a> on 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Pictures+in+Mosaic+Format&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thudit.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_BlasiGallo2005" class="citation journal cs1">Di Blasi, Gianpiero; Gallo, Giovanni (1 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-005-0292-4">"Artificial mosaics"</a>. <i>The Visual Computer</i>. <b>21</b> (6): 373–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00371-005-0292-4">10.1007/s00371-005-0292-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2315">1432-2315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25493247">25493247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Visual+Computer&rft.atitle=Artificial+mosaics&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=373-383&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25493247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1432-2315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00371-005-0292-4&rft.aulast=Di+Blasi&rft.aufirst=Gianpiero&rft.au=Gallo%2C+Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00371-005-0292-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artaic.com/">"Automated Custom Mosaics"</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automated+Custom+Mosaics&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artaic.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Katherine M. D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7Uu_Dq8oY4C&pg=PA5"><i>Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00230-1"><bdi>978-0-521-00230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosaics+of+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00230-1&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Katherine+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7Uu_Dq8oY4C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowden1997" class="citation book cs1">Lowden, John (1997). <i>Early Christian and Byzantine Art</i>. Phaidon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Art&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lowden&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOddo2014" class="citation book cs1">Oddo, Giuseppe (2014). <i>Decorazione a motivi geometrici vol. I</i>. p. Blurb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorazione+a+motivi+geometrici+vol.+I&rft.pages=Blurb&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Oddo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentetzi2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rentetzi, Efthalia (2000). "Le influenze mediobizantine nei mosaici dell'arcone della Passione della Basilica marciana" [The Middle Byzantine influences in the mosaics of the Arch of the Passion of the St Mark's Basilica]. <i>Arte Documento</i> (in Italian). <b>XIV</b> (14): 50–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arte+Documento&rft.atitle=Le+influenze+mediobizantine+nei+mosaici+dell%27arcone+della+Passione+della+Basilica+marciana&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=50-53&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rentetzi&rft.aufirst=Efthalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentetzi2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rentetzi, Efthalia (9 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artonweb.it/arteartonweb/articolo41.html">"Parentele stilistiche tra i mosaici pavimentali di s. Maria delle Grazie e s. Eufemia a Grabo. Un'inedita figura di pesce"</a> [Stylistic relationships between the mosaic flooring of s. Maria delle Grazie and s. Eufemia in Grado. An unknown picture of a fish]. <i>Art on web, punti di vista sull'arte</i> (in Italian and English). Translated by Eva Romanò.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+on+web%2C+punti+di+vista+sull%27arte&rft.atitle=Parentele+stilistiche+tra+i+mosaici+pavimentali+di+s.+Maria+delle+Grazie+e+s.+Eufemia+a+Grabo.+Un%27inedita+figura+di+pesce&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.aulast=Rentetzi&rft.aufirst=Efthalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artonweb.it%2Farteartonweb%2Farticolo41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentetzi2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rentetzi, Efthalia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scuolabeatoangelico.it/fascicolo850.html">"Un frammento inedito di S. Eufemia a Grado. Il pavimento musivo del Salutatorium"</a> [An unknown fragment of S.Eufemia to Grado. The mosaic flooring of Salutarium]. <i>Arte Cristiana</i> (in Italian). <b>XCVII</b> (850 January–February 2009): 51–52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arte+Cristiana&rft.atitle=Un+frammento+inedito+di+S.+Eufemia+a+Grado.+Il+pavimento+musivo+del+Salutatorium&rft.volume=XCVII&rft.issue=850+January%E2%80%93February+2009&rft.pages=51-52&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rentetzi&rft.aufirst=Efthalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scuolabeatoangelico.it%2Ffascicolo850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530102910/http://www.scuolabeatoangelico.it/sommari.html">"Sommari di ARTE CRISTIANA Rivista Internazionale di Storia dell'Arte e di Arti Liturgiche"</a> [Summaries of ARTE CRISTIANA International Journal of art history and liturgical arts]. <i>Arte Cristiana</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scuolabeatoangelico.it/sommari.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arte+Cristiana&rft.atitle=Sommari+di+ARTE+CRISTIANA+Rivista+Internazionale+di+Storia+dell%27Arte+e+di+Arti+Liturgiche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scuolabeatoangelico.it%2Fsommari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1983" class="citation book cs1">Smith, D[avid]. J. (1983). "5: Mosaics". In Martin Henig (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofromana00mart"><i>A Handbook of Roman Art</i></a></span>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714822140" title="Special:BookSources/0714822140"><bdi>0714822140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Mosaics&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Roman+Art&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0714822140&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D%5Bavid%5D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofromana00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mosaics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mosaics">Mosaics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/mosaic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/mosaic">mosaic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mosaics"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Mosaics">"Mosaics" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mosaics&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mosaic"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mosaic">"Mosaic" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 883–890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mosaic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=883-890&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Carpet">Carpet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rug_hooking" title="Rug hooking">Rug hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning (textiles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardmaking" title="Cardmaking">Cardmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_paper" title="Cast paper">Cast paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoupage" title="Decoupage">Decoupage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9" title="Papier collé">Papier collé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">Decal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_folding" title="Iris folding">Iris folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi">Jianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikiri_(papercutting)" title="Kamikiri (papercutting)">Kamikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirigami" title="Kirigami">Kirigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneygami" title="Moneygami">Moneygami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Papercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">Papercutting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_paper_cutting" title="Jewish paper cutting">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycinanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycinanki">Slavic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-up book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">Bentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Wood burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">Bone china</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">Cameo glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_work" title="Chip work">Chip work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Glass etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">Andiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_modelling" title="Balloon modelling">Balloon modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_carving" title="Bone carving">Bone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath_art" title="Lath art">Lath art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leatherworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Miniatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_painting_in_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorative painting in Hälsingland">Painting in Hälsingland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_flower_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed flower craft">Pressed flower craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_marquetry" title="Straw marquetry">Straw marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_decal" title="Wall decal">Wall decal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stonemasonry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonemasonry" title="Template talk:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonemasonry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of Masons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133067#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mosaik"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040311-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mosaics"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85087419">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mosaïque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977798g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mosaïque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977798g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567880">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mozaiky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546054305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011014">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\M\O\Mosaic">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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