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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Statewide coal strike in Colorado during 1927–1928</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Wars" title="Coal Wars">Coal Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_Coal_Workers_Striking_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Colorado_Coal_Workers_Striking_1927.jpg/370px-Colorado_Coal_Workers_Striking_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Colorado_Coal_Workers_Striking_1927.jpg/555px-Colorado_Coal_Workers_Striking_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Colorado_Coal_Workers_Striking_1927.jpg/740px-Colorado_Coal_Workers_Striking_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="655" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">October 18, 1927 - May, 1928</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Union victory, $1/day wage increase</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron" title="Colorado Fuel and Iron">Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Fuel_Company" title="Rocky Mountain Fuel Company">Rocky Mountain Fuel Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Rangers" title="Colorado Rangers">Colorado Rangers Police</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p>Kristin Svanum <br /> <a href="/wiki/A._S._Embree" title="A. S. Embree">A. S. Embree</a> <br /> Adam Bell; <br /> <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Milka_Sablich" title="Amelia Milka Sablich">Amelia Milka Sablich</a> </p> </div> <div> <p>Jesse F. Welborn;<br /> Louis Scherf </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <b>Deaths</b>: 8 killed<br /><b>Injured</b>: ~20<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b>Arrests</b>: +10</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <b>Deaths</b>:</div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid">Original basic wages before the strike were $6.27/day<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Coal_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Coal Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Coal_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Coal Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Coal_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Coal Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coal_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Coal_Wars" title="Coal Wars">Coal Wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1870s – 1900s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_miners%27_strike_of_1873" title="Coal miners' strike of 1873">Mahoning Valley strike</a> 1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morewood_massacre" title="Morewood massacre">Morewood massacre</a> 1891</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal_miners%27_strike_of_1894" title="Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894">Bituminous coal strike</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattimer_massacre" title="Lattimer massacre">Lattimer massacre</a> 1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_coal_wars" title="Illinois coal wars">Illinois coal wars</a> 1898–1900 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Virden" title="Battle of Virden">Battle of Virden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pana_riot" title="Pana riot">Pana riot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carterville_Mine_Riot" title="Carterville Mine Riot">Carterville Mine Riot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_coal_strike_of_1902" title="Anthracite coal strike of 1902">Anthracite coal strike</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_County_Strike" title="Carbon County Strike">Carbon county strike</a> 1903–04</li></ul> <dl><dt>1910s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County_coal_strike_of_1910%E2%80%931911" title="Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911">Westmoreland strike</a> 1910–11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_Creek%E2%80%93Cabin_Creek_strike_of_1912" title="Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912">Paint Creek mine war</a> 1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a> 1913–14 (<a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre" title="Ludlow Massacre">Ludlow Massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War#The_10-Day_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">The 10-Day War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford_coal_mine_riot" title="Hartford coal mine riot">Hartford coal mine riot</a> 1914</li></ul> <dl><dt>1920s – 1930s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_coal_wars" title="West Virginia coal wars">West Virginia coal wars</a> 1912–21 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matewan" title="Battle of Matewan">Battle of Matewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Alabama_coal_strike" title="1920 Alabama coal strike">Alabama miners' strike</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMW_General_coal_strike_(1922)" title="UMW General coal strike (1922)">UMW General Coal Strike</a> 1922 (<a href="/wiki/Herrin_massacre" title="Herrin massacre">Herrin massacre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Indiana_bituminous_strike" title="1927 Indiana bituminous strike">Indiana bituminous strike</a> 1927</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado Coal Strike</a> 1927–28 (<a href="/wiki/Columbine_Mine_massacre" title="Columbine Mine massacre">Columbine Mine massacre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_County_War" title="Harlan County War">Harlan County War</a> 1931–1939 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evarts" title="Battle of Evarts">Battle of Evarts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike</b> was a spreading strike, spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg1963_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg1963-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact number of workers involved is unclear due to the nature of the strike. However, it shutdown nearly all of Colorado's coal mines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strike">Strike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWW_Strike_Agitator_Leaders_in_front_of_IWW_Hall,_Walsenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/IWW_Strike_Agitator_Leaders_in_front_of_IWW_Hall%2C_Walsenburg.jpg/310px-IWW_Strike_Agitator_Leaders_in_front_of_IWW_Hall%2C_Walsenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/IWW_Strike_Agitator_Leaders_in_front_of_IWW_Hall%2C_Walsenburg.jpg/465px-IWW_Strike_Agitator_Leaders_in_front_of_IWW_Hall%2C_Walsenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/IWW_Strike_Agitator_Leaders_in_front_of_IWW_Hall%2C_Walsenburg.jpg/620px-IWW_Strike_Agitator_Leaders_in_front_of_IWW_Hall%2C_Walsenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>1. Nick Mavroganis; 2. Frank Mendas; 3. A. S. Embree; 4. Alberto Martinez; 5. Tom Garcia; 6. Nenesio Adillo; 7. John Maes; 8. unnamed; 9. Paul A. Sidler; 10. John Mariega; 11. A. K. Payne; 12. Gumersindo Ruiz; 13. Walter Chatterbock; 14. Jose Villa. Embree figures prominently in the CF&I spies’ reports, and Sidler/Seidler was a key strike leader who'd been jailed in World War I as a suspected German spy, according to the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron" title="Colorado Fuel and Iron">CF&I</a> memo.</figcaption></figure> <p>The strike has its immediate beginnings in 1927 when the IWW called for a three-day nationwide walkout to protest the execution of <a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196371_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196371-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the United Mine Workers predicted the IWW's walkout would fail in Colorado, Sheriff Harry Capps of Huerfano County commented that "fully two-thirds of the miners in the <a href="/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado" title="Walsenburg, Colorado">[Walsenburg]</a> district [are] members of the I.W.W."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the walkout occurred on August 8, 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of a total 1,167 miners, 1,132 stayed off the job, and only 35 went to work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under threat of injunction, the IWW leaders felt they'd demonstrated success, and they persuaded the miners to return to work one day early.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conlin wrote, "The tactical decision of the Wobblies was to give ground on this occasion to intensify organizing efforts for a statewide strike."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organizing proceeded apace. In one mine, the Supervisor went to work one morning and discovered "Wobbly stickers pasted on every timber and cross beam in the place."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200531_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis200531-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IWW leader Kristin Svanum met in a mass meeting with 187 delegates from 43 of the state's 125 mines to work out the miners' demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196373_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196373-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a132_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Solidarity">Industrial Solidarity</a></i> declared, "These mass meetings [are] to be the legislative bodies of the strikers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rank and file miners were given full veto power over every aspect of the pending strike. The miners elected a General Strike Committee, which had the power to appoint all other committees,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only miners eligible for committee membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Wobbly organizers conducted the meetings, they had no vote in the miners' decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wobblies were careful that the strike demands reflected only the immediate needs of the workers, rather than long range goals of the IWW.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perceptions expressed in the IWW Preamble coincided with the Colorado miners' personal experiences with capitalism, and also with their feelings about the United Mine Workers union which since 1914 had seemed to ignore their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All national groupings were represented on the General Strike Committee—"Mexican, Slav, Spanish, Greek, Anglo, Italian, and Negro."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were so many different nationalities in the coal towns of Colorado due to corporate recruitment policy. After the coal strike of 1903–04, the companies intentionally recruited replacement miners who would have social, cultural, and language barriers to overcome before they could unite with other miners to form unions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981195_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981195-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987112–114_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987112–114-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the IWW, always the champion of the immigrant and the ethnic worker, had readily overcome such challenges as early as the <a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 Lawrence Textile Strike">1912 Lawrence Textile Strike</a>. </p><p>'Docile' immigrant workers may have been a boon to industry, but invariably, such workers were ruthlessly exploited. In the mines, yesterday's perplexed new arrival often became today's militant unionist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987113_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987113-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigrants aroused by injustice became targets. The Colorado newspapers railed against foreign workers and, alternately, an alleged foreign, or a lower class philosophy. For example, IWW leaders were called "tramps with their pants pressed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a136_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Denver Morning Post</i> criticized the strikers' spelling, their speech, their dress, their personal hygiene, and their values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a136_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IWW responded by promoting international and ethnic solidarity. Organizers with Spanish surnames played a vital role. The more loudly the coal operators objected, the quicker the Wobbly message circulated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IWW was careful to follow the minutiae of Colorado law related to the pending strike, in an effort to keep the focus on the miners, rather than on the IWW itself. Nonetheless, the State Industrial Commission declared the pending strike illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision angered even established labor organizations who had not supported the strike up to that point. They considered it an affront to all of organized labor in Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Demands_of_IWW_in_the_Coal_Mines_of_Colorado.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Demands_of_IWW_in_the_Coal_Mines_of_Colorado.png/283px-Demands_of_IWW_in_the_Coal_Mines_of_Colorado.png" decoding="async" width="283" height="487" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Demands_of_IWW_in_the_Coal_Mines_of_Colorado.png/425px-Demands_of_IWW_in_the_Coal_Mines_of_Colorado.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Demands_of_IWW_in_the_Coal_Mines_of_Colorado.png/566px-Demands_of_IWW_in_the_Coal_Mines_of_Colorado.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>IWW organizers were arrested, beaten, and robbed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196376–77_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196376–77-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proclamations were passed by at least six city councils ordering the IWW to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200–201_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200–201-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IWW union halls were wrecked. Strike preparations proceeded unabated, and strike votes were held throughout the state. In Lafayette, so many people arrived at the meeting hall to endorse the pending strike that the vote was moved to the football field, and conducted under the headlights of trucks. The <i>Denver Post</i> estimated that 4,000 attended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196376–77_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196376–77-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the coal companies, the state, and many local communities, the United Mine Workers came out publicly against the pending strike. But the strike was called in spite of the opposition, and miners walked on October 18, 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-:1b_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike then continued to spread across the state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two weeks of the Wobbly led strike, 113 Colorado coal mines had closed, and just 12 mines remained open.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Conlin declared it the most successful strike in Colorado's history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coal companies offered a non-negotiated pay increase of sixty-eight cents per day. This offer did not disrupt the strikers' motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 26, the Colorado Governor criticized the strike and called it illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With IWW guidance, the General Strike Committee instructed the miners to commit no violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike saw auto caravans of five hundred strikers traveling in more than a hundred vehicles, touring struck communities to dispense donated food and other provisions. This not only spread the strike, it kept up the strikers' morale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196379_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196379-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All participants were searched by their leaders for liquor or firearms before each activity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conlin quotes McClurg to observe that "Laws were broken, but selectively and with care."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of Colorado banned picketing, but miners voted in mass meetings to ignore the state's ban.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colorado law outlawed red flags such as those long flown by the IWW, so the strikers carried American flags.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a further declaration of non-violent intent, the IWW admonished strikers, "If anyone is going to be killed, let it be one of our men first."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes,_marching_strikers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg/369px-Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg" decoding="async" width="369" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg/554px-Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg/738px-Colorado_1927-128_Mine_Strikes%2C_marching_strikers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Striking workers & family marching on November 3rd.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Columbine mine, one of the larger of the few mines still working, granted a fifty cent per day pay raise. The IWW saw this as one major coal company weakening, but announced that it was not enough.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196379_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196379-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wobblies organized massive marches to the Columbine, numbering from 500 to 1,200 miners plus their families. They sometimes brought a five piece brass band, and they sang union songs, satirizing the company and the police.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one surprising episode during the strike, the IWW made an attempt to establish a workers' cooperative for striking miners at an abandoned mine. Two coal mine operators sought to demonstrate that such cooperatives were impossible, and they issued a challenge to the IWW to follow through at their facilities. However, they insisted that the IWW had to post a state-required safety bond within 24 hours, before it could reopen the mines. Since the IWW wasn't able to post the bond within the designated period, the experiment was not pursued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981206_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981206-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entire communities became organized during the 1927 strike, and they were capable of protracted militant action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987126_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987126-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a strike typically puts a dramatic strain on relationships within communities. Affected relationships are not just between strikers and business interests, or between strikers and non-strikers. During a coal strike, entire families are involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b156_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b156-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One resident of a coal community spoke of the effect of the 1927 strike on students, </p> <blockquote> <p>You'd think the coal miner was the dirtiest reptile that walked the earth. Everybody was down on the coal miner when he went on strike ... And the teachers were against us. And they had their favorites. The scabs' boys were in there too and, of course, we had gangs just like they do today. And the teachers would side with the scabs' side. Why hells bells man, we had to do something! So we organized (Junior Wobblies) at school just to protect ourselves.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Colorado_State_Militia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Group_of_Colorado_State_Militia.jpg/342px-Group_of_Colorado_State_Militia.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Group_of_Colorado_State_Militia.jpg/513px-Group_of_Colorado_State_Militia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Group_of_Colorado_State_Militia.jpg/684px-Group_of_Colorado_State_Militia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Officers of the state militia prepare to leave for a strike area. November 7, 1927 <b>-Steelworks Center of the West</b></figcaption></figure><p>The State of Colorado and local law enforcement began to arrest every strike leader that they could identify, on vagrancy or other trumped up charges. Many were deported from the state. In Trinidad, in Walsenberg, and elsewhere, members of strikers' families stepped forward to take the place of arrested leaders, and lead the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b161–171_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b161–171-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seventy-five IWW members in the Trinidad jail conducted protests that featured bonfires. Prisoners in the Lafayette jail carried on incessant singing. When they were offered their freedom, they refused to leave. A group of prisoners in Erie persuaded their jailers that deputies in Utah and Wyoming received higher pay, had better working conditions, and worked shorter hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a134–135_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a134–135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pueblo, the jail was secured by "200 deputies armed with tear bombs, machine guns, rifles, and fire engine pumpers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196382_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196382-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mine_Massacre">Mine Massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mine Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbine_Mine_massacre" title="Columbine Mine massacre">Columbine Mine massacre</a></div> <p>Newspapers began calling for the governor to no longer withhold the "mailed fist", to strike hard and strike swiftly,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for "Machine Guns Manned By Willing Shooters" at more of the state's coal mines.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within days, on November 21, 1927, state police and mine guards fired machine guns, rifles, and pistols against 500 unarmed miners and their wives at the Columbine mine, killing six.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a138–139_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a138–139-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a brief secession of picketing as workers/IWW grieved.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now faced with their own massacre, the IWW's leaders kept their focus on the immediate goal: winning the strike. After the memorial services, when some angry miners talked about getting their guns, organizers counseled them with the words of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Joe Hill</a>: "don't mourn, organize!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a142_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a142-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 26, 1927, 1,000 people gathered in Union Square, calling for the end of troop use and protesting against the recent killing of strikers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Mine Massacre public pressure led to the starting of Colorado Industrial Commission formal hearings announced on December 12, 1927. The hearings were held from December 19, 1927 - February 15, 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_involvements">Other involvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other involvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 27, 1927 <a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a> Mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_G._Espey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James G. Espey (page does not exist)">James G. Espey</a> announced they would be deputizing civilians. During this it was accused that the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> were deputized. The day after this, the deputized police force lashed out with violence against the strikers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walsenburg_Hall_Killings">Walsenburg Hall Killings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Walsenburg Hall Killings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:5px;width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:236px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M._Lopez,_gunman,_Wolsenburg,_Colorado,_January_12,_1928..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gunmen, later identified as M. Lopez, standing holding a partially lowered long barrel gun looking at the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M._Lopez%2C_gunman%2C_Wolsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg/186px-M._Lopez%2C_gunman%2C_Wolsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M._Lopez%2C_gunman%2C_Wolsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg/279px-M._Lopez%2C_gunman%2C_Wolsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M._Lopez%2C_gunman%2C_Wolsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg/372px-M._Lopez%2C_gunman%2C_Wolsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">“<i>State policeman on corner where killing took place a few minutes after shooting occurred. 'I’ll blow you to hell!' he told F.P. correspondent who was taking the picture and leveled his gun at him. Just as the picture snapped he lowered his gun. Crowd in the background is standing in front of the IWW Hall.</i>”</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:236px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walsenburg_IWW_Hall,_post-raid,_Walsenburg,_Colorado,_January_12,_1928..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Walsenburg_IWW_Hall%2C_post-raid%2C_Walsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg/194px-Walsenburg_IWW_Hall%2C_post-raid%2C_Walsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Walsenburg_IWW_Hall%2C_post-raid%2C_Walsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg/291px-Walsenburg_IWW_Hall%2C_post-raid%2C_Walsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Walsenburg_IWW_Hall%2C_post-raid%2C_Walsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg/388px-Walsenburg_IWW_Hall%2C_post-raid%2C_Walsenburg%2C_Colorado%2C_January_12%2C_1928..jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">"<i>Walsenburg hall immediately after shooting Jan. 12th 1928. Huge hole was caused by machine gun. 22 other holes in window also. The Spectator</i>"</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Writing from each photographs backside are written in quotations.</div></div></div></div> <p>On January 12, 1928, two more people were killed by police raiding the IWW's Walsenburg IU 210-220 hall while strikers were rallying there.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 15-year-old boy named Salastino Martinez and 40 year old <a href="/wiki/Wobbly" class="mw-redirect" title="Wobbly">wobbly</a> Klementz Chavez were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The miners won a dollar a day increase from the 1927 strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miners in the northern field won union recognition from the second largest coal operator in Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200547_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis200547-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not recognition of the IWW, as it turned out. The company picked a union for the miners, and it was the United Mine Workers. Nonetheless, these were the most substantial gains the miners had ever achieved from a strike in Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the only increase obtained by coal miners in the country during the period from 1928 to 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the United Mine Workers in Colorado had vocally opposed the strike, they had established an official position of neutrality. However, United Mine Workers agents conducted overt actions against the strikers, including participation in vigilante raids against IWW property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some UMW miners scabbed on the IWW strike,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200528_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis200528-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others became informants for the state police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One popular United Mine Workers official, a union organizer from the Ludlow era by the name of Mike Livoda, hired himself out to the governor to spy on the Wobblies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200528_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis200528-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Labor_spies#The_Colorado_Coal_Strike_of_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor spies">The most pervasive spying during the 1927 strike</a> was most probably conducted by <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron" title="Colorado Fuel and Iron">Colorado Fuel and Iron</a>, the coal and steel company owned by the Rockefeller dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company organized a network of spies to infiltrate, propagandize against, and disrupt the IWW. Archives currently held at the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer Historical Society">Bessemer Historical Society</a> reveal that the company used its spies and its relationship with the authorities to compile dossiers on union activists, and to obtain photographs, IWW membership lists, private union correspondence, and other union materials related to the strike. </p><p>Summing up the Colorado coal strike, Joseph Conlin concludes that Colorado coal miners were radical, based upon their experiences, and willfully chose to have the IWW lead them. In Conlin's words, "[t]he failure of the Wobblies to establish and maintain a viable organization in Colorado resulted from the anarcho-syndicalist strategy of the IWW (i.e., no labor contracts, no union recognition), not from the absence of class consciousness and radicalism among the miners."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981210_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981210-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War, 1913-1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_Mine_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbine Mine Massacre">Columbine Mine Massacre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchreck" class="citation web cs1">Schreck, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalar.usc.edu/works/the-colorado-fuel-and-iron-company/the-strike-of-1927">"The Strike of 1927"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Strike+of+1927&rft.aulast=Schreck&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscalar.usc.edu%2Fworks%2Fthe-colorado-fuel-and-iron-company%2Fthe-strike-of-1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/11/23/archives/state-troops-keep-order-in-colorado-striking-coal-miners-are-quiet.html">"STATE TROOPS KEEP ORDER IN COLORADO; Striking Coal Miners Are Quiet Following Monday's Fatal Clash Near Denver. SAY THEY WILE AVOID FORCE National Guardsmen Quartered in Mines -- Civil Liberties Union Here Protests to Governor Adams"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=STATE+TROOPS+KEEP+ORDER+IN+COLORADO%3B+Striking+Coal+Miners+Are+Quiet+Following+Monday%27s+Fatal+Clash+Near+Denver.+SAY+THEY+WILE+AVOID+FORCE+National+Guardsmen+Quartered+in+Mines+--+Civil+Liberties+Union+Here+Protests+to+Governor+Adams&rft.date=1927-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F11%2F23%2Farchives%2Fstate-troops-keep-order-in-colorado-striking-coal-miners-are-quiet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurvey_AssociatesCharity_Organization_Society_of_the_City_of_New_York1928" class="citation book cs1">Survey Associates; Charity Organization Society of the City of New York (February 15, 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveycharityorg59survrich/page/644/mode/2up"><i>The Survey</i></a>. Prelinger Library. [East Stroudsburg, Pa., etc., Survey Associates]. pp. 644–646.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey&rft.pages=644-646&rft.pub=%5BEast+Stroudsburg%2C+Pa.%2C+etc.%2C+Survey+Associates%5D&rft.date=1928-02-15&rft.au=Survey+Associates&rft.au=Charity+Organization+Society+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveycharityorg59survrich%2Fpage%2F644%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=TDT19271231-01">"Miners [offered] 50 cent a day wage increase; No change in workers tod'y"</a>. The Daily Times (Colorado). December 31, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Miners+%5Boffered%5D+50+cent+a+day+wage+increase%3B+No+change+in+workers+tod%27y&rft.date=1928-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DTDT19271231-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg1963-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg1963_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196371-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196371_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Hale2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Campbell-Hale, Leigh (2013). <i>Remembering Ludlow but Forgetting the Columbine: The 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike</i> (Thesis). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1491383626">1491383626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Remembering+Ludlow+but+Forgetting+the+Columbine%3A+The+1927-1928+Colorado+Coal+Strike&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Campbell-Hale&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/08/09/archives/sacco-strike-begins-in-colorado-mines-iww-says-4000-are-out-but.html">"SACCO STRIKE BEGINS IN COLORADO MINES; I.W.W. Says 4,000 Are Out, but Coal Operators Insist Force Is 58 Per Cent. Normal"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SACCO+STRIKE+BEGINS+IN+COLORADO+MINES%3B+I.W.W.+Says+4%2C000+Are+Out%2C+but+Coal+Operators+Insist+Force+Is+58+Per+Cent.+Normal&rft.date=1927-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F08%2F09%2Farchives%2Fsacco-strike-begins-in-colorado-mines-iww-says-4000-are-out-but.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/08/10/archives/colorado-strike-ending-1500-miners-out-in-sacco-protest-are.html">"COLORADO STRIKE ENDING.; 1,500 Miners Out in Sacco Protest Are Expected Back Today"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COLORADO+STRIKE+ENDING.%3B+1%2C500+Miners+Out+in+Sacco+Protest+Are+Expected+Back+Today.&rft.date=1927-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F08%2F10%2Farchives%2Fcolorado-strike-ending-1500-miners-out-in-sacco-protest-are.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981199_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis200531-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200531_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargolis2005">Margolis (2005)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196373-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196373_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a132-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a132_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2005a">Myers (2005a)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196374_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981195-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981195_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987112–114-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987112–114_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargolisRomero1987">Margolis & Romero (1987)</a>, pp. 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987113-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987113_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargolisRomero1987">Margolis & Romero (1987)</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a136-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a136_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a136_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2005a">Myers (2005a)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Goodstein, Richard Myers, Slaughter in Serene, The Columbine Coal Strike Reader, Colorado's First Columbine Strike, and The Columbine Mine Massacre, pub. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World, 2005, pages 110, 135-136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1928/03/21/archives/board-urges-unions-in-colorado-mines-collective-bargaining-is-held.html">"BOARD URGES UNIONS IN COLORADO MINES; Collective Bargaining Is Held a Means of Averting Future Coal Strikes. I.W.W. WALKOUT REVIEWED Lack of Organization of Miners Blamed in State Industrial Report for Outbreak"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1928-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BOARD+URGES+UNIONS+IN+COLORADO+MINES%3B+Collective+Bargaining+Is+Held+a+Means+of+Averting+Future+Coal+Strikes.+I.W.W.+WALKOUT+REVIEWED+Lack+of+Organization+of+Miners+Blamed+in+State+Industrial+Report+for+Outbreak&rft.date=1928-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1928%2F03%2F21%2Farchives%2Fboard-urges-unions-in-colorado-mines-collective-bargaining-is-held.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196376–77-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196376–77_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196376–77_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/10/30/archives/threat-of-troops-quiets-iww-strike-more-coal-mines-close-in.html">"THREAT OF TROOPS QUIETS I.W.W. STRIKE; More Coal Mines Close in Colorado, but Violence Ends -- Martial Law Proclamation Ready"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THREAT+OF+TROOPS+QUIETS+I.W.W.+STRIKE%3B+More+Coal+Mines+Close+in+Colorado%2C+but+Violence+Ends+--+Martial+Law+Proclamation+Ready&rft.date=1927-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F10%2F30%2Farchives%2Fthreat-of-troops-quiets-iww-strike-more-coal-mines-close-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200–201-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981200–201_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1b-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1b_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/10/19/archives/iww-calls-out-4000-colorado-coal-miners-18-pickets-jailed-as.html">"I.W.W. Calls Out 4,000 Colorado Coal Miners; 18 Pickets Jailed as Northern Pits Close"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.W.W.+Calls+Out+4%2C000+Colorado+Coal+Miners%3B+18+Pickets+Jailed+as+Northern+Pits+Close&rft.date=1927-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F10%2F19%2Farchives%2Fiww-calls-out-4000-colorado-coal-miners-18-pickets-jailed-as.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/10/25/archives/colorado-strike-spreads-iww-leader-sees-gains-officers-narrowly.html">"COLORADO STRIKE SPREADS.; I.W.W. Leader Sees Gains -- Officers Narrowly Avert Disorder"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COLORADO+STRIKE+SPREADS.%3B+I.W.W.+Leader+Sees+Gains+--+Officers+Narrowly+Avert+Disorder&rft.date=1927-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F10%2F25%2Farchives%2Fcolorado-strike-spreads-iww-leader-sees-gains-officers-narrowly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Myers, Slaughter in Serene, The Columbine Coal Strike Reader, The Columbine Mine Massacre, pub. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World, 2005, page 132, from a report in the <i>Denver Morning Post</i>, November 1, 1927, page 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/10/27/archives/colorado-governor-denounces-the-iww-warns-that-picketing-in-coal.html">"COLORADO GOVERNOR DENOUNCES THE I.W.W.; Warns That Picketing in Coal Strike Is Unlawful and State Will Keep Peace"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COLORADO+GOVERNOR+DENOUNCES+THE+I.W.W.%3B+Warns+That+Picketing+in+Coal+Strike+Is+Unlawful+and+State+Will+Keep+Peace&rft.date=1927-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F10%2F27%2Farchives%2Fcolorado-governor-denounces-the-iww-warns-that-picketing-in-coal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196377_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196379-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196379_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196379_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Sampson, "Slaughter in Serene, The Columbine Coal Strike Reader, Hawk Over November," pub. <i>Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World</i>, 2005, page 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981201_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Myers, "Slaughter in Serene, The Columbine Coal Strike Reader," pub. <i>Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World</i>, 2005, page 140 and Appendix A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Goodstein, "Slaughter in Serene, The Columbine Coal Strike Reader, Colorado's First Columbine Strike," pub. <i>Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World</i>, 2005, page 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981206-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981206_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987126-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolisRomero1987126_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargolisRomero1987">Margolis & Romero (1987)</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b156-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b156_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2005b">Myers (2005b)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Margolis_(sociologist)" title="Eric Margolis (sociologist)">Eric Margolis</a> and Mary Romero, quoting Celeski, 1976, "The Greater Evil: The Role of Radical Unions in the End of Industrial Feudalism," <i>Research in Social Policy</i>, Volume 1, 1987, page 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b161–171-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005b161–171_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2005b">Myers (2005b)</a>, pp. 161–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a134–135-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a134–135_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2005a">Myers (2005a)</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196382-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196382_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClurg1963">McClurg (1963)</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Denver Morning Post</i> editorial, November 2, 1927, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Boulder Daily Camera</i>, November 17, 1927, page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a138–139-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a138–139_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2005a">Myers (2005a)</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/11/23/archives/state-troops-keep-order-in-colorado-striking-coal-miners-are-quiet.html">"STATE TROOPS KEEP ORDER IN COLORADO; Striking Coal Miners Are Quiet Following Monday's Fatal Clash Near Denver. SAY THEY WILE AVOID FORCE National Guardsmen Quartered in Mines -- Civil Liberties Union Here Protests to Governor Adams"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=STATE+TROOPS+KEEP+ORDER+IN+COLORADO%3B+Striking+Coal+Miners+Are+Quiet+Following+Monday%27s+Fatal+Clash+Near+Denver.+SAY+THEY+WILE+AVOID+FORCE+National+Guardsmen+Quartered+in+Mines+--+Civil+Liberties+Union+Here+Protests+to+Governor+Adams&rft.date=1927-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F11%2F23%2Farchives%2Fstate-troops-keep-order-in-colorado-striking-coal-miners-are-quiet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a142-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2005a142_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyers2005a">Myers (2005a)</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/11/27/archives/1000-protest-killing-of-miners-in-colorado-mass-meeting-in-union.html">"1,000 PROTEST KILLING OF MINERS IN COLORADO; Mass Meeting in Union Square Telegraphs Governor Adams to End Use of Troops"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1927-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=1%2C000+PROTEST+KILLING+OF+MINERS+IN+COLORADO%3B+Mass+Meeting+in+Union+Square+Telegraphs+Governor+Adams+to+End+Use+of+Troops&rft.date=1927-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F11%2F27%2Farchives%2F1000-protest-killing-of-miners-in-colorado-mass-meeting-in-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Marsh2022" class="citation web cs1">P. Marsh, Douglas (August 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://industrialworker.org/colorado-and-the-iww-part-iii/">"Colorado and the IWW, Part III"</a>. <i>IWW.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IWW.org&rft.atitle=Colorado+and+the+IWW%2C+Part+III&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.aulast=P.+Marsh&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findustrialworker.org%2Fcolorado-and-the-iww-part-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayard1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bayard, Charles J. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4492179">"The 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike"</a>. <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 235–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4492179">10.2307/4492179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4492179">4492179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+1927-1928+Colorado+Coal+Strike&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-250&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4492179%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4492179&rft.aulast=Bayard&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4492179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Marsh2022" class="citation web cs1">P. Marsh, Douglas (August 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://industrialworker.org/colorado-and-the-iww-part-iii/">"Colorado and the IWW, Part III"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorado+and+the+IWW%2C+Part+III&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.aulast=P.+Marsh&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findustrialworker.org%2Fcolorado-and-the-iww-part-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey" class="citation web cs1">Casey, Conor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341845&p=2299872">"Library Guides: Industrial Workers of the World Photograph Collection: Colorado Mine Strike, 1927-1928"</a>. <i>guides.lib.uw.edu</i> (Warning, very graphic imagery present within source)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.lib.uw.edu&rft.atitle=Library+Guides%3A+Industrial+Workers+of+the+World+Photograph+Collection%3A+Colorado+Mine+Strike%2C+1927-1928&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.uw.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D341845%26p%3D2299872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981203_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis200547-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200547_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargolis2005">Margolis (2005)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis200528-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200528_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargolis200528_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargolis2005">Margolis (2005)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayard1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bayard, Charles J. (1963). "The 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 235–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4492179">10.2307/4492179</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4492179">4492179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+1927-1928+Colorado+Coal+Strike&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-250&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4492179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4492179%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bayard&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historycolorado.org/story/2021/04/19/x-xx-and-x-3-spy-reports-colorado-fuel-iron-company-archives">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"X," "XX," and "X-3": Spy Reports from the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company"</a>. <i>www.historycolorado.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historycolorado.org&rft.atitle=%22X%2C%22+%22XX%2C%22+and+%22X-3%22%3A+Spy+Reports+from+the+Colorado+Fuel+%26+Iron+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycolorado.org%2Fstory%2F2021%2F04%2F19%2Fx-xx-and-x-3-spy-reports-colorado-fuel-iron-company-archives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConlin1981210-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConlin1981210_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConlin1981">Conlin (1981)</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlin1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Conlin" title="Joseph R. Conlin">Conlin, Joseph R.</a> (1981). <i>At the Point of Production: The Local History of the IWW</i>. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Point+of+Production%3A+The+Local+History+of+the+IWW&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolisRomero1987" class="citation book cs1">Margolis, Eric; Romero, Mary (1987). Stanfield, John H. (ed.). <i>The Greater Evil: The Role of Radical Unions in the End of Industrial Feudalism</i>. Vol. 1. Research in Social Policy. JAI Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892325216" title="Special:BookSources/0892325216"><bdi>0892325216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greater+Evil%3A+The+Role+of+Radical+Unions+in+the+End+of+Industrial+Feudalism&rft.pub=JAI+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0892325216&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Romero%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolis2005" class="citation book cs1">Margolis, Eric (2005). May, Lowell A.; Myers, Richard (eds.). <i>Colorado's Wobbly Strike</i>. Slaughter in Serene: The Columbine Coal Strike Reader. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917124-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-917124-01-4"><bdi>0-917124-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado%27s+Wobbly+Strike&rft.pub=Bread+and+Roses+Workers%27+Cultural+Center+and+Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-917124-01-4&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClurg1963" class="citation journal cs1">McClurg, Donald J. (1963). "The Colorado Coal Strike of 1927 -- Tactical Leadership of the IWW". <i>Labor History</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 68–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00236566308583916">10.1080/00236566308583916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=The+Colorado+Coal+Strike+of+1927+--+Tactical+Leadership+of+the+IWW&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-92&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00236566308583916&rft.aulast=McClurg&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2005a" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Richard (2005a). May, Lowell A.; Myers, Richard (eds.). <i>The Columbine Mine Massacre</i>. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917124-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-917124-01-4"><bdi>0-917124-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbine+Mine+Massacre&rft.pub=Bread+and+Roses+Workers%27+Cultural+Center+and+Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-917124-01-4&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2005b" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Richard (2005b). May, Lowell A.; Myers, Richard (eds.). <i>The Women of the 'Twenties Coal Strikes</i>. Slaughter in Serene: The Columbine Coal Strike Reader. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center and Industrial Workers of the World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917124-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-917124-01-4"><bdi>0-917124-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+of+the+%27Twenties+Coal+Strikes&rft.pub=Bread+and+Roses+Workers%27+Cultural+Center+and+Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-917124-01-4&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1927%E2%80%931928+Colorado+Coal+Strike" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%931928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basic wages does not include the amount workers were paid for output.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927–1928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&oldid=1241760780">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927–1928_Colorado_Coal_Strike&oldid=1241760780</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labor_disputes_in_Colorado" title="Category:Labor disputes in Colorado">Labor disputes in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Miners%27_labor_disputes_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Miners' labor disputes in the United States">Miners' labor disputes in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Colorado" title="Category:Mining in Colorado">Mining in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_repression_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Political repression in the United States">Political repression in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labor_disputes_led_by_the_Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Category:Labor disputes led by the Industrial Workers of the World">Labor disputes led by the Industrial Workers of the World</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_in_Colorado" title="Category:1927 in Colorado">1927 in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1928_in_Colorado" title="Category:1928 in Colorado">1928 in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_labor_disputes_and_strikes" title="Category:1927 labor disputes and strikes">1927 labor disputes and strikes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1928_labor_disputes_and_strikes" title="Category:1928 labor disputes and strikes">1928 labor disputes and strikes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_in_Colorado" title="Category:Industrial Workers of the World in Colorado">Industrial Workers of the World in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_strikes_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1920s strikes in the United States">1920s strikes in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 August 2024, at 00:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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