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class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pike's Peak Gold Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory_of_Jefferson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_of_Jefferson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Territory of Jefferson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory_of_Jefferson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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id="toc-Early_statehood_1876-1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_in_Colorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_in_Colorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mining in Colorado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_in_Colorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_World's_Sanitarium"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_World's_Sanitarium""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>"The World's Sanitarium"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_World's_Sanitarium"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Twenty-first century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Colorado</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Colorado" title="Historia de Colorado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Colorado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Colorado" title="Histoire du Colorado – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Colorado" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կոլորադոյի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլորադոյի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=History_of_Colorado&params=38.9972_N_105.5478_W_dim:300000_region:region:US-CO_type:adm1st&title=Geometric+center+of+the+State+of+Colorado"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°32′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.9972°N 105.5478°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.9972; -105.5478</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Geometric center of the State of Colorado</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing the location of the U.S. State of Colorado." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colorado_in_United_States.svg/220px-Colorado_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colorado_in_United_States.svg/330px-Colorado_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Colorado_in_United_States.svg/440px-Colorado_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>The location of the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">State of Colorado</a></span> in the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The region that is today the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleoamerican ancestors</a> for at least 13,500 years and possibly more than 37,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Footprints_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Footprints-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mammoth_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mammoth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">major migration route</a> that was important to the spread of early peoples throughout the Americas. The <a href="/wiki/Lindenmeier_site" title="Lindenmeier site">Lindenmeier site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Larimer_County,_Colorado" title="Larimer County, Colorado">Larimer County</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> dating from approximately 8720 BCE. </p><p>When explorers, early trappers, hunters, and gold miners visited and settled in Colorado, the state was populated by American Indian nations. <a href="/wiki/Westward_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion">Westward expansion</a> brought European settlers to the area and Colorado's <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> began with treaties and wars with Mexico and American Indian nations to gain territorial lands to support the transcontinental migration. In the early days of the Colorado gold rush, Colorado was a <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Kansas">Territory of Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Jefferson">Territory of Jefferson</a>. On August 1, 1876, Colorado was admitted as a state, maintaining its territorial borders. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_Native_American_people">Historic Native American people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historic Native American people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Ouray_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chief_Ouray_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/250px-Chief_Ouray_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chief_Ouray_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/375px-Chief_Ouray_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chief_Ouray_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/500px-Chief_Ouray_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chief_Ouray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ouray">Chief Ouray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chipeta" title="Chipeta">Chipeta</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> — A diverse group of peoples that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesa" title="Mesa">mesas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Nation">Apache Nation</a> — An <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a>-speaking nation that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> in the 18th century, then migrated southward to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, leaving a void on the plains that was filled by the Arapaho and Cheyenne from the east.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arapaho Nation">Arapaho Nation</a> — An <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>-speaking nation that migrated westward to the base of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in the late 19th century and settled on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Piedmont" title="Colorado Piedmont">piedmont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Eastern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Eastern Plains">eastern plains</a>. They were relocated entirely out of Colorado in 1865 following the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne Nation">Cheyenne Nation</a> — An Algonquian-speaking nation very closely related to the Arapaho. Like the Arapaho, they migrated westward in the 18th century to the base of the Rockies. They often lived in bands interspersed among the Arapaho, and were also relocated out of Colorado in the 1860s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Nation">Comanche Nation</a> — A <a href="/wiki/Numic_languages" title="Numic languages">Numic</a>-speaking nation that lived on the <a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a> of southeastern Colorado. Closely related to the Shoshone, they acquired the horse from the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spaniards</a> and roamed the southern <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. The Comanche were removed to <a href="/wiki/Indian_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian territory">Indian territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone Nation">Shoshone Nation</a> — A Numic-speaking nation that inhabited intermountain valleys along the north edge of the state, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Yampa_River" title="Yampa River">Yampa River</a> valley, up through the late 19th century. Areas included <a href="/wiki/North_Park_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Park (Colorado)">North Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Browns_Park" title="Browns Park">Browns Park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Nation">Ute Nation</a> — A Numic-speaking nation that has lived in the Southern and the Western <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> for many centuries. Their leaders were Chief Ouray and his wife Chipeta. They often clashed with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, and resisted the encroachment of these nations into the mountains. Until the 1880s, the Ute controlled nearly all of Colorado west of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a>, a situation that eroded after the silver boom of 1879. After clashing with white settlers in the 1880s in the <a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a>, they were nearly entirely relocated out of the state into <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, except for two small reservations in southwestern Colorado.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_settlement">European settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_claims_and_designations_in_Colorado" title="List of territorial claims and designations in Colorado">List of territorial claims and designations in Colorado</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEW_MEXICO_San_Juan_Pueblo_DonJuan_De_Onate_First_Govenor_of_New_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NEW_MEXICO_San_Juan_Pueblo_DonJuan_De_Onate_First_Govenor_of_New_Spain.jpg/250px-NEW_MEXICO_San_Juan_Pueblo_DonJuan_De_Onate_First_Govenor_of_New_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NEW_MEXICO_San_Juan_Pueblo_DonJuan_De_Onate_First_Govenor_of_New_Spain.jpg/375px-NEW_MEXICO_San_Juan_Pueblo_DonJuan_De_Onate_First_Govenor_of_New_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NEW_MEXICO_San_Juan_Pueblo_DonJuan_De_Onate_First_Govenor_of_New_Spain.jpg/500px-NEW_MEXICO_San_Juan_Pueblo_DonJuan_De_Onate_First_Govenor_of_New_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>Juan De Oñate, first Governor of New Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">Europeans</a> to visit the region were <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish conquistadors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a> who lived until 1626, founded what would become the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_F%C3%A9_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fé de Nuevo México">Santa Fé de Nuevo México</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">pueblos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> on July 11, 1598. In 1787 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a> established the settlement of San Carlos near present-day Pueblo, Colorado, but it quickly failed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the only Spanish attempt to create a settlement north of the Arkansas River. Colorado became part of the Spanish province of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards traded with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> who lived there and established the <i>Comercio Comanchero</i> (Comanche Trade) among the Spanish settlements and the Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1803 the United States acquired a territorial claim to the eastern flank of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> from France. However, the claim conflicted with Spain's claim to <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over the territory. <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> led a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">expedition</a> into the disputed region in 1806. Pike and his troops were arrested by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a>, taken to <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua, Chihuahua">Chihuahua</a>, then expelled from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="México">México</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> declared Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> from Spain on September 16, 1810. In 1819, the United States ceded its claim to the land south and west of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> to Spain with the <a href="/wiki/Adams-On%C3%ADs_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Onís Treaty">Adams-Onís Treaty</a>, at the same time purchasing <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Mexico finally won its independence with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a> signed on August 24, 1821, and assumed the territorial claims of Spain. Although Mexican traders ventured north, settlers stayed south of the <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37th parallel north</a> until the United States signed a peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Ute_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Nation">Ute Nation</a> in 1850.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentsFort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BentsFort.jpg/220px-BentsFort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BentsFort.jpg/330px-BentsFort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BentsFort.jpg/440px-BentsFort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Trading posts such as <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Old_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent's Old Fort">Bent's Old Fort</a> served fur traders in the early 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the period 1832 to 1856, traders, trappers, and settlers established <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">trading posts</a> and small settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Front_Range" title="Front Range">Front Range</a>. Prominent among these were <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent's Fort">Bent's Fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado#El_Pueblo" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Fort Pueblo</a> on the Arkansas and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain" title="Fort Saint Vrain">Fort Saint Vrain</a> on the South Platte. The main item of trade offered by the Indians was buffalo robes,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_the_Arkansas_Valley_in_Colorado" title="Early history of the Arkansas Valley in Colorado">Early history of the Arkansas Valley in Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forts_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts in Colorado">Forts in Colorado</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico. Mexico's defeat forced the nation to relinquish its northern territories by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> in 1848. This opened the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Southern Rocky Mountains">Southern Rocky Mountains</a> to American settlement, including what is now the lower portion of Colorado. The newly gained land was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of New Mexico">Territory of New Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Utah">Territory of Utah</a>, both organized in 1850, and the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Kansas">Territory of Kansas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Nebraska">Territory of Nebraska</a>, organized in 1854. Most <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> avoided the rugged <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and headed for <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">Deseret</a>, or <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, usually following the <a href="/wiki/North_Platte_River" title="North Platte River">North Platte River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_River_(Wyoming)" title="Sweetwater River (Wyoming)">Sweetwater River</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="South Pass (Wyoming)">South Pass</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On April 9, 1851, Hispanic settlers from <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos, New Mexico</a>, settled the village of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis,_Colorado" title="San Luis, Colorado"><i>San Luis de la Culebra</i></a>, then in the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>, but now Colorado's first permanent <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(migration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement (migration)">settlement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush"><span id="Pike.27s_Peak_Gold_Rush"></span>Pike's Peak Gold Rush</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pike's Peak Gold Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_pioneers_of_Colorado" title="List of African American pioneers of Colorado">List of African American pioneers of Colorado</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bierstadt_Albert_Pikes_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bierstadt_Albert_Pikes_Peak.jpg/250px-Bierstadt_Albert_Pikes_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bierstadt_Albert_Pikes_Peak.jpg/375px-Bierstadt_Albert_Pikes_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bierstadt_Albert_Pikes_Peak.jpg/500px-Bierstadt_Albert_Pikes_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Pikes Peak, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>On June 22, 1850, a wagon train bound for California crossed the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a> just north of the confluence with <a href="/wiki/Clear_Creek_(Colorado)" title="Clear Creek (Colorado)">Clear Creek</a>, and followed Clear Creek west for six miles. Lewis Ralston dipped his gold pan in a stream flowing into Clear Creek, and found almost $5 in gold (about a quarter of a troy ounce) in his first pan. John Lowery Brown, who kept a diary of the party's journey from Georgia to California, wrote on that day: "Lay bye. Gold found." In a notation above the entry, he wrote, "We called this Ralston's Creek because a man of that name found gold here.” </p><p>Ralston continued on to California, but returned to 'Ralston's Creek' with the <a href="/wiki/Green_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Russell">Green Russell</a> party eight years later. Members of this party founded <a href="/wiki/Auraria,_Denver" title="Auraria, Denver">Auraria</a> (later absorbed into Denver City) in 1858 and touched off the gold rush to the Rockies. The confluence of Clear Creek and <a href="/wiki/Ralston_Creek_(Colorado)" title="Ralston Creek (Colorado)">Ralston Creek</a>, the site of Colorado's first gold discovery is now in <a href="/wiki/Arvada,_Colorado" title="Arvada, Colorado">Arvada, Colorado</a>. </p><p>In 1858, several parties of gold seekers bound for the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">panned</a> small amounts of gold from various streams in the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River Valley</a> at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in then western <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a>, now northeast Colorado. The gold nuggets initially failed to impress the gold seekers, but rumors of gold in the Rocky Mountains persisted, and several small parties explored the region. In the summer of 1857, a party of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish-speaking</a> gold seekers from the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> worked a <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer deposit</a> along the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a> about 5 miles (8 km) above <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Creek_(Colorado)" title="Cherry Creek (Colorado)">Cherry Creek</a> (in what is today the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overland_Park,_Denver,_Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overland Park, Denver, Colorado (page does not exist)">Overland Park</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-ArapahoCamp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArapahoCamp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, <a href="/wiki/William_Greeneberry_Russell" title="William Greeneberry Russell">William Greeneberry "Green" Russell</a> led a party of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> gold seekers from the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">State of Georgia</a> to search for gold along the South Platte River. In the first week of July 1857, Green Russell and Sam Bates found a small placer deposit near the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Little_Dry_Creek_(Englewood,_Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Dry Creek (Englewood, Colorado)">Little Dry Creek</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_Colorado" title="Englewood, Colorado">Englewood</a>) that yielded about 20 troy ounces (622 grams) of gold, the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. </p><p>News of this discovery soon spread and precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PikesPeakGold_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PikesPeakGold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 100,000 gold seekers flocked to the region over the next three years. The <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer gold deposits</a> along the rivers and streams of the region rapidly played out, but miners soon discovered far more valuable seams of <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">hard rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and other minerals in the nearby mountains. This gold rush helped to attract people to the state and resulted in a population boom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory_of_Jefferson">Territory of Jefferson</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Territory of Jefferson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson</a> was organized on October 24, 1859,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the new territory failed to secure federal sanction. The Provisional Government freely administered the region despite its lack of official status until the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Colorado">Territory of Colorado</a> was organized in 1861. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory_of_Colorado">Territory of Colorado</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Territory of Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Organic_Act" title="Colorado Organic Act">Colorado Organic Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_gilpin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/William_gilpin.jpg/170px-William_gilpin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/William_gilpin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Gilpin_(governor)" title="William Gilpin (governor)">William Gilpin</a>, first Governor of Colorado Territory</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Colorado">Territory of Colorado</a> was a historic, <a href="/wiki/Organized_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized territory">organized territory</a> of the United States that existed between 1861 and 1876. Its boundaries were identical to the current <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">State of Colorado</a>. The territory ceased to exist when Colorado was admitted to the Union as a state on August 1, 1876. The territory was organized in the wake of the 1859 <a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a>, which had brought the first large concentration of white settlement to the region. The organic act<sup id="cite_ref-ColoradoTerritory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColoradoTerritory-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating the territory was passed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and signed by President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> on February 28, 1861, during the secessions by <a href="/wiki/U.S._South" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. South">Southern</a> states that precipitated the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The organization of the territory helped solidify <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> control over a mineral rich area of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. </p><p>Statehood was regarded as fairly imminent, as during the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 presidential election</a> the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>–controlled Congress was actually eager to get two more Republican senators and three more electoral votes for President Lincoln's re-election bid. Territorial Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(Colorado_governor)" title="John Evans (Colorado governor)">John Evans</a> persuaded Congress to adopt an enabling act, but a majority of the 6,192 Coloradoans who voted, in a population of around 35,000, turned down the first attempt at a state constitution and the second attempt at statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, at the end of 1865, territorial ambitions for statehood were thwarted again, this time by a <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>. Statehood for the territory was a recurring issue during the <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Grant">Ulysses Grant</a> administration, with Grant advocating statehood against a less willing Congress during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colorado_War">Colorado War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colorado War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a> (1863–1865) was an armed conflict between the United States and a loose alliance among the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> nations of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> (the last two were particularly closely allied, which is unusual since the various tribes were notorious for inciting violence against each other). The war was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Eastern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Eastern Plains">Eastern Plains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> and resulted in the removal of these four <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> peoples from present-day <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. The war included a particularly notorious episode in November 1864 known as the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Creek Massacre">Sand Creek Massacre</a>. The battle, initially hailed by the U.S. press as a great victory, was later learned to be one of genocidal brutality. Most of the tribes had their own designs for genocide of the whites. The resulting hearings in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> regarding the malfeasance of the U.S. Army commander, <a href="/wiki/John_Chivington" title="John Chivington">John Chivington</a>, were a watershed in the white views of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> at the close of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In 1868 the U.S. Army, led by <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>, renewed the conflict against the Arapaho and Cheyenne at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a>. This conflict was due to the Natives persistent practice of arbitrary violence against peaceful white settlers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_statehood_1876-1900">Early statehood 1876-1900</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early statehood 1876-1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed an enabling act<sup id="cite_ref-Colorado_Enabling_Act_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorado_Enabling_Act-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Colorado">Territory of Colorado</a> to become a state. On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Centennial of the United States">Centennial of the United States</a>), President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> signed Proclamation 230<sup id="cite_ref-Colorado_Statehood_Proclamation_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorado_Statehood_Proclamation-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> admitting the state of Colorado to the Union as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">38th state</a> and earning it the moniker "<a href="/wiki/Centennial_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Centennial State">Centennial State</a>". The borders of the new state coincided with the borders established for the Colorado Territory. </p><p>Women won <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colorado" title="Women's suffrage in Colorado">the right to vote</a> in Colorado via <a href="/wiki/1893_Colorado_women%27s_suffrage_referendum" title="1893 Colorado women's suffrage referendum">referendum on November 7, 1893</a>. Colorado was the first state in the union to grant <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> through a popular vote. (The territory of Wyoming approved the right of women to vote in 1869 through a vote of the territorial legislature.) Governor <a href="/wiki/Davis_Hanson_Waite" title="Davis Hanson Waite">Davis H. Waite</a>, a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)"> Populist</a>, campaigned for the amendment but he a year later he blamed the women voters for defeating his reelection campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waite favored labor unions and is one of the few American state governors ever to call out the state <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a> to protect miners from a force raised by mine owners in the <a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners%27_strike_of_1894" title="Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894">Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining_in_Colorado">Mining in Colorado</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mining in Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_Mineral_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Colorado_Mineral_Belt.svg/250px-Colorado_Mineral_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Colorado_Mineral_Belt.svg/375px-Colorado_Mineral_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Colorado_Mineral_Belt.svg/500px-Colorado_Mineral_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="2255" /></a><figcaption>Colorado Mineral Belt</figcaption></figure> <p>Participants in the <a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a> from 1858 to 1861 were called <a href="/wiki/Fifty-Niners" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-Niners">Fifty-Niners</a> and many of the new arrivals settled in the <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver</a> area. Gold in paying quantities was also discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Central_City,_Colorado" title="Central City, Colorado">Central City area</a>. In 1879, silver was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado" title="Leadville, Colorado">Leadville</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom" title="Colorado Silver Boom">Colorado Silver Boom</a>. </p><p>Many early mining efforts were cooperative ventures. However, as easy-to-reach surface deposits played out, miners increasingly turned to <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">hard rock mining</a>. Such industrial operations required greater capital, and the economic concept of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">mineral rights</a> resulted in periodic conflicts between the mine owners, and the miners who increasingly sold their labor to work in the mines. </p><p>As the mines were dug deeper, they became more dangerous, and the work more arduous, creating the conditions for conflict. In 1880, Colorado Governor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Walker_Pitkin" title="Frederick Walker Pitkin">Pitkin</a>, a Republican, declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> to suppress <a href="/wiki/Leadville_Colorado,_Miners%27_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadville Colorado, Miners' Strike">a violent mining strike</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado" title="Leadville, Colorado">Leadville</a>. In the 1890s many Colorado miners began to form unions in order to protect themselves. The mine operators often formed <a href="/wiki/Mine_Owners%27_Association" title="Mine Owners' Association">mine owners' associations</a> in response, setting up the conditions for a conflict. Notable labor disputes between hard rock miners and the mine operators included the <a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners%27_strike_of_1894" title="Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894">Cripple Creek strike</a> of 1894 and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars" title="Colorado Labor Wars">Colorado Labor Wars</a> of 1903–04. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Colorado" title="Coal mining in Colorado">Coal mining in Colorado</a> began soon after the first settlers arrived. Although the discovery of coal did not cause boom cycles as did the precious metals, the early coal mining industry also established the conditions for violent confrontations between miners and mine owners. The usual issues were wages, hours, and working conditions, but miners were also concerned about issues of fairness, and company control over their personal lives. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stores_on_Front_Street_at_Fairplay_in_1888_-_DPLA_-_b6d6112f2861d50986244687d39d9b6e_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fairplay, Colorado Front Street in 1888." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stores_on_Front_Street_at_Fairplay_in_1888_-_DPLA_-_b6d6112f2861d50986244687d39d9b6e_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Stores_on_Front_Street_at_Fairplay_in_1888_-_DPLA_-_b6d6112f2861d50986244687d39d9b6e_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stores_on_Front_Street_at_Fairplay_in_1888_-_DPLA_-_b6d6112f2861d50986244687d39d9b6e_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Stores_on_Front_Street_at_Fairplay_in_1888_-_DPLA_-_b6d6112f2861d50986244687d39d9b6e_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stores_on_Front_Street_at_Fairplay_in_1888_-_DPLA_-_b6d6112f2861d50986244687d39d9b6e_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Stores_on_Front_Street_at_Fairplay_in_1888_-_DPLA_-_b6d6112f2861d50986244687d39d9b6e_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fairplay,_Colorado" title="Fairplay, Colorado">Fairplay, Colorado</a> Front Street in 1888. </figcaption></figure> <p>Early coal mining in Colorado was extremely dangerous, and the state had one of the highest death rates in the nation. During the three decades from 1884 to 1914, more than 1,700 workers died in Colorado's coal mines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal miners also resented having to pay for safety work such as timbering the mines, and they were sometimes paid in scrip that had value only in the company store, with the cost of goods set by the company. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a>, centered around the 1913-1914 <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America" title="United Mine Workers of America">United Mine Workers of America</a> <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> against the <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Rockefeller, Jr.">Rockefeller</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron" title="Colorado Fuel and Iron">Colorado Fuel and Iron</a> company, saw dozens die in battles on the Southern Colorado coalfields. The <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre" title="Ludlow Massacre">Ludlow Massacre</a> became the peak of the violence, when <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Army_National_Guard" title="Colorado Army National Guard">Colorado National Guard</a> and militia fired into a tent colony of strikers, in which many children were killed. The violence would continue until <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> sent federal soldiers to disarm both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike" title="1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike">Another coal strike in 1927</a> is best known for Colorado's first <a href="/wiki/Columbine_Mine_massacre" title="Columbine Mine massacre">Columbine massacre</a>. In 1933, federal legislation for the first time allowed all Colorado coal miners to join unions without fear of retaliation by instituting penalties for mine owners who obstructed collective bargaining. </p><p>Like all resource extraction, mining is a boom or bust industry, and over the years many small towns were established, then abandoned when the ore ran out, the market collapsed, or another resource became available. There were once more than a hundred coal mines in the area north of Denver and east of <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>. The mines began to close when natural gas lines arrived. Coal and precious metals are still mined in Colorado, but the mining industries have changed dramatically in recent decades. </p><p>Reports of the revival of <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> mining in 2007 resulted in ambivalent responses<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado" title="Leadville, Colorado">Leadville</a> welcoming the opening of the mine at <a href="/wiki/Climax,_Colorado" title="Climax, Colorado">Climax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but strong opposition in <a href="/wiki/Crested_Butte,_Colorado" title="Crested Butte, Colorado">Crested Butte</a> over proposed operations at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Emmons_(Colorado)" title="Mount Emmons (Colorado)">Mount Emmons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinion in <a href="/wiki/Rico,_Colorado" title="Rico, Colorado">Rico</a>, site of the Silver Creek stockwork Molybdenum deposit<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is more divided. There, land slated for development is being bought up by a mining company.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today there are many small mining towns scattered throughout Colorado, such as Leadville, Georgetown, Cripple Creek, Victor, and Central City. Although many of the mines no longer operate, the remnants of the operations can be seen in the form of mine shafts, outbuildings, and mounds of rock extracted from the hills. Many former mining towns turned to gambling to draw visitors, with Blackhawk and Cripple Creek serving as good examples. The 19th century ended with a difficult law-and-order situation in some places, most notably, <a href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede, Colorado</a>, where gunmen like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ford_(outlaw)" title="Robert Ford (outlaw)">Robert Ford</a> (the assassin of <a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a>) and con artist like <a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a> reigned. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Jewish_Hospital2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/National_Jewish_Hospital2.jpg/250px-National_Jewish_Hospital2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/National_Jewish_Hospital2.jpg/375px-National_Jewish_Hospital2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/National_Jewish_Hospital2.jpg/500px-National_Jewish_Hospital2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Tuberculosis patients lie in beds on the porch of a building at the Jewish Consumptive Relief Society (J.C.R.S.) sanatorium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_World's_Sanitarium""><span id=".22The_World.27s_Sanitarium.22"></span>"The World's Sanitarium"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "The World's Sanitarium""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the 1860s, when <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (TB) was a major deadly disease, physicians in the eastern United States recommended that their patients relocate to sunny, dry climates for their lungs. As a result, the number of people with tuberculosis, called "lungers", in the state grew alarmingly and without the services or facilities to support their needs. Not knowing how to manage a population of homeless, ill people, many were taken to jail. Because of the number of people with TB and their families who came to Denver for their health, by the 1880s it was nicknamed the "World's Sanitarium". Cynthia Stout, a history scholar, asserted that by 1900 "one-third of Colorado's population were residents of the state because of tuberculosis."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_treatment_in_Colorado_Springs" title="Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs">Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_-_Branding_Calves_c._1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Colorado_-_Branding_Calves_c._1900.jpg/300px-Colorado_-_Branding_Calves_c._1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Colorado_-_Branding_Calves_c._1900.jpg/450px-Colorado_-_Branding_Calves_c._1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Colorado_-_Branding_Calves_c._1900.jpg/600px-Colorado_-_Branding_Calves_c._1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5268" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Livestock_branding" title="Livestock branding">Branding</a> cattle on a Colorado ranch, c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1913 through 1914 the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zeese_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeese-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred. It started as a strike and ultimately ended in defeat for the union ending with 232 deaths,<sup id="cite_ref-Congressional_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressional-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and crippling labor organizing in the state's mines for the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-du.edu_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-du.edu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> suddenly built a large membership hostile to Catholics. Its leaders tried to gain political influence but they were unable to get any proposals enacted into law. The members quit and the KKK died out by the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1927 to 1928, <a href="/wiki/1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike" title="1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike">a statewide coal strike occurred shutting down all mines</a>. It was sponsored by a upstart rival of the main miners' union and demanded better wages and conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During it, the <a href="/wiki/Columbine_Mine_massacre" title="Columbine Mine massacre">Columbine Mine massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike#Walsenburg_Hall_Killings" title="1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike">Walsenburg Hall killings</a> occurred, where strikers were shot down by guards and policemen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For one particular incident in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a>, the mayor was accused of deputizing members of the KKK against the striking workers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike ended with a significant victory for the union in May 1928, with an increase in wages and the return of organized labor in the state's coal industry.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes,_marching_strikers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg/298px-Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg/447px-Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg/596px-Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Striking workers & family marching during the <a href="/wiki/1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike" title="1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike">Colorado coal strike</a> on November 3, 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1930s saw the beginning of the ski industry in Colorado. Resorts were established in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Estes_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Estes Park">Estes Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnison,_Colorado#Winter" title="Gunnison, Colorado">Gunnison</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Loveland_Pass" title="Loveland Pass">Loveland Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During WWII, the <a href="/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division" title="10th Mountain Division">10th Mountain Division</a> established <a href="/wiki/Camp_Hale" title="Camp Hale">Camp Hale</a> to train elite ski troops.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s, the Republican governor of Colorado, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lawrence_Carr" title="Ralph Lawrence Carr">Ralph Carr</a>, spoke out against racial discrimination and against the federal internment of Japanese-Americans during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>In 1967, Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Love" title="John Arthur Love">John A. Love</a> signed the nation's first liberalized abortion law.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late 1960s saw violence in Denver, in the form of race riots, and college buildings being burned by radicals. The <a href="/wiki/The_Family_Dog_Denver" title="The Family Dog Denver">Family Dog Denver</a> music venue opened that year, ushering in the hippie movement in the state, to the great consternation of city and state leaders and parents, leading to several municipal and federal court cases. It also made Colorado a major music destination thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, Colorado was an epicenter for the <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a>. Colorado has a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Colorado">Mexican-American, Hispanic and Chicano people</a>. Major events that affected the Chicano Movement happened in Colorado, such as <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Gonzales" title="Rodolfo Gonzales">Corky Gonzales</a>' Crusade for Justice and <i>The Plan Espiritual de Aztlán</i>, the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Los_Seis_de_Boulder" title="Los Seis de Boulder">Los Seis de Boulder</a>, and the death of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Falcón">Ricardo Falcón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of the movement worked with national figures like <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a> and the lettuce workers strike, and Coloradans held their own actions like the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Brise%C3%B1o" title="Guadalupe Briseño">Kitayama Carnation Strike</a>. </p><p>In 1972, Colorado became the only state to reject the award of hosting the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> after they had been granted. When Representative Lamm led a successful movement to reject a bond issue for expenses related to hosting the event, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> relocated the <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria. No venue had rejected the award before nor has any venue since. </p><p>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School massacre</a> became the most devastating high-school massacre in United States history until the <a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting">Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 20, 2012, not far from the location of the aforementioned massacre at <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School" title="Columbine High School">Columbine High School</a>, 12 people were killed and 70 people were injured<sup id="cite_ref-Officials_release_complete_list_of_injured_victims_in_Aurora_massacre_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officials_release_complete_list_of_injured_victims_in_Aurora_massacre-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting">2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting</a>, when <a href="/wiki/James_Holmes_(mass_murderer)" title="James Holmes (mass murderer)">James Eagan Holmes</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> doctoral student, walked into an <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinemark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinemark">Cinemark</a> movie theater with multiple firearms, and started shooting at random at people trying to escape during a midnight Thursday showing of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i>, killing 12 people and injuring 70 others.<sup id="cite_ref-complete_list_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complete_list-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the deadliest shooting in Colorado since the Columbine High School massacre and, in terms of both the dead and wounded in the number of casualties, was the largest single mass shooting in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colorado is now 1 of 15 states<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that have legalized both medical and recreational <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, allowing them to tax the product. As of July 2014, six months after recreational shops began sales of marijuana in Colorado, the state has enjoyed a tax revenue of 45 million with 98 million expected by the end of the calendar year. This is in addition to increased economic revenues from "pot tourists." </p><p>As of July 9, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has affected over 35,000 people in Colorado and killed 1,544.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 2022, over 1.6 million cases of COVID-19 had been reported in Colorado with over 13,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #777799 1px;margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.2em;"> <table style="background:#FFFFFE;font-size:8pt;line-height:110%;max-width:200px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:24px;"><td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/27px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/40px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History<br />portal</a></b></td></tr><tr style="height:24px;"><td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/36px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/48px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America<br />portal</a></b></td></tr><tr style="height:24px;"><td style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/69px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/92px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States<br />portal</a></b></td></tr><tr style="height:24px;"><td style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/36px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/54px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/72px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colorado" title="Portal:Colorado">Colorado<br />portal</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom" title="Colorado Silver Boom">Colorado Silver Boom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_1870-2000_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado 1870-2000 (book)">Colorado 1870-2000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forts_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts in Colorado">Forts in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado" title="Governor of Colorado">Governor of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Colorado" title="History Colorado">History Colorado</a> (previously the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Historical Society">Colorado Historical Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Denver, Colorado">History of Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Colorado_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Colorado Plateau">History of the Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Great Plains">History of the Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Rocky Mountains">History of the Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Colorado">List of cities and towns in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Colorado" title="List of counties in Colorado">List of counties in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Colorado" title="List of ghost towns in Colorado">List of ghost towns in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies_in_the_United_States#Colorado" title="List of historical societies in the United States">List of historical societies in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_claims_and_designations_in_Colorado" title="List of territorial claims and designations in Colorado">List of territorial claims and designations in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colorado" title="Women's suffrage in Colorado">Women's suffrage in Colorado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_archaeology" title="Southwestern archaeology">Southwestern archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Louisiana" title="District of Louisiana">District of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Louisiana">Territory of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Missouri">Territory of Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of New Mexico">Territory of New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Utah">Territory of Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Kansas">Territory of Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Nebraska">Territory of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Jefferson">Territory of Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Colorado">Territory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">State of Colorado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Colorado" title="Category:History of Colorado">Category:History of Colorado</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Colorado" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Colorado">commons:Category:History of Colorado</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado counties">Colorado counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado municipalities">Colorado municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colorado" title="Constitution of Colorado">Constitution of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colorado-related_articles" title="Index of Colorado-related articles">Index of Colorado-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Colorado" title="List of counties in Colorado">List of counties in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Colorado">List of governors of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Colorado" title="List of lieutenant governors of Colorado">List of lieutenant governors of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado" title="Outline of Colorado">Outline of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._congressional_delegations_from_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. congressional delegations from Colorado">U.S. congressional delegations from Colorado</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Footprints-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Footprints_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/fossilized-footprints.htm">"Fossilized Footprints"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Park Service">United States National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fossilized+Footprints&rft.pub=United+States+National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fwhsa%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Ffossilized-footprints.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mammoth-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mammoth_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_Strickland2022" class="citation web cs1">Ashley Strickland (August 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/04/world/mammoth-fossils-early-humans-scn/index.html">"Discovery in paleontologist's backyard reveals evidence of North America's early humans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cable_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable News Network">Cable News Network</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+in+paleontologist%27s+backyard+reveals+evidence+of+North+America%27s+early+humans&rft.pub=Cable+News+Network&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft.au=Ashley+Strickland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F08%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmammoth-fossils-early-humans-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Ubbelohde, Duane A. Smith, Maxine Benson: A Colorado History, Pruett Publishing, 2006, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardelús2007" class="citation book cs1">Cardelús, Borja (2007). <i>La huella de España y de la cultura hispana en los Estados Unidos</i> (2nd ed.). Madrid: Centro de Cultura Iberoamericana (CCI). p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788461150366" title="Special:BookSources/9788461150366"><bdi>9788461150366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+huella+de+Espa%C3%B1a+y+de+la+cultura+hispana+en+los+Estados+Unidos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Centro+de+Cultura+Iberoamericana+%28CCI%29&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788461150366&rft.aulast=Cardel%C3%BAs&rft.aufirst=Borja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2008" class="citation book cs1">Torres, Fernando Martínez Láinez, Carlos Canales (2008). <i>Banderas lejanas : la exploración, conquista y defensa por España del territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos</i> (1st ed.). Madrid: Edaf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788441421196" title="Special:BookSources/9788441421196"><bdi>9788441421196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banderas+lejanas+%3A+la+exploraci%C3%B3n%2C+conquista+y+defensa+por+Espa%C3%B1a+del+territorio+de+los+actuales+Estados+Unidos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Edaf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788441421196&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Mart%C3%ADnez+L%C3%A1inez%2C+Carlos+Canales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Lecompte, Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: The Upper Arkansas, 1832-1856, University of Oklahoma Press, 1977, hardcover, 354 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1462-2">0-8061-1462-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArapahoCamp-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArapahoCamp_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_J._Noel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Noel_(historian)" title="Thomas Noel (historian)">Thomas J. Noel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013125031/http://denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp">"Denver History: The Arapaho Camp"</a>. City and County of Denver. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp">the original</a> on 2007-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denver+History%3A+The+Arapaho+Camp&rft.pub=City+and+County+of+Denver&rft.au=Thomas+J.+Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denvergov.org%2FAboutDenver%2Fhistory_narrative_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PikesPeakGold-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PikesPeakGold_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehling,_Richard2006" class="citation web cs1">Gehling, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628172253/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html">"The Pike's Peak Gold Rush"</a>. Richard Gehling. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pike%27s+Peak+Gold+Rush&rft.pub=Richard+Gehling&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Gehling%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FHeartland%2FFalls%2F2000%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kBc4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Provisional Laws and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of Jefferson Territory</i></a>. General Assembly of the Territory of Jefferson. November 28, 1859<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provisional+Laws+and+Joint+Resolutions+of+the+General+Assembly+of+Jefferson+Territory&rft.pub=General+Assembly+of+the+Territory+of+Jefferson&rft.date=1859-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_kBc4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColoradoTerritory-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColoradoTerritory_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/territory.pdf">"An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-sixth United States Congress">Thirty-sixth United States Congress</a>. February 28, 1861<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+to+provide+a+temporary+Government+for+the+Territory+of+Colorado&rft.pub=Thirty-sixth+United+States+Congress&rft.date=1861-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.gov%2Fdpa%2Fdoit%2Farchives%2Fterritory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopel2000" class="citation web cs1">Kopel, Jerry (July 30, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerrykopel.com/b/Colorado-statehood-struggle.htmhttp://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/territory.pdf">"History of how Colorado finally became a state"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+how+Colorado+finally+became+a+state&rft.date=2000-07-30&rft.aulast=Kopel&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerrykopel.com%2Fb%2FColorado-statehood-struggle.htmhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.gov%2Fdpa%2Fdoit%2Farchives%2Fterritory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colorado_Enabling_Act-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colorado_Enabling_Act_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForty-third_United_States_Congress1875" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Forty-third_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-third United States Congress">Forty-third United States Congress</a> (1875-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507151300/http://www.i2i.org/Publications/ColoradoConstitution/cnenable.htm">"An Act to Enable the People of Colorado to Form a Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of the Said State into the Union on an Equal Footing with the Original States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i2i.org/Publications/ColoradoConstitution/cnenable.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span> on 2008-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+to+Enable+the+People+of+Colorado+to+Form+a+Constitution+and+State+Government%2C+and+for+the+Admission+of+the+Said+State+into+the+Union+on+an+Equal+Footing+with+the+Original+States&rft.date=1875-03-03&rft.au=Forty-third+United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i2i.org%2FPublications%2FColoradoConstitution%2Fcnenable.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colorado_Statehood_Proclamation-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colorado_Statehood_Proclamation_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresident_of_the_United_States_of_America1876" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United States of America">President of the United States of America</a> (1876-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70540">"Proclamation of the Admission of Colorado to the Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Php" class="mw-redirect" title="Php">php</a>)</span>. The American Presidency Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+the+Admission+of+Colorado+to+the+Union&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1876-08-01&rft.au=President+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D70540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca J. Mead, <i>How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914</i> (New York University Press, 2004) pp. 53-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Edward Wright, <i>The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado</i> (Yale U.P., 1974) pp. 179-180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteside1990" class="citation book cs1">Whiteside, James (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xRNXSNiEWMC&pg=PR12">"Preface"</a>. <i>Regulating Danger: The Struggle for Mine Safety in the Rocky Mountain Coal Industry</i>. U of Nebraska Press. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803247529" title="Special:BookSources/9780803247529"><bdi>9780803247529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Regulating+Danger%3A+The+Struggle+for+Mine+Safety+in+the+Rocky+Mountain+Coal+Industry&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780803247529&rft.aulast=Whiteside&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xRNXSNiEWMC%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas G. Andrews, <i>Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War</i> (Harvard University Press, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7672738">"Colorado mining divided over molybdenum"</a> article by Jason Blevins in <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a> Last Updated: 12/09/2007 08:06:50 AM MST</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcx.com/news/2007/120407-climax.pdf">"Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. Announces Plans to Restart Climax Molybdenum Mine"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122231359/http://www.fcx.com/news/2007/120407-climax.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a> by <a href="/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan_Copper_%26_Gold_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.">Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.</a> December 4, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7672323">"Many ready to again embrace old path to prosperity"</a> article by Jason Blevins in <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a> Last Updated: 12/09/2007 02:07:37 AM MST</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7672024">"Coalitions build to again keep mining off beloved peak"</a> article by Jason Blevins in <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a> Last Updated: 12/09/2007 02:09:08 AM MST</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonCunninghamNaeser1994" class="citation journal cs1">Larson, Peter B.; Cunningham, Charles G.; Naeser, Charles W. (March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1232421">"Hydrothermal alteration and mass exchange in the hornblende latite porphyry, Rico, Colorado"</a>. <i>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology</i>. <b>116</b> (1–2). Springer: 199–215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CoMP..116..199L">1994CoMP..116..199L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00310700">10.1007/BF00310700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0967">1432-0967</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119090110">119090110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Mineralogy+and+Petrology&rft.atitle=Hydrothermal+alteration+and+mass+exchange+in+the+hornblende+latite+porphyry%2C+Rico%2C+Colorado&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=199-215&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00310700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119090110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1432-0967&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994CoMP..116..199L&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Charles+G.&rft.au=Naeser%2C+Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1232421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7672324">"Divided town weighs promise of jobs vs. peace and quiet"</a> article by Nancy Lofholm in <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a> Last Updated: 12/09/2007 02:07:13 AM MST</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_6024584#ixzz1PW2pv3En"><i>Tuberculosis in Colorado history,</i> The Denver Post, 05/31/2007. Retrieved 2011-06-16 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varnell, pp. 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeese-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeese_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapanikolas1982" class="citation book cs1">Papanikolas, Zeese (1982). <i>Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre</i>. <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803287273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803287273"><bdi>978-0803287273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buried+Unsung%3A+Louis+Tikas+and+the+Ludlow+Massacre&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0803287273&rft.aulast=Papanikolas&rft.aufirst=Zeese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congressional-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congressional_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_Committee_on_Mines_and_Mining,_63rd_United_States_Congress1915" class="citation report cs1">House Committee on Mines and Mining, <a href="/wiki/63rd_United_States_Congress" title="63rd United States Congress">63rd United States Congress</a> (2 March 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117102353/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100339373">Report on the Colorado strike investigation made under House resolution 387, sixty-third Congress, third session</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100339373">the original</a> on 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Colorado+strike+investigation+made+under+House+resolution+387%2C+sixty-third+Congress%2C+third+session&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1915-03-02&rft.au=House+Committee+on+Mines+and+Mining%2C+63rd+United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F100339373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-du.edu-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-du.edu_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225222824/https://www.du.edu/ludlow/cfhist3.html">"Colorado Coal Field War Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a>. 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Fox News Channel. January 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=12+shot+dead%2C+58+wounded+in+Aurora+movie+theater+during+Batman+premier&rft.date=2012-07-21&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2Fnews%2Fci_21124893%2F12-shot-dead-58-wounded-aurora-movie-theater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/marijuana-states-legalized-weed-2016-11">"4 states just voted to make marijuana completely legal — here's what we know"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=4+states+just+voted+to+make+marijuana+completely+legal+%E2%80%94+here%27s+what+we+know&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmarijuana-states-legalized-weed-2016-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19.colorado.gov/data/case-data">"COVID-19 data | Colorado COVID-19 Updates"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COVID-19+data+%26%23124%3B+Colorado+COVID-19+Updates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcovid19.colorado.gov%2Fdata%2Fcase-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19.colorado.gov/data">"COVID-19 data, Colorado Department of Health & Environment |"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COVID-19+data%2C+Colorado+Department+of+Health+%26+Environment+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcovid19.colorado.gov%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Noel, Thomas J., and Carol Zuber-Mallison. <i>Colorado: A Historical Atlas</i> (2nd edition 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000noel">online</a></li> <li>Abbott, Carl, et al. <i>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</i>, 2005, textbook; 553 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87081-800-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87081-800-7">0-87081-800-7</a></li> <li>Andrews, Thomas G. <i>Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War</i> (Harvard University Press, 2008).</li> <li>Andrews, Thomas G. " 'Made by toile'? Tourism, labor, and the construction of the Colorado landscape, 1858–1917." <i>Journal of American History</i> 92.3 (2005): 837–863. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3659970">online</a></li> <li>Athearn, Robert G. <i>Rebel of the Rockies: A History of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad.</i> 1962.</li> <li>Baker, James H., and Leroy R. Hafen, eds. <i>History of Colorado.</i> 5 vol State Historical Society of Colorado, 1927, with many short biographical sketches</li> <li>Bancroft, Hubert Howe, <i>History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888</i> (1890) 828 pages; famous classic; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oOgNAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:colorado&pg=PA1">online edition</a></li> <li>Belew, Ryan, and John L. Rury. "Inequality in the American West: schooling at a Colorado coal camp in the early twentieth century." <i>History of Education</i> 51.5 (2022): 649–669.</li> <li>Berwanger, Eugene W. <i>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76,</i> (2007) 208 pages</li> <li>Bruno, Jasmine E., María E. Fernández-Giménez, and Meena M. Balgopal. "Identity theory in agriculture: Understanding how social-ecological shifts affect livestock ranchers and farmers in northeastern Colorado." <i>Journal Of Rural Studies</i> 94 (2022): 204–217. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016722001516">online</a></li> <li>Carber Jr, Frank H. "Colorado Volunteers: Why They Joined to Fight in the Civil War." <i>The Springs Graduate History Journal</i> 3.1 (2022): 47–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thespringsjournal.uccs.edu/index.php/tsghj/article/download/86/55">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701031313/https://thespringsjournal.uccs.edu/index.php/tsghj/article/download/86/55">Archived</a> 2023-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cassels, E. Steve. <i>The Archeology of Colorado.</i> Boulder: Johnson Books, 1983</li> <li>Collier, Grant, and Joseph Collier. <i>Colorado Yesterday and Today</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdv6vUeHdv8C&dq=History+of+colorado&pg=PR8">online</a></li> <li>Collins, Richard, and Dale Oesterle. <i>The Colorado State Constitution</i> (Oxford University Press, 2020).</li> <li>Cronin, Thomas E. and Robert D. Loevy. <i>Colorado Politics & Government: Governing the Centennial State,</i> (1993)</li> <li>Ellis, Elmer. <i>Henry Moore Teller: Defender of the West.</i> (1941).</li> <li>Ellis, Richard N., and Duane A. Smith. <i>Colorado: A History in Photographs.</i> (1991).</li> <li>Gulliford, Andrew. <i>Boomtown Blues: Colorado Oil Shale, 1885-1985.</i> 1989.</li> <li>Hafen, Le Roy R. <i>Colorado: The Story of a Western Commonwealth.</i> 1933.</li> <li>Hogan, Richard. <i>Class and Community in Frontier Colorado.</i> 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orKqEAAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+colorado&pg=PR8">online</a></li> <li>Junne Jr, George H. "The Modern Civil Rights Movement in Colorado." in <i>Black Americans and the Civil Rights Movement in the West</i> (2019): 107+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sL6GDwAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+colorado&pg=PA107">online</a>.</li> <li>Lamm, Richard D., and Duane A. Smith. <i>Pioneers and Politicians: 10 Colorado Governors in Profile.</i> 1981. popular</li> <li>Lecompte, Janet. <i>Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: The Upper Arkansas, 1832-1856</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oupress.com/">University of Oklahoma Press</a>, 1977, hardcover, 354 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1462-2">0-8061-1462-2</a></li> <li>Lorch, Robert S. <i>Colorado's Government.</i> 5th ed. 1991. textbook</li> <li>Ormes, Robert M. <i>Guide to the Colorado Mountains.</i> 7th ed. 1979.</li> <li>Parsons, Eugene. <i>The Making of Colorado: A Historical Sketch</i> (1908) 324 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingcoloradoa00parsgoog/page/n17">online edition</a></li> <li>Philpott, William. <i>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country</i> (University of Washington Press; 2013) 488 pages; the post 1945 transformation of a once isolated and little-visited region into a major ski and tourist destination</li> <li>Radelet, Michael. <i>The history of the death penalty in Colorado</i> (University Press of Colorado, 2017).</li> <li>Rohrbough, Malcolm J. <i>Aspen: The History of a Silver Mining Town, 1879-1893.</i> 1986. scholarly study</li> <li>Scamehorn, Lee. <i>High Altitude Energy: A History of Fossil Fuels in Colorado</i> (2002)</li> <li>Scamehorn, Lee. <i>Mill & Mine: The Cf&I in the Twentieth Century</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/millminecfiintwe0000scam">online</a></li> <li>Schulte, Steven C. <i>Wayne Aspinall and the Shaping of the American West</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wayneaspinallsha0000schu">online</a></li> <li>Schulten, Susan. "The Civil War and the Origins of the Colorado Territory," <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i> (Spring 2013) 44#1 pp 21–46.</li> <li>Sheflin, Douglas. <i>Legacies of Dust: Land Use and Labor on the Colorado Plains</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYeRDwAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+colorado&pg=PR9">online</a></li> <li>Smith, Duane A. <i>The Trail of Gold and Silver: Mining in Colorado, 1859–2009</i> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2009. xiv, 282 pp.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-957-5">978-0-87081-957-5</a></li> <li>Smith, Duane A. <i>Henry M. Teller: Colorado's Grand Old Man,</i> 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sprague" title="Marshall Sprague">Sprague, Marshall</a>. <i>Money Mountain: The Story of Cripple Creek Gold</i> (1979)</li> <li>Ubbelohde, Carl, Maxine Benson, and Duane Smith. <i>A Colorado History.</i> 8th ed. 2001. textbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloradohistory0000ubbe">online</a></li> <li>Varnell, Jeanne. <i>Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame</i>, Johnson Press, Boulder, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55566-214-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55566-214-5">1-55566-214-5</a>.</li> <li>Varsanyi, Monica W. "Hispanic racialization, citizenship, and the Colorado border blockade of 1936." <i>Journal of American Ethnic History</i> 40.1 (2020): 5-39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jaeh/article-abstract/40/1/5/228918">online</a></li> <li>Wei, William. <i>Becoming Colorado: The Centennial State in 100 Objects</i> (University Press of Colorado, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zZCEAAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+colorado&pg=PT13">online</a>.</li> <li>Wiatrowski, Claude. <i>Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites</i>, Voyageur Press, 2002, 160 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89658-591-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89658-591-3">0-89658-591-3</a></li> <li>Wickens, James F. "The Depression and New Deal in Colorado," in John Braeman et al. eds. <i>The New Deal: Volume Two - the State and Local Levels</i> (1975) pp 269–310</li> <li>Wright, James Edward. <i>The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado.</i> (1974). on 1890s</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyckoff,_William1999" class="citation book cs1">Wyckoff, William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aO2jDaNhHmoC"><i>Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860-1940</i></a>. Yale UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300071183" title="Special:BookSources/0300071183"><bdi>0300071183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Colorado%3A+The+Making+of+a+Western+American+Landscape%2C+1860-1940&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0300071183&rft.au=Wyckoff%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaO2jDaNhHmoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Colorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zappia, Natale A. <i>Traders and raiders: The Indigenous world of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859</i> (UNC Press Books, 2014).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ubbelohde, Carl, ed. <i>A Colorado Reader</i> (2nd ed 1964)</li> <li>Fossett, Frank. <i>Colorado: A Historical, Descriptive and Statistical Work on the Rocky Mountain Gold and Silver Mining Region</i> (1878) 470 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloradoahistor00fossgoog/page/n147">online edition</a></li> <li>Fossett, Frank. <i>Colorado, Its Gold and Silver Mines: Farms and Stock Ranges, and Health and Pleasure Resorts</i> (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloradoitsgold00fossgoog">online edition</a></li> <li>Parsons, Eugene. <i>A Guidebook to Colorado</i> (1911) 390 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aguidebooktocol00parsgoog/page/n252">online edition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.gov/">State of Colorado website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycolorado.org/">History Colorado website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/colorado-state-guide">Colorado State Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colorado" title="Template:Colorado"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colorado" title="Template talk:Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado" title="Outline of Colorado">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Colorado" title="Bibliography of Colorado">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colorado-related_articles" title="Index of Colorado-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado" title="Outline of Colorado">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Colorado" title="Climate change in Colorado">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Colorado" title="List of colleges and universities in Colorado">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Colorado" title="List of people from Colorado">Coloradans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_lands_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal lands in Colorado">Federal lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colorado" title="Geography of Colorado">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colorado" title="Government of Colorado">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Register of Historic Places in Colorado">Historic places</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colorado" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Colorado">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_reservations_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Native American reservations in Colorado">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Colorado" title="Law of Colorado">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado-related_lists" title="List of Colorado-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_installations_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military installations in Colorado">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Colorado" title="List of mountain peaks of Colorado">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Colorado" title="List of municipalities in Colorado">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Colorado" title="List of museums in Colorado">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_forests_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national forests in Colorado">National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Park_System_areas_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Park System areas in Colorado">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology_in_Colorado" title="Paleontology in Colorado">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">Prehistoric sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Colorado" title="List of protected areas of Colorado">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado_railroads" title="List of Colorado railroads">Railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Colorado" title="List of rivers of Colorado">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Colorado" title="History of slavery in Colorado">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_areas_in_Colorado" title="List of statistical areas in Colorado">Statistical areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado_state_symbols" title="List of Colorado state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Colorado" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Colorado">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of populated places in Colorado">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trails_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trails in Colorado">Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Colorado" title="Transportation in Colorado">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_wildernesses_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national wildernesses in Colorado">Wildernesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colorado" title="Abortion in Colorado">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Colorado" title="Crime in Colorado">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Culture" title="Colorado">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Demographics" title="Colorado">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colorado" title="Economy of Colorado">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Education" title="Colorado">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Colorado" title="Gun laws in Colorado">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Colorado" title="Homelessness in Colorado">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Colorado">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colorado" title="Politics of Colorado">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Religion" title="Colorado">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Colorado" title="Sports in Colorado">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Colorado" title="List of municipalities in Colorado">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado" title="Alamosa, Colorado">Alamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvada,_Colorado" title="Arvada, Colorado">Arvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk,_Colorado" title="Black Hawk, Colorado">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Colorado" title="Brighton, Colorado">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomfield,_Colorado" title="Broomfield, Colorado">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush,_Colorado" title="Brush, Colorado">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Colorado" title="Burlington, Colorado">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_City,_Colorado" title="Cañon City, Colorado">Cañon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Pines,_Colorado" title="Castle Pines, Colorado">Castle Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial,_Colorado" title="Centennial, Colorado">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_City,_Colorado" title="Central City, Colorado">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hills_Village,_Colorado" title="Cherry Hills Village, Colorado">Cherry Hills Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_City,_Colorado" title="Commerce City, Colorado">Commerce City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado" title="Cortez, Colorado">Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig,_Colorado" title="Craig, Colorado">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek,_Colorado" title="Cripple Creek, Colorado">Cripple Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacono,_Colorado" title="Dacono, Colorado">Dacono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta,_Colorado" title="Delta, Colorado">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango,_Colorado" title="Durango, Colorado">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Colorado" title="Edgewater, Colorado">Edgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englewood,_Colorado" title="Englewood, Colorado">Englewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans,_Colorado" title="Evans, Colorado">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Heights,_Colorado" title="Federal Heights, Colorado">Federal Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Colorado" title="Florence, Colorado">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lupton,_Colorado" title="Fort Lupton, Colorado">Fort Lupton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Morgan,_Colorado" title="Fort Morgan, Colorado">Fort Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain,_Colorado" title="Fountain, Colorado">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruita,_Colorado" title="Fruita, Colorado">Fruita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Colorado" title="Glendale, Colorado">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado" title="Glenwood Springs, Colorado">Glenwood Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden,_Colorado" title="Golden, Colorado">Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado" title="Grand Junction, Colorado">Grand Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado" title="Greeley, Colorado">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Village,_Colorado" title="Greenwood Village, Colorado">Greenwood Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnison,_Colorado" title="Gunnison, Colorado">Gunnison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Colorado" title="Holyoke, Colorado">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Springs,_Colorado" title="Idaho Springs, Colorado">Idaho Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta,_Colorado" title="La Junta, Colorado">La Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Colorado" title="Lafayette, Colorado">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Colorado" title="Lakewood, Colorado">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Colorado" title="Lamar, Colorado">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Animas,_Colorado" title="Las Animas, Colorado">Las Animas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado" title="Leadville, Colorado">Leadville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton,_Colorado" title="Littleton, Colorado">Littleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Tree,_Colorado" title="Lone Tree, Colorado">Lone Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmont,_Colorado" title="Longmont, Colorado">Longmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Colorado" title="Louisville, Colorado">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveland,_Colorado" title="Loveland, Colorado">Loveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou_Springs,_Colorado" title="Manitou Springs, Colorado">Manitou Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Vista,_Colorado" title="Monte Vista, Colorado">Monte Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Colorado" title="Montrose, Colorado">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northglenn,_Colorado" title="Northglenn, Colorado">Northglenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouray,_Colorado" title="Ouray, Colorado">Ouray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle,_Colorado" title="Rifle, Colorado">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Ford,_Colorado" title="Rocky Ford, Colorado">Rocky Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salida,_Colorado" title="Salida, Colorado">Salida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan,_Colorado" title="Sheridan, Colorado">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboat_Springs,_Colorado" title="Steamboat Springs, Colorado">Steamboat Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Colorado" title="Sterling, Colorado">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton,_Colorado" title="Thornton, Colorado">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor,_Colorado" title="Victor, Colorado">Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado" title="Walsenburg, Colorado">Walsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster,_Colorado" title="Westminster, Colorado">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Ridge,_Colorado" title="Wheat Ridge, Colorado">Wheat Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Park,_Colorado" title="Woodland Park, Colorado">Woodland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wray,_Colorado" title="Wray, Colorado">Wray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Colorado" title="Yuma, Colorado">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Colorado" title="List of counties in Colorado">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Colorado" title="Adams County, Colorado">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamosa_County,_Colorado" title="Alamosa County, Colorado">Alamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapahoe_County,_Colorado" title="Arapahoe County, Colorado">Arapahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archuleta_County,_Colorado" title="Archuleta County, Colorado">Archuleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baca_County,_Colorado" title="Baca County, Colorado">Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_County,_Colorado" title="Bent County, Colorado">Bent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_County,_Colorado" title="Boulder County, Colorado">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomfield,_Colorado" title="Broomfield, Colorado">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaffee_County,_Colorado" title="Chaffee County, Colorado">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_County,_Colorado" title="Cheyenne County, Colorado">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Creek_County,_Colorado" title="Clear Creek County, Colorado">Clear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conejos_County,_Colorado" title="Conejos County, Colorado">Conejos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costilla_County,_Colorado" title="Costilla County, Colorado">Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowley_County,_Colorado" title="Crowley County, Colorado">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Colorado" title="Custer County, Colorado">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_County,_Colorado" title="Delta County, Colorado">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_County,_Colorado" title="Dolores County, Colorado">Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Colorado" title="Douglas County, Colorado">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_County,_Colorado" title="Eagle County, Colorado">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado" title="El Paso County, Colorado">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_County,_Colorado" title="Elbert County, Colorado">Elbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado" title="Fremont County, Colorado">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_County,_Colorado" title="Garfield County, Colorado">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilpin_County,_Colorado" title="Gilpin County, Colorado">Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_County,_Colorado" title="Grand County, Colorado">Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnison_County,_Colorado" title="Gunnison County, Colorado">Gunnison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinsdale_County,_Colorado" title="Hinsdale County, Colorado">Hinsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huerfano_County,_Colorado" title="Huerfano County, Colorado">Huerfano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Colorado" title="Jackson County, Colorado">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Colorado" title="Jefferson County, Colorado">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_County,_Colorado" title="Kiowa County, Colorado">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson_County,_Colorado" title="Kit Carson County, Colorado">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_County,_Colorado" title="La Plata County, Colorado">La Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Colorado" title="Lake County, Colorado">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimer_County,_Colorado" title="Larimer County, Colorado">Larimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Animas_County,_Colorado" title="Las Animas County, Colorado">Las Animas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Colorado" title="Lincoln County, Colorado">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Colorado" title="Logan County, Colorado">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_County,_Colorado" title="Mesa County, Colorado">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_County,_Colorado" title="Mineral County, Colorado">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moffat_County,_Colorado" title="Moffat County, Colorado">Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma_County,_Colorado" title="Montezuma County, Colorado">Montezuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_County,_Colorado" title="Montrose County, Colorado">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Colorado" title="Morgan County, Colorado">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otero_County,_Colorado" title="Otero County, Colorado">Otero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouray_County,_Colorado" title="Ouray County, Colorado">Ouray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_County,_Colorado" title="Park County, Colorado">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_County,_Colorado" title="Phillips County, Colorado">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitkin_County,_Colorado" title="Pitkin County, Colorado">Pitkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prowers_County,_Colorado" title="Prowers County, Colorado">Prowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_County,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo County, Colorado">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Blanco_County,_Colorado" title="Rio Blanco County, Colorado">Rio Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_County,_Colorado" title="Rio Grande County, Colorado">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routt_County,_Colorado" title="Routt County, Colorado">Routt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguache_County,_Colorado" title="Saguache County, Colorado">Saguache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_County,_Colorado" title="San Juan County, Colorado">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_County,_Colorado" title="San Miguel County, Colorado">San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedgwick_County,_Colorado" title="Sedgwick County, Colorado">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_County,_Colorado" title="Summit County, Colorado">Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_County,_Colorado" title="Teller County, Colorado">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Colorado" title="Washington County, Colorado">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weld_County,_Colorado" title="Weld County, Colorado">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_County,_Colorado" title="Yuma County, Colorado">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Colorado" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Colorado" title="Central Colorado">Central Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Plains" title="Eastern Plains">Eastern Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Mineral_Belt" title="Colorado Mineral Belt">Colorado Mineral Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Piedmont" title="Colorado Piedmont">Colorado Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Western_Slope" title="Colorado Western Slope">Colorado Western Slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_metropolitan_area" title="Denver metropolitan area">Denver Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Range_Urban_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Range Urban Corridor">Front Range Urban Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Colorado_Urban_Area" title="North Central Colorado Urban Area">North Central Colorado Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Colorado" title="Northwestern Colorado">Northwestern Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Central_Colorado" title="South-Central Colorado">South-Central Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Colorado_Urban_Area" title="South Central Colorado Urban Area">South Central Colorado Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Southern Rocky Mountains">Southern Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Colorado" title="Southwest Colorado">Southwest Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colorado" title="Portal:Colorado">Colorado portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the Ancients">Trail of the Ancients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Spain" title="Template:New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain" title="Template talk:New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1521–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Seven Years' War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with indigenous<br />peoples during colonial rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma Massacre">Acoma Massacre</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Revolt">Pima Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />government<br />and<br /> administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philp III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after Louis I</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viceroys of New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General">Captancies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indendancies of New Spain">Intendancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Gobernaciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor (position)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />cities,<br />provinces,<br />and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_(city)" title="San Luis Potosí (city)">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California#First_Spanish_pueblo_in_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">Nueva Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers,<br />adventurers and<br />conquistadors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-New Spain<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and<br /><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br />in New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions<br />in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Spanish missions in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Spanish missions in Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Spanish missions in the Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish missions in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Spanish missions in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions in Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friars, fathers,<br />priests, and bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Gante" title="Pedro de Gante">Pedro de Gante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga" title="Juan de Zumárraga">Juan de Zumárraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Alonso de Montúfar">Alonso de Montúfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Mendieta" title="Gerónimo de Mendieta">Gerónimo de Mendieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_T%C3%A1pis" title="Esteban Tápis">Esteban Tápis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Paula_Se%C3%B1an" title="José Francisco de Paula Señan">José Francisco de Paula Señan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Paieres_i_Borr%C3%A0s" title="Marià Paieres i Borràs">Mariano Payeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Sebastián Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ayeta" title="Francisco de Ayeta">Francisco de Ayeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Margil" title="Antonio Margil">Antonio Margil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Abad_y_Queipo" title="Manuel Abad y Queipo">Manuel Abad y Queipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoamerican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">P'urhépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica (Southwest US)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee" title="Acaxee">Acaxee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">Indigenous people during De Soto's travels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jororo">Jororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yustaga" title="Yustaga">Yustaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Peoples of Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Colonial_architecture_by_country" title="Category:Spanish Colonial architecture by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Spanish Empire">Colonial Baroque style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonial_fortifications" title="Category:Spanish colonial fortifications">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish missions in the Americas">Missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Pardos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Forts_in_Colorado" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forts_in_Colorado" title="Template:Forts in Colorado"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forts_in_Colorado" title="Template talk:Forts in Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forts_in_Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forts in Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Forts_in_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts">Forts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Colorado" title="List of forts in Colorado">List of forts in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts and<br />civilian forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_New_Fort" title="Bent's New Fort">Bent's New Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Old_Fort_National_Historic_Site" title="Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site">Bent's Old Fort</a> (Fort William)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pueblo_(Pueblo,_Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Pueblo (Pueblo, Colorado)">El Pueblo</a> (Fort Pueblo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davy_Crockett" title="Fort Davy Crockett">Fort Davy Crockett</a> (Fort Misery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Huerfano" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Huerfano">Fort Huerfano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Colorado)" title="Fort Jackson (Colorado)">Fort Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Le_Duc" title="Fort Le Duc">Fort Le Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lupton_(Colorado)" title="Fort Lupton (Colorado)">Fort Lupton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mary_B" title="Fort Mary B">Fort Mary B</a> (Fort Meribeh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Namaqua" title="Fort Namaqua">Fort Namaqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain" title="Fort Saint Vrain">Fort Saint Vrain</a> (Fort George)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Uncompahgre" title="Fort Uncompahgre">Fort Uncompahgre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Vasquez" title="Fort Vasquez">Fort Vasquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wicked" title="Fort Wicked">Fort Wicked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Fort">Francisco Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_Fort" title="Milk Fort">Milk Fort</a> (Fort Leche)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pueblo_Massacre" title="Fort Pueblo Massacre">Fort Pueblo Massacre</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ranch_massacre" title="American Ranch massacre">American Ranch massacre</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. and Spanish<br />military forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Extinct or museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Collins" title="Camp Collins">Camp Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford_(Colorado)" title="Fort Crawford (Colorado)">Fort Crawford</a> (Cantonment at Uncompahgre)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Garland" title="Fort Garland">Fort Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lewis (Colorado)">Fort Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Logan_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Logan (Colorado)">Fort Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lyon" title="Fort Lyon">Fort Lyon</a> (Fort Wise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Massachusetts_(Colorado)" title="Fort Massachusetts (Colorado)">Fort Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Morgan_(Colorado)" title="Fort Morgan (Colorado)">Fort Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Reynolds_(Colorado)" title="Fort Reynolds (Colorado)">Fort Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sedgwick" title="Fort Sedgwick">Fort Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fort_(Colorado)" title="Spanish Fort (Colorado)">Spanish Fort</a> (Fort Sangre de Cristo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Weld" title="Fort Weld">Fort Weld</a> (Camp Weld)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Carson" title="Fort Carson">Fort Carson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Carson#Camp_Carson" title="Fort Carson">Camp Carson</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">National cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Logan_National_Cemetery" title="Fort Logan National Cemetery">Fort Logan National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lyon_National_Cemetery" title="Fort Lyon National Cemetery">Fort Lyon National Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg" title="Battle of Julesburg">Battle of Julesburg</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_campaign" title="Comanche campaign">Comanche campaign</a> (1867–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Summit_Springs" title="Battle of Summit Springs">Battle of Summit Springs</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a> (1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">List of mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Stockade" title="Pike's Stockade">Pike's Stockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_trails_of_Colorado_sidebar" title="Template:Historical trails of Colorado sidebar">Historical trails of Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Colorado" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Colorado" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in Colorado"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Colorado" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">National Register of Historic Places in Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_county:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">By county</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Adams_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Adams County, Colorado">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alamosa_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alamosa County, Colorado">Alamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arapahoe_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arapahoe County, Colorado">Arapahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Archuleta_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Archuleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Baca_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Bent_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Bent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boulder_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Boulder County, Colorado">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#City_and_County_of_Broomfield" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chaffee_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chaffee County, Colorado">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Cheyenne_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clear_Creek_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clear Creek County, Colorado">Clear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Conejos_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Conejos County, Colorado">Conejos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Costilla_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Costilla County, Colorado">Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Crowley_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Custer_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delta_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delta County, Colorado">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Denver" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Dolores_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Douglas_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Douglas County, Colorado">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Eagle_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Eagle County, Colorado">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_El_Paso_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in El Paso County, Colorado">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Elbert_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Elbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fremont_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fremont County, Colorado">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Garfield_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Garfield County, Colorado">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Gilpin_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grand_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado">Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gunnison_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gunnison County, Colorado">Gunnison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hinsdale_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hinsdale County, Colorado">Hinsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Huerfano_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Huerfano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Jackson_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Colorado">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Kiowa_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Kit_Carson_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_La_Plata_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in La Plata County, Colorado">La Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, Colorado">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Larimer_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado">Larimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Las_Animas_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Las Animas County, Colorado">Las Animas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Lincoln_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Logan_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Logan County, Colorado">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mesa_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mesa County, Colorado">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Mineral_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Moffat_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Moffat County, Colorado">Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montezuma_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montezuma County, Colorado">Montezuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montrose_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montrose County, Colorado">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Morgan_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Morgan County, Colorado">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Otero_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Otero County, Colorado">Otero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Ouray_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Ouray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Park_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Park County, Colorado">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Phillips_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pitkin_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pitkin County, Colorado">Pitkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prowers_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Prowers County, Colorado">Prowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pueblo_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pueblo County, Colorado">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rio_Blanco_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rio Blanco County, Colorado">Rio Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rio_Grande_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rio Grande County, Colorado">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Routt_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Routt County, Colorado">Routt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Saguache_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Saguache County, Colorado">Saguache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_San_Juan_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in San Juan County, Colorado">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#San_Miguel_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Sedgwick_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Summit_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Summit County, Colorado">Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Teller_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Teller County, Colorado">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Washington_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Weld_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Weld County, Colorado">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado#Yuma_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=History_of_Colorado&params=38.9972_N_105.5478_W_dim:300000_region:region:US-CO_type:adm1st&title=Geometric+center+of+the+State+of+Colorado"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°32′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.9972°N 105.5478°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.9972; -105.5478</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Geometric center of the State of 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