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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lepidoptera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lepidoptera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lepidoptera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lepidoptera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthoptera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthoptera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orthoptera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthoptera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odonata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odonata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Odonata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odonata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coleoptera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coleoptera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coleoptera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coleoptera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heteroptera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heteroptera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Heteroptera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heteroptera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homoptera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homoptera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Homoptera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homoptera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_de_insectos" title="Migración de insectos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Migración de insectos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مهاجرت حشرات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهاجرت حشرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_des_insectes" title="Migration des insectes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Migration des insectes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seasonal movement of insects</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonarchButterfly-5635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MonarchButterfly-5635.jpg/330px-MonarchButterfly-5635.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MonarchButterfly-5635.jpg/495px-MonarchButterfly-5635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MonarchButterfly-5635.jpg/660px-MonarchButterfly-5635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch butterflies</a> roosting on migration in Texas</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Insect migration</b> is the seasonal movement of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, particularly those by species of <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>. The distance can vary with species and in most cases, these movements involve large numbers of individuals. In some cases, the individuals that migrate in one direction may not return and the next generation may instead migrate in the opposite direction. This is a significant difference from <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">bird migration</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All insects move to some extent. The range of movement can vary from within a few centimeters for some sucking insects and wingless aphids to thousands of kilometers in the case of other insects such as <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a>. The definition of migration is therefore particularly difficult in the context of insects. A behavior-oriented definition proposed is </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Migratory behavior is persistent and straightened-out movement affected by the animal's own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation on a vehicle. It depends upon some temporary inhibition of station-keeping responses but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kennedy, 1985<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This definition disqualifies movements made in the search of resources and which are terminated upon finding the resource. Migration involves longer distance movement and these movements are not affected by the availability of the resource items. All cases of long-distance insect migration concern winged insects.<sup id="cite_ref-cb57_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb57-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_patterns">General patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many migrating butterflies fly at low altitudes. The airspeeds in this region are typically lower than the flight speed of the insect, allowing them to travel against the wind if need be. These 'boundary-layer' migrants include the larger day-flying insects, and their low-altitude flight is easier to observe than that of most high-altitude windborne migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of butterfly (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_atalanta" title="Vanessa atalanta">Vanessa atalanta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Danaus plexippus</a></i>) are known to migrate using high-altitude, high-speed winds during their yearly migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many migratory species tend to have <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphic</a> forms, a migratory one, and a resident phase. The migratory phases are marked by their well-developed and long wings. Such polymorphism is well known in aphids and grasshoppers. In the migratory locusts, there are distinct long and short-winged forms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energetic cost of migration has been studied in the context of life-history strategies. It has been suggested that adaptations for migration would be more valuable for insects that live in habitats where resource availability changes seasonally.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have suggested that species living in isolated islands of suitable habitats are more likely to evolve migratory strategies. The role of migration in gene flow has also been studied in many species.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parasite loads affect migration. Severely infected individuals are weak and have shortened lifespans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infection creates an effect known as <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a> whereby migrating animals are less likely to complete the migration. This results in populations with lower parasite loads.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartel_Ober_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartel_Ober-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orientation">Orientation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Migration is usually marked by well defined destinations which need <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">orientation</a>. A flying insect needs to make corrections for crosswinds.<sup id="cite_ref-Srygley_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srygley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been demonstrated that many migrating insects sense wind speed and direction and make suitable corrections.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day-flying insects primarily make use of the sun for orientation, however, this requires that they compensate for the movement of the sun. Endogenous time-compensation mechanisms have been proposed and tested by releasing migrating butterflies that have been captured and kept in darkness to shift their internal clocks and observing changes in the directions chosen by them. Some species appear to make corrections while it has not been demonstrated in others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most insects are capable of sensing polarized light and they are able to use the polarization of the sky when the sun is occluded by clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orientation mechanisms of nocturnal moths and other insects that migrate have not been well studied, however <a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a> cues have been suggested in short distance fliers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent studies suggest that migratory butterflies may be sensitive to the Earth's magnetic field on the basis of the presence of magnetite particles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an experiment on the monarch butterfly, it was shown that a magnet changed the direction of initial flight of migrating monarch butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this result was not a strong demonstration since the directions of the experimental butterflies and the controls did not differ significantly in the direction of flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Srygley_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srygley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lepidoptera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_map_Macroglossum_stellatarum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Distribution_map_Macroglossum_stellatarum.svg/300px-Distribution_map_Macroglossum_stellatarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Distribution_map_Macroglossum_stellatarum.svg/450px-Distribution_map_Macroglossum_stellatarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Distribution_map_Macroglossum_stellatarum.svg/600px-Distribution_map_Macroglossum_stellatarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Distribution map of <i><a href="/wiki/Macroglossum_stellatarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroglossum stellatarum">Macroglossum stellatarum</a></i> showing their migration pattern. Blue, summer; green, year round; yellow, winter</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">Lepidoptera migration</a></div> <p>Migration of butterflies and moths is particularly well known. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bogong_moth" title="Bogong moth">Bogong moth</a> is a native <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> that is known to migrate to cooler climates. The Madagascan sunset moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Chrysiridia_rhipheus" title="Chrysiridia rhipheus">Chrysiridia rhipheus</a></i>) has migrations of up to thousands of individuals, occurring between the eastern and western ranges of their host plant, when they become depleted or unsuitable for consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-LeesDavidSmith_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeesDavidSmith-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catala_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catala-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hummingbird hawk-moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Macroglossum_stellatarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroglossum stellatarum">Macroglossum stellatarum</a></i>) migrates from Africa and southern Asia to Europe and northern Asia. </p><p>In southern India, mass migrations of many species occur before <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 250 species of butterflies in India are migratory. These include members of the <a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukurthi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukurthi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species <i><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_(butterfly)" title="Vanessa (butterfly)">Vanessa</a></i> butterfly are also known to migrate. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_painted_lady" title="Australian painted lady">Australian painted lady</a> (<i>Vanessa kershawi</i>) periodically migrates down the coast of Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-Dingle_1999_323–329_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dingle_1999_323–329-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occasionally, in periods of strong migration in Australia, migrate to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Dingle_1999_323–329_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dingle_1999_323–329-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painted lady (<i><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_cardui" title="Vanessa cardui">Vanessa cardui</a></i>) is a butterfly whose annual 15,000 km round trip from Scandinavia and Great Britain to West Africa involves up to six generations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red admiral (<i><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_atalanta" title="Vanessa atalanta">Vanessa atalanta</a></i>) periodically migrates from southern to northern Europe for the summer,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although sometimes movement north is observed in early autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a>, <i>Danaus plexippus</i>, migrates from southern Canada to wintering sites in central Mexico where they spend the winter. In the late winter or early spring, the adult monarchs leave the Transvolcanic mountain range in Mexico to travel north. Mating occurs and the females seek out milkweed to lay their eggs, usually first in northern Mexico and southern Texas. The caterpillars hatch and develop into adults that move north, where more offspring can go as far as Central Canada until the next migratory cycle. The entire annual migration cycle involves around five generations. More detailed information on this migration can be found under <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch butterfly migration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthoptera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SGR_laying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SGR_laying.jpg/220px-SGR_laying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SGR_laying.jpg/330px-SGR_laying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SGR_laying.jpg/440px-SGR_laying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Locusts (<i><a href="/wiki/Schistocerca_gregaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Schistocerca gregaria">Schistocerca gregaria</a></i>) regularly migrate with the seasons.</figcaption></figure> <p>Short-horned grasshoppers sometimes form swarms that will make long flights. These are often irregular and may be related to resource availability and thus not fulfilling some definitions of insect migration. There are however some populations of species such as locusts (<i><a href="/wiki/Schistocerca_gregaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Schistocerca gregaria">Schistocerca gregaria</a></i>) that make regular seasonal movements in parts of Africa;<sup id="cite_ref-cb57_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb57-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exceptionally, the species migrates very long distances, as in 1988 when swarms flew across the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odonata">Odonata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Odonata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantala_flavescens-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pantala_flavescens-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-002.jpg/220px-Pantala_flavescens-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pantala_flavescens-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-002.jpg/330px-Pantala_flavescens-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pantala_flavescens-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-002.jpg/440px-Pantala_flavescens-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="2715" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pantala_flavescens" title="Pantala flavescens">Pantala flavescens</a></i> is the world's longest known distance travelling dragonfly</figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies are among the longest distance insect migrants. Many species of <i><a href="/wiki/Libellula" title="Libellula">Libellula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sympetrum" title="Sympetrum">Sympetrum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pantala" title="Pantala">Pantala</a></i> are known for their mass migration.<sup id="cite_ref-cb57_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb57-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pantala_flavescens" title="Pantala flavescens">Pantala flavescens</a></i> is thought to make the longest ocean crossings among insects, flying between India and Africa on their migrations. Their movements are often assisted by winds.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coleoptera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ladybird beetles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hippodamia_convergens" title="Hippodamia convergens">Hippodamia convergens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Adalia_bipunctata" title="Adalia bipunctata">Adalia bipunctata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Coccinella_undecimpunctata" title="Coccinella undecimpunctata">Coccinella undecimpunctata</a></i> have been noted in large numbers in some places. In some cases, these movements appear to be made in the search for hibernation sites.<sup id="cite_ref-cb57_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb57-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heteroptera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <i><a href="/wiki/Large_milkweed_bug#Migration" title="Large milkweed bug">Oncopeltus fasciatus</a></i> will journey from northern states and southern Canada to southern states; others will overwinter where they are.<sup id="cite_ref-Dingle72_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dingle72-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_cabbage_bug" title="Harlequin cabbage bug">Murgantia histrionica</a></i> relies on seasonal winds on the Mississippi valley for travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Dingle72_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dingle72-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homoptera">Homoptera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Homoptera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leafhoppers <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrosteles_fascifrons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrosteles fascifrons (page does not exist)">Macrosteles fascifrons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Empoasca_fabae" class="mw-redirect" title="Empoasca fabae">Empoasca fabae</a></i> rely on seasonal winds on the Mississippi valley for travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Dingle72_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dingle72-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, J.S. (1985) Migration, behavioral and ecological. In: Rankin, M.A. (ed.) Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance. 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title="Swarm behaviour">Biological swarming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">Collective animal behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droving" title="Droving">Droving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(birds)" title="Flock (birds)">Flock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocking (behavior)">flocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_sol" title="Sort sol">sort sol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">Herd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">herd behavior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-species_foraging_flock" title="Mixed-species 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_migration" title="Altitudinal migration">altitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking" title="Animal migration tracking">tracking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildlife_tracking_technology" title="History of wildlife tracking technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">coded wire tag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_migration_flyways" title="Category:Bird migration flyways">flyways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_migration_(birds)" title="Reverse migration (birds)">reverse migration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">Cell migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">sardine run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homing_(biology)" title="Homing (biology)">Homing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insect migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">butterflies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Models" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization algorithm">Ant colony optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(simulation)" title="Swarm (simulation)">Swarm (simulation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_matter" title="Active matter">Active matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_of_self-propelled_particles" title="Clustering of self-propelled particles">clustering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicsek_model" title="Vicsek model">Vicsek model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIO-LGCA" title="BIO-LGCA">BIO-LGCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbrion" title="Symbrion">Symbrion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralised_system" title="Decentralised system">Decentralised system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">Group size measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_organization" title="Spatial organization">Spatial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Military swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_allocation_and_partitioning_of_social_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Task allocation and partitioning of social insects">Task allocation and partitioning of social insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&oldid=1191017701">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insect_migration&oldid=1191017701</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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