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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oceanographic influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceanographic_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceanographic influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceanographic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oceanographic_regions_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanographic_regions_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oceanographic regions of the KwaZulu-Natal coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanographic_regions_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanographic_variables_and_sardine_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanographic_variables_and_sardine_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Oceanographic variables and sardine presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanographic_variables_and_sardine_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary:_Oceanographic_predictors_of_sardine_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary:_Oceanographic_predictors_of_sardine_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Summary: Oceanographic predictors of sardine presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary:_Oceanographic_predictors_of_sardine_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predators_as_predictors_of_sardine_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_as_predictors_of_sardine_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Predators as predictors of sardine presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_as_predictors_of_sardine_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record_of_predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_of_predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Record of predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_of_predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic importance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fishery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_2011_run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2011_run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The 2011 run</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2011_run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2023_run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2023_run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The 2023 run</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2023_run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هجرة السردين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هجرة السردين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_de_la_sardina" title="Migración de la sardina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Migración de la sardina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sardine run" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sardine run" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_delle_sardine" title="Corsa delle sardine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsa delle sardine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C5%B3_migracija" title="Sardinių migracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sardinių migracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinetrek" title="Sardinetrek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sardinetrek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ход сардин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ход сардин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хід сардин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хід сардин" 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sardine_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardine movement">Sardine movement</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Annual fish migration off the shores of South Africa</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agulhas_chla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Agulhas_chla.png/220px-Agulhas_chla.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Agulhas_chla.png/330px-Agulhas_chla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Agulhas_chla.png/440px-Agulhas_chla.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> map of the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> showing the levels of <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> during 2009. This is a measure of how much food was available for the spawning sardines.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> <b>sardine run</b> of southern Africa occurs from May through July when billions of <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a> – or more specifically the Southern African <a href="/wiki/Pilchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilchard">pilchard</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sardinops_sagax" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinops sagax">Sardinops sagax</a></i> – spawn in the cool waters of the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a> and move northward along the east coast of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Their sheer numbers create a <a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">feeding frenzy</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a>. The run, containing millions of individual sardines, occurs when a current of cold water heads north from the Agulhas Bank up to <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> where it then leaves the coastline and goes further east into the Fisherman are sometimes observed singing songs while hauling in the fishing nets in typical South African style. It is estimated that the <b>sardine run</b> is the biggest Biomass migration in terms of numbers. </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, researchers estimate the sardine run could rival East Africa's great <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a> migration.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, little is known of the phenomenon. It is believed that the water temperature has to drop below 21 °C in order for the migration to take place. In 2003, the sardines failed to 'run' for the third time in 23 years. While 2005 saw a good run, 2006 marked another non-run.<sup id="cite_ref-Run_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Run-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shoals are often more than 7 km long, 1.5 km wide and 30 metres deep and are clearly visible from spotter planes or from the surface. </p><p>Sardines group together when they are threatened. This instinctual behaviour is a defence mechanism, as lone individuals are more likely to be eaten than when in large groups. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardine_Shoal_Amanzimtoti_23_07_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sardine_Shoal_Amanzimtoti_23_07_2010.JPG/220px-Sardine_Shoal_Amanzimtoti_23_07_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sardine_Shoal_Amanzimtoti_23_07_2010.JPG/330px-Sardine_Shoal_Amanzimtoti_23_07_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sardine_Shoal_Amanzimtoti_23_07_2010.JPG/440px-Sardine_Shoal_Amanzimtoti_23_07_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Netting a shoal of sardines (dark patch in the water)</figcaption></figure> <p>The sardine run is still poorly understood from an ecological point of view. There have been various hypotheses, sometimes contradictory, that try to explain why and how the run occurs. </p><p>A recent interpretation of the causes<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that the sardine run is most likely a seasonal reproductive migration of a genetically distinct subpopulation of sardine that moves along the coast from the eastern Agulhas Bank to the coast of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> in most years if not in every year. </p><p>Genomic and transcriptomic data indicate that the sardines participating in the run originate from South Africa's cool-temperate Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are attracted to temporary cold-water upwelling off the south-east coast, and eventually find themselves trapped in subtropical habitat that is too warm for them. </p><p>The migration is restricted to the inshore waters by the preference of sardine for cooler water and the strong and warm offshore Agulhas Current, which flows in the opposite direction to the migration, and is strongest just off the continental shelf. A band of cooler coastal water and the occurrence of Natal Pulses and break-away eddies make it possible for sardine shoals to overcome their habitat constraints. The importance of these enabling factors is greatest where the continental shelf is narrowest. </p><p>The presence of eggs off the KwaZulu-Natal coast suggests that sardine stay there for several months and their return migration during late winter to spring is nearly always unnoticeable because it probably occurs at depths where the water is cooler than at the surface. </p><p>In some years there does not appear to be a sardine run. This may be because it is not detected by coastal observers either because it actually does not occur due to high water temperatures and/or other hydrographic barriers, or the migration may occur farther offshore and possibly deeper due to unusual conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanographic_influences">Oceanographic influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oceanographic influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sardine prefer water temperatures between 14 and 20 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each southern winter the nearshore sea temperature along the South African south east coast drops to within this range. Along the KwaZulu-Natal coast, sardine may be found in water warmer than 20 °C. It was hypothesized that factors beside temperature may influence the movement of sardine along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline, One of these factors may be predation pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanographic_regions_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_coast">Oceanographic regions of the KwaZulu-Natal coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oceanographic regions of the KwaZulu-Natal coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KwaZulu-Natal coast includes varied oceanographic regions, each influenced by distinct environmental forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoal_distribution_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoal_distribution-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The continental shelf waters of the KwaZulu-Natal Mid to Lower South coasts are dominated by the warm Agulhas Current which flows toward the south west. This water has a mean winter temperature of 23 °C and the current speed is often more than 1 m/s within 5 km of the coast.</li> <li>The Agulhas Current follows a very constant path. The main stream is just offshore of the continental shelf break most of the time, which suggests that conditions are normally unsuitable for sardines along that part of the coast.</li> <li>Local winds do not appear to have much effect on the currents.</li> <li>Sardine move closer to shore as they travel northwards along the coast, but it is not known whether this is due to environmental conditions or biological conditions.</li> <li>There is a persistent cyclonic gyre known as the Durban Eddy, where warm Agulhas Current water flows onto the shelf and the resulting inshore current direction is from south to north. This section of coast may be considered a transition from the wind-dominated section of the continental shelf to the north, to the Agulhas Current dominated section of shelf to the south.</li> <li>The North Coast section of continental shelf is considerably wider (>40 km) than that of the south coast (roughly 15 km). This causes the Agulhas Current to flow farther offshore, and current conditions over the shelf are more variable. Wind appears to be a dominant influence in the region. Longshore north-easterly or south-westerly winds precede currents of similar direction by roughly 18 hours. Sea temperature is often lower and nutrients higher than along the South Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The North Coast would seem to be more suitable habitat for sardine, but it is not known to what extent they use it.</li></ul> <p>These distinct regions may affect sardine distribution and movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanographic_variables_and_sardine_presence">Oceanographic variables and sardine presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oceanographic variables and sardine presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some oceanographic variables have been found useful for describing conditions influencing sardine presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoal_distribution_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoal_distribution-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Water temperature has an inverse and highly significant influence. This is consistent with the preferred temperature range of sardine.</li> <li>Sea currents have a significant effect, with calm current conditions most favourable for sardine presence and moderate current speeds from north to south most detrimental. As sardine movement during the run is northwards, this counter-current effect is expected.</li></ul> <p>Other conditions associated with sardine presence are:<sup id="cite_ref-Shoal_distribution_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoal_distribution-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Increasing atmospheric pressure: sardine presence appears to be higher during periods between the cold fronts along the KwaZulu-Natal coast. These periods have calm atmospheric conditions and slow nearshore currents.</li> <li>Large swells and low water clarity associated with cold fronts have a negative effect on sardine presence.</li> <li>Wind direction, wind speed, current direction, air temperature and rainfall all significantly affect sea surface temperature and consequently sardine presence. *Current and wind direction effects dominated, with north-easterly wind and currents from north to south resulting in cooler sea surface temperatures.</li> <li>North-easterly winds cause the surface water layer to move away from shore (Ekman veering), allowing the cool water to reach the surface, and south-westerly winds push warm Agulhas Current surface water towards the shore causing inshore temperatures to increase, which would negatively impact upon sardine presence.</li> <li>Increasing maximum air temperature, south-easterly (onshore) winds, wind speeds in excess of 6 m/s, and rainfall, all result in warmer sea surface temperatures.</li> <li>Strong south-easterly winds and rainfall are associated with the passage of frontal systems, which would push warm surface waters shoreward resulting in warmer sea surface temperatures.</li> <li>Frequent light north-westerly land breezes: When north-westerly land breezes are the strongest winds of the day they have a cooling effect on sea surface temperature. This cooling should be greatest in the vicinity of the surf zone where mixing is most effective. Sardine are often sighted close inshore during early mornings, suggesting that they could be attracted by cooler conditions found there.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary:_Oceanographic_predictors_of_sardine_presence">Summary: Oceanographic predictors of sardine presence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Summary: Oceanographic predictors of sardine presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Favourable: </p> <ul><li>Decreasing sea surface temperature</li> <li>Calm current conditions</li> <li>Light north-westerly land breezes</li> <li>Stable atmospheric conditions.</li></ul> <p>Unfavourable: </p> <ul><li>Increasing sea surface temperature</li> <li>Moderate north to south currents</li> <li>Large swells</li> <li>Turbid water</li></ul> <p>North-easterly and north-westerly winds and north to south currents have a cooling effect upon nearshore sea surface temperatures, but south-easterly winds and increasing air temperatures cause nearshore sea surface temperature warming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predators">Predators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 200px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-scuba-ocean-news/the_sardine_run__an_underwater_photographer____s_ultimate_adventure/">Images of the sardine run</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dolphins (estimated as being up to 18,000 in number, mostly the <a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">common dolphin</a> (<i>Delphinus capensis</i>)) are largely responsible for rounding up the sardines into bait balls. These <a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">bait balls</a> can be 10–20 metres in diameter and extend to a depth of 10 metres. The bait balls are short lived and seldom last longer than 10 minutes. Once the sardines are rounded up, sharks (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_whaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze whaler">bronze whaler</a>), and birds (like the <a href="/wiki/Cape_gannet" title="Cape gannet">Cape gannet</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whales</a> take advantage of the opportunity. Other whale species, regardless of whether they do or not join the run, may appear in the vicinity such as <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">southern right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_as_predictors_of_sardine_presence">Predators as predictors of sardine presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predators as predictors of sardine presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cape gannet is the predator species most closely associated with sardine presence along the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coastline and is the most useful indicator of sardine run activity. </p><p>Sharks and large gamefish presence is also strongly associated with sardine presence during the run, but as they are not as easily observed from the surface they are not as useful a predictor of sardine presence. </p><p>The presence of common dolphins inshore along the east coast during winter is significantly associated with sardine presence, and the common dolphin can be considered the third most useful species for predicting sardine presence. </p><p>The resident population of <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphin</a> does not appear to associate with the sardine run, whereas the migrant stock does. This may explain why the bottlenose dolphin is less likely to predict sardine presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoal_distribution_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoal_distribution-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record_of_predators">Record of predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Record of predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>2005 records</b>: In June and July 2005 the avian and mammal predators included Bryde’s whale (<i><a href="/wiki/Balaenoptera_edeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaenoptera edeni">Balaenoptera edeni</a></i>), African penguin (<i><a href="/wiki/Spheniscus_demersus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheniscus demersus">Spheniscus demersus</a></i>), Cape cormorant (<i><a href="/wiki/Phalacrocorax_capensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalacrocorax capensis">Phalacrocorax capensis</a></i>), which were predominantly found in the cooler southern part of the region. Peak sardine run activity occurred within 4 km of shore at the northward limit of a strip of cool water (<21 °C) stretching along the East Coast. The principal predators at this stage were common dolphins (<i>Delphinus capensis</i>) and Cape gannets (<i>Morus capensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Predators_bird_and_mammal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Predators_bird_and_mammal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardines_Amanzimtoti_17-06-07_1056.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sardines_Amanzimtoti_17-06-07_1056.JPG/220px-Sardines_Amanzimtoti_17-06-07_1056.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sardines_Amanzimtoti_17-06-07_1056.JPG/330px-Sardines_Amanzimtoti_17-06-07_1056.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sardines_Amanzimtoti_17-06-07_1056.JPG/440px-Sardines_Amanzimtoti_17-06-07_1056.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sardines caught off <a href="/wiki/Amanzimtoti" title="Amanzimtoti">Amanzimtoti</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recent interest in the sardine run has had significant impact on the local economy. International and domestic divers join local tour operators on sardine run diving expeditions. Such expeditions run from Eastern Cape towns, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706203947/http://bluewilderness.co.za/durban-shark-dives/sardine-run-south-africa/">East London</a>, Port Saint Johns, and Port Elizabeth. The run has become important to tourism and is considered to be one of the main attractions in KwaZulu-Natal during the winter holiday period. Both local and international tourists are attracted to the spectacle and are provided with opportunities to participate in activities such as dive charters and boat based predator viewing tours. The <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Sharks_Board" title="KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board">KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board</a> and East Coast Radio, facilitate a ‘Sardine Run Hotline’, which provides information on the position and movement of sardine shoals. Information is also provided on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_of_sardine_run_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_sardine_run-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sardine Run Association (www.thesardinerunassociation.org) has been formed to provide a link between <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706203947/http://bluewilderness.co.za/durban-shark-dives/sardine-run-south-africa/">tour operators</a>, tourists, non-governmental organisations, scientists, and local and national governments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishery">Fishery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fishery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sardine run also supports a small-scale, seasonal beach <a href="/wiki/Seine_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Seine net">seine</a> fishery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known record of the run is a mention in the Natal Mercury newspaper of 4 August 1853. More recently, the run has been the subject of natural history documentaries (e.g., the BBC’s <a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Great_Events#4._.22The_Great_Tide.22" title="Nature's Great Events">Nature's Great Events</a>) and printed popular media (e.g., <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_of_sardine_run_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_sardine_run-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_2011_run">The 2011 run</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The 2011 run"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pilot shoals were netted at <a href="/wiki/Hibberdene,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibberdene, KwaZulu-Natal">Hibberdene</a> on 20 June 2011, while the main shoal was sighted near <a href="/wiki/Port_St._Johns,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Port St. Johns, Eastern Cape">Port St. Johns</a>. Small pockets of sardines were seen between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mfazazana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mfazazana (page does not exist)">Mfazazana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margate,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Margate, KwaZulu-Natal">Margate</a>. About 25 crates of sardines were hauled out from the first netting at Hibberdene.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury21June_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury21June-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 33 crates of sardines were netted and were sold at R700 per crate or R30 per dozen sardines. The 58 crates were sold "within minutes".<sup id="cite_ref-UpperCoastFeverJune24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UpperCoastFeverJune24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt was also made to net sardines at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banana_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banana Beach (page does not exist)">Banana Beach</a>. About 500 <a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">common dolphins</a> and numerous sharks were noted near Margate. <a href="/wiki/Shark_nets" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark nets">Shark nets</a> had been removed between <a href="/wiki/Umgababa" title="Umgababa">Umgababa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Edward,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal">Port Edward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury21June_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury21June-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sardines were netted at <a href="/wiki/Park_Rynie,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Rynie, KwaZulu-Natal">Park Rynie</a> on 21 June 2011. Some large nets of 200–300 baskets of sardines were taken. The baskets sold at R600 each. A large gathering of sardine predators was seen off <a href="/wiki/Port_Grosvenor" title="Port Grosvenor">Port Grosvenor</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Coast_Region,_Eastern_Cape" title="Wild Coast Region, Eastern Cape">Wild Coast</a>. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cape_gannet" title="Cape gannet">Cape gannets</a> and dolphins were seen in a continuous line of about 6 km between <a href="/wiki/Brazen_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazen Head">Brazen Head</a> and just north of the <a href="/wiki/Umtata_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Umtata River">Umtata River</a>. It is suspected that this year's shoal is "massive", and will produce a "bumper run". Shark nets have been removed to the south of <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>. The first shoals were expected to reach <a href="/wiki/Amanzimtoti" title="Amanzimtoti">Amanzimtoti</a> on 23 June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury22June_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury22June-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main shoal was still near Port St Johns.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNewsJune22_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNewsJune22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 June 2011, a "few" baskets were netted at Umgababa beach, and a "handful" of baskets were netted at <a href="/wiki/Warner_Beach" title="Warner Beach">Warner Beach</a> in the afternoon. Sardines were also netted at <a href="/wiki/Isipingo" title="Isipingo">Isipingo</a>, where 14 baskets were hauled out. The sardines therefore reached the Amanzimtoti area a day earlier than predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-SunJune24_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJune24-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rough seas (with waves up to 4.7 m) caused by strong winds associated with a <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a> kept the sardines from the shore on 23 June 2011. Pockets of sardines were seen far out to sea off the <a href="/wiki/Bluff,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Bluff, KwaZulu-Natal">Bluff</a>. The rough water and far distance of the sardines from shore made it impossible for the fish to be netted. No dolphin or bird activity was seen in the Durban area associated with the sardines. The main shoal was still suspected to be off the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> coastline,<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNewsJune23_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNewsJune23-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a report of some sardines still seen near Port St Johns on 22 and 23 June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Shane_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shane-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durban beaches were the scene of most netting activity on 27 June 2011. "Hundreds of baskets" of sardines were hauled onto the beaches in 13 nets. The price per basket was R350 in the morning, but later in the afternoon the price had dropped to R120 per basket.<sup id="cite_ref-MercuryJune28_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MercuryJune28-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each net contained in excess of 300 baskets of sardines, with one net containing around 500 baskets.<sup id="cite_ref-TheCitizen29June_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCitizen29June-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sardines were also netted at <a href="/wiki/Umhlanga,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal">Umhlanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Shepstone,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Shepstone, KwaZulu-Natal">Port Shepstone</a>, Margate, Umgababa, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Edward,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal">Port Edward</a>. Cape gannets and other seabirds were seen "plunging from considerable heights" to catch the sardines, especially on the South Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNews27June_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNews27June-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the sardines were netted along the Durban beaches as this was the area of calmest waters; swells along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline were around 2.5 m.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNewsJune28_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNewsJune28-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shark nets had been removed from <a href="/wiki/Salt_Rock,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Rock, KwaZulu-Natal">Salt Rock</a> to Port Edward, and bathers were requested to consult with lifeguards before entering the water.<sup id="cite_ref-TheCitizen29June_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCitizen29June-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a baby dolphin washed up on the beach at <a href="/wiki/Scottburgh,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottburgh, KwaZulu-Natal">Scottburgh</a>, with a gash behind its "flipper" (the photo showed a gash between the dorsal fin and the tail) that exposed the spine. The "weeks old" dolphin was taken to a nearby paddling pool, but authorities later <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanased</a> it due to the severity of the injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-UpperCoastFeverJuly1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UpperCoastFeverJuly1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speculation was that the dolphin had been injured by a shark, or by a boat propeller; possibly related to the sardine run. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swells</a> dropped to 1–1.5 m on 28 June 2011, allowing more netting of sardines. Sardines were netted at Amanzimtoti; on the main beach and at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_Rocks,_Amanzimtoti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chain Rocks, Amanzimtoti (page does not exist)">Chain Rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNewsJune28_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNewsJune28-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 22-year-old American marine biology student (research diver) named Paulo Edward Stanchi was attacked by a large <a href="/wiki/Dusky_shark" title="Dusky shark">dusky shark</a> while diving at <a href="/wiki/Aliwal_Shoal" title="Aliwal Shoal">Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area</a>. The group of divers had encountered a pocket of sardines when a 3 m long dusky shark bit Mr Stanchi on his left leg and hands. Mr Stanchi managed to free himself from the shark, and was treated on the diving boat before being transported to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Bay,_KwaZulu-Natal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocky Bay, KwaZulu-Natal (page does not exist)">Rocky Bay</a>, where medics stabilised him. He was then airlifted to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nkosi_Albert_Luthuli_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital (page does not exist)">Nkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital</a>, where he underwent surgery. Dusky sharks generally live offshore, but come closer to the shore during the sardine run. The annual sardine run allowed more dusky sharks in the Aliwal Shoal MPA than usual, but there was no reason for them to show any more interest in divers than usual. Mr Stanchi had been wearing split fins with black and grey stripes, and this may have looked like a small shoal of fish to the shark.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthCoastSunJuly1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthCoastSunJuly1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheCitizen30June_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCitizen30June-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a woman in her 40s broke her leg in the frenzy at Amanzimtoti when the sardines were netted. The woman is believed to have been trying to get some of the sardines when she "stepped wrong" and fractured her leg. Paramedics stabilized her before transporting her to hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthCoastSunJuly1p3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthCoastSunJuly1p3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>5 July 2011 was a "quiet day" for the sardine run. "Plenty of birds" were seen diving at Karridene close to the shore. 50 crates of sardines were taken at Umgababa in the early afternoon, while a net of sardines pulled in at Karridene contained some <a href="/wiki/Lichia_amia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichia amia">Garrick</a>. More Garrick were caught by fishermen at Karridene, but in general there was little other <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a> activity. There was reported to be a "massive shoal" of sardines off <a href="/wiki/Coffee_Bay" title="Coffee Bay">Coffee Bay</a> in the Eastern Cape.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNewsJuly6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNewsJuly6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July 2011, 100 baskets were netted at <a href="/wiki/Pennington,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennington, KwaZulu-Natal">Pennington</a>. It was difficult to predict the sardines' movements as they were staying offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent16July_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent16July-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 July 2011, 300 baskets of sardines were netted at Pennington in the morning. There were many gannets off <a href="/wiki/Ballito,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballito, KwaZulu-Natal">Ballito</a>, and "quite a bit of fish" between Park Rynie and Mtwalume.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNewsJuly20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNewsJuly20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A strong <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a> hit South Africa towards the end of July, causing land surface temperatures to drop below 10 °C over much of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> falls were experienced in high lying areas, including <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Road" title="Nottingham Road">Nottingham Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mooi_River_(town)" title="Mooi River (town)">Mooi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal">Newcastle</a> in the Midlands, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Reenen%E2%80%99s_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Reenen’s Pass (page does not exist)">Van Reenen’s Pass</a> was snowed in.<sup id="cite_ref-TheRidge_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheRidge-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cold front caused swells of up to 4 meters on the KwaZulu-Natal coast and a 25 to 30 knot wind with rough sea conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeHerald_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeHerald-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ship called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(Ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenix (Ship) (page does not exist)">Phoenix</a> ran aground at Salt Rock, Ballito on 26 July 2011 because of the rough conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeHerald_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeHerald-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cold front may have put an end to the 2011 Sardine Run. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_2023_run">The 2023 run</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The 2023 run"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2023 run has been estimated as being the biggest on observed records to date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Planet" title="The Blue Planet">The Blue Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Ocean_(film)" title="Wild Ocean (film)">Wild Ocean (film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/marine-scientists-scratch-heads-over-sardines-1.220684?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot">Marine Scientists Scratch Heads Over Sardines</a>. Reuters. 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Daily News: <i>Sardines head for Amanzimtoti</i>, June 22, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunJune24-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SunJune24_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South Coast Sun: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/amanzimtoti/amanzimtoti-news-general?oid=4494191&sn=Detail&pid=4197458&Early-sardine--surprise-on-Upper-South-Coast"><i>Early sardine surprise on Upper South Coast</i></a>, June 24, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421234317/http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/amanzimtoti/amanzimtoti-news-general?oid=4494191&sn=Detail&pid=4197458&Early-sardine--surprise-on-Upper-South-Coast">Archived</a> April 21, 2013, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyNewsJune23-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyNewsJune23_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daily News: <i>Feeling Swell</i>, June 23, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shane-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shane_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shane's Fishing Blog: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanesfishing.co.za/sardine-run-2011/"><i>Sardine Run 2011</i></a>, retrieved 24 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110619024516/http://www.shanesfishing.co.za/sardine-run-2011/">Archived</a> June 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MercuryJune28-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MercuryJune28_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mercury: <i>Rich Bounty</i>, June 28, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheCitizen29June-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheCitizen29June_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheCitizen29June_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Citizen: <i>Sardine run at fever pitch off South Coast</i>, 29 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyNews27June-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyNews27June_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daily News: <i>Sardines all along the coastline</i>, June 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyNewsJune28-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DailyNewsJune28_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DailyNewsJune28_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daily News: <i>Swells drop and sardines are there!</i>, June 28, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UpperCoastFeverJuly1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UpperCoastFeverJuly1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upper Coast Fever: <i>Little Lost Stranger</i>, July 1, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SouthCoastSunJuly1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SouthCoastSunJuly1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South Coast Sun: <i>Shark attacks diver off Aliwal Shoal</i>, July 1, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheCitizen30June-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheCitizen30June_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampson, B. The Citizen: <i>Family to visit US shark Attack victim</i>, 30 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SouthCoastSunJuly1p3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SouthCoastSunJuly1p3_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South Coast Sun: <i>Sardine frenzy sees woman break her leg</i>, July 1, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyNewsJuly6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyNewsJuly6_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daily News: <i>Quiet Day disappoints anglers, but main shoal on its way</i>, July 6, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent16July-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent16July_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waterworth, T. The Independent on Saturday: <i>Fishing Tragedy Averted</i>, 16 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyNewsJuly20-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyNewsJuly20_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medley, L. Daily News: <i>Sardine surges almost at an end</i>, July 20, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOL-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IOL_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IOL News: <i>Cold front hits SA</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cold-front-hits-sa-1.1108277">http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cold-front-hits-sa-1.1108277</a>, retrieved 23 August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheRidge-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheRidge_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ridge Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theridgeonline.co.za/cold-front-hits-durban/"><i>Cold front hits Durban</i></a>, retrieved 23 August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeorgeHerald-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeHerald_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeHerald_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217164710/http://www.georgeherald.com/news/News/National/9445/NSRI-on-standby-throughout-the-night-for-ship-run-aground--Ballito">"NSRI on stand-by throughout the night for ship run aground – Ballito"</a>. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSRI+on+stand-by+throughout+the+night+for+ship+run+aground+%E2%80%93+Ballito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgeherald.com%2Fnews%2FNews%2FNational%2F9445%2FNSRI-on-standby-throughout-the-night-for-ship-run-aground--Ballito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardine+run" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Diving_in_South_Africa/Sardine_run#Q2142402" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Diving in South Africa/Sardine run">Diving in South Africa/Sardine run</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/140px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/210px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/280px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2561" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_migration" title="Altitudinal migration">altitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking" title="Animal migration tracking">tracking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildlife_tracking_technology" title="History of wildlife tracking technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">coded wire tag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_migration_flyways" title="Category:Bird migration flyways">flyways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_migration_(birds)" title="Reverse migration (birds)">reverse migration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">Cell migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sardine run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homing_(biology)" title="Homing (biology)">Homing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">Insect migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">butterflies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Models" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization algorithm">Ant colony optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(simulation)" title="Swarm (simulation)">Swarm (simulation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_matter" title="Active matter">Active matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_of_self-propelled_particles" title="Clustering of self-propelled particles">clustering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicsek_model" title="Vicsek model">Vicsek model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIO-LGCA" title="BIO-LGCA">BIO-LGCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbrion" title="Symbrion">Symbrion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralised_system" title="Decentralised system">Decentralised system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">Group size measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_organization" title="Spatial organization">Spatial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Military swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_allocation_and_partitioning_of_social_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Task allocation and partitioning of social insects">Task allocation and partitioning of social insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishery_science_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fishery_science_topics" title="Template:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fishery_science_topics" title="Template talk:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishery_science_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishery_science_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fishery</a> science topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_science_and_wild_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">Fish mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_index_in_fish" title="Condition index in fish">Condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">Stock assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">Fish measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_weight_in_fish" title="Standard weight in fish">Standard weight in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_counter" title="Fish counter">Fish counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_per_unit_effort" title="Catch per unit effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_containment" title="Hydrographic containment">Hydrographic containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/140px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/210px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/280px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild<br />fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_law,_management,_sustainability_and_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Convention" title="Fisheries Convention">Fisheries Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/140px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/210px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/280px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Fisheries monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU Common Fisheries Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">Regional fishery body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fishery management organisation">Regional fishery management organisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line_(book)" title="The End of the Line (book)">The End of the Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><i>Shrimp-Turtle</i> case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FishAct" title="FishAct">FishAct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary of fishery terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&oldid=1252432344">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sardine_run&oldid=1252432344</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Aquatic ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marine_biology" title="Category:Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_migrations" 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