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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Thickness (and leaves) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thickness_(and_leaves)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cavity_walls_and_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavity_walls_and_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cavity walls and ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavity_walls_and_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Load-bearing_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Load-bearing_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Load-bearing bonds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Load-bearing_bonds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Load-bearing bonds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Load-bearing_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courses_of_mixed_headers_and_stretchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courses_of_mixed_headers_and_stretchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Courses of mixed headers and stretchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courses_of_mixed_headers_and_stretchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flemish_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flemish_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Flemish bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flemish_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monk_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monk_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Monk bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monk_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raking_monk_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raking_monk_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2.1</span> <span>Raking monk bonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raking_monk_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sussex_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sussex_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Sussex bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sussex_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_stretching_course_per_heading_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_stretching_course_per_heading_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>One stretching course per heading course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_stretching_course_per_heading_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>English bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_cross_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_cross_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>English cross bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_cross_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Dutch bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_or_more_stretching_course_per_heading_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_or_more_stretching_course_per_heading_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Two or more stretching course per heading course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_or_more_stretching_course_per_heading_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_garden_wall_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_garden_wall_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>English garden wall bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_garden_wall_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Scottish bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American,_or_common_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American,_or_common_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>American, or common bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American,_or_common_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Only_stretching_or_heading_courses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Only_stretching_or_heading_courses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Only stretching or heading courses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Only_stretching_or_heading_courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Header_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Header_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Header bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Header_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stretcher,_or_running_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stretcher,_or_running_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Stretcher, or running bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stretcher,_or_running_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raking_stretcher_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raking_stretcher_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Raking stretcher bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raking_stretcher_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_or_more_stretching_courses_per_alternating_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_or_more_stretching_courses_per_alternating_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>One or more stretching courses per alternating course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_or_more_stretching_courses_per_alternating_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flemish_stretcher_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flemish_stretcher_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Flemish stretcher bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flemish_stretcher_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courses_of_mixed_rowlocks_and_shiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courses_of_mixed_rowlocks_and_shiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courses_of_mixed_rowlocks_and_shiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rat-trap_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rat-trap_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Rat-trap bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rat-trap_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_shiner_course_per_heading_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_shiner_course_per_heading_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>One shiner course per heading course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_shiner_course_per_heading_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dearne's_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dearne's_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Dearne's bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dearne's_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-load-bearing_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-load-bearing_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Non-load-bearing bonds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-load-bearing_bonds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-load-bearing bonds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-load-bearing_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courses_of_mixed_shiners_and_sailors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courses_of_mixed_shiners_and_sailors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Courses of mixed shiners and sailors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courses_of_mixed_shiners_and_sailors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_basket_weave_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_basket_weave_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Single basket weave bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_basket_weave_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_basket_weave_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_basket_weave_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Double basket weave bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_basket_weave_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herringbone_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herringbone_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Herringbone bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herringbone_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brickwork_built_around_square_fractional-sized_bricks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brickwork_built_around_square_fractional-sized_bricks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Brickwork built around square fractional-sized bricks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brickwork_built_around_square_fractional-sized_bricks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pinwheel_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinwheel_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Pinwheel bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinwheel_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Della_Robbia_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Della_Robbia_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Della Robbia bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Della_Robbia_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diapering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diapering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Diapering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diapering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diapering subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diapering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flemish_diagonal_bond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flemish_diagonal_bond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Flemish diagonal bond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flemish_diagonal_bond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damp-proof_courses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damp-proof_courses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Damp-proof courses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damp-proof_courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brickwork</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8" title="بناء بالطوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بناء بالطوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Муроўка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Муроўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparell_(construcci%C3%B3)" title="Aparell (construcció) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aparell (construcció)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Кирпĕчлев – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кирпĕчлев" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdivo" title="Zdivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zdivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbandt" title="Forbandt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forbandt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauerwerksverband" title="Mauerwerksverband – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mauerwerksverband" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellism%C3%BC%C3%BCritis" title="Tellismüüritis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tellismüüritis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Πλιθιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλιθιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparejo_(construcci%C3%B3n)" title="Aparejo (construcción) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aparejo (construcción)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreilu-zoladura" title="Adreilu-zoladura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adreilu-zoladura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آجرچینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آجرچینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appareil_(architecture)" title="Appareil (architecture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appareil (architecture)" data-language-autonym="Français" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Masonry made of bricks and mortar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about bricklaying. For manufacture of bricks, see <a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">Brickworks</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brickwork" title="Special:EditPage/Brickwork">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Brickwork%22">"Brickwork"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Brickwork%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Brickwork%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Brickwork%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Brickwork%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Brickwork%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampton_stacks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hampton_stacks.JPG/220px-Hampton_stacks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hampton_stacks.JPG/330px-Hampton_stacks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hampton_stacks.JPG/440px-Hampton_stacks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Decorative Tudor brick chimneys, <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fennicum_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fennicum_2019.jpg/220px-Fennicum_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fennicum_2019.jpg/330px-Fennicum_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fennicum_2019.jpg/440px-Fennicum_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6031" data-file-height="5447" /></a><figcaption>One of the buildings of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="University of Jyväskylä">University of Jyväskylä</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtyard_2,_yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Courtyard_2%2C_yemen.jpg/220px-Courtyard_2%2C_yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Courtyard_2%2C_yemen.jpg/330px-Courtyard_2%2C_yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Courtyard_2%2C_yemen.jpg/440px-Courtyard_2%2C_yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard 2, Yemen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Young%27s_polychromatic_brickwork_-_an_example.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_Young%27s_polychromatic_brickwork_-_an_example.jpg/220px-John_Young%27s_polychromatic_brickwork_-_an_example.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_Young%27s_polychromatic_brickwork_-_an_example.jpg/330px-John_Young%27s_polychromatic_brickwork_-_an_example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_Young%27s_polychromatic_brickwork_-_an_example.jpg/440px-John_Young%27s_polychromatic_brickwork_-_an_example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Polychromatic and indented brickwork in a Mid-Victorian terrace in West London</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Brickwork</b> is <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> produced by a <a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">bricklayer</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>. Typically, rows of bricks called <i><a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick <a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">wall</a>. </p><p>Bricks may be differentiated from blocks by size. For example, in the UK a brick is defined as a unit having dimensions less than 337.5 mm × 225 mm × 112.5 mm (13.3 in × 8.9 in × 4.4 in) and a block is defined as a unit having one or more dimensions greater than the largest possible brick.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples of brickwork are found through history as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The fired-brick faces of the <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu" title="Dur-Kurigalzu">Dur-Kurigalzu</a> in Iraq date from around 1400 BC, and the brick buildings of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in modern day Pakistan were built around 2600 BC. Much older examples of brickwork made with dried (but not fired) bricks may be found in such ancient locations as <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> in Palestine, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatal Höyük</a> in Anatolia, and <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> in Pakistan. These structures have survived from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> to the modern day. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coordinating_dimensions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coordinating_dimensions.jpg/220px-Coordinating_dimensions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coordinating_dimensions.jpg/330px-Coordinating_dimensions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coordinating_dimensions.jpg/440px-Coordinating_dimensions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Co-ordination dimensions of a brick in a wall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_laying_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Brick_laying_2.jpg/220px-Brick_laying_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Brick_laying_2.jpg/330px-Brick_laying_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Brick_laying_2.jpg/440px-Brick_laying_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Working dimensions of a brick in a wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Brick dimensions are expressed in construction or technical documents in two ways as co-ordinating dimensions and working dimensions. </p> <ul><li>Coordination dimensions are the actual physical dimensions of the brick with the mortar required on one header face, one stretcher face and one bed.</li> <li>Working dimensions is the size of a manufactured brick. It is also called the nominal size of a brick.</li></ul> <p>Brick size may be slightly different due to shrinkage or distortion due to firing, etc. </p><p>An example of a co-ordinating metric commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bricks of dimensions 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm;</li> <li>Mortar beds (horizontal) and perpends (vertical) of a uniform 10 mm.</li></ul> <p>In this case the co-ordinating metric works because the length of a single brick (215 mm) is equal to the total of the width of a brick (102.5 mm) plus a perpend (10 mm) plus the width of a second brick (102.5 mm). </p><p>There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use this same co-ordinating principle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faces_of_brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faces_of_brick.jpg/220px-Faces_of_brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faces_of_brick.jpg/330px-Faces_of_brick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Faces_of_brick.jpg/440px-Faces_of_brick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Faces of brick</figcaption></figure> <p>As the most common bricks are rectangular prisms, six surfaces are named as follows: </p> <ul><li>Top and bottom surfaces are called <i>beds</i></li> <li>Ends or narrow surfaces are called <i>headers</i> or <i>header faces</i></li> <li>Sides or wider surfaces are called <i>stretchers</i> or <i>stretcher faces</i><sup id="cite_ref-Construction_Technology_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Construction_Technology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brick_terminology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brick_terminology.jpg/220px-Brick_terminology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brick_terminology.jpg/330px-Brick_terminology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brick_terminology.jpg/440px-Brick_terminology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>Mortar terminology- showing perpends and bed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mortar placed between bricks is also given separate names with respect to their position. Mortar placed horizontally below or top of a brick is called a <i>bed</i>, and mortar placed vertically between bricks is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Perpend_stone" title="Perpend stone">perpend</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Single_brick.jpg/220px-Single_brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Single_brick.jpg/330px-Single_brick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Single_brick.jpg/440px-Single_brick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Solid brick</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_frogged_brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Single_frogged_brick.jpg/220px-Single_frogged_brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Single_frogged_brick.jpg/330px-Single_frogged_brick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Single_frogged_brick.jpg/440px-Single_frogged_brick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Single frogged brick</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_frogged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Double_frogged.jpg/220px-Double_frogged.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Double_frogged.jpg/330px-Double_frogged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Double_frogged.jpg/440px-Double_frogged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Double frogged brick</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellular_brick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cellular_brick.jpg/220px-Cellular_brick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cellular_brick.jpg/330px-Cellular_brick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cellular_brick.jpg/440px-Cellular_brick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Cellular brick</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perforated_brick_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Perforated_brick_2.jpg/220px-Perforated_brick_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Perforated_brick_2.jpg/330px-Perforated_brick_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Perforated_brick_2.jpg/440px-Perforated_brick_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Perforated brick</figcaption></figure> <p>A brick made with just rectilinear dimensions is called a <i>solid brick</i>. Bricks might have a depression on both beds or on a single bed. The depression is called a <i>frog</i>, and the bricks are known as <i>frogged bricks</i>. Frogs can be deep or shallow but should never exceed 20% of the total volume of the brick. Cellular bricks have depressions exceeding 20% of the volume of the brick. Perforated bricks have holes through the brick from bed to bed, cutting it all the way. Most of the building standards and good construction practices recommend the volume of holes should not exceed 20% of the total volume of the brick.<sup id="cite_ref-Construction_Technology_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Construction_Technology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of brickwork include <i>bricks</i>, <i>beds</i> and <i>perpends</i>. The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually—but not always—filled with mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "face brick" is a higher-quality brick, designed for use in visible external surfaces in <b>face-work</b>, as opposed to a "filler brick" for internal parts of the wall, or where the surface is to be covered with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> or a similar coating, or where the filler bricks will be concealed by other bricks (in structures more than two bricks thick). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orientation">Orientation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickpositions.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Brickpositions.PNG" decoding="async" width="334" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Six positions</figcaption></figure> <p>A brick is given a classification based on how it is laid, and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall. </p> <dl><dt>Stretcher <span style="font-weight: lighter;">or</span> stretching brick</dt> <dd>A brick laid flat with its long narrow side exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Houghton_1693_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Houghton_1693-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Header <span style="font-weight: lighter;">or</span> heading brick</dt> <dd>A brick laid flat with its width exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Houghton_1693_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Houghton_1693-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Soldier</dt> <dd>A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Sailor</dt> <dd>A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Rowlock</dt> <dd>A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Shiner <span style="font-weight: lighter;">or</span> rowlock stretcher</dt> <dd>A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cut">Cut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of laying uncut full-sized bricks wherever possible gives brickwork its maximum possible strength. In the diagrams below, such uncut full-sized bricks are coloured as follows: </p> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #f6c2a7;background-color:#dc905c; color:black;"> </span> Stretcher</span></dt> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #cba390;background-color:#a87d5d; color:black;"> </span> Header</span></dt></dl> <p>Occasionally though a brick must be cut to fit a given space, or to be the right shape for fulfilling some particular purpose such as generating an offset—called a <i>lap</i>—at the beginning of a <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">course</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured. In the diagrams below, some of the cuts most commonly used for generating a lap are coloured as follows: </p> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #9bbf5e;background-color:#86bc40; color:black;"> </span> Three-quarter bat, stretching</span></dt> <dd>A brick cut to three-quarters of its length, and laid flat with its long, narrow side exposed.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aec894;background-color:#69903e; color:black;"> </span> Three-quarter bat, heading</span></dt> <dd>A brick cut to three-quarters of its length, and laid flat with its short side exposed.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #b9917d;background-color:#cb6666; color:black;"> </span> Half bat</span></dt> <dd>A brick cut in half across its length, and laid flat.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #efd9dd;background-color:#bd9da2; color:black;"> </span> Queen closer</span></dt> <dd>A brick cut in half down its width, and laid with its smallest face exposed and standing vertically. A queen closer is often used for the purpose of creating a lap.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Less frequently used cuts are all coloured as follows: </p> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #fdf6ca;background-color:#f7e78b; color:black;"> </span> Quarter bat</span></dt> <dd>A brick cut to a quarter of its length.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #fdf6ca;background-color:#f7e78b; color:black;"> </span> Three-quarter queen closer</span></dt> <dd>A queen closer cut to three-quarters of its length.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #fdf6ca;background-color:#f7e78b; color:black;"> </span> King closer</span></dt> <dd>A brick with one corner cut away, leaving one header face at half its standard width.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bonding">Bonding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nearly universal rule in brickwork is that perpends should not be contiguous across <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walls, running linearly and extending upwards, can be of varying depth or thickness. Typically, the bricks are laid also running linearly and extending upwards, forming <i><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">wythes</a></i> or <i>leafs</i>. It is as important as with the perpends to bond these leaves together. Historically, the dominant method for consolidating the leaves together was to lay bricks across them, rather than running linearly. </p><p>Brickwork observing either or both of these two conventions is described as being laid in one or another <i>bond</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thickness_(and_leaves)"><span id="Thickness_.28and_leaves.29"></span>Thickness (and leaves)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thickness (and leaves)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A leaf is as thick as the width of one brick, but a wall is said to be one brick thick if it as wide as the length of a brick. Accordingly, a single-leaf wall is a half brick thickness; a wall with the simplest possible masonry transverse bond<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- "transverse bond" is never defined; presumably this is the same as a "transverse joint" or "perpend bond" in the perpend stone article, but none of these terms are introduced in the bonding section. (October 2023)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is said to be one brick thick, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thickness specified for a wall is determined by such factors as damp proofing considerations, whether or not the wall has a cavity, load-bearing requirements, expense, and the era during which the architect was or is working.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wall thickness specification has proven considerably various, and while some non-load-bearing brick walls may be as little as half a brick thick, or even less when shiners are laid stretcher bond in partition walls, others brick walls are much thicker. The <a href="/wiki/Monadnock_Building" title="Monadnock Building">Monadnock Building</a> in Chicago, for example, is a very tall masonry building, and has load-bearing brick walls nearly two metres thick at the base.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of brick walls are however usually between one and three bricks thick. At these more modest wall thicknesses, distinct patterns have emerged allowing for a structurally sound layout of bricks internal to each particular specified thickness of wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavity_walls_and_ties">Cavity walls and ties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cavity walls and ties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent during the mid twentieth century of the <a href="/wiki/Cavity_wall" title="Cavity wall">cavity wall</a> saw the popularisation and development of another method of strengthening brickwork—the wall tie. A cavity wall comprises two totally discrete walls, separated by an air gap, which serves both as barrier to moisture and heat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically the main loads taken by the foundations are carried there by the inner leaf, and the major functions of the external leaf are to protect the whole from weather, and to provide a fitting aesthetic finish. </p><p>Despite there being no masonry connection between the leaves, their transverse rigidity still needs to be guaranteed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device used to satisfy this need is the insertion at regular intervals of <a href="/wiki/Tie_(cavity_wall)" title="Tie (cavity wall)">wall ties</a> into the cavity wall's mortar beds.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Load-bearing_bonds">Load-bearing bonds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Load-bearing bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses_of_mixed_headers_and_stretchers">Courses of mixed headers and stretchers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Courses of mixed headers and stretchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:883px;max-width:883px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:5px;width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_flemish_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Brickwork_in_flemish_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_flemish_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Brickwork_in_flemish_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_flemish_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Brickwork_in_flemish_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_flemish_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8008" data-file-height="8008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_bond" title="Flemish bond">Flemish bond</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:5px;width:285px;max-width:285px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_monk_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Brickwork_in_monk_bond.svg/283px-Brickwork_in_monk_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="283" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Brickwork_in_monk_bond.svg/425px-Brickwork_in_monk_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Brickwork_in_monk_bond.svg/566px-Brickwork_in_monk_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8405" data-file-height="8008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Monk bond</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_sussex_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brickwork_in_sussex_bond.svg/310px-Brickwork_in_sussex_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brickwork_in_sussex_bond.svg/465px-Brickwork_in_sussex_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brickwork_in_sussex_bond.svg/620px-Brickwork_in_sussex_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9202" data-file-height="8008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sussex bond</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flemish_bond">Flemish bond<span class="anchor" id="Brickwork#Flemish_bond"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flemish bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flemish_bond" title="Flemish bond">Flemish bond</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_Flemish_Bond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Brickwork_in_Flemish_Bond.jpg/300px-Brickwork_in_Flemish_Bond.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Brickwork_in_Flemish_Bond.jpg/450px-Brickwork_in_Flemish_Bond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Brickwork_in_Flemish_Bond.jpg/600px-Brickwork_in_Flemish_Bond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Brickwork in Flemish Bond</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Flemish_bond" title="Flemish bond">Flemish bond</a> has <em>one</em> stretcher between headers, with the headers centred over the stretchers in the <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> below.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where a course begins with a <a href="/wiki/Quoin_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quoin (architecture)">quoin</a> stretcher, the course will ordinarily terminate with a quoin stretcher at the other end. The next course up will begin with a quoin header. For the course's second brick, a queen closer is laid, generating the lap of the bond. The third brick along is a stretcher, and is—on account of the lap—centred above the header below. This second course then resumes its paired run of stretcher and header, until the final pair is reached, whereupon a second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick, mirroring the arrangement at the beginning of the course, and duly closing the bond. </p><p>Some examples of Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another. This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the bricks are being baked as part of the manufacturing process. Some of the header faces are exposed to wood smoke, generating a grey-blue colour, while other simply vitrified until they reach a deeper blue colour. Some headers have a glazed face, caused by using salt in the firing. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_blue_brick" title="Staffordshire blue brick">Staffordshire Blue bricks</a> are used for the heading bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brickwork that appears as Flemish bond from both the front and the rear is <i>double Flemish bond</i>, so called on account of the front and rear duplication of the pattern. If the wall is arranged such that the bricks at the rear do not have this pattern, then the brickwork is said to be <i>single Flemish bond</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flemish bond brickwork with a thickness of one brick is the repeating pattern of a stretcher laid immediately to the rear of the face stretcher, and then next along the course, a header. A lap (correct overlap) is generated by a queen closer on every alternate course: </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Double Flemish bond of one brick's thickness: overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses, and side elevation</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_dbl_flem_1_thickness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Brickwork_dbl_flem_1_thickness.svg/800px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_1_thickness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Brickwork_dbl_flem_1_thickness.svg/1200px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_1_thickness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Brickwork_dbl_flem_1_thickness.svg/1600px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_1_thickness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <p>A simple way to add some width to the wall would be to add stretching bricks at the rear, making a Single Flemish bond one and a half bricks thick: </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of single Flemish bond of one and a half bricks' thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_sgl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brickwork_sgl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg/800px-Brickwork_sgl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brickwork_sgl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg/1200px-Brickwork_sgl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brickwork_sgl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg/1600px-Brickwork_sgl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <p>For a double Flemish bond of one and a half bricks' thickness, facing bricks and the bricks behind the facing bricks may be laid in groups of four bricks and a half-bat. The half-bat sits at the centre of the group and the four bricks are placed about the half-bat, in a square formation. These groups are laid next to each other for the length of a course, making brickwork one and a half bricks thick.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To preserve the bond, it is necessary to lay a three-quarter bat instead of a header following a quoin stretcher at the corner of the wall. This fact has no bearing on the appearance of the wall; the choice of brick appears to the spectator like any ordinary header: </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead plans of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of one and a half bricks' thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_dbl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brickwork_dbl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg/800px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brickwork_dbl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg/1200px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brickwork_dbl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg/1600px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_1.5_thickness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right.</div> <p>For a more substantial wall, a header may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two headers laid at 90° behind the face stretcher, and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these two headers. This pattern generates brickwork a full two bricks thick: </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of two bricks' thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_dbl_flem_2_thickness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brickwork_dbl_flem_2_thickness.svg/800px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_2_thickness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brickwork_dbl_flem_2_thickness.svg/1200px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_2_thickness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brickwork_dbl_flem_2_thickness.svg/1600px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_2_thickness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of two and a half bricks' thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_dbl_flem_2.5_thickness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Brickwork_dbl_flem_2.5_thickness.svg/800px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_2.5_thickness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Brickwork_dbl_flem_2.5_thickness.svg/1200px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_2.5_thickness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Brickwork_dbl_flem_2.5_thickness.svg/1600px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_2.5_thickness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <p>For a still more substantial wall, <i>two</i> headers may be laid directly behind the face header, a further two <i>pairs</i> of headers laid at 90° behind the face stretcher, and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these four headers. This pattern generates brickwork a full three bricks thick: </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead sections of alternate (odd and even) courses of double Flemish bond of three bricks' thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_dbl_flem_3_thickness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Brickwork_dbl_flem_3_thickness.svg/800px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_3_thickness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Brickwork_dbl_flem_3_thickness.svg/1200px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_3_thickness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Brickwork_dbl_flem_3_thickness.svg/1600px-Brickwork_dbl_flem_3_thickness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monk_bond">Monk bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monk bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Monk bond variations</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Malden_Library_073.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="New Malden Library, Kingston upon Thames, Greater London." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/New_Malden_Library_073.png/200px-New_Malden_Library_073.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/New_Malden_Library_073.png/300px-New_Malden_Library_073.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/New_Malden_Library_073.png/400px-New_Malden_Library_073.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">New Malden Library, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>, Greater London.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solna_Brick_wall_4-skifts_munkforband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Private building, Solna, Sweden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solna_Brick_wall_4-skifts_munkforband.jpg/200px-Solna_Brick_wall_4-skifts_munkforband.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solna_Brick_wall_4-skifts_munkforband.jpg/300px-Solna_Brick_wall_4-skifts_munkforband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solna_Brick_wall_4-skifts_munkforband.jpg/400px-Solna_Brick_wall_4-skifts_munkforband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Private building, Solna, Sweden.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramids_in_raking_monk_bond_020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pyramids highlighted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pyramids_in_raking_monk_bond_020.png/200px-Pyramids_in_raking_monk_bond_020.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pyramids_in_raking_monk_bond_020.png/300px-Pyramids_in_raking_monk_bond_020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pyramids_in_raking_monk_bond_020.png/400px-Pyramids_in_raking_monk_bond_020.png 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2940" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pyramids highlighted.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>This bond has <em>two</em> stretchers between every header with the headers centred over the perpend between the two stretchers in the course below in the bond's most symmetric form.<sup id="cite_ref-Art._Grove_1996._Page_769_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art._Grove_1996._Page_769-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great variety of monk bond patterns allow for many possible layouts at the quoins, and many possible arrangements for generating a lap. A quoin brick may be a stretcher, a three-quarter bat, or a header. Queen closers may be used next to the quoins, but the practice is not mandatory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Raking_monk_bonds">Raking monk bonds</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Raking monk bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monk bond may however take any of a number of arrangements for course staggering. The disposal of bricks in these often highly irregular raking patterns can be a challenging task for the bricklayer to correctly maintain while constructing a wall whose courses are partially obscured by scaffold, and interrupted by door or window openings, or other bond-disrupting obstacles. If the bricklayer frequently stops to check that bricks are correctly arranged, then masonry in a raking monk bond can be expensive to build.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, brickwork in such a raking monk bond may contain minor errors of header and stretcher alignment some of which may have been silently corrected by incorporating a compensating irregularity into the brickwork in a course further up the wall. In spite of these complexities and their associated costs, the bond has proven a common choice for constructing brickwork in the north of Europe. </p><p>Raking courses in monk bond may—for instance—be staggered in such a way as to generate the appearance of diagonal lines of stretchers. One method of achieving this effect relies on the use of a repeating sequence of courses with back-and-forth header staggering. In this grouping, a header appears at a given point in the group's first course. In the next course up, a header is offset one and a half stretcher lengths to the left of the header in the course below, and then in the third course, a header is offset one stretcher length to the right of the header in the middle course. This accented swing of headers, one and a half to the left, and one to the right, generates the appearance of lines of stretchers running from the upper left hand side of the wall down to the lower right. Such an example of a raking monk bond layout is shown in the New Malden Library, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>, Greater London. </p><p>Elsewhere, raking courses in monk bond may be staggered in such a way as to generate a subtle appearance of indented pyramid-like diagonals. Such an arrangement appears in the picture here from the building in <a href="/wiki/Solna,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Solna, Sweden">Solna, Sweden</a>. </p><p>Many other particular adjustments of course alignment exist in monk bond, generating a variety of visual effects which differ in detail, but often having the effect of directing a viewing eye diagonally down the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead plan for alternate courses of monk bond of one brick's thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_monk_1_thickness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Brickwork_monk_1_thickness.svg/800px-Brickwork_monk_1_thickness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Brickwork_monk_1_thickness.svg/1200px-Brickwork_monk_1_thickness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Brickwork_monk_1_thickness.svg/1600px-Brickwork_monk_1_thickness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5281" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sussex_bond">Sussex bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sussex bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This bond has <em>three</em> stretchers between every header, with the headers centred above the midpoint of three stretchers in the course below.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bond's horizontally extended proportion suits long stretches of masonry such as garden walls or the run of brickwork over a ribbon window; conversely, the bond is less suitable for a surface occupied by many features, such as a Georgian façade. The relatively infrequent use of headers serves to make Sussex bond one of the less expensive bonds in which to build a wall, as it allows for the bricklayer to proceed rapidly with run after run of three stretchers at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_stretching_course_per_heading_course">One stretching course per heading course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: One stretching course per heading course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_english_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="English bond"><img alt="English bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brickwork_in_english_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_english_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brickwork_in_english_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_english_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brickwork_in_english_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_english_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8008" data-file-height="8008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_english_cross_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="English cross bond"><img alt="English cross bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Brickwork_in_english_cross_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_english_cross_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Brickwork_in_english_cross_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_english_cross_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Brickwork_in_english_cross_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_english_cross_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8008" data-file-height="8008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English cross bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_double_english_cross_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double English cross bond"><img alt="Double English cross bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brickwork_in_double_english_cross_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_double_english_cross_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brickwork_in_double_english_cross_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_double_english_cross_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brickwork_in_double_english_cross_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_double_english_cross_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double English cross bond</div> </li> </ul> <p>One of the two kinds of course in this family of bonds is called a <i>stretching course</i>, and this typically comprises nothing but stretchers at the face from quoin to quoin. The other kind of course is the <i>heading course</i>, and this usually consists of headers, with two queen closers—one by the quoin header at either end—to generate the bond.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_bond">English bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This bond has alternating stretching and heading <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a>, with the headers centred over the midpoint of the stretchers, and perpends in each alternate course aligned. Queen closers appear as the second brick, and the penultimate brick in heading courses.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A muted colour scheme for occasional headers is sometimes used in English bond to lend a subtle texture to the brickwork. Examples of such schemes include blue-grey headers among otherwise red bricks—seen in the south of England—and light brown headers in a dark brown wall, more often found in parts of the north of England.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Architectural_Review_1936._Page_242_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Architectural_Review_1936._Page_242-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one brick's thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_eng_1_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Brickwork_eng_1_th.svg/800px-Brickwork_eng_1_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Brickwork_eng_1_th.svg/1200px-Brickwork_eng_1_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Brickwork_eng_1_th.svg/1600px-Brickwork_eng_1_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one and a half bricks' thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_eng_1.5_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brickwork_eng_1.5_th.svg/800px-Brickwork_eng_1.5_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brickwork_eng_1.5_th.svg/1200px-Brickwork_eng_1.5_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brickwork_eng_1.5_th.svg/1600px-Brickwork_eng_1.5_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin:2em auto;"> <p><b>Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of two bricks' thickness</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_eng_2_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Brickwork_eng_2_th.svg/800px-Brickwork_eng_2_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Brickwork_eng_2_th.svg/1200px-Brickwork_eng_2_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Brickwork_eng_2_th.svg/1600px-Brickwork_eng_2_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The colour-coded <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">plans</a> highlight facing bricks in the east–west wall. An <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(view)#Elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (view)">elevation</a> for this east–west wall is shown to the right. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_cross_bond">English cross bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: English cross bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Bond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dutch_Bond.jpg/220px-Dutch_Bond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dutch_Bond.jpg/330px-Dutch_Bond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dutch_Bond.jpg/440px-Dutch_Bond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Dutch Bond, Linacre College, Oxford.</figcaption></figure> <p>This bond also has alternating stretching and heading <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a>. However, whilst the heading courses are identical with those found in the standard English bond, the stretching courses alternate between a course composed entirely of stretchers, and a course composed of stretchers half off-set relative to the stretchers two courses above or below, by reason of a header placed just before the quoins at either end.<sup id="cite_ref-Ching_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ching-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bond is widely found in Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large areas of English cross bond can appear to have a <a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">twill</a> like characteristic, an effect caused by the unbroken series of perpends moving diagonally down the bond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_bond">Dutch bond<span class="anchor" id="Brickwork#Dutch_bond"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dutch bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This bond is exactly like English cross bond except in the generating of the lap at the quoins. In Dutch bond, all quoins are three-quarter bats—placed in alternately stretching and heading orientation with successive courses—and no use whatever is made of queen closers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the Dutch this is simply a variant of what they call a cross bond.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_or_more_stretching_course_per_heading_course">Two or more stretching course per heading course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Two or more stretching course per heading course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_english_garden_wall_bond_rake.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A raking English garden wall bond"><img alt="A raking English garden wall bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brickwork_in_english_garden_wall_bond_rake.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_english_garden_wall_bond_rake.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brickwork_in_english_garden_wall_bond_rake.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_english_garden_wall_bond_rake.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brickwork_in_english_garden_wall_bond_rake.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_english_garden_wall_bond_rake.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A raking English garden wall bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_scottish_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scottish bond"><img alt="Scottish bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brickwork_in_scottish_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_scottish_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brickwork_in_scottish_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_scottish_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brickwork_in_scottish_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_scottish_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scottish bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_american_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="American bond"><img alt="American bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brickwork_in_american_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_american_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brickwork_in_american_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_american_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brickwork_in_american_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_american_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American bond</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_garden_wall_bond">English garden wall bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: English garden wall bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This bond has three <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> of stretchers between every course of headers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the standard English garden wall bond, headers are used as quoins for the middle stretching course in order to generate the lap, with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses. A more complex set of quoins and queen closers is necessary to achieve the lap for a raking English garden wall bond. </p><p>The heading course in English garden wall bond sometimes features bricks of a different colour to its surrounding stretchers. In English chalk districts, flint is substituted for the stretchers, and the headers constitute a lacing course.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Architectural_Review_1936._Page_242_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Architectural_Review_1936._Page_242-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scottish_bond">Scottish bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scottish bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This bond has five courses of stretchers between every course of headers. </p><p>The lap is generated by the use of headers as quoins for the even-numbered stretching courses, counting up from the previous heading course, with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="American_common_bond"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American,_or_common_bond"><span id="American.2C_or_common_bond"></span>American, or common bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: American, or common bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NY-american_bond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/NY-american_bond.jpg/220px-NY-american_bond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/NY-american_bond.jpg/330px-NY-american_bond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/NY-american_bond.jpg/440px-NY-american_bond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>American bond, 5th Ave, <a href="/wiki/Harlem,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem, New York">Harlem, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_the_common_brick_bond_on_the_exterior_of_an_Edwardian_semi-detached_house_in_Toronto%27s_Little_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Example_of_the_common_brick_bond_on_the_exterior_of_an_Edwardian_semi-detached_house_in_Toronto%27s_Little_Italy.jpg/220px-Example_of_the_common_brick_bond_on_the_exterior_of_an_Edwardian_semi-detached_house_in_Toronto%27s_Little_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Example_of_the_common_brick_bond_on_the_exterior_of_an_Edwardian_semi-detached_house_in_Toronto%27s_Little_Italy.jpg/330px-Example_of_the_common_brick_bond_on_the_exterior_of_an_Edwardian_semi-detached_house_in_Toronto%27s_Little_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Example_of_the_common_brick_bond_on_the_exterior_of_an_Edwardian_semi-detached_house_in_Toronto%27s_Little_Italy.jpg/440px-Example_of_the_common_brick_bond_on_the_exterior_of_an_Edwardian_semi-detached_house_in_Toronto%27s_Little_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>Common bond on an Edwardian semi-detached house in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Toronto" title="Little Italy, Toronto">Little Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This bond may have between three and nine <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> of stretchers between each course of headers. Six is the most common number of courses of stretchers. </p><p>Headers are used as quoins for the even-numbered stretching courses, counting up from the previous heading course, in order to achieve the necessary off-set in a standard American bond, with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses. </p><p>The brick <a href="/wiki/Clarke-Palmore_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarke-Palmore House">Clarke-Palmore House</a> in Henrico County, Virginia, has a lower level built in 1819 described as being American bond of three to five stretching courses between each heading course, and an upper level built in 1855 with American bond of six to seven stretching courses between each heading course.<sup id="cite_ref-vaNRHPnom_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaNRHPnom-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Only_stretching_or_heading_courses">Only stretching or heading courses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Only stretching or heading courses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_heading_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Header bond"><img alt="Header bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brickwork_in_heading_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_heading_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brickwork_in_heading_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_heading_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brickwork_in_heading_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_heading_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Header bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_stretching_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stretcher bond"><img alt="Stretcher bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brickwork_in_stretching_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_stretching_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brickwork_in_stretching_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_stretching_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brickwork_in_stretching_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_stretching_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stretcher bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_stretching_bond_rake.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A raking stretcher bond"><img alt="A raking stretcher bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brickwork_in_stretching_bond_rake.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_stretching_bond_rake.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brickwork_in_stretching_bond_rake.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_stretching_bond_rake.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brickwork_in_stretching_bond_rake.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_stretching_bond_rake.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A raking stretcher bond</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Header_bond">Header bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Header bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All bricks in this bond are headers, but for the lap-generating quoin three-quarter bat which offsets each successive <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> by half a header. </p><p>Header bond is often used on curving walls with a small radius of curvature. In <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a>, Sussex, England UK many small buildings are constructed in this bond, using blue coloured bricks and vitrified surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stretcher,_or_running_bond"><span id="Stretcher.2C_or_running_bond"></span><span class="anchor" id="Stretcher_bond"></span>Stretcher, or running bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stretcher, or running bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All bricks in this bond are stretchers, with the bricks in each successive <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">course</a> staggered by half a stretcher. Headers are used as quoins on alternating stretching courses in order to achieve the necessary off-set. </p><p>It is the simplest repeating pattern, and will create a wall one header thick. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raking_stretcher_bond">Raking stretcher bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Raking stretcher bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also consists entirely of <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> of stretchers, but with the bricks in each successive course staggered in some pattern other than that of standard stretcher bond.<sup id="cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brick_Pattern_Math-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_or_more_stretching_courses_per_alternating_course">One or more stretching courses per alternating course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: One or more stretching courses per alternating course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flemish_stretcher_bond">Flemish stretcher bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Flemish stretcher bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brickwork_in_flemish_stretcher_bond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flemish stretcher bond"><img alt="Flemish stretcher bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Brickwork_in_flemish_stretcher_bond.svg/270px-Brickwork_in_flemish_stretcher_bond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Brickwork_in_flemish_stretcher_bond.svg/405px-Brickwork_in_flemish_stretcher_bond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Brickwork_in_flemish_stretcher_bond.svg/540px-Brickwork_in_flemish_stretcher_bond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flemish stretcher bond</div> </li> </ul> <p>Flemish stretcher bond separates courses of alternately laid stretchers and headers, with a number of courses of stretchers alone. Brickwork in this bond may have between one and four courses of stretchers to one course after the Flemish manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Art._Grove_1996._Page_769_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art._Grove_1996._Page_769-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courses of stretchers are often but not always staggered in a raking pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses_of_mixed_rowlocks_and_shiners">Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rat-trap bond"><img alt="Rat-trap bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chinese_bond.png/270px-Chinese_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chinese_bond.png/405px-Chinese_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chinese_bond.png/540px-Chinese_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rat-trap bond</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rat-trap_bond">Rat-trap bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rat-trap bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rat_trap_bond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rat_trap_bond.jpg/220px-Rat_trap_bond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rat_trap_bond.jpg/330px-Rat_trap_bond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rat_trap_bond.jpg/440px-Rat_trap_bond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Brick wall laid in rat-trap bond photographed near Angelsea Road, <a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe" title="Wivenhoe">Wivenhoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rat-trap bond (also Chinese bond) substantially observes the same pattern as Flemish bond, but consists of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers. This gives a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the rowlocks, hence the reference to rat-traps.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_shiner_course_per_heading_course">One shiner course per heading course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: One shiner course per heading course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dearne's_bond"><span id="Dearne.27s_bond"></span>Dearne's bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dearne's bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dearne's bond substantially observes the same pattern as English bond, but uses shiners in place of stretchers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-load-bearing_bonds">Non-load-bearing bonds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Non-load-bearing bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2315_Collingwood_Boulevard,_exterior_views,_2019_-_DPLA_-_a957e4dd68dc1d1524b6f5fea561bb84_(page_5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2315_Collingwood_Boulevard%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_a957e4dd68dc1d1524b6f5fea561bb84_%28page_5%29.jpg/220px-2315_Collingwood_Boulevard%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_a957e4dd68dc1d1524b6f5fea561bb84_%28page_5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2315_Collingwood_Boulevard%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_a957e4dd68dc1d1524b6f5fea561bb84_%28page_5%29.jpg/330px-2315_Collingwood_Boulevard%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_a957e4dd68dc1d1524b6f5fea561bb84_%28page_5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2315_Collingwood_Boulevard%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_a957e4dd68dc1d1524b6f5fea561bb84_%28page_5%29.jpg/440px-2315_Collingwood_Boulevard%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_a957e4dd68dc1d1524b6f5fea561bb84_%28page_5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Decorative brickwork above the entrance to First Congregational Church in Toledo, Ohio, 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses_of_mixed_shiners_and_sailors">Courses of mixed shiners and sailors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Courses of mixed shiners and sailors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_Basket_Weave_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Single basket weave bond"><img alt="Single basket weave bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Single_Basket_Weave_bond.png/270px-Single_Basket_Weave_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Single_Basket_Weave_bond.png/405px-Single_Basket_Weave_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Single_Basket_Weave_bond.png/540px-Single_Basket_Weave_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Single basket weave bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Basket_Weave_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Double basket weave bond"><img alt="Double basket weave bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Double_Basket_Weave_bond.png/270px-Double_Basket_Weave_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Double_Basket_Weave_bond.png/405px-Double_Basket_Weave_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Double_Basket_Weave_bond.png/540px-Double_Basket_Weave_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double basket weave bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:90_degree_Herringbone_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="90° herringbone bond"><img alt="90° herringbone bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/90_degree_Herringbone_bond.png/270px-90_degree_Herringbone_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/90_degree_Herringbone_bond.png/405px-90_degree_Herringbone_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/90_degree_Herringbone_bond.png/540px-90_degree_Herringbone_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">90° herringbone bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:45_degree_Herringbone_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="45° herringbone bond"><img alt="45° herringbone bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/45_degree_Herringbone_bond.png/270px-45_degree_Herringbone_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/45_degree_Herringbone_bond.png/405px-45_degree_Herringbone_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/45_degree_Herringbone_bond.png/540px-45_degree_Herringbone_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">45° herringbone bond</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_basket_weave_bond">Single basket weave bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Single basket weave bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billbeee-herring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Billbeee-herring.JPG/220px-Billbeee-herring.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Billbeee-herring.JPG/330px-Billbeee-herring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Billbeee-herring.JPG/440px-Billbeee-herring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>45° herringbone bond, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>A row of single basket weave bond comprises pairs of sailors laid side-by-side, capped with a shiner, alternating with pairs of sailors laid side-by-side sat atop a shiner. Subsequent rows are identical and aligned with those above.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_basket_weave_bond">Double basket weave bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Double basket weave bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A row of double basket weave bond comprises pairs of shiners laid atop one another, alternating with pairs of sailors laid side by side. The following row is off-set so the pair of shiners sits below the pair of sailors in the row above. This results in bricks arranged in pairs in a square grid so that the join between each pair is perpendicular to the join of the four pairs around it.<sup id="cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brick_Pattern_Math-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herringbone_bond">Herringbone bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Herringbone bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opus_spicatum" title="Opus spicatum">Opus spicatum</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Herringbone_pattern" title="Herringbone pattern">herringbone pattern</a> (opus spicatum) made by placing soldiers next to stretchers or vice versa (i.e. headers perpendicular) making 'L' shapes, nesting each L in the same order of laying. Thin bricks are more common. The pattern is usually rotated by 45° to create a completely vertical (plumb) succession of 'V' shapes. It follows either the left or right brick forms the tip of the v in any wall. Herringbone is sometimes used as infill in <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing#Infill_materials" title="Timber framing">timber-framed buildings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brick_Pattern_Math-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brickwork_built_around_square_fractional-sized_bricks">Brickwork built around square fractional-sized bricks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Brickwork built around square fractional-sized bricks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinwheel_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinwheel bond"><img alt="Pinwheel bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pinwheel_bond.png/270px-Pinwheel_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pinwheel_bond.png/405px-Pinwheel_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pinwheel_bond.png/540px-Pinwheel_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinwheel bond</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_la_Robia_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Della Robbia bond"><img alt="Della Robbia bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/De_la_Robia_bond.png/270px-De_la_Robia_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/De_la_Robia_bond.png/405px-De_la_Robia_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/De_la_Robia_bond.png/540px-De_la_Robia_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Della Robbia bond</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pinwheel_bond">Pinwheel bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pinwheel bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinwheel bond is made of four bricks surrounding a square half-brick, repeated in a square grid.<sup id="cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brick_Pattern_Math-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Della_Robbia_bond">Della Robbia bond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Della Robbia bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pattern made of four bricks surrounding a square brick, one-quarter the size of a half-brick. It is designed to resemble woven cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brick_Pattern_Math-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, similar pattern is called the interlacing bond.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diapering">Diapering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Diapering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flemish_Diagonal_Bond_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flemish_Diagonal_Bond_Cambridge.jpg/220px-Flemish_Diagonal_Bond_Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flemish_Diagonal_Bond_Cambridge.jpg/330px-Flemish_Diagonal_Bond_Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flemish_Diagonal_Bond_Cambridge.jpg/440px-Flemish_Diagonal_Bond_Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>Flemish diagonal bond at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brickwork formed into a diamond pattern is called <a href="/wiki/Diapering" title="Diapering">diapering</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flemish_Diagonal_bond.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flemish diagonal bond"><img alt="Flemish diagonal bond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flemish_Diagonal_bond.png/270px-Flemish_Diagonal_bond.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flemish_Diagonal_bond.png/405px-Flemish_Diagonal_bond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flemish_Diagonal_bond.png/540px-Flemish_Diagonal_bond.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flemish diagonal bond</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flemish_diagonal_bond">Flemish diagonal bond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Flemish diagonal bond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flemish diagonal bond comprises a complex pattern of stretcher <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> alternating with courses of one or two stretchers between headers, at various offsets, such that over ten courses, a diamond-shaped pattern appears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Damp-proof_courses">Damp-proof courses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Damp-proof courses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)#Rising_damp" title="Damp (structural)">Rising damp</a></div> <p>Moisture may ascend into a building from the foundation of a wall or gain ingress into a building from a wet patch of ground, where it meets a solid wall. The manifest result of this process is called <a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">damp</a>. One of many methods of resisting such ingresses of water is to construct the wall with several low <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> of dense engineering bricks such as <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_blue_brick" title="Staffordshire blue brick">Staffordshire blue bricks</a>. This method of damp proofing appears as a distinctive navy blue band running around the circumference of a building. It is only partially effective, as in spite of the lower courses of brick being more moisture resistant the mortar bedding and perpends joining the bricks remain permeable.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Expressionism" title="Brick Expressionism">Brick Expressionism</a> – Architectural style</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_building_material" title="Ceramic building material">Ceramic building material</a> – Archaeological term for baked clay building material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> – Process of building or assembling a building or infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_British_bricklaying" title="Glossary of British bricklaying">Glossary of British bricklaying</a> – List of bricklaying terms and their meanings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a> – Building of structures from individual units of stone, bricks, or blocks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a> – Method of pointing brickwork</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Moxon. Mechanick Exercises: Or, The Doctrine of Handy-Works. Applied to the Arts of Smithing, Joinery, Carpentry, Turning, Bricklaying. Printed for Daniel Midwinter and Thomas Leigh. 1703. London. Page 129. "Three or four or five courses of Bricks to be laid."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicholson">Nicholson</a>. "By a <i>Course</i>, in walling, is meant the bricks contained between two planes parallel to the horizon, and terminated by the faces of the wall. The thickness is that of one brick with mortar. The mass formed by bricks laid in concentric order, for arches or vaults, is also denominated a <i>Course</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFleming2006" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Eric (2006). <i>Construction Technology</i>. UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0210-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0210-1"><bdi>1-4051-0210-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Construction+Technology&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-0210-1&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brunskill">Brunskill</a>, p. 39. "British Standard 3921 of 1969, gave dimensions of 215 mm by 102.5 mm by 65 mm [...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Standards Institution. Specification for Masonry Units. Part 1: Clay Masonry Units. BSI, London, 2003, BS EN 771.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Compressive Strength of Modern Earth Masonry, Andrew Heath, Mike Lawrence, Peter Walker and Clyde Fourie. BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath and Natural Building Technologies (NBT). Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT 2009). 6–9 September 2009, Bath, UK. "All earth masonry units were intended to be 'standard' brick size (215x102.5x65mm) if they were fired, but because they did not have additional shrinkage from firing, the average size was 223x106x67mm."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Construction_Technology-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Construction_Technology_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Construction_Technology_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2006" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Eric (2006). <i>Construction Technology</i>. UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0210-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0210-1"><bdi>1-4051-0210-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Construction+Technology&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-0210-1&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicholson">Nicholson</a>, p. 166. "BED.—The under-surface of bricks when laid in any kind of work."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reports of artisans selected by a committee appointed by the council of the Society of Arts to visit the Paris Universal exhibition, 1867. Published for the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Published by Bell and Daldy, York Street, Covent Garden, London. Printed by W.  Trounce, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1867. Part 1. Bricklaying by George Howell. Page 194. "The beauty of brickwork will very much depend upon the 'perpends' being perfectly kept, that is, the perfect regularity of the perpendicular joints right up the building."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Houghton_1693-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Houghton_1693_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Houghton_1693_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Houghton. A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade. 1693. Issue 74. Published by Randal Taylor near Stationers-Hall. London. "A Brick-wall of a Foot and half thick is commonly made by <i>Stretchers</i> and <i>Headers</i>, that is, by laying on the out-side one Brick, so as to have the narrowest side of it to be seen longways, and the next to have only the end seen, and the Brick lying on the broad side, and so on, a Stretcher and a Header."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney Clark Huntington. Building Construction. Types of Construction, Materials, and Cost Estimating. New York: Wiley. London: Chapman & Hall. 1929. Page 130. "Belt courses and flat arches may be formed of brick[s] set on end with the narrow side exposed. Such bricks are called soldiers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sovinski">Sovinski</a>, p. 43. "Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called <i>stretcher</i>, <i>header</i>, <i>rowlock stretcher</i>, and <i>rowlock</i>. A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a <i>shiner</i>. The two corresponding vertical orientations are the <i>soldier</i> and <i>sailor</i> positions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Y. Harris. Building Pathology. Wiley. New York. 2001. Page 212. "The short face, or the end laid horizontally, is a header; laid vertically, a rowlock."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sovinski">Sovinski</a>, p. 43. "Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called <i>stretcher</i>, <i>header</i>, <i>rowlock stretcher</i>, and <i>rowlock</i>. A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a <i>shiner</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. <b>BRICKWORK</b>. "[...] portions of a brick [...] a half header in width, [...] are called queen closers[.]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 18. "King Closers are bricks cut so that one end is half the width of a brick, and [are] used in positions where the greater width at back would add strength to the bond[...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicholson">Nicholson</a>, p. 167. "[...] an arrangement, or combination of bricks when laid upon each other, [such] that the perpendicular joint formed by any two adjacent bricks may, at all times, be covered by the centre (or nearly so) of one laid immediately over the joint, by which means the nearest approximation to solidity will be attained that such materials are capable of producing."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicholson">Nicholson</a>, p. 347. "BRICKS ARE LAID in a varied, but regular, form of connection, or <i>Bond</i>, as exhibited in <i>Plate</i> LXXXV."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicholson">Nicholson</a>, p. 329. "BOND.—That regular connection, in lapping the stones upon one another, when carrying up the work, which forms an inseparable mass of building."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CITB<br />CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD<br />Training Workbook<br />Setting Out Brickwork<br />Positioning Ranging Lines, Gauge, Dry Bonding, Broken Bonding<br />WB 272<br /> Construction Industry Training Board, Bircham Newton, Kings Lynn, Norfolk PE31 6RH. 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/185751095X" title="Special:BookSources/185751095X">185751095X</a>. Page 35–37. "Wall thickness terms relate to a <b>stretcher</b> dimension of a brick. Wall (A) [<i>pictured</i>] is termed a <b>half brick wall</b>. Wall (B) [<i>pictured</i>] is termed a <b>one brick wall</b> [...]. This wall is a <b>half brick</b> thick wall [...]. This wall is a one brick thick wall [...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bricks and Brickwork. Cecil C. Handisyde and Barry A. Haseltine. The Brick Development Association. 19 Grafton Street, London, W1X 3LE. 1974. Page 68. "Old buildings of solid wall construction were accepted as 'waterproof', often when brickwork was only 9 inches [23 cm] thick. Now it is generally agreed that solid walls of less than [one and a half] brick thickness are inadequate. Code of Practice 121 still includes unrendered one brick thick walls as acceptable for sheltered positions but this seems a questionable recommendation. Walling of [one and a half] brick thickness should be satisfactory for sheltered positions and may be adequate for moderate exposure."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emmitt">Emmitt</a>, p. 206. "In exposed positions such as high ground and near the coast, a wall 2B thick may be needed to resist penetration to inside faces [...]. In positions of very severe exposure to wind-driven rain, as on high open ground facing the prevailing wind and on the coast facing open sea, it is necessary to protect both solid and cavity walls with an external cladding."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, Chicago Tribune, December 7, 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denzil Nield. Walls & Wall Facings. Spon, London. 1949. Page 145. "Cavity walls... are being increasingly built with hollow blocks or other material in place of bricks for the internal leaf."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Civil Engineer. Oct 3rd, 1991. Thomas Telford Ltd. London. Advertisement. "Single leaf wall with vertical and lateral load."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emmitt">Emmitt</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emmitt">Emmitt</a>, pp. 232, 233. "Early cavity walls were constructed with bonding bricks laid across the cavity at internals to tie the two leaves together. [...] Later, iron ties were used to tie the two leaves together."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Yeomans. Construction Since 1900: Materials. BT Batsford Ltd, 583 Fulham Road, London, SW6 5BY. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713466847" title="Special:BookSources/0713466847">0713466847</a>. Page 60. "In 1974, a large section of the outer leaf of a wall of a comprehensive school at Newnham collapsed revealing a complete absence of ties over a considerable area [and] in 1983, a much larger section of a wall at Plymouth Polytechnic collapsed due to corrosion of the cavity ties."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smeaton">Smeaton</a>, pp. 29–30. "The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond. [...] Flemish bond consists in placing a header and a stretcher alternately throughout every course."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brunskill">Brunskill</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Arch._Review">Arch. Review</a></i>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brunskill">Brunskill</a>, p. 91. "SINGLE FLEMISH BOND: gives the appearance of Flemish Bond on the outside face only of a wall more than 9 inches [23 cm] thick. The same appearance on both inner and outer faces is given by DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicholson">Nicholson</a>, p. 102. "[...] the bricks are disposed alike on both sides of the wall, the tail of the headers being placed contiguous to each other, so as to form square spaces in the core of the wall for half-bricks."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F.Mitchell. <i>Building Construction</i>. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 25, figures 37 & 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art._Grove_1996._Page_769-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art._Grove_1996._Page_769_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art._Grove_1996._Page_769_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dictionary of Art. Grove. Volume Four, Biardeau TO Brüggemann. Edited by Jane Turner. Macmillan Publishers Limited. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884446000" title="Special:BookSources/1884446000">1884446000</a>. Page 769.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Arch._Review">Arch. Review</a></i>, p. 242. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton. "An extra cost over Flemish has to be met for labour on Monk bond and its derivatives, because the process is not so straightforward as Flemish, and the bricklayers have to stop and think more frequently."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Arch._Review">Arch. Review</a></i>, p. 241. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton. "Monk bond [...] is popular in the North of Europe. Two stretchers are followed by one header in every course, the headers being so disposed that verticality of their axial lines is little apparent, and a striking result is obtained of diagonal lines of stretchers, which look like a series of corbels or cantilevers embedded in the wall."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lloyd">Lloyd</a>, p. 440. "FLEMISH GARDEN WALL or SUSSEX BOND. Three stretchers, then one header in every course."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Arch._Review">Arch. Review</a></i>, p. 241. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smeaton">Smeaton</a>, pp. 29–30. "The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond .... English bond consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers; thus, one course is formed with headers, that is, with bricks crossing the wall; the next with stretchers, that is, with bricks having their length in the same direction as that of the wall[.]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 21, figures 28 & 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Architectural_Review_1936._Page_242-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Architectural_Review_1936._Page_242_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Architectural_Review_1936._Page_242_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Arch._Review">Arch. Review</a></i>, p. 242. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ching-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ching_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing1995" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis (1995). <i>A Visual Dictionary of Architecture</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-28451-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-28451-3"><bdi>0-471-28451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Visual+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-28451-3&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lloyd">Lloyd</a>, p. 440. "ENGLISH CROSS BOND. Stretchers breaking joint. The second brick of alternate stretching courses is a header."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brunskill">Brunskill</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F.Mitchell. Building Construction. Part 1. First Stage or Elementary Course. Second Edition—Revised. Published by B.T. Batsford, 52 High Holborn. 1889. Page 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulder2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mulder, Koen (2016). <i>Het Zinderend Oppervlak</i> [<i>The Thrilling Surface</i>] (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Steenwijk (published January 2016). p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-824668-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-824668-0-5"><bdi>978-90-824668-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+Zinderend+Oppervlak&rft.place=Steenwijk&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-824668-0-5&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=Koen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lloyd">Lloyd</a>, p. 440. "ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND. Three stretching courses to each heading course."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaNRHPnom-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vaNRHPnom_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Reed_Smither2004" class="citation web cs1">Susan Reed Smither (January 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607215144/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Henrico/043-0085_Clarke-Palmore_2004_Final_Nomination.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Clarke-Palmore House / Clarke Home"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Henrico/043-0085_Clarke-Palmore_2004_Final_Nomination.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Registration%3A+Clarke-Palmore+House+%2F+Clarke+Home&rft.pub=Virginia+Historic+Landmarks+Commission&rft.date=2004-01-29&rft.au=Susan+Reed+Smither&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fregisters%2FCounties%2FHenrico%2F043-0085_Clarke-Palmore_2004_Final_Nomination.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Henrico/Clarke-Palmore_photo.htm"><i>Accompanying four photos at Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission, undated</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528025454/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Henrico/Clarke-Palmore_photo.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lloyd">Lloyd</a>, p. 440. "HEADING BOND. All headers except a three-quarters brick at quoin in alternate courses."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Arch._Review">Arch. Review</a></i>, pp. 242, 245. THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK. P.M. Stratton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brick_Pattern_Math-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brick_Pattern_Math_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europaving.com/brick-paving-standards-and-patterns">"Brick Patterns"</a>. Peter Stewart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234508/https://europaving.com/brick-paving-standards-and-patterns">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brick+Patterns&rft.pub=Peter+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropaving.com%2Fbrick-paving-standards-and-patterns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brunskill">Brunskill</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brunskill">Brunskill</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brunskill">Brunskill</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531093048/http://www.boralbestblock.com/product-lines/pavers/boral-clay-pavers/Boral-Clay-Pavers-Patterns">"Boral Best Block"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boralbestblock.com/product-lines/pavers/boral-clay-pavers/Boral-Clay-Pavers-Patterns">the original</a> on 2012-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boral+Best+Block&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boralbestblock.com%2Fproduct-lines%2Fpavers%2Fboral-clay-pavers%2FBoral-Clay-Pavers-Patterns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921223500/http://www.ibstock.com/pdfs/get-it-right/get-it-right14-jun02.pdf">"Get It Right"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ibstock Brick. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibstock.com/pdfs/get-it-right/get-it-right14-jun02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+It+Right&rft.pub=Ibstock+Brick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibstock.com%2Fpdfs%2Fget-it-right%2Fget-it-right14-jun02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emmitt">Emmitt</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brunskill" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Brunskill" title="Ronald Brunskill">Brunskill, R.W.</a> (1997). <i>Brick Building in Britain</i>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Gollancz_(Publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Gollancz (Publisher) (page does not exist)">Victor Gollancz</a> in association with Peter Crawley. An imprint of the Cassell Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0575065354" title="Special:BookSources/0575065354"><bdi>0575065354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brick+Building+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+in+association+with+Peter+Crawley.+An+imprint+of+the+Cassell+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0575065354&rft.au=Brunskill%2C+R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Emmitt" class="citation book cs1">Emmitt, Stephen & Gorse, Christopher A. (2010). <i>Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405188548" title="Special:BookSources/9781405188548"><bdi>9781405188548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barry%27s+Introduction+to+Construction+of+Buildings&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781405188548&rft.au=Emmitt%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Gorse%2C+Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lloyd" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Nathaniel (1925). <i>A History of English Brickwork</i>. The Antique Collectors' Club Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907462367" title="Special:BookSources/0907462367"><bdi>0907462367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+English+Brickwork&rft.pub=The+Antique+Collectors%27+Club+Ltd&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=0907462367&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nicholson" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Peter (1823). <i>The New Practical Builder, and Workman's Companion</i>. Thomas Kelly, 17 Paternoster Row, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Practical+Builder%2C+and+Workman%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Thomas+Kelly%2C+17+Paternoster+Row%2C+London&rft.date=1823&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Arch._Review" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Architectural Review</i>. 9 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, S.W.1. London: The Architectural Press. May 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architectural+Review&rft.place=9+Queen+Anne%27s+Gate%2C+Westminster%2C+S.W.1.+London&rft.pub=The+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1936-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Plumridge" class="citation book cs1">Plumridge, Andrew and Meulenkamp, Wim. (1993). <i>Brickwork: Architecture and Design</i>. New York: Harry N Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brickwork%3A+Architecture+and+Design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N+Abrams&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Plumridge%2C+Andrew+and+Meulenkamp%2C+Wim.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Smeaton" class="citation book cs1">Smeaton, A. C. (1837). <i>The Builder's Pocket Manual; Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying and Architecture; with Practical Rules and Instructions in Carpentry, Bricklaying, Masonry &c</i>. Barnard's Inn, Holborn: M. Taylor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Builder%27s+Pocket+Manual%3B+Containing+the+Elements+of+Building%2C+Surveying+and+Architecture%3B+with+Practical+Rules+and+Instructions+in+Carpentry%2C+Bricklaying%2C+Masonry+%26c.&rft.place=Barnard%27s+Inn%2C+Holborn&rft.pub=M.+Taylor&rft.date=1837&rft.au=Smeaton%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sovinski" class="citation book cs1">Sovinski, Rob W. (1999). <i>Brick in the Landscape. A Practical Guide to Specification and Design</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brick+in+the+Landscape.+A+Practical+Guide+to+Specification+and+Design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Sovinski%2C+Rob+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrickwork" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brick_walls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brick walls">Brick walls</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brickwork" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brickwork">Brickwork</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/brickwork" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/brickwork">brickwork</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnianblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/a-johnian-blog-xxx.html">Joshi, A. & Ryan, D. (20 June 2013). Bricks: A Light Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niazibricks.com.pk/">Bricks rate in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stonemasonry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of Masons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/838622/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4407748-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brickwork"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2001003032">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zdivo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127560&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534936205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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