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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dutch presence in the present-day territory of the United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dutch_presence_in_the_present-day_territory_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_Dutch_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_Dutch_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Oldest Dutch settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_Dutch_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>17th century migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_Dutch_American_population_in_1790" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Dutch_American_population_in_1790"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Colonial Dutch American population in 1790</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Dutch_American_population_in_1790-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>20th century migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_influence_on_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_influence_on_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dutch influence on the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_influence_on_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_language_and_Dutch_names_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_language_and_Dutch_names_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dutch language and Dutch names in North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dutch_language_and_Dutch_names_in_North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dutch language and Dutch names in North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dutch_language_and_Dutch_names_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_of_Dutch_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_Dutch_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Names of Dutch origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_Dutch_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_words_of_Dutch_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_words_of_Dutch_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>English words of Dutch origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_words_of_Dutch_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creole_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creole_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Creole dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creole_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch-American_Heritage_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch-American_Heritage_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dutch-American Heritage Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-American_Heritage_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch-American_Friendship_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch-American_Friendship_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dutch-American Friendship Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-American_Friendship_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Heritage_Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Heritage_Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dutch Heritage Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Heritage_Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch-American_people_of_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch-American_people_of_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dutch-American people of color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-American_people_of_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Numbers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000_population_of_Dutch_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_population_of_Dutch_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>2000 population of Dutch ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_population_of_Dutch_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_population_of_Dutch_ancestry_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_population_of_Dutch_ancestry_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>2020 population of Dutch ancestry by state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_population_of_Dutch_ancestry_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial/_New_Netherland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial/_New_Netherland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Colonial/ New Netherland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial/_New_Netherland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlandoestatunidencs" title="Neerlandoestatunidencs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neerlandoestatunidencs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlando-estadounidenses" title="Neerlando-estadounidenses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neerlando-estadounidenses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمریکایی‌های هلندی‌تبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمریکایی‌های هلندی‌تبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollando-Am%C3%A9ricains" title="Hollando-Américains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hollando-Américains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EA%B3%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8" title="네덜란드계 미국인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드계 미국인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Amerikanen" title="Nederlandse Amerikanen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederlandse Amerikanen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E7%B3%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="オランダ系アメリカ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ系アメリカ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlando-americano" title="Neerlando-americano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neerlando-americano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dutch Americans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_M%E1%BB%B9_g%E1%BB%91c_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Người Mỹ gốc Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Mỹ gốc Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="荷兰裔美国人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷兰裔美国人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1058496#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Americans of Dutch birth or descent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Dutch Americans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlandse Amerikanen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/220px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/330px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/440px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Self-reported (partial) Dutch ancestry (2021)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>3,083,041<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (0.93%) in combination</b><br /> <p><b>884,857<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (0.27%) Dutch alone</b><br /> </p> <span style="font-size:85%;">2021 estimates, self-reported</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>; <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (0.0486% of the total US population)<sup id="cite_ref-census0913_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census0913-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">2009-2013 estimates, self-reported</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">74% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, 10% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a>, 15% other<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazilians" title="Dutch Brazilians">Dutch Brazilians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Surinamese" title="Dutch Surinamese">Dutch Surinamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dutch Americans</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nederlandse Amerikanen</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> descent whose ancestors came from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> in the distant past, or from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> as from 1830 when the Flemish became independent from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> by creating the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a>. Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, which was exchanged with the English for <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Suriname</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda (1667)</a> and renamed <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The English split the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> into two pieces and named them <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries. </p><p>According to the 2021 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, an estimated 3.1 million<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage, while 884,857<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans claimed total Dutch heritage. In 2021, 113,634 Dutch Americans were foreign-born (of which 61.5% in Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2009-2013 survey estimated 141,580 people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home,<sup id="cite_ref-census0913_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census0913-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was equal to 0.0486% of the total population of the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent (partial) Dutch American political figures include Presidents <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Van_Dyke_(U.S._Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Van Dyke (U.S. Senator)">Nicholas Van Dyke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Ten_Eyck" title="John C. Ten Eyck">John C. Ten Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Daniel W. Voorhees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Van_Winkle" title="Peter G. Van Winkle">Peter G. Van Winkle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Alan Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Fred Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Christopher Van Hollen</a>. Two of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egbert_Benson" title="Egbert Benson">Egbert Benson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, were also of Dutch descent. Governors <a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">John Hickenlooper</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Hoffman" title="Harold G. Hoffman">Harold G. Hoffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kean" title="Thomas Kean">Thomas Kean</a> of New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Vanderbilt_III" title="William Henry Vanderbilt III">William Henry Vanderbilt III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Jr." title="George Bell Timmerman Jr.">George Bell Timmerman Jr.</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Cornelius P. Van Ness</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> were also born to Dutch American families. Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, Colorado, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, New York, New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>Not included among Dutch Americans are the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, a group of mainly <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German Americans</a> who settled in Pennsylvania in the colonial era and whose name is a derivation of the Pennsylvania Dutch <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <i><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Deitsch</i></span></i>, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Diets</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Deutsch</a> are all descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> word <i lang="gem-x-proto"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEiudiskaz#Proto-Germanic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz">*þiudiskaz</a></i>, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; while all Germanic cognates of the term refer to some Germanic people, they more commonly refer to Germans than Netherlanders.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_presence_in_the_present-day_territory_of_the_United_States">Dutch presence in the present-day territory of the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dutch presence in the present-day territory of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_exploration">Early exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1602, the Dutch government chartered the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (<i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i>, VOC). It sent explorers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a>, who arrived in 1609 and mapped what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. Their initial goal was to find an alternative route to Asia, but they found good farmland and plenty of wildlife instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_Dutch_settlement">Oldest Dutch settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oldest Dutch settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuw_Nederland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nieuw_Nederland.png/220px-Nieuw_Nederland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nieuw_Nederland.png/330px-Nieuw_Nederland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nieuw_Nederland.png/440px-Nieuw_Nederland.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Principal <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> colonies in North America</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinsenvlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/220px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/330px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/440px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Dutch Colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (now encompassing parts of what are now New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Dutch settlement was built around 1613; it consisted of a number of small huts built by the crew of the <i>Tijger</i> (<i>Tiger</i>), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Block" title="Adriaen Block">Adriaen Block</a> which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson in the winter of 1613. The ship was lost and Block and his crew established a camp ashore. In the spring, Block and his men did some explorations along the coast of Long Island. <a href="/wiki/Block_Island" title="Block Island">Block Island</a> still bears his name. Finally, they were sighted and rescued by another Dutch ship and the settlement was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century_migration">17th century migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th century migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutch trade in the New York area led to the establishment of trade posts as early as 1613. Permanent settlers arrived in 1617 at what is now <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>. New Amsterdam was settled in 1625. In 1629, Dutch officials tried to expand the northern colony through a plan that promised "Liberties and Exemptions" to anyone who would ship fifty colonists to America at his own expense. Anyone who did so would be allowed to buy a stretch of land along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> of about twelve miles, extending as far inland as the owner wanted. The landowners were called <a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">patroons</a> and had complete jurisdiction over their domains as well as extensive trading privileges. They also received these rights in perpetuity. That was a form of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, which had vanished in the Dutch Republic but was introduced in North America. The Patroonships were not a success; by 1635, the Dutch West India Company had bought back four of the five patroonships originally registered in Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Native Americans were no longer consulted or offered/asked to sell their lands. The Dutch were confronted with a new phenomenon, Native American raids, since the local tribes had now realized that the Dutch were not simply visitors but people set to settle their land.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch realized that they had gone with the wrong approach as they offered great privileges to wealthy, not poor, citizens. It was not until 1656 that the Dutch state abandoned its passivity and decided to actively support <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. The Dutch state issued a proclamation, which stated that "all mechanics and farmers who can prove their ability to earn a living here shall receive free passage for themselves, their wives and children".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Dutch were in control, only about half the settlers were ethnically Dutch (the other half consisted mainly of <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a>, Germans, and French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> as well as New England Yankees). Manhattan grew increasingly multicultural. In 1664, the English seized the colony and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of New York">New York</a>. The Dutch briefly recaptured the colony in 1673, but during peace talks with the English, they decided to trade it in 1674 for <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> in South America, which was more profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van-Bergen-Farm-middlepanel-1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Van-Bergen-Farm-middlepanel-1733.jpg/300px-Van-Bergen-Farm-middlepanel-1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Van-Bergen-Farm-middlepanel-1733.jpg/450px-Van-Bergen-Farm-middlepanel-1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Van-Bergen-Farm-middlepanel-1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The Van Bergen farm, 1733, near Albany, New York—distinctively Dutch<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the hundred years of British rule that followed the change of ownership of New Netherland, Dutch immigration to America came to an almost complete standstill.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Netherlands was a small country, the Dutch Empire was quite large so emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices. New Amsterdam was not high on their list, especially because of the Native American risk. The major Dutch cities were centers of high culture, but they still sent immigrants. Most new arrivals were farmers from remote villages who, on arrival, in America scattered into widely separated villages with little contact with one another. Even inside a settlement, different Dutch groups had minimal interaction. With very few new arrivals, the result was an increasingly traditional system cut off from the forces for change. The people maintained their popular culture, revolving around their language and their Calvinist religion. The Dutch brought along their own folklore, most famously <i><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></i> (the foundation of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>), and created their own as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a></i>. They maintained their distinctive clothing, and food preferences and introduced some new foods to America, including beets, endive, spinach, parsley, and cookies. </p><p>After the British takeover, the rich Dutch families in Albany and New York City emulated the English elite and purchased English furniture, silverware, crystal, and jewelry. They were proud of their language, which was strongly reinforced by the church, but they were much slower than the Yankees in setting up schools for their children. They finally set up Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Jersey, but it quickly became anglicized. They never attempted to start newspapers; they published no books and only a handful of religious tracts annually. Pietist leader <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Jacobus_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen">Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen</a> (1691–1747) launched a series of revivals that challenge the mainstream church's emphasis on sacraments. Church buildings increasingly followed English rather than historic Dutch models.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, however, there was a strong anti-British sentiment that led most of the Dutch to support the American Revolution. One famous Dutch folk hero was <a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a>, characterized by being absurdly old-fashioned and out of date, which aimed to instill the establishment of an American culture distinct from British culture.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most farmers focused on providing subsistence for their families; about a third were chiefly oriented to market prices.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch Quakers came to the Philadelphia area in response to the appeal of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>. Penn, himself a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_community_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch community in the United Kingdom">Dutch Briton</a> (his mother being from <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>), had paid three visits to the Netherlands, where he published several pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_Dutch_American_population_in_1790">Colonial Dutch American population in 1790</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial Dutch American population in 1790"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a> produced estimates of the colonial American population with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies" title="American Council of Learned Societies">American Council of Learned Societies</a>, by scholarly classification of the names of all <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> heads of families recorded in the first <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">U.S. census of 1790</a>. The government required accurate estimates of the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">colonial stock</a> population as basis for computing <a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a> immigration quotas in the 1920s; for this task scholars estimated the proportion of names in each state determined to be of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> derivation. The final report estimated about 3.1% of the U.S. population in 1790 was of Dutch origin, heavily concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a> of historic <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> which became the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American Colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">Province of New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware Colony</a>—ultimately forming the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Estimated Dutch American population in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Continental United States</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790 Census</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/23px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/35px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/46px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-ACLS1929_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLS1929-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#C8E5EE;"><b>State or Territory</b></th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"># </th> <th style="background-color:#C8E5EE;">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002600000000000000♠">600</span> </td> <td align="right">0.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003200000000000000♠">2,000</span> </td> <td align="right">4.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Georgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠">100</span> </td> <td align="right">0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> & <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee"><img alt="Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tenn.</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003120000000000000♠">1,200</span> </td> <td align="right">1.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠">100</span> </td> <td align="right">0.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠">1,000</span> </td> <td align="right">0.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002600000000000000♠">600</span> </td> <td align="right">0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠">100</span> </td> <td align="right">0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004282500000000000♠">28,250</span> </td> <td align="right">16.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="New York"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004550000000000000♠">55,000</span> </td> <td align="right">17.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002800000000000000♠">800</span> </td> <td align="right">0.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003750000000000000♠">7,500</span> </td> <td align="right">1.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002250000000000000♠">250</span> </td> <td align="right">0.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002500000000000000♠">500</span> </td> <td align="right">0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002500000000000000♠">500</span> </td> <td align="right">0.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003150000000000000♠">1,500</span> </td> <td align="right">0.34% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="1790 Area Enumerated !"><i><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies"><img alt="Thirteen Colonies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790 Census Area</a></b></i></span> </td> <td align="right"><i><b><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠">100,000</span></b></i> </td> <td align="right"><i><b>3.10%</b></i> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEF0F0"> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="Northwest !"><i><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></i></span> </td> <td align="right"><i><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">−</span></i> </td> <td align="right"><i>-</i> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEF0F0"> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="French !"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France"><img alt="New France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French America</a></i></span> </td> <td align="right"><i><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">−</span></i> </td> <td align="right"><i>-</i> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEF0F0"> <td align="left"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a></i> </td> <td align="right"><i><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">−</span></i> </td> <td align="right"><i>-</i> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#B8E2E9"> <td align="center"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b> </td> <td align="right"><b><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠">100,000</span></b> </td> <td align="right"><b>3.10%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_homestead,_Little_Chute,_Wisconsin_(19th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dutch_homestead%2C_Little_Chute%2C_Wisconsin_%2819th_century%29.jpg/220px-Dutch_homestead%2C_Little_Chute%2C_Wisconsin_%2819th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dutch_homestead%2C_Little_Chute%2C_Wisconsin_%2819th_century%29.jpg/330px-Dutch_homestead%2C_Little_Chute%2C_Wisconsin_%2819th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dutch_homestead%2C_Little_Chute%2C_Wisconsin_%2819th_century%29.jpg/440px-Dutch_homestead%2C_Little_Chute%2C_Wisconsin_%2819th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Typical Dutch homestead in Northeast <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, circa 1855</figcaption></figure><p>During the early nineteenth century, large numbers of Dutch farmers, forced by high taxes and low wages, started immigrating to America. They mainly settled down in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>. In the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> immigrants desiring more religious freedom immigrated. <a href="/wiki/West_Michigan" title="West Michigan">West Michigan</a> in particular has become associated with Dutch American culture, and the highly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> influence of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, centering on the cities of <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a> and (to a lesser extent) <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>. </p><p>Waves of Catholic emigrants, initially encouraged in the 1840s by Father <a href="/wiki/Theodore_J._van_den_Broek" title="Theodore J. van den Broek">Theodore J. van den Broek</a>, emigrated from the southern Netherlands to form communities in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Little_Chute" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Chute">Little Chute</a>, Hollandtown, and the outlying farming communities. Whole families and even neighborhoods left for America. Most of these early emigrants were from villages near <a href="/wiki/Uden" title="Uden">Uden</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Brabant" title="Zeeland, North Brabant">Zeeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boekel" title="Boekel">Boekel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinderdijk" title="Kinderdijk">Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oploo" title="Oploo">Oploo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemert" title="Gemert">Gemert</a>. By contrast, many Protestant agrarian emigrants to Michigan and Iowa were drawn from Groningen, Friesland, and Zeeland; areas known for their clay soils.<sup id="cite_ref-swierenga.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swierenga.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch economy of the 1840s was stagnant and much of the motivation to emigrate was economic rather than political or religious. The emigrants were not poor, as the cost of passage, expenses, and land purchase in America would have been substantial. They were not, however, affluent and many would have been risking most of their wealth on the chance of economic improvement. There were also political pressures at the time that favored mass emigrations of Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-swierenga.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swierenga.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vanderheide_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanderheide-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stekelenburg_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stekelenburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_migration">20th century migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant number of Dutchmen emigrated to the United States after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War  II</a> arrived from Indonesia via the Netherlands. After Indonesia, formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, gained independence its <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo-European</a> (Eurasian) population known as <i>Indies Dutchmen</i> (Dutch: Indische Nederlanders) repatriated to the Netherlands. Around 60,000 continued their diaspora to the United States. This particular group is also known as <i>Dutch-Indonesians</i>, <i>Indonesian-Dutch</i>, or <i>Amerindos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Nine tenths of the so called Europeans (in the Dutch East Indies) are the offspring of whites married to native women. These mixed people are called <i>Indo-Europeans</i>... They have formed the backbone of officialdom. In general they feel the same loyalty to Holland as do the white Netherlanders. They have full rights as Dutch citizens and they are Christians and follow Dutch customs. This group has suffered more than any other during the Japanese occupation." Official U.S. Army publication for the benefit of <a href="/wiki/G.I._(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. (military)">G.I.</a>'s, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>These Dutch Indos mainly entered the United States under legislative refugee measures and were sponsored by Christian organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_World_Service" title="Church World Service">Church World Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a>. An accurate count of Indo immigrants is not available, as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census">U.S. Census</a> classified people according to their self-determined ethnic affiliation. The Indos could have therefore been included in overlapping categories of "country of origin", "other Asians," "total foreign", "mixed parentage", "total foreign-born" and "foreign mother tongue". However the Indos that settled in the United States via the legislative refugee measures number at least 25,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original post-war refugee legislation of 1948, already adhering to a strict "affidavit of support" policy, was still maintaining a color bar making it difficult for Indos to emigrate to the United States. By 1951 American consulates in the Netherlands registered 33,500 requests and had waiting times of 3 to 5 years. Also the <a href="/wiki/Walter-McCarren_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter-McCarren Act">Walter-McCarren Act</a> of 1953 adhered to the traditional American policy of minimizing immigrants from Asia. The yearly quota for Indonesia was limited to a 100 visas, even though Dutch foreign affairs attempted to profile Indos as refugees from the alleged pro-communist Sukarno administration.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1953 flood disaster in the Netherlands resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Refugee_Relief_Act" title="Refugee Relief Act">Refugee Relief Act</a> including a slot for 15,000 ethnic Dutch that had at least 50% European blood (one year later loosened to Dutch citizens with at least two Dutch grandparents) and an immaculate legal and political track record. In 1954 only 187 visas were actually granted. Partly influenced by the anti-Western rhetoric and policies of the Sukarno administration the anti-communist senator <a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Walter" title="Francis E. Walter">Francis E. Walter</a> pleaded for a second term of the Refugee Relief Act in 1957 and an additional slot of 15,000 visas in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, the Pastore–Walter Immigration Act for the relief of certain distressed aliens was passed allowing for a one-off acceptance of 10,000 Dutchmen from Indonesia (excluding the regular annual quota of 3,136 visas). It was hoped however that only 10% of these Dutch refugees would in fact be racially mixed Indos and the American embassy in The Hague was frustrated with the fact that Canada, where ethnic profiling was even stricter, was getting the full-blooded Dutch and the United States was getting Dutch "all rather heavily dark". Still in 1960 senators Pastore and Walter managed to get a second two-year term for their act which was used by a great number of Dutch Indos.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_influence_on_the_United_States">Dutch influence on the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dutch influence on the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>According to tradition, in 1626 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minuit" title="Peter Minuit">Peter Minuit</a> obtained the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for goods with a total value of 60 <a href="/wiki/Guilder" title="Guilder">guilders</a> ($24); most aspects of the story have been called into question by experts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minuit, a Walloon, was employed by the Dutch West India Company to manage its colony of New Amsterdam, the future <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. The names of some other settlements that were established still exist today as boroughs and neighborhoods of New York: <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> (Wal Straat), <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant,_New_York" title="Stuyvesant, New York">Stuyvesant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> (named after the Dutch parliament, the <i><a href="/wiki/Staten_Generaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Staten Generaal">Staten Generaal</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> (<i>Konijnen Eiland</i>, means "Rabbit Island") and <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a></i>).</li> <li>In 1657, the clash between <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> led by <a href="/wiki/John_Bowne" title="John Bowne">John Bowne</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Remonstrance" title="Flushing Remonstrance">Flushing Remonstrance</a> which served as the basis for <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> in America.</li> <li>Dutch settlers and their descendants in the colonies played active roles in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, most especially descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_family" title="Schuyler family">Schuyler family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_family" title="Van Cortlandt family">Van Cortlandt family</a>. Dutch American signers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> included <a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a>, both from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Generals for the patriots included <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gansevoort" title="Peter Gansevoort">Peter Gansevoort</a>, and Major General James Morgan Jr. from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. On the side working with the British included <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/David_Mathews" title="David Mathews">David Mathews</a> (a cousin of General Schuyler), Major General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_De_Lancey_(American_loyalist)" title="Oliver De Lancey (American loyalist)">Oliver Delancey</a> and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Cortlandt_Skinner" title="Cortlandt Skinner">Cortlandt Skinner</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_family" title="Schuyler family">Schuyler family</a> descendants).</li> <li>During the American war of Independence the Dutch were active allies of the American revolutionaries. From the island of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> they gave the Thirteen Colonies one of the few opportunities to acquire arms. In 1778, British <a href="/wiki/David_Murray,_2nd_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield">Lord Stormont</a> claimed in parliament that "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington".</li> <li>The Dutch were the first to salute the flag and, therefore, the first to acknowledge the independence of the United States on November 16, 1776.</li> <li>The American Declaration of Independence is said to have in many ways been influenced by the Dutch "<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration"><i>Plakkaat van Verlatinghe</i></a>" (Act of Abjuration).</li></ul> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American Presidents</a> had Dutch ancestry: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length photographic portrait of an elderly, balding man dressed in a dark coat, vest and cravat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype-restored.jpg/180px-Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype-restored.jpg/270px-Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype-restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> circa 1855. He was the first U.S. President without any British ancestry as he was of entire Dutch descent.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, 8th President. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party and the first president who was not of English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh descent. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, but rather grew up speaking <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, 26th President. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality, his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" persona. In 1901, he became president after the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt was a Progressive reformer who sought to move the Republican Party into the Progressive camp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, 29th President. His mother's ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, including the well known Van Kirk family.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, 32nd President. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. A central figure of the twentieth century, he has consistently been ranked as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents in scholarly surveys.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, 41st and 43rd Presidents, respectively. They count members of the <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_family" title="Schuyler family">Schuyler family</a> and the related Beekman family among their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_language_and_Dutch_names_in_North_America">Dutch language and Dutch names in North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dutch language and Dutch names in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dutch_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Dutch Americans">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dutch+Americans%22">"Dutch Americans"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dutch+Americans%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dutch+Americans%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dutch+Americans%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dutch+Americans%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dutch+Americans%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; float:right; margin-left:1em"> <caption>Foreign-born Dutch speakers in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef"> <td>Year </td> <td>Population </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 </td> <td>126,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 </td> <td>136,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td>133,142 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>102,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>130,482 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>127,834 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first Dutch settlers lived in small isolated communities, and as a consequence were barely exposed to English. As the Dutch lost their own colonies in North America to the British, the Dutch settlers increasingly were exposed to other immigrants and their languages and the Dutch language gradually started to disappear. The 2009-2013 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> estimated 141,580 people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home,<sup id="cite_ref-census0913_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census0913-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was equal to 0.0486% of the population in the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1764, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Laidlie" title="Archibald Laidlie">Archibald Laidlie</a> preached the first English sermon to the Dutch Reformed congregation in New York City. Ten years later English was introduced in the schools. In Kingston, Dutch was used in church as late as 1808. A few years before, a traveler had reported that on Long Island and along the <a href="/wiki/North_River_(Hudson_River)" title="North River (Hudson River)">North River</a> in Albany, Dutch was still the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis Adrian van der Kemp, who came to the United States as a refugee in 1788, wrote that his wife was able to converse in Dutch with the wives of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and General <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>. In 1847, immigrants from the Netherlands were welcomed in Dutch by the Reverend Isaac Wyckoff upon their arrival in New York. Wyckoff himself was a descendant of one of the first settlers in <a href="/wiki/Rensselaerswyck" title="Rensselaerswyck">Rensselaerswyck</a>, who had learned to speak English at school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_Dutch_origin">Names of Dutch origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Names of Dutch origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin_in_the_United_States" title="List of place names of Dutch origin in the United States">List of place names of Dutch origin in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Netherland_placename_etymologies" title="List of New Netherland placename etymologies">New Netherland</a></div> <p>In the first half of the twentieth century, the Dutch language was hardly spoken in North America, with the exception of first generation Dutch immigrants. The marks of the Dutch heritage — in language, in reference to historical Dutch people (for example <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Stuyvesant</a>) and in reference to Dutch places — can still be seen. There are about 35 Dutch restaurants and bakeries in the United States, most of them founded in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutchrestaurants_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutchrestaurants-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Adaptation of Dutch names</a> for places in the United States was common. New York City for example has many originally Dutch street and place names, which date back to the time it was the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. Several landmarks like <i>Conyne Eylandt</i> (Modern Dutch: <i>Konijn eiland</i>, meaning Rabbit Island) became more suitable to Anglophones (<a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>). Additionally, Brooklyn (<i><a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a></i>), Harlem (<i><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></i>), Wall Street (<i>walstraat</i>) and Broadway (<i>brede weg</i>) are adapted after Dutch names or words. And up the river in New York State <a href="/wiki/Piermont,_New_York" title="Piermont, New York">Piermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangeburg,_New_York" title="Orangeburg, New York">Orangeburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blauvelt,_New_York" title="Blauvelt, New York">Blauvelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haverstraw,_New_York" title="Haverstraw, New York">Haverstraw</a>, just to name a few places. In the Hudson Valley region there are many places and waterways whose names incorporate the word <i>-kill</i>, Dutch for "stream" or "riverbed", including the Catskill Mountains, Peekskill, and the Kill van Kull. Also, the American state of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> is a surviving example of Dutch influence in Colonial America. In 1614, was christened as <i>Roodt Eylandt</i> (<i>Rood Eiland</i> in modern <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>), meaning "Red Island", referring to the red clay found on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_words_of_Dutch_origin">English words of Dutch origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: English words of Dutch origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="List of English words of Dutch origin">List of English words of Dutch origin</a></div> <p>Dutch and English are both part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> language group and share several aspects, due to the fact that the birthplaces of both languages (Netherlands and the United Kingdom) are only separated by the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. Similarities between Dutch and English are abundant, as an estimated 1% of the English words is of Dutch origin.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the article "the" (<i>de</i> in Dutch), the words "book" (<i>boek</i>), "house" (<i>huis</i>), "pen" (<i>pen</i>), and, "street" (<i>straat</i>), among others. </p><p>There are also some words in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> that are of Dutch origin, like "cookie" (<i>koekje</i>) and "boss" (<i>baas</i>). And in some American family names a couple of Dutch characteristics still remain. Like (a) the prefix "van" (as in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>), (b) the prefix "de"(/"der"/"des"/"den") (as in <a href="/wiki/Jared_DeVries" title="Jared DeVries">Jared DeVries</a>), (c) a combination of the two "van de ..." (as in <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Van_de_Graaff" title="Robert J. Van de Graaff">Robert J. Van de Graaff</a>), or (d) "ter"/"te"("ten") or "ver", which mean respectively (a) "of" (possessive or locative), (b) "the" (definite article), (c) "of the..." and (d) "at the" ("of the"/"in the") (locative).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creole_dialects">Creole dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Creole dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contact between other languages also created various <a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">creoles with Dutch as the base language</a>. Two examples, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Jersey Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a>, are now extinct. This is possibly due to the ease of transition from Dutch to English, stemming from a shared linguistic genealogy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Little_Chute,_Wisconsin" title="Little Chute, Wisconsin">Little Chute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, remained a Dutch-speaking community—known locally as "speaking Hollander"—into the twentieth century. As late as 1898, church sermons and event announcements were in Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch newspapers continued in the area—mainly in <a href="/wiki/De_Pere" class="mw-redirect" title="De Pere">De Pere</a> by Catholic clergymen—were published up until World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-DeBoer_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBoer-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only remaining publication that is written exclusively in Dutch is <a href="/wiki/Maandblad_de_Krant" class="mw-redirect" title="Maandblad de Krant">Maandblad de Krant</a>, which is published monthly in <a href="/wiki/Penticton" title="Penticton">Penticton</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and mailed to subscribers throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oroville,_Washington" title="Oroville, Washington">Oroville, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeKrant_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeKrant-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch-American_Heritage_Day">Dutch-American Heritage Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dutch-American Heritage Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 1990, November 16 is "Dutch-American Heritage Day". On November 16, 1776, a small American warship, the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Doria" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Doria">Andrew Doria</a>, sailed into the harbor of the Dutch island of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Only four months before, the United States had declared its independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The American crew was delighted when the governor of the island ordered that his fort's cannons be fired in a friendly salute. The first ever given by a foreign power to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a>, it was a risky and courageous act. Indeed, angered by Dutch trading and contraband with the rebellious colonies, the British seized the island a few years later. The Dutch recaptured the island in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-usembassy.nl_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usembassy.nl-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch-American_Friendship_Day">Dutch-American Friendship Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dutch-American Friendship Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>April 19 is Dutch-American Friendship Day, which remembers the day in 1782 when <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, later to become the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, was received by the <a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="States-General of the Netherlands">States General</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and recognized as <a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister Plenipotentiary">Minister Plenipotentiary</a> of the United States of America. It was also the day that the house he had purchased at Fluwelen Burgwal 18 in The Hague was to become the first <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of the United States">American Embassy</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-usembassy.nl_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usembassy.nl-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_Heritage_Festivals">Dutch Heritage Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dutch Heritage Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinterklaas_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinterklaas_2007.jpg/220px-Sinterklaas_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinterklaas_2007.jpg/330px-Sinterklaas_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinterklaas_2007.jpg/440px-Sinterklaas_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the Dutch heritage festivals that take place around the United States coincide with the blooming of tulips in a particular region. The <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Time_Festival" title="Tulip Time Festival">Tulip Time Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland, Michigan</a> is the largest such festival with other notable gatherings such as the Pella Tulip Time in <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Iowa" title="Pella, Iowa">Pella, Iowa</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.octulipfestival.com/">Tulip Festival</a> in Orange City, Iowa and Albany, New York; Dutch Days in Fulton, Illinois; Let's Go Dutch Days in Baldwin, Wisconsin; Holland Days in Lynden, Washington; Holland Happening in Oak Harbor, Washington; Holland Fest in <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Cedar Grove, Wisconsin">Cedar Grove, Wisconsin</a>, and the Wooden Shoe Tulip Fest in Woodburn, Oregon. Often Dutch heritage festivals coincide with the blooming of the tulip. See <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Festival">Tulip Festival</a> for additional explanations of some of these festivals. A Dutch Festival is also held at <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a> in Hempstead, New York; and a Holland Festival<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Long Beach, California. A traditional Dutch <a href="/wiki/Kermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermis">Kermis</a> Festival is celebrated in October in Little Chute, WI. During late November and early December, a Dutch Winterfest is held in Holland, MI, to coincide with the traditional arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>; the cultural ancestor of the American Santa Claus."<sup id="cite_ref-Brinks_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brinks-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an annual Sinterklass festival held in <a href="/wiki/Rhinebeck,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinebeck, New York">Rhinebeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston, New York</a> where Sinterklaas crosses the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> and a parade is held in recognition of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Greater New York Area</a>'s Dutch cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lately, many of the larger cities in the U.S. have a King's Day (<a href="/wiki/Koningsdag" title="Koningsdag">Koningsdag</a>) festival that is celebrated in the Netherlands on April 27 to celebrate the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">King Willem Alexander</a>. The Portland Dutch Society<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started this annual Dutch Holiday celebration in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland, OR">Portland, OR</a> in 2013 and will have one again in 2015 on April 26. It is celebrated by people of Dutch heritage dressed in their Orange clothes and enjoying the sounds of Dutch music and eating typical Dutch foods like kroketten, friet met mayonaise, zoute haring, and other Dutch delicacies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch-American_people_of_color">Dutch-American people of color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dutch-American people of color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Dutch-Americans are white, but some are <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">people of color</a>, including Black Dutch-Americans. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many enslaved and free Black people spoke Dutch. New York City and New Jersey had notable Dutch-speaking Black populations during the colonial era and into the 1800s, dating back to the Dutch settlement in <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a> date to 1628. By 1740, it had 65 congregations in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, served by ministers trained in Europe. Schools were few but to obtain their own ministers they formed "Queens College" (now <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>) in 1766. In 1771, there were 34 ministers for over 100 churches. Until 1764, in at least three Dutch churches in New York City, all sermons were in Dutch; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> reports his <a href="/wiki/Grandfather" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather">grandfather</a>'s church used Dutch as late as 1810. Other churches with roots in Dutch immigration to the United States include the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Churches_in_America" title="Protestant Reformed Churches in America">Protestant Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Churches_in_North_America" title="United Reformed Churches in North America">United Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Reformed_Congregations" title="Netherlands Reformed Congregations">Netherlands Reformed Congregations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Netherlands_Reformed_Congregations" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Netherlands Reformed Congregations">Heritage Netherlands Reformed Congregations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Reformed_Churches_of_North_America" title="Free Reformed Churches of North America">Free Reformed Churches</a>. Along with the Reformed churches, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> is the other major religion of Dutch Americans. Beginning in 1848, a significant number of Roman Catholics from the Dutch provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> went to create many settlements in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. But even today, Dutch Americans remain majority Protestant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers">Numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Population of Dutch ancestry by county (self-reported, 2021)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/238px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/357px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/476px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Partial and full</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Single_Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/238px-Single_Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Single_Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/357px-Single_Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Single_Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg/476px-Single_Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_County_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Full</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Between 1820 and 1900, 340,000 Dutch emigrated from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to the United States. In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, several tens of thousands of Dutch immigrants joined them, mainly moving to California and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. In several counties in Michigan and Iowa, Dutch Americans remain the largest ethnic group. In 2020, most self-reported Dutch Americans live in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2020_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2020-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the highest concentration of Dutch Americans are found in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, Michigan, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2021 <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">US Census</a> data, 3,083,041<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans self-reported to be of (partial) Dutch ancestry, while 884,857<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans claimed full Dutch heritage. 2,969,407 Dutch Americans were native born in 2021, while 113,634 Dutch Americans were foreign-born, of which 61.5% was born in Europe and 62,9% entered the United States before 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_population_of_Dutch_ancestry">2000 population of Dutch ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2000 population of Dutch ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Census_Bureau_Dutch_in_the_United_States_2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Census_Bureau_Dutch_in_the_United_States_2000.png/220px-Census_Bureau_Dutch_in_the_United_States_2000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Census_Bureau_Dutch_in_the_United_States_2000.png/330px-Census_Bureau_Dutch_in_the_United_States_2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Census_Bureau_Dutch_in_the_United_States_2000.png/440px-Census_Bureau_Dutch_in_the_United_States_2000.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of (partial) Dutch ancestry by county (self-reported, 2000)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">US Census</a>, more than 5 million Americans claimed total or partial <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> heritage. They were particularly concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rock_Rapids,_Iowa" title="Rock Rapids, Iowa">Rock Rapids, Iowa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa" title="Sioux City, Iowa">Sioux City, Iowa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Illinois" title="Fulton, Illinois">Fulton, Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celeryville,_Ohio" title="Celeryville, Ohio">Celeryville, Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_Chute,_Wisconsin" title="Little Chute, Wisconsin">Little Chute, Wisconsin</a>. These areas are surrounded with towns and villages that were founded by Dutch settlers in the 19th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland, Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland,_Michigan" title="Zeeland, Michigan">Zeeland, Michigan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Iowa" title="Pella, Iowa">Pella, Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orange_City,_Iowa" title="Orange City, Iowa">Orange City, Iowa</a>. Other Dutch enclaves include <a href="/wiki/Lynden,_Washington" title="Lynden, Washington">Lynden, Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_California" title="Ripon, California">Ripon, California</a>, and places in New Jersey. It is estimated that, by 1927, as many as 40,000 Dutch settlers, primarily from <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, had immigrated to the United States, with the largest concentrations in the area near <a href="/wiki/Little_Chute" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Chute">Little Chute</a>, Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-VanHinte_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanHinte-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early twentieth century, Little Chute was the largest Catholic Dutch community in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago suburbs</a>, there are sizable Dutch communities in and around <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst,_Illinois" title="Elmhurst, Illinois">Elmhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois" title="Wheaton, Illinois">Wheaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palos_Heights,_Illinois" title="Palos Heights, Illinois">Palos Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland,_Illinois" title="South Holland, Illinois">South Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Illinois" title="Lansing, Illinois">Lansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyer,_Indiana" title="Dyer, Indiana">Dyer</a>, and other surrounding communities, anchored by Reformed churches and Christian schools. </p><p>In California, the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin Delta</a> had a major Dutch (incl. <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a> influence, as settlers from those countries arrived in the 1850s, after California obtained statehood. They drained away swamps and created artificial islands known as polders, constructed dikes to back away the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flowing into the San Francisco Bay, also turned them into fertile farmlands and set up inland ports such as <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>. Also their communities like <a href="/wiki/Lathrop,_California" title="Lathrop, California">Lathrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galt,_California" title="Galt, California">Galt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Vista,_California" title="Rio Vista, California">Rio Vista</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Camp,_California" title="French Camp, California">French Camp</a> which were named for Belgians from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> are of both French (<a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> origin. There is a Dutch community in <a href="/wiki/Redlands,_California" title="Redlands, California">Redlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_California" title="Ontario, California">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_California" title="Ripon, California">Ripon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bellflower,_California" title="Bellflower, California">Bellflower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_population_of_Dutch_ancestry_by_state">2020 population of Dutch ancestry by state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2020 population of Dutch ancestry by state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_State_(white_background)_5yrs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_State_%28white_background%29_5yrs.jpg/220px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_State_%28white_background%29_5yrs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_State_%28white_background%29_5yrs.jpg/330px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_State_%28white_background%29_5yrs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_State_%28white_background%29_5yrs.jpg/440px-Dutch_ancestry_per_2021_US_Census_by_State_%28white_background%29_5yrs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Population of (partial) Dutch ancestry by state (2021)</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2020, the distribution of self-reported Dutch Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Estimated Dutch American self-reported population by state <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"><b>State</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"><b>Number</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"><b>Percentage</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004303490000000000♠">30,349</span> </td> <td align="right">0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004105330000000000♠">10,533</span> </td> <td align="right">1.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004801240000000000♠">80,124</span> </td> <td align="right">1.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004315500000000000♠">31,550</span> </td> <td align="right">1.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005313233000000000♠">313,233</span> </td> <td align="right">0.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004866160000000000♠">86,616</span> </td> <td align="right">1.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004246440000000000♠">24,644</span> </td> <td align="right">0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003789500000000000♠">7,895</span> </td> <td align="right">0.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003488600000000000♠">4,886</span> </td> <td align="right">0.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005170831000000000♠">170,831</span> </td> <td align="right">0.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Georgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004641640000000000♠">64,164</span> </td> <td align="right">0.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003656700000000000♠">6,567</span> </td> <td align="right">0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004313980000000000♠">31,398</span> </td> <td align="right">1.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005145771000000000♠">145,771</span> </td> <td align="right">1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005109108000000000♠">109,108</span> </td> <td align="right">1.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005116971000000000♠">116,971</span> </td> <td align="right">3.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004437150000000000♠">43,715</span> </td> <td align="right">1.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004411000000000000♠">41,100</span> </td> <td align="right">0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004175060000000000♠">17,506</span> </td> <td align="right">0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004117670000000000♠">11,767</span> </td> <td align="right">0.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004402930000000000♠">40,293</span> </td> <td align="right">0.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004369510000000000♠">36,951</span> </td> <td align="right">0.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005427818000000000♠">427,818</span> </td> <td align="right">4.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004910120000000000♠">91,012</span> </td> <td align="right">1.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004133560000000000♠">13,356</span> </td> <td align="right">0.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004787630000000000♠">78,763</span> </td> <td align="right">1.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004196060000000000♠">19,606</span> </td> <td align="right">1.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004319500000000000♠">31,950</span> </td> <td align="right">1.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004264710000000000♠">26,471</span> </td> <td align="right">0.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004125960000000000♠">12,596</span> </td> <td align="right">0.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004794920000000000♠">79,492</span> </td> <td align="right">0.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004146140000000000♠">14,614</span> </td> <td align="right">0.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="New York"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005204250000000000♠">204,250</span> </td> <td align="right">1.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004838030000000000♠">83,803</span> </td> <td align="right">0.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="921" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003815600000000000♠">8,156</span> </td> <td align="right">1.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005140161000000000♠">140,161</span> </td> <td align="right">1.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004479320000000000♠">47,932</span> </td> <td align="right">1.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004749600000000000♠">74,960</span> </td> <td align="right">1.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005161506000000000♠">161,506</span> </td> <td align="right">1.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003445900000000000♠">4,459</span> </td> <td align="right">0.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004364820000000000♠">36,482</span> </td> <td align="right">0.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004379130000000000♠">37,913</span> </td> <td align="right">4.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004640280000000000♠">64,028</span> </td> <td align="right">0.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005178457000000000♠">178,457</span> </td> <td align="right">0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004589480000000000♠">58,948</span> </td> <td align="right">1.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003739600000000000♠">7,396</span> </td> <td align="right">1.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004647900000000000♠">64,790</span> </td> <td align="right">0.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Washington"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005131299000000000♠">131,299</span> </td> <td align="right">1.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004244450000000000♠">24,445</span> </td> <td align="right">1.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005132420000000000♠">132,420</span> </td> <td align="right">2.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003983400000000000♠">9,834</span> </td> <td align="right">1.69% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b> </td> <td align="right"><b><span data-sort-value="7006369288900000000♠">3,692,889</span></b> </td> <td align="right"><b>1.13%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_Americans" title="List of Dutch Americans">List of Dutch Americans</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harmen_Jansen_Knickerbocker" title="Harmen Jansen Knickerbocker">Harmen Jansen Knickerbocker</a> was an early Dutch settler of New York's <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson River Valley">Hudson River Valley</a>. </p><p>In art, <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a> was a leading <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionist">Abstract Expressionist</a> painter, often depicting the human form in violent brush strokes and daring color juxtapositions. Muralist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Heinsbergen" title="Anthony Heinsbergen">Anthony Heinsbergen</a> interior designs are still seen today in most of the world's <a href="/wiki/Movie_theaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theaters">movie theaters</a>. Cowboy artist <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Bascom" title="Earl W. Bascom">Earl W. Bascom</a>, a sculptor known as the "cowboy of cowboy artists", is a descendant of the Van Riper family who was early settlers of New York. </p><p>In business, the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt family</a> was once among the richest families in the United States. </p><p>In education, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer III</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in Troy, New York, in 1824, which is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Technological_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological university">technological university</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> and the Western Hemisphere. Famous accomplishments of alumni include the Ferris Wheel, Brooklyn Bridge, commercially viable television and radar, and the microprocessor. </p><p>In literature, <a href="/wiki/Janwillem_van_de_Wetering" title="Janwillem van de Wetering">Janwillem van de Wetering</a> is renowned for his <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective fiction</a>; his most popular creation being that of <a href="/wiki/Grijpstra_and_de_Gier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grijpstra and de Gier">Grijpstra and de Gier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Bok" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward W. Bok">Edward W. Bok</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning autobiographer and magazine editor. He is also credited with coining the term "<a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">living room</a>". <a href="/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren" title="Greta Van Susteren">Greta Van Susteren</a>'s father was a Dutch American. Prolific poet <a href="/wiki/Leo_Vroman" title="Leo Vroman">Leo Vroman</a> escaped from the Nazi-occupied Netherlands to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> to end up in a harsh concentration camp for Europeans run by the Japanese army when it overran the islands. After the war, he immigrated to the United States. His <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indonesian</a> friend, fellow camp survivor, and author <a href="/wiki/Tjalie_Robinson" title="Tjalie Robinson">Tjalie Robinson</a> also lived in the United States, where he founded several cultural institutions. The author <a href="/wiki/Erik_Hazelhoff_Roelfzema" title="Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema">Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema</a>, writer of the book <a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_Orange" title="Soldier of Orange">Soldier of Orange</a>, was a Dutch resistance fighter, spy, and decorated war hero that immigrated to the United States after World War  II. Born on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in the Dutch East Indies, he died in his home in Hawaii. </p><p>In entertainment, actor, <a href="/wiki/Television_presenter" title="Television presenter">presenter</a> and entertainer <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a> is of Dutch descent, with a career spanning six <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decades</a>. He is best known for his starring roles in <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film)">Chitty Chitty Bang Bang</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show" title="The Dick Van Dyke Show">The Dick Van Dyke Show</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis:_Murder" title="Diagnosis: Murder">Diagnosis: Murder</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Patten" title="Dick Van Patten">Dick Van Patten</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Van_Patten" title="Vincent Van Patten">Vincent</a> are of Dutch descent; Dick was famous for the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Eight_is_Enough" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight is Enough">Eight is Enough</a></i>. Three generations of Fondas from <a href="/wiki/Fonda,_New_York" title="Fonda, New York">Fonda, New York</a> have graced the stage and screen for almost a century, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, son <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonda" title="Peter Fonda">Peter Fonda</a>, daughter <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a>, granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Fonda" title="Bridget Fonda">Bridget Fonda</a> and grandson <a href="/wiki/Troy_Garity" title="Troy Garity">Troy Garity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/X-Men_(film)" title="X-Men (film)"><i> X-Men</i> trilogy</a> starred Dutch actress <a href="/wiki/Famke_Janssen" title="Famke Janssen">Famke Janssen</a> and Dutch-descended <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Romijn" title="Rebecca Romijn">Rebecca Romijn</a> who is perhaps best known for her TV roles in such comedies as <i><a href="/wiki/Ugly_Betty" title="Ugly Betty">Ugly Betty</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Anneliese_van_der_Pol" title="Anneliese van der Pol">Anneliese van der Pol</a>, a singer and actress, is a star of <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/That%27s_so_Raven" class="mw-redirect" title="That's so Raven">That's so Raven</a></i>. Iconic star <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> to a Dutch expatriate. Musicians <a href="/wiki/Eddie_van_Halen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddie van Halen">Eddie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_van_Halen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex van Halen">Alex van Halen</a> were the lead guitarist and drummer, respectively, and co-founders of the band <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>, born to a Dutch father and <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch-Indonesian</a> mother. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>'s father was of Dutch and Irish heritage, from one of the original families that settled in <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. The brothers Ronny, Johnny, and Donnie van Zant, the lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd" title="Lynyrd Skynyrd">Lynyrd Skynyrd</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/38_Special_(band)" title="38 Special (band)">38 Special</a> have Dutch ancestry. Singer <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> had Dutch ancestry. Don Van Vliet, the musician with the stage name <a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a>, changed his middle name from Glen to the preposition to 1965 to honor his Dutch heritage. Actor <a href="/wiki/Mark-Paul_Gosselaar" title="Mark-Paul Gosselaar">Mark-Paul Gosselaar</a>, known from the series <i><a href="/wiki/Saved_by_the_Bell" title="Saved by the Bell">Saved by the Bell</a></i>, was born to a Dutch father and a <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch-Indonesian</a> mother. <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> has Dutch <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> ancestors, his family name originating from the Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase" title="Chevy Chase">Chevy Chase</a> also has deep Dutch roots from colonial New York. </p><p>In politics, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a> was the last <a href="/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">Director-General</a> of the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. Stuyvesant greatly expanded the settlement of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, today known as <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Stuyvesant's administration built the protective wall on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, and the canal that became <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Broad Street (Manhattan)">Broad Street</a>, known today as <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>. The prestigious <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a> is named after him. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>, presidents of the United States, were not only of Dutch descent but cousins. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> was another president of Dutch descent. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kalbfleisch" title="Martin Kalbfleisch">Martin Kalbfleisch</a> served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a> for the state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Pete Hoekstra</a> served as congressman for the state of <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 2nd congressional district">Michigan's 2nd congressional district</a> from 1993 until 2011. On January 10, 2018, he took office as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the Netherlands">United States Ambassador to the Netherlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Aaron_Westervelt" title="Jacob Aaron Westervelt">Jacob Aaron Westervelt</a> was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder and <a href="/wiki/Mayors_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors of New York">Mayor of New York</a> (1853–1855). </p><p>In science and technology, inventor and businessman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> was of Dutch descent. <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in 1981 for his work in <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>. He was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> in 1978. Physicists <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit">Samuel Abraham Goudsmit</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a> proposed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Electron_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron spin">electron spin</a>. Goudsmit was also the scientific head of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Alsos">Operation Alsos</a> mission in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> was the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a> in 1975. </p><p>In astronomy, <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a> pioneered the research of <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a>. Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a> discovered two new <a href="/wiki/Moons" class="mw-redirect" title="Moons">moons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and predicted the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, which is named in his honor. Popular astronomer <a href="/wiki/Bart_J._Bok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart J. Bok">Bart J. Bok</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Klumpke-Roberts_Award" title="Klumpke-Roberts Award">Klumpke-Roberts Award</a> in 1982 and the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> in 1977. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schilt" title="Jan Schilt">Jan Schilt</a> invented the Schilt <a href="/wiki/Photometer" title="Photometer">photometer</a>. </p><p>In sports, <a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">Hall of Fame</a> baseball player and two-time <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> champion <a href="/wiki/Bert_Blyleven" title="Bert Blyleven">Bert Blyleven</a> gained fame for his <a href="/wiki/Curveball" title="Curveball">curveball</a>. <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Bascom" title="Earl W. Bascom">Earl Bascom</a> was a Hall of Fame rodeo champion known as the "father of modern rodeo." Golfer <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> has Dutch ancestry through his mother. </p><p>In religion, <a href="/wiki/Albertus_van_Raalte" title="Albertus van Raalte">Albertus van Raalte</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church of America">Reformed Church of America</a> pastor who led the Dutch immigrants who founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland, Michigan</a> in 1846. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Berkhof" title="Louis Berkhof">Louis Berkhof</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic theologian">systematic theologian</a>, is greatly studied today in <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bible_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible colleges">Bible colleges</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hoeksema" title="Herman Hoeksema">Herman Hoeksema</a>, a theologian, was instrumental in the series of events that precipitated the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformed Church">Protestant Reformed Church</a>. Prominent <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Smedes" title="Lewis B. Smedes">Lewis B. Smedes</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Forgive_and_Forget:_Healing_the_Hurts_We_Don%27t_Deserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgive and Forget: Healing the Hurts We Don't Deserve">Forgive and Forget</a></i>, an influential work discussing a religious view on <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a> (1496 – January 31, 1561) was a former Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> who became an influential Anabaptist religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and it is from his name that his followers became known as <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">Hyphenated American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands–United States relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dutch,_the_magazine" title="Dutch, the magazine">Dutch, the magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_(Dutch)" title="Van (Dutch)">Van (Dutch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Dutch Americans in New York City">Dutch Americans in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_Michigan" title="Dutch Americans in Michigan">Dutch Americans in Michigan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?g=010XX00US,$0400000&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006">"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+B04006+-+People+Reporting+Ancestry+-+2021+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fg%3D010XX00US%2C%240400000%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2021.B04006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04004">"Table B04004 - People Reporting Single Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+B04004+-+People+Reporting+Single+Ancestry+-+2021+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Ft%3DAncestry%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2021.B04004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census0913-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census0913_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census0913_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census0913_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html">"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English+for+the+Population+5+Years+and+Over%3A+2009-2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2013%2Fdemo%2F2009-2013-lang-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society</i>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=Dutch&t=Language+Spoken+at+Home">"Table S0201 - (Dutch) Selected Population Profile in the United States - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+S0201+-+%28Dutch%29+Selected+Population+Profile+in+the+United+States+-+2021+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3DDutch%26t%3DLanguage%2BSpoken%2Bat%2BHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hostetler, John A. (1993), <i>Amish Society</i>, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Haubrichs, "<i>Theodiscus</i>, Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., <i>Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch"</i> (2004), 199–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The United States of America and the Netherlands, 3/14 The First Dutch Settlers. By George M. Welling. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands/first-dutch-settlers.php">Link</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-albany.org/news/2021/6/8/the-dutch-in-new-netherland-the-beginning-of-albany-and-the-relationship-with-native-people">"The Dutch in New Netherland: The Beginnings of Albany, New York"</a>. June 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+in+New+Netherland%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Albany%2C+New+York&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-albany.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F6%2F8%2Fthe-dutch-in-new-netherland-the-beginning-of-albany-and-the-relationship-with-native-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/new-netherland.htm">"The Rise and Fall of New Netherland - Martin van Buren National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+New+Netherland+-+Martin+van+Buren+National+Historic+Site+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmava%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fnew-netherland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands/nieuw-nederland---new-netherland.php">"Nieuw Nederland - New Netherland < the United States of America and the Netherlands - George M. Welling < General < Essays < American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and beyond"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nieuw+Nederland+-+New+Netherland+%3C+the+United+States+of+America+and+the+Netherlands+-+George+M.+Welling+%3C+General+%3C+Essays+%3C+American+History+from+Revolution+to+Reconstruction+and+beyond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.rug.nl%2Fusa%2Fessays%2Fgeneral%2Fthe-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands%2Fnieuw-nederland---new-netherland.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2013" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Louise A. (June 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eml2pB2fwE0C&dq=dutch+new+york+trade+it+in+1674+for+Suriname+in+South+America&pg=PA36"><i>Converging Worlds: Communities and Cultures in Colonial America</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59674-2"><bdi>978-1-136-59674-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Converging+Worlds%3A+Communities+and+Cultures+in+Colonial+America&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59674-2&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Louise+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEml2pB2fwE0C%26dq%3Ddutch%2Bnew%2Byork%2Btrade%2Bit%2Bin%2B1674%2Bfor%2BSuriname%2Bin%2BSouth%2BAmerica%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn,_Roderic_H.Ruth_Piwonka1988" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Roderic H.; Ruth Piwonka (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFALQtEI9LcC&pg=PA239"><i>Remembrance of Patria: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609-1776</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939072064" title="Special:BookSources/9780939072064"><bdi>9780939072064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembrance+of+Patria%3A+Dutch+Arts+and+Culture+in+Colonial+America%2C+1609-1776&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780939072064&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+Roderic+H.&rft.au=Ruth+Piwonka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFALQtEI9LcC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands/the-dutch-in-british-america.php#:~:text=In%20the%20hundred%20years%20under,Germantown%2C%20in%20the%20year%201683">"The Dutch in British America < the United States of America and the Netherlands - George M. Welling < General < Essays < American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and beyond"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+in+British+America+%3C+the+United+States+of+America+and+the+Netherlands+-+George+M.+Welling+%3C+General+%3C+Essays+%3C+American+History+from+Revolution+to+Reconstruction+and+beyond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.rug.nl%2Fusa%2Fessays%2Fgeneral%2Fthe-united-states-of-america-and-the-netherlands%2Fthe-dutch-in-british-america.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520the%2520hundred%2520years%2520under%2CGermantown%252C%2520in%2520the%2520year%25201683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall H. Balmer, "The Social Roots of Dutch Pietism in the Middle Colonies," <i>Church History</i> 53#2 (1984), pp. 187-199 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165355">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Ernest Cooke, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of the North American colonies</i> (3 vol. 1993), gives detailed topical coverage of the Dutch colonists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. G. Roeber "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. <i>Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire</i> (1991) pp 222-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas S. Wermuth, <i>Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720-1850</i> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/william-penn-and-the-founding-of-pennsylvania">"William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Penn+and+the+Founding+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillofrightsinstitute.org%2Fessays%2Fwilliam-penn-and-the-founding-of-pennsylvania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLS1929-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACLS1929_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Council_of_Learned_Societies._Committee_on_Linguistic_and_National_Stocks_in_the_Population_of_the_United_States1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies" title="American Council of Learned Societies">American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101"><i>Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086749050">1086749050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Committee+on+Linguistic+and+National+Stocks+in+the+Population+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086749050&rft.au=American+Council+of+Learned+Societies.+Committee+on+Linguistic+and+National+Stocks+in+the+Population+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVA42JB6IYsC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swierenga.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swierenga.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swierenga.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swierenga.com/Calvin_lec.html">"Place Matters: The Social Geography of Dutch-American Immigration in the Nineteenth Century"</a>. <i>swierenga.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swierenga.com&rft.atitle=Place+Matters%3A+The+Social+Geography+of+Dutch-American+Immigration+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swierenga.com%2FCalvin_lec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanderheide-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vanderheide_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderheide" class="citation web cs1">Vanderheide, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.godutch.com/newspaper/index.php?id=187">"Priest led party of emigrants to Wisconsin's frontier territory:American communities formed close ties with North Brabant villages"</a>. godutch.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Priest+led+party+of+emigrants+to+Wisconsin%27s+frontier+territory%3AAmerican+communities+formed+close+ties+with+North+Brabant+villages&rft.pub=godutch.com&rft.aulast=Vanderheide&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.godutch.com%2Fnewspaper%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stekelenburg-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stekelenburg_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.godutch.com">"Landverhuizing als regionaal verschijnsel, Van Noord-Brabant naar Noord-Amerika 1820–1880"</a>. <i>Doctoral thesis, H.A.V.M. Van Stekelenburg</i>. March 7, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doctoral+thesis%2C+H.A.V.M.+Van+Stekelenburg&rft.atitle=Landverhuizing+als+regionaal+verschijnsel%2C+Van+Noord-Brabant+naar+Noord-Amerika+1820%E2%80%931880&rft.date=2003-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.godutch.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yda Schreuder, Dutch Catholic Immigrant Settlement in Wisconsin, 1850-1905 (New York: Garland, 1989); and H. A. V. M. van Stekelenburg, Landverhuizing als regionaal verschijnsel: Van Noord-Brabant naar Noord-Amerika 1820-1880 (Tilburg: Stichting Zuidelijk Historisch Contact, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323054956/http://dutch.berkeley.edu/amerindo">"Amerindo"</a>. UC Berkeley 'Amerindo' Research Website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dutch.berkeley.edu/amerindo/">the original</a> on March 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amerindo&rft.pub=UC+Berkeley+%27Amerindo%27+Research+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdutch.berkeley.edu%2Famerindo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">War and Navy Departments of the United States Army, 'A pocket guide to the Netherlands East Indies.' (Facsimile by Army Information Branch of the Army Service Forces re-published by Elsevier/Reed Business November 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6882-748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6882-748-4">978-90-6882-748-4</a> p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willems, Wim <i>"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"</i> (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.254 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1">90-351-2361-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willems, Wim <i>"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"</i> (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.255 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1">90-351-2361-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willems, Wim <i>"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"</i> (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.256-257 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1">90-351-2361-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willems, Wim <i>"De uittocht uit Indie (1945-1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders"</i> (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) p.258 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-351-2361-1">90-351-2361-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard E. Mooney, "If You Believe They Paid $24, Here's a Bridge for Sale", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, December 28, 1997, sec. 4, p. 2. See also <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minuit" title="Peter Minuit">Peter Minuit</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Sturgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Sturgis">Sturgis, Amy H.</a> (2007). <i>The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33658-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trail+of+Tears+and+Indian+Removal&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33658-4&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Amy+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1923" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Thomas (1923). <i>The illustrious life and work of Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States</i>. the University of Wisconsin - Madison. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+illustrious+life+and+work+of+Warren+G.+Harding%2C+twenty-ninth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=the+University+of+Wisconsin+-+Madison&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html">Ancestry of George W. Bush</a> Wargs.com; William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab06.html">"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. March 9, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mother+Tongue+of+the+Foreign-Born+Population%3A+1910+to+1940%2C+1960%2C+and+1970&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=1999-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0029%2Ftab06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297814526_Archibald_Laidlie_and_the_transformation_of_the_Dutch_Reformed_church_in_eighteenth-century_New_York_City">Archibald Laidlie and the transformation of the Dutch Reformed church in eighteenth-century New York City</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutchrestaurants-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dutchrestaurants_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206023038/http://www.dutchinamerica.com/dutch-restaurants-in-the-united-states">"Dutch restaurants in the USA"</a>. dutchinamerica.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchinamerica.com/dutch-restaurants-in-the-united-states">the original</a> on February 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+restaurants+in+the+USA&rft.pub=dutchinamerica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchinamerica.com%2Fdutch-restaurants-in-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDer2009" class="citation book cs1">Der, Nicoline Sijs van (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIsDdUSYJMIC&dq=dutch+place+names+in+american+new+york+rhode+island&pg=PA51"><i>Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-124-3"><bdi>978-90-8964-124-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cookies%2C+Coleslaw%2C+and+Stoops%3A+The+Influence+of+Dutch+on+the+North+American+Languages&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-124-3&rft.aulast=Der&rft.aufirst=Nicoline+Sijs+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIsDdUSYJMIC%26dq%3Ddutch%2Bplace%2Bnames%2Bin%2Bamerican%2Bnew%2Byork%2Brhode%2Bisland%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1975" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Joseph M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlhn.org/users/wlhn/web/wisconsonian/june99/dutch_settlements.htm">the original</a> on October 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Dutch+Settlements+in+Wisconsin&rft.pub=wlhn.org&rft.date=1999-06&rft.au=Twilah+DeBoer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlhn.org%2Fusers%2Fwlhn%2Fweb%2Fwisconsonian%2Fjune99%2Fdutch_settlements.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeKrant-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeKrant_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209120036/http://www.dekrant.ca/">"Site Disabled"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dekrant.ca">the original</a> on December 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Site+Disabled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dekrant.ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usembassy.nl-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy.nl_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy.nl_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423161551/http://thehague.usembassy.gov/friendship_days2.html">"usembassy.nl"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehague.usembassy.gov/friendship_days2.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=usembassy.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehague.usembassy.gov%2Ffriendship_days2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nassocal.org/announcements/holland_festival.html">"26th ANNUAL HOLLAND FESTIVAL 2015 - GEMMRIG PARK, LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA"</a>. <i>nassocal.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nassocal.org&rft.atitle=26th+ANNUAL+HOLLAND+FESTIVAL+2015+-+GEMMRIG+PARK%2C+LONG+BEACH%2C+CALIFORNIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nassocal.org%2Fannouncements%2Fholland_festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brinks-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brinks_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/Dutch-Americans.html">"Dutch Americans"</a>, Herbert J. Brinks</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinterklaashudsonvalley.com/">"Sinterklaas!"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinterklaas%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinterklaashudsonvalley.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portlanddutch.com">"The Portland Dutch Society"</a>. <i>portlanddutch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portlanddutch.com&rft.atitle=The+Portland+Dutch+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlanddutch.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirdplacebooks.com/book/9781496820273">"Pinkster King and the King of Kongo: The Forgotten History of America's Dutch-Owned Slaves (Paperback)"</a>. Third Place Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pinkster+King+and+the+King+of+Kongo%3A+The+Forgotten+History+of+America%27s+Dutch-Owned+Slaves+%28Paperback%29&rft.pub=Third+Place+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirdplacebooks.com%2Fbook%2F9781496820273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.graciemansion.org/black-new-netherland-enslavement-and-freedom-in-dutch-new-york/">"Black New Netherland: Enslavement and Freedom in Dutch New York"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Mansion" title="Gracie Mansion">Gracie Mansion</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+New+Netherland%3A+Enslavement+and+Freedom+in+Dutch+New+York&rft.pub=Gracie+Mansion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.graciemansion.org%2Fblack-new-netherland-enslavement-and-freedom-in-dutch-new-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS2020-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS2020_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006">"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211542/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+B04006+-+People+Reporting+Ancestry+-+2020+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Ft%3DAncestry%26tid%3DACSDT5Y2020.B04006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?g=010XX00US,$0400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006">"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+B04006+-+People+Reporting+Ancestry+-+2020+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fg%3D010XX00US%2C%240400000%26tid%3DACSDT5Y2020.B04006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanHinte-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanHinte_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nederlanders in Amerika", Van Hinte, Assen, 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Netherlanders in America" Lucas, 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoone-Jongen2008" class="citation book cs1">Schoone-Jongen, Terence (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GthAd5yLMjEC&dq=dutch+american+community+in+california&pg=PA74"><i>The Dutch American Identity: Staging Memory and Ethnicity in Community Celebrations</i></a>. Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604975659" title="Special:BookSources/9781604975659"><bdi>9781604975659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+American+Identity%3A+Staging+Memory+and+Ethnicity+in+Community+Celebrations&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781604975659&rft.aulast=Schoone-Jongen&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGthAd5yLMjEC%26dq%3Ddutch%2Bamerican%2Bcommunity%2Bin%2Bcalifornia%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bratt, James D. <i>Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture</i>. (Eerdmans, 1984).</li> <li>Brinks, Herbert J. "Dutch Americans." in <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,</i> edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 35–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300065/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=5e332101">online</a></li> <li>Corwin, S. T. <i>History of the Dutch Reformed Church in the United States</i> (1895).</li> <li>De Gerald, F. Jong <i>The Dutch in America, 1609-1974</i>. (Twayne, 1975); short survey</li> <li>Ganzevoort, Herman, and Mark Boekelman, eds. <i>Dutch Immigration to North America</i>. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1983.</li> <li>Goodfriend, Joyce D. Benjamin Schmidt, and Annette Stott, eds. <i>Going Dutch: The Dutch Presence in America, 1609-2009</i> (2008)</li> <li>Kirk, Gordon W. <i>The Promise of American Life: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Holland, Michigan, 1847-1894.</i> Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1978.</li> <li>Krabbendam, Hans. <i>Freedom on the Horizon: Dutch Immigration to America, 1840-1940</i> (2009), Emphasis on the Dutch Reformed Church</li> <li>Kroes, Rob. <i>The Persistence of Ethnicity: Dutch Calvinist Pioneers in Amsterdam, Montana.</i> University of Illinois Press, 1992.</li> <li>Kroes, Rob, and Henk-Otto Neuschafer, eds. <i>The Dutch in North America: Their Immigration and Cultural Continuity.</i> Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1991.</li> <li>Kromminga, John. <i>The Christian Reformed Church: A Study in Orthodoxy.</i> Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1949.</li> <li>Lucas, Henry. <i>Netherlanders in America: Dutch Immigration to the United States and Canada, 1789-1950.</i> The University of Michigan Press, 1955.</li> <li>Schreuder, Yda. <i>Dutch Catholic Immigrant Settlement in Wisconsin, 1850-1905.</i> New York: Garland, 1989.</li> <li>Swierenga, Robert P. <i>The Forerunners: Dutch Jewry in the North American Diaspora.</i> Wayne State University Press, 1994.</li> <li>Swierenga, Robert P. ed. <i>The Dutch in America: Immigration, Settlement, and Cultural Change</i>. Rutgers University Press, 1985.</li> <li>Swierenga, Robert P., "Faith and Family --Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920" (Ellis Island Series.) New York: Holmes and Meyer. 2000.</li> <li>Taylor, Lawrence J. <i>Dutchmen on the Bay: The Ethnohistory of a Contractual Community.</i> The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983.</li> <li>Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. <i>Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</i>. Harvard University Press, 1980.</li> <li>Van Jacob Hinte. <i>Netherlanders in America: A Study of Emigration and Settlement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in the United States of America.</i> Ed. Robert P. Swierenga. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1985. translation of a 1928 Dutch-language book</li> <li>Wabeke, Bertus Harry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DutchEmigrationToNorthAmerica1624-1860"><i>Dutch emigration to North America, 1624-1860</i></a></li> <li>Wittke, Carl. <i>We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant</i> (1939), ch 2, 11</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial/_New_Netherland"><span id="Colonial.2F_New_Netherland"></span>Colonial/ New Netherland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colonial/ New Netherland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balmer, Randall. <i>A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies</i> (2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn,_Roderic_H.Ruth_Piwonka1988" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Roderic H.; Ruth Piwonka (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFALQtEI9LcC&pg=PA239"><i>Remembrance of Patria: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609-1776</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939072064" title="Special:BookSources/9780939072064"><bdi>9780939072064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembrance+of+Patria%3A+Dutch+Arts+and+Culture+in+Colonial+America%2C+1609-1776&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780939072064&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+Roderic+H.&rft.au=Ruth+Piwonka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFALQtEI9LcC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cohen, David Steven. "How Dutch Were the Dutch of New Netherland?." <i>New York History</i> 62#1 (1981): 43–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23169630">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of the North American colonies</i> (3 vol. 1993), highly detailed topical coverage of the Dutch colonists.</li> <li>Jacobs, Jaap. <i>New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America</i> (Brill, 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Uex2budtSOUC">online</a>.</li> <li>Kenney, Alice P. "Neglected Heritage: Hudson River Valley Dutch Material Culture." <i>Winterthur Portfolio</i> 20#1 (1985): 49–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1181000">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Kim, Sung Bok. <i>Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775</i> (1987)</li> <li>Leiby; Adrian C. <i>The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground, 1775-1783</i> Rutgers University Press. 1962.</li> <li>Nissenson, S. G. <i>The Patroon's Domain</i> (1937).</li> <li>Roeber, A. G. "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. <i>Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire</i> (1991) pp 222–36.</li> <li>Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),<i>Exploring Historic Dutch New York</i>. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-48637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-48637-6">978-0-486-48637-6</a></li> <li>Todt, Kim. "'Women Are as Knowing Therein as the Men': Dutch Women in Early America," in Thomas A. Foster, ed. <i>Women in Early America</i> (2015) pp 43–65 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/125311254/women-in-early-america">online</a>.</li> <li>Van Lieburg, Fred. "Interpreting the Dutch Great Awakening (1749–1755)." <i>Church History</i> 77#2 (2008): 318–336. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20618489">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Wermuth, Thomas S. <i>Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720-1850</i> (2001).</li> <li>Wermuth, Thomas S. "New York farmers and the market revolution: Economic behavior in the mid-Hudson Valley, 1780-1830." <i>Journal of Social History</i> (1998): 179–196. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789598">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Wittke, Carl. <i>We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant</i> (1939), ch 2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Doezema, Linda Pegman. <i>Dutch Americans: A Guide to Information Sources</i>. Gale Research, 1979. Bibliography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Herbert J. Brinks, <i>Dutch American Voices: Letters from the United States, 1850-1930</i> (1995)</li> <li>Lucas, Henry, ed. <i>Dutch Immigrant Memoirs and Related Writings</i>. 2 vols. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1955.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Americans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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diaspora in the United States</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817224045/http://historicus.web-log.nl/mijn_weblog/emigratie/index.html">Article about Dutch immigration to the United States, 1945–2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focol.org/littlechutehistory/">Little Chute Historical Society, Little Chute, Wisconsin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182216/http://www.focol.org/littlechutehistory/">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_diaspora" title="Template:Dutch diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_diaspora" title="Template talk:Dutch diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Netherlands&#124;link=Netherlands_Dutch_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people#The_Netherlands" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Burghers" title="Dutch Burghers">Burghers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Israel" title="Dutch people in Israel">Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Finland" title="Dutch people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olenders" title="Olenders">Olenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta_Mennonites" title="Vistula delta Mennonites">Vistula delta Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dutch people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mexicans" title="Dutch Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Aruba" title="Demographics of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#Demographics" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Zealanders" title="Dutch New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Argentines" title="Dutch Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazilians" title="Dutch Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Chileans" title="Dutch Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Surinamese" title="Dutch Surinamese">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Americans" title="Template:European Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Americans" title="Template talk:European Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_South_Dakotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech South Dakotan">Czech South Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Czech Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">German Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">German Mennonites from Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ohioans" title="Hungarian Ohioans">Hungarian Ohioans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Americans" title="Kashubian Americans">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Americans (page does not exist)">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Silesian" title="Texan Silesian">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_Americans" title="Sorbian Americans">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Americans" title="Cossack Americans">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Americans" title="Kalmyk Americans">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Americans" title="Faroese Americans">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Findians" title="Findians">Findian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Americans" title="Greenlandic Americans">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Dakotan" title="Norwegian Dakotan">Norwegian Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Minnesotan" title="Norwegian Minnesotan">Norwegian Minnesotan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Americans" title="Sámi Americans">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovan Americans (page does not exist)">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Alaska">Alaskan Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_Michigan" title="Dutch Americans in Michigan">Dutch Michigander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Americans" title="Frisian Americans">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Americans" title="Irish Traveller Americans">Irish Traveller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Americans">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan Americans (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Americans (page does not exist)">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Europeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles and Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li>Cajun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li>Cajun</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="White Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> <ul><li>Arkansas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058496#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/899694/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040094">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120482133">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120482133">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565479005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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