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href="#Tidal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Tidal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Diel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_specific_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_specific_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In specific groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_specific_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In specific groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_specific_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tracking migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>By group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>For children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal migration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasie_van_diere" title="Migrasie van diere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Migrasie van diere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هجرة الحيوانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هجرة الحيوانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_animal" title="Migración animal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Migración animal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Міграцыя жывёл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міграцыя жывёл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Миграция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миграция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinjska_migracija" title="Životinjska migracija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Životinjska migracija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3_animal" title="Migració animal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Migració animal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrace_zv%C3%AD%C5%99at" title="Migrace zvířat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Migrace zvířat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierwanderung" title="Tierwanderung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tierwanderung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4nne_(zooloogia)" title="Ränne (zooloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ränne (zooloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Μετανάστευση (ζωολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετανάστευση (ζωολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_animal" title="Migración animal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Migración animal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestomigrado" title="Bestomigrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bestomigrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalien_migrazio" title="Animalien migrazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Animalien migrazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مهاجرت جانوران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهاجرت جانوران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_animale" title="Migration animale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Migration animale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_animal" title="Migración animal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Migración animal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8B%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8" title="ઋતુ-પ્રવાસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઋતુ-પ્રવાસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="동물 이주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물 이주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafiya_tafiyan_dabbobi" title="Tafiya tafiyan dabbobi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tafiya tafiyan dabbobi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA" title="Կենդանիների տեղաշարժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանիների տեղաշարժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracija_(zoologija)" title="Migracija (zoologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Migracija (zoologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasi_hewan" title="Migrasi hewan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Migrasi hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargestur" title="Fargestur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fargestur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrazione" title="Migrazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Migrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נדידת בעלי חיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נדידת בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ವಲಸೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಲಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცხოველთა მიგრაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხოველთა მიგრაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Жануарлардың жылыстауы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жануарлардың жылыстауы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasyon" title="Migrasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Migrasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жаныбарлар миграциясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаныбарлар миграциясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieku_migr%C4%81cija" title="Dzīvnieku migrācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvnieku migrācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyv%C5%ABn%C5%B3_migracija" title="Gyvūnų migracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvūnų migracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ജന്തുദേശാടനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജന്തുദേശാടനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuvanua" title="Biuvanua – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Biuvanua" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratie_(dieren)" title="Migratie (dieren) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Migratie (dieren)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A1%E3%82%8A" title="渡り – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="渡り" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvonlar_migratsiyasi" title="Hayvonlar migratsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayvonlar migratsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="د حیواناتو مهاجرت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د حیواناتو مهاجرت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99dr%C3%B3wki_zwierz%C4%85t" title="Wędrówki zwierząt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wędrówki zwierząt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_animais" title="Migração de animais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Migração de animais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C8%9Bia_animalelor" title="Migrația animalelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Migrația animalelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Миграция животных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миграция животных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration" title="Migration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Migration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracija_%C5%BEivali" title="Migracija živali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Migracija živali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracija_(zoologija)" title="Migracija (zoologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Migracija (zoologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraatio_(biologia)" title="Migraatio (biologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Migraatio (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வலசை போதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலசை போதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B8" title="వలస – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వలస" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Міграція тварин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міграція тварин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasion" title="Migrasion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Migrasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_di_c%C6%B0" title="Động vật di cư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật di cư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Periodic large-scale movement of animals, usually seasonal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Irruption" redirects here. For rapid changes in population size, see <a href="/wiki/Irruptive_growth" title="Irruptive growth">Irruptive growth</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tadarida_brasiliensis_outflight_Hristov_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tadarida_brasiliensis_outflight_Hristov_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg/440px-Tadarida_brasiliensis_outflight_Hristov_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tadarida_brasiliensis_outflight_Hristov_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bats</a> on their long aerial migration</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Animal migration</b> is the relatively long-distance movement of individual <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, usually on a <a href="/wiki/Seasonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal">seasonal</a> basis. It is the most common form of <a href="/wiki/Migration_(ecology)" title="Migration (ecology)">migration</a> in ecology. It is found in all major animal groups, including <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_that_perform_mass_migrations" title="List of mammals that perform mass migrations">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">reptiles</a>, amphibians, <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">insects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_red_crab#Migration" title="Christmas Island red crab">crustaceans</a>. The cause of migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating. </p><p>To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> or irruption, the movement of the animals should be an annual or seasonal occurrence, or a major habitat change as part of their life. An annual event could include <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> birds migrating south for the winter, or <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a> migrating annually for seasonal grazing. A major habitat change could include young <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> or sea lamprey leaving the river of their birth when they have reached a few inches in size. Some traditional forms of <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">human migration</a> fit this pattern. </p><p>Migrations can be studied using traditional identification tags such as <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">bird rings</a>, or tracked directly with electronic tracking devices. Before animal migration was understood, folklore explanations were formulated for the appearance and disappearance of some species, such as that <a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose" title="Barnacle goose">barnacle geese</a> grew from <a href="/wiki/Goose_barnacle" title="Goose barnacle">goose barnacles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG/290px-Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG/435px-Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG/580px-Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4532" data-file-height="2282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Wildebeest</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti#Great_Toms" title="Serengeti">Serengeti 'great migration'</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Migration can take very different forms in different species, and has a variety of causes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SilvaServia2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilvaServia2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, there is no simple accepted definition of migration.<sup id="cite_ref-DingleDrake_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DingleDrake-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most commonly used definitions, proposed by the zoologist J. S. Kennedy<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Migratory behavior is persistent and straightened-out movement effected by the animal's own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation on a vehicle. It depends on some temporary inhibition of station-keeping responses, but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Migration encompasses four related concepts: persistent straight movement; relocation of an individual on a greater scale (in both space and time) than its normal daily activities; seasonal to-and-fro movement of a population between two areas; and movement leading to the redistribution of individuals within a population.<sup id="cite_ref-DingleDrake_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DingleDrake-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migration can be either <a href="/wiki/Obligate" title="Obligate">obligate</a>, meaning individuals must migrate, or facultative, meaning individuals can "choose" to migrate or not. Within a migratory species or even within a single population, often not all individuals migrate. <i>Complete migration</i> is when all individuals migrate, <i>partial migration</i> is when some individuals migrate while others do not, and <i>differential migration</i> is when the difference between migratory and non-migratory individuals is based on discernible characteristics like age or sex.<sup id="cite_ref-DingleDrake_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DingleDrake-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irregular (non-cyclical) migrations such as irruptions can occur under pressure of famine, <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a> of a locality, or some more obscure influence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal">Seasonal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seasonal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seasonal migration is the movement of various species from one habitat to another during the year. Resource availability changes depending on seasonal fluctuations, which influence migration patterns. Some species such as Pacific salmon migrate to reproduce; every year, they swim upstream to mate and then return to the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature is a driving factor of migration that is dependent on the time of year. Many species, especially birds, migrate to warmer locations during the winter to escape poor environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circadian">Circadian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Circadian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circadian migration is where birds utilise <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> (CR) to regulate migration in both fall and spring. In circadian migration, clocks of both circadian (daily) and circannual (annual) patterns are used to determine the birds' orientation in both time and space as they migrate from one destination to the next. This type of migration is advantageous in birds that, during the winter, remain close to the equator, and also allows the monitoring of the auditory and spatial memory of the bird's brain to remember an optimal site of migration. These birds also have timing mechanisms that provide them with the distance to their destination.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwinner_1996_pp._39–48_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwinner_1996_pp._39–48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal">Tidal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tidal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidal migration is the use of tides by organisms to move periodically from one habitat to another. This type of migration is often used in order to find food or mates. Tides can carry organisms horizontally and vertically for as little as a few nanometres to even thousands of kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common form of tidal migration is to and from the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> during daily tidal cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2003_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These zones are often populated by many different species and are rich in nutrients. Organisms like crabs, nematodes, and small fish move in and out of these areas as the tides rise and fall, typically about every twelve hours. The cycle movements are associated with foraging of marine and bird species. Typically, during low tide, smaller or younger species will emerge to forage because they can survive in the shallower water and have less chance of being preyed upon. During high tide, larger species can be found due to the deeper water and nutrient upwelling from the tidal movements. Tidal migration is often facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diel">Diel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most migratory movements occur on an annual cycle, some daily movements are also described as migration. Many aquatic animals make a <a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical migration</a>, travelling a few hundred metres up and down the water column,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some jellyfish make daily horizontal migrations of a few hundred metres.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_specific_groups">In specific groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In specific groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different kinds of animals migrate in different ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_birds">In birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:101111_Maison_007_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg/255px-101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg/340px-101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Flocks of birds assembling before migration southwards</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a></div> <p>Approximately 1,800 of the world's 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">bird species migrate long distances</a> each year in response to the seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these migrations are north-south, with species feeding and breeding in high northern latitudes in the summer and moving some hundreds of kilometres south for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Berthold2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthold2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species extend this strategy to migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic tern</a> has the longest migration journey of any bird: it flies from its <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> breeding grounds to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> and back again each year, a distance of at least 19,000 km (12,000 mi), giving it two summers every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramp_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramp-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bird migration is controlled primarily by day length, signalled by hormonal changes in the bird's body.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On migration, birds <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">navigate</a> using multiple senses. Many birds use a sun compass, requiring them to compensate for the sun's changing position with time of day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navigation involves the ability to <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">detect magnetic fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fish">In fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jumping_Salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jumping_Salmon.jpg/220px-Jumping_Salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jumping_Salmon.jpg/330px-Jumping_Salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jumping_Salmon.jpg/440px-Jumping_Salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Many species of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> migrate up rivers to <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">spawn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most fish species are relatively limited in their movements, remaining in a single geographical area and making short migrations to overwinter, to <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a>, or to feed. A few hundred species migrate long distances, in some cases of thousands of kilometres. About 120 species of fish, including several species of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, migrate between saltwater and freshwater (they are 'diadromous').<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myers_1949_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers_1949-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a> migrate around substantial parts of the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> ocean. The capelin, for example, spawn around the southern and western coasts of Iceland; their larvae drift clockwise around Iceland, while the fish swim northwards towards <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> island to feed and return to Iceland parallel with Greenland's east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the '<a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">sardine run</a>', billions of Southern African <a href="/wiki/Pilchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilchard">pilchard</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sardinops_sagax" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinops sagax">Sardinops sagax</a></i> spawn in the cold waters of the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a> and move northward along the east coast of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> between May and July.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_insects">In insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">Insect migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">Lepidoptera migration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg/170px-PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg/255px-PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg/340px-PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An aggregation of migratory <i><a href="/wiki/Pantala_flavescens" title="Pantala flavescens">Pantala flavescens</a></i> dragonflies, known as globe skimmers, in <a href="/wiki/Coorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg">Coorg</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Some winged <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a> with strong flight migrate long distances. Among the dragonflies, species of <i><a href="/wiki/Libellula" title="Libellula">Libellula</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sympetrum" title="Sympetrum">Sympetrum</a></i> are known for mass migration, while <i><a href="/wiki/Pantala_flavescens" title="Pantala flavescens">Pantala flavescens</a></i>, known as the globe skimmer or wandering glider dragonfly, makes the longest ocean crossing of any insect: between India and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1957_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1957-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptionally, swarms of the desert locust, <i><a href="/wiki/Schistocerca_gregaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Schistocerca gregaria">Schistocerca gregaria</a></i>, flew westwards across the Atlantic Ocean for 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) during October 1988, using air currents in the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Tropical_Convergence_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone">Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">migratory butterflies</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch butterfly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Painted_lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted lady">painted lady</a>, no individual completes the whole migration. Instead, the butterflies mate and reproduce on the journey, and successive generations continue the migration.<sup id="cite_ref-StefanescuPáramo2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StefanescuPáramo2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mammals">In mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_that_perform_mass_migrations" title="List of mammals that perform mass migrations">List of mammals that perform mass migrations</a></div> <p>Some mammals undertake exceptional migrations; <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> have one of the longest terrestrial migrations on the planet, reaching as much as 4,868 kilometres (3,025 mi) per year in North America. However, over the course of a year, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">grey wolves</a> move the most. One grey wolf covered a total cumulative annual distance of 7,247 kilometres (4,503 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg/220px-High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg/330px-High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg/440px-High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>High-mountain <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> practice <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> with their flocks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mass migration occurs in mammals such as the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti#Great_Toms" title="Serengeti">Serengeti 'great migration'</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an annual circular pattern of movement with some 1.7 million <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a> and hundreds of thousands of other large game animals, including <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ngorongoro_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngorongoro-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 20 such species engage, or used to engage, in mass migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these migrations, those of the <a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">springbok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">black wildebeest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blesbok" title="Blesbok">blesbok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scimitar-horned_oryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scimitar-horned oryx">scimitar-horned oryx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenian_kulan" title="Turkmenian kulan">kulan</a> have ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-distance migrations occur in some bats – notably the mass migration of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a> between Oregon and southern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migration is important in <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a>, including whales, dolphins and porpoises; some species travel long distances between their feeding and their breeding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Humans are mammals, but <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">human migration</a>, as commonly defined, is when individuals often permanently change where they live, which does not fit the patterns described here. An exception is some traditional migratory patterns such as <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>, in which herders and their animals move seasonally between mountains and valleys, and the seasonal movements of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinlan_Morris_1994_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinlan_Morris_1994-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_animals">In other animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</a></div> <p>Among the reptiles, adult <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">sea turtles migrate</a> long distances to breed, as do some amphibians. Hatchling sea turtles, too, emerge from underground nests, crawl down to the water, and swim offshore to reach the open sea.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juvenile <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtles</a> make use of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> to navigate.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG/280px-Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG/420px-Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG/560px-Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_red_crab" title="Christmas Island red crab">Christmas Island red crabs</a> on annual migration</figcaption></figure> <p>Some crustaceans migrate, such as the largely-terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_red_crab" title="Christmas Island red crab">Christmas Island red crab</a>, which moves en masse each year by the millions. Like other crabs, they breathe using gills, which must remain wet, so they avoid direct sunlight, digging burrows to shelter from the sun. They mate on land near their burrows. The females incubate their eggs in their abdominal brood pouches for two weeks. Then they return to the sea to release their eggs at high tide in the moon's last quarter. The larvae spend a few weeks at sea and then return to land.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adamcz2001_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamcz2001-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tracking_migration">Tracking migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tracking migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking" title="Animal migration tracking">Animal migration tracking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg/220px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg/330px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg/440px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A migratory butterfly, a <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch</a>, tagged for identification</figcaption></figure> <p>Scientists gather observations of animal migration by tracking their movements. Animals were traditionally tracked with identification tags such as <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">bird rings</a> for later recovery. However, no information was obtained about the actual route followed between release and recovery, and only a fraction of tagged individuals were recovered. More convenient, therefore, are electronic devices such as <a href="/wiki/Tracking_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking collar">radio-tracking collars</a> that can be followed by radio, whether handheld, in a vehicle or aircraft, or by satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-Movebank_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Movebank-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GPS_animal_tracking" title="GPS animal tracking">GPS animal tracking</a> enables accurate positions to be broadcast at regular intervals, but the devices are inevitably heavier and more expensive than those without GPS. An alternative is the Argos Doppler tag, also called a 'Platform Transmitter Terminal' (PTT), which sends regularly to the polar-orbiting Argos satellites; using <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a>, the animal's location can be estimated, relatively roughly compared to GPS, but at a lower cost and weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Movebank_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Movebank-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A technology suitable for small birds which cannot carry the heavier devices is the <a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">geolocator</a> which <a href="/wiki/Light_level_geolocator" title="Light level geolocator">logs the light level</a> as the bird flies, for analysis on recapture.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is scope for further development of systems able to track small animals globally.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikelski_Kays_Kasdin_Thorup_2007_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikelski_Kays_Kasdin_Thorup_2007-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Radio-tracking tags can be fitted to insects, including <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before animal migration was understood, various folklore and erroneous explanations were formulated to account for the disappearance or sudden arrival of birds in an area. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> proposed that robins turned into <a href="/wiki/Phoenicurus_phoenicurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicurus phoenicurus">redstarts</a> when summer arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose" title="Barnacle goose">barnacle goose</a> was explained in European Medieval bestiaries and manuscripts as either growing like fruit on trees, or developing from <a href="/wiki/Goose_barnacle" title="Goose barnacle">goose barnacles</a> on pieces of driftwood.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallow</a>, which was once thought, even by <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernate</a> either underwater, buried in muddy riverbanks, or in hollow trees.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">Attenborough, David</a> (1990). <i>The Trials of Life</i>. 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The Company of Biologists: 181–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02629">10.1242/jeb.02629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9145">1477-9145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17210955">17210955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8073226">8073226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Going+wild%3A+what+a+global+small-animal+tracking+system+could+do+for+experimental+biologists&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-186&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft.issn=1477-9145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8073226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17210955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.02629&rft.aulast=Wikelski&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Kays%2C+Roland+W.&rft.au=Kasdin%2C+N.+Jeremy&rft.au=Thorup%2C+Kasper&rft.au=Smith%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Swenson%2C+George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530020304/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/tracking-animal-migration/">"Tracking Migration of Dragonflies, Sparrows, and Bees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/tracking-animal-migration/">the original</a> on 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+Migration+of+Dragonflies%2C+Sparrows%2C+and+Bees&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fexplorers%2Fprojects%2Ftracking-animal-migration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthlife.net/birds/migration1.html">"The Earthlife Web – What is Bird Migration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090925184210/http://www.earthlife.net/birds/migration1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Earthlife+Web+%E2%80%93+What+is+Bird+Migration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthlife.net%2Fbirds%2Fmigration1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast1195.htm">"Medieval Bestiary – Barnacle Goose"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125024816/http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast1195.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Bestiary+%E2%80%93+Barnacle+Goose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestiary.ca%2Fbeasts%2Fbeast1195.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerMabey2005" class="citation book cs1">Cocker, Mark; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mabey" title="Richard Mabey">Mabey, Richard</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_Britannica" title="Birds Britannica">Birds Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6907-7"><bdi>978-0-7011-6907-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+Britannica&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-6907-7&rft.aulast=Cocker&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Mabey%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAidley1981" class="citation book cs1">Aidley, D. J. (1981). <i>Animal migration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52123-274-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52123-274-6"><bdi>978-0-52123-274-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+migration&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-52123-274-6&rft.aulast=Aidley&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baker, R. R. (1978) <i>The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration</i>. Holmes & Meier. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-34019-409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-34019-409-6">978-0-34019-409-6</a>.</li> <li>Dingle, H. (1996) <i>Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19802-577-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19802-577-1">978-0-19802-577-1</a>.</li> <li>Gauthreaux, S. A. (1980) <i>Animal Migration, Orientation, and Navigation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12277-750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12277-750-9">978-0-12277-750-9</a>.</li> <li>Milner-Gulland, E. J., Fryxell, J. M., and Sinclair, A. R. E. (2011) <i>Animal Migration: A Synthesis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19956-899-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19956-899-4">978-0-19956-899-4</a>.</li> <li>Rankin, M. (1985) <i>Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance: Contributions in Marine Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Marine_Science_Institute" title="Marine Science Institute">Marine Science Institute</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/747358527">747358527</a>.</li> <li>Riede, K. (2002) <i>Global Register of Migratory Species. With database and GIS maps on CD</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-78433-826-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-78433-826-2">978-3-78433-826-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_group">By group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: By group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Drake, V. A. and Gatehouse, A. G. (1995) <i>Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52101-853-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52101-853-1">978-0-52101-853-1</a></li> <li>Elphick, J. (1995) <i>The atlas of bird migration: tracing the great journeys of the world's birds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-971-1">978-1-55407-971-1</a></li> <li>Greenberg, R. and Marra, P. P. (2005) <i>Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80188-107-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80188-107-7">978-0-80188-107-7</a></li> <li>Lucas, M. C. and Baras, E. (2001) <i>Migration of freshwater fishes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Science">Blackwell Science</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-47099-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-47099-964-6">978-0-47099-964-6</a></li> <li>MacKeown, B. A. (1984) <i>Fish migration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-91730-499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-91730-499-6">978-0-91730-499-6</a></li> <li>Sonnenschein, E; Berthold, P. (2003) <i>Avian migration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-54043-408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-54043-408-5">978-3-54043-408-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_children">For children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: For children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gans, R. and Mirocha, P. <i>How do Birds Find their Way?</i> <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. (Stage 2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-43969-940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-43969-940-2">978-0-43969-940-2</a></li> <li>Marsh, L. (2010) <i>Amazing Animal Journeys</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. (Level 3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00826-686-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00826-686-8">978-0-00826-686-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Animal_migration" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Animal migration">Animal migration</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017111637/http://www.nps.gov/akso/parkwise/students/referencelibrary/general/migrationbasics.htm">Migration Basics from U.S. National Park Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518215933/http://www.aim4africa.com/great_migration.html">Witnessing the Great Migration in Serengeti and Masai Mara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groms.de">Global Register of Migratory Species</a> – identifies, maps and features 4,300 migratory vertebrate species</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Animal+Migration%5Bmh%5D">Animal migration on PubMed</a> <a href="/wiki/MeSH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeSH">MeSH</a> term <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2010/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Animal+Migration&field=entry">F01.145.113.083</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Biological_swarming" title="Swarm behaviour">Biological swarming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">Collective animal behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droving" title="Droving">Droving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(birds)" title="Flock (birds)">Flock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocking (behavior)">flocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_sol" title="Sort sol">sort sol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">Herd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">herd behavior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-species_foraging_flock" title="Mixed-species foraging flock">Mixed-species foraging flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">Mobbing behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">feeding frenzy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">Pack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">pack hunter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_self-organization_in_ants" title="Patterns of self-organization in ants">Patterns of self-organization in ants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_mill" title="Ant mill">ant mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking_of_escaping_ants" title="Symmetry breaking of escaping ants">symmetry breaking of escaping ants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">bait ball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarming behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming (honey bee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_motility" title="Swarming motility">Swarming motility</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/140px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/210px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 1.5x, 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_migration_flyways" title="Category:Bird migration flyways">flyways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_migration_(birds)" title="Reverse migration (birds)">reverse migration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">Cell migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">sardine run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homing_(biology)" title="Homing (biology)">Homing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">Insect migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">butterflies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Models" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization algorithm">Ant colony optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(simulation)" title="Swarm (simulation)">Swarm (simulation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_matter" title="Active matter">Active matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_of_self-propelled_particles" title="Clustering of self-propelled particles">clustering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicsek_model" title="Vicsek model">Vicsek model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIO-LGCA" title="BIO-LGCA">BIO-LGCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbrion" title="Symbrion">Symbrion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralised_system" title="Decentralised system">Decentralised system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">Group size measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_organization" title="Spatial organization">Spatial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Military swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_allocation_and_partitioning_of_social_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Task allocation and partitioning of social insects">Task allocation and partitioning of social insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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