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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_land_and_creation_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_land_and_creation_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sacred land and creation story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_land_and_creation_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressures_for_Jicarilla_Apache_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressures_for_Jicarilla_Apache_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pressures for Jicarilla Apache land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressures_for_Jicarilla_Apache_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ollero_and_Llanero_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ollero_and_Llanero_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ollero and Llanero bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ollero_and_Llanero_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Cieneguilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Cieneguilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Battle of Cieneguilla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Cieneguilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Battle and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jicarilla_reservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jicarilla_reservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Jicarilla reservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jicarilla_reservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tribal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8F%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Хикарийяял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хикарийяял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jicarilla Apache" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хікарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хікарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Хикариля – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хикариля" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hikarilheg" title="C'hikarilheg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hikarilheg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilles" title="Jicarilles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jicarilles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla" title="Jicarilla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jicarilla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehai" title="Beehai – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Beehai" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla" title="Jicarilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jicarilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikarilla" title="Jikarilla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jikarilla" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarillas" title="Jicarillas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jicarillas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla" title="Jicarilla – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jicarilla" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Jicarilla" title="Apache Jicarilla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apache Jicarilla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="جيكاريلا اباتشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيكاريلا اباتشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla" title="Jicarilla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jicarilla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla" title="Jicarilla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jicarilla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Хикарилья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хикарилья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarillat" title="Jicarillat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jicarillat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarillaapacher" title="Jicarillaapacher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jicarillaapacher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="希卡里亚人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希卡里亚人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q659307#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of Native Americans</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Jicarilla Apache</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Jicarilla Apache-language text"><i lang="apj">Jicarilla Dindéi</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla Apache language">Jicarilla Apache</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young Jicarilla Apache boy, 2009"><img alt="Young Jicarilla Apache boy, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg/180px-Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg/270px-Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="426" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Young Jicarilla Apache boy, 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2,755<sup id="cite_ref-JA_population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JA_population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditional tribal religion, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Southern Athabaskan peoples<br />(<a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua Apache">Chiricahua Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa Apache">Kiowa Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache">Mescalero Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KesselWooster95_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KesselWooster95-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jicarilla Apache</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[xikaˈɾiʝa]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla language</a>: <b>Jicarilla Dindéi</b>), one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, refers to the members of the <b>Jicarilla Apache Nation</b> currently living in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and speaking a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan language</a>. The term <i>jicarilla</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> meaning "little basket",<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the small sealed baskets they used as drinking vessels. To neighboring Apache bands, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>, they were known as <i>Kinya-Inde</i> ("People who live in fixed houses"). </p><p>The Jicarilla called themselves also <i>Haisndayin,</i> translated as "people who came from below"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they believed themselves to be the sole descendants of the first people to emerge from the underworld. The underworld was the home of Ancestral Man and Ancestral Woman, who produced the first people. The Jicarilla believed <i>Hascin</i>, their chief deity, created Ancestral Man and Ancestral Woman, as well as all the animals, the sun, and the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jicarilla Apache led a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">seminomadic</a> existence in the <a href="/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains" title="Sangre de Cristo Mountains">Sangre de Cristo Mountains</a> and the plains of southern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. They also ranged into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> starting before 1525 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. For years, they lived a relatively peaceful life, traveling seasonally to traditional sites for <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting, gathering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivation</a> along <a href="/wiki/River_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="River bed">river beds</a>. The Jicarilla learned about farming and pottery from the <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Puebloan peoples</a> and about survival on the plains from the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a>. Their diet and lifestyle were rich and varied. The Jicarilla's farming practices expanded to the point where they required considerable time and energy. As a result, the people became rather firmly settled and tended to engage in <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> less frequently than other Eastern Apache groups. Starting in the 1700s, the Jicarilla experienced encroachment by colonial <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, pressure from other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Comanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanches">Comanches</a>, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Westward_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion">westward expansion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. These factors led to significant loss of property, expulsion from their sacred lands, and relocation to lands unsuited for survival.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The mid-1800s to the mid-1900s were particularly difficult for the Jicarilla. Their tribal bands were displaced, treaties were made and broken with them, and they experienced a significant loss of life due to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and other diseases. Additionally, they lacked opportunities for survival. By 1887, they received their reservation, which was expanded in 1907 to include more suitable land for ranching and agriculture. Over several decades, they discovered the rich <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Basin" title="San Juan Basin">San Juan Basin</a> beneath the reservation land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tribal members transitioned from a seminomadic lifestyle and are now supported by various industries on their reservation, including <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil and gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a> gaming, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. The Jicarilla are renowned for their <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketry">basketry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">beadwork</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jicarilla Apaches are one of the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan linguistic</a> groups that migrated out of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> by 1525 CE, possibly several hundred or more years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They eventually settled on what they considered their land, bounded by four sacred rivers in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado–the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_River" title="Canadian River">Canadian River</a>–and containing sacred mountain peaks and ranges. The Jicarilla also ranged out into the plains of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and the western portions of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller28_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller28-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1600s, they inhabited the Chama Valley in present-day New Mexico and the western part of present-day Oklahoma. Before contact with the Spanish, the Apache people lived in relative peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jicarilla people of the 1600s were seminomadic, engaging in seasonal <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> they learned from the <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Pueblo people</a> and Spaniards of New Spain, along the rivers within their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwald97_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald97-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apache_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache people">Apache</a> have historical connections to the <a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a> of the western Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassells-236_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassells-236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture is often associated with the Paloma and Quartelejo (also known as Cuartelejo) Apaches. Jicarilla Apache pottery has also been found at several Dismal River complex sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon213_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon213-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, some of the people from the Dismal River culture joined the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Kiowa Apache</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>. Due to pressure from the west by the Comanche and from the east by the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, the Kiowa and the remaining people of Dismal River culture migrated south, where they eventually joined the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a> and Jicarilla Apache nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon213_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon213-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1800s, the Jicarilla were planting a variety of crops along the rivers, especially along the upper Arkansas River and its tributaries, sometimes using irrigation to aid in growing squash, beans, pumpkins, melons, peas, wheat, and corn. They found farming in the mountains safer than on the open plains. They primarily hunted buffalo into the 17th century, and, thereafter, hunted antelope, deer, mountain sheep, elk, and buffalo. Jicarilla women gathered berries, agave, honey, onions, potatoes, nuts, and seeds from the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker14_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwald97_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald97-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_land_and_creation_story">Sacred land and creation story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sacred land and creation story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apachean_ca.18-century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/250px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/375px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/500px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Apachean tribes ca. 18th century: WA – <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a>, N – <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, Ch – <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a>, M – <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a>, J – <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla">Jicarilla</a>, L – <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>, Pl – <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Jicarilla <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation story</a>, the land enclosed by the four <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> rivers was provided to them by the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a>. It included select places for communicating with the Creator and spirits, as well as sacred rivers and mountains to be respected and conserved. Additionally, there were very specific places for obtaining items for <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a>, such as the white <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> found 18 miles (29 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a>, red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> 20 miles (32 km) north of Taos, and yellow ochre on a mountain near <a href="/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris Pueblo">Picuris Pueblo</a>. The Jicarilla people believe the "heart of the world" is located near Taos.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Jicarilla stories, such as White Shell Woman, Killer of the Enemies, Child of the Water, and others, feature people and places that are special to them. These places include the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Gorge" title="Rio Grande Gorge">Rio Grande Gorge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris Pueblo">Picuris Pueblo</a>, the spring and marsh near <a href="/wiki/El_Prado,_New_Mexico" title="El Prado, New Mexico">El Prado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_New_Mexico" title="Hopewell, New Mexico">Hopewell Lake</a>, and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a> and the four sacred rivers. Additionally, the Jicarilla created <a href="/wiki/Shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines">shrines</a> in locations that held spiritual significance, some of which were shared with the Taos Pueblo in the Taos area.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865, Father <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Antonio José Martínez">Antonio José Martínez</a>, a priest from New Mexico, documented a connection between the Jicarilla people and Taos. He wrote that the Jicarilla had a long history of living between the mountains and the villages, with pottery making being an important source of income. The clay used for the pottery came from the Taos and Picuris Pueblo areas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressures_for_Jicarilla_Apache_land">Pressures for Jicarilla Apache land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pressures for Jicarilla Apache land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apaches' traditional culture, economy, and lifestyle became strained by the arrival and growth of other populations, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>. Many people died due to <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cieneguilla" title="Battle of Cieneguilla">Battle of Cieneguilla</a>, and diseases not indigenous to the American <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>, to which they had no resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, who had obtained guns from the French, and their close allies and kin, the <a href="/wiki/Ute_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute tribe">Ute</a>, were expanding onto the plains, they pillaged the various eastern <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> peoples (Jicarilla, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>) who occupied the southern plains in a bid for control. As they were pushed off the plains, the Jicarilla moved to the mountains and near the pueblos and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">missions</a>, where they sought alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Puebloan peoples</a> and the Spanish settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1724, several Apache bands were annihilated by the Comanches, who forced them to "give up half their women and children, and then they burned several villages, killing all but sixty-nine men, two women, and three boys." The Jicarilla people were forced to seek refuge into the eastern <a href="/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains" title="Sangre de Cristo Mountains">Sangre de Cristo Mountains</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a> in New Mexico. Some moved to the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park" title="Pecos National Historical Park">Pecos Pueblo</a> in New Mexico or joined the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a> bands in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1779, a combined force of Jicarilla, Ute, Pueblo, and Spanish soldiers defeated the Comanche, who, after another seven years and several more military campaigns, finally sued for peace. After that, the Jicarilla reestablished themselves in their old tribal territory in southern Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ollero_and_Llanero_bands">Ollero and Llanero bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ollero and Llanero bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geography of the Jicarilla tribal territory consists of two fundamental environments that helped shape the tribe's basic social organization into two bands: the <i>Llaneros</i>, or plains people, and the <i>Olleros</i>, or mountain valley people.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce380_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-Pierce380-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hook_Pegler116_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hook_Pegler116-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 19th century, after being pushed out of the plains, the Jicarilla split into two bands: </p> <ul><li>The <i>Olleros</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain people">mountain people</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> making clan, a.k.a. <i>Northern Jicarilla</i>, lived west of the Rio Grande along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Chama_(Rio_Grande)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Chama (Rio Grande)">Chama River</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of New Mexico and Colorado, settled down as farmers, became potters and lived partly in <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a>-like villages. They began subsidizing their livelihood through sales of <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micaceous</a> clay pottery and <a href="/wiki/Basketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketry">basketry</a> and learned to farm from their <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> neighbors. Ollero is Spanish for "potters." Their name for themselves is <i>Saidindê</i> for "Sand People," "Mountain People," or "Mountain Dwellers." The Spanish rendering is <i>Hoyeros</i> meaning "mountain-valley people."<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce380_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-Pierce380-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard8_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hook_Pegler116_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hook_Pegler116-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Capote_Band_of_Utes" class="mw-redirect" title="Capote Band of Utes">Capote Band of Utes</a> (<i>Kapota</i>, <i>Kahpota</i>) lived east of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Great Divide</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Conejos_River" title="Conejos River">Conejos River</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, west towards the <a href="/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains" title="Sangre de Cristo Mountains">Sangre de Cristo Mountains</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a>, along the headwaters of the Rio Grande and the <a href="/wiki/Animas_River" title="Animas River">Animas River</a>, centering in the vicinity of present-day <a href="/wiki/Chama,_New_Mexico" title="Chama, New Mexico">Chama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tierra_Amarilla,_New_Mexico" title="Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico">Tierra Amarilla</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico" title="Rio Arriba County, New Mexico">Rio Arriba County</a>. They formed an alliance with the Olleros, similar to the Muache alliance with the Llanero, against the Southern Plains Tribes such as the Comanche, Southern Arapaho, Southern Cheyenne, and Kiowa, their former allies. They maintained trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Puebloan peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Llaneros</i>, the plains people clan, a.k.a. <i>Eastern Jicarilla</i>, lived as <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tipis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipis">tipis</a>, called <i>kozhan</i> by the Jicarilla. They hunted buffalo on the plains east of the Rio Grande, centering along the headwaters of the Canadian River. During the winter, they lived in the mountains between the Canadian River and the Rio Grande. They camped and traded near <a href="/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico">Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecos,_New_Mexico" title="Pecos, New Mexico">Pecos, New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos, New Mexico</a>. Their name for themselves is <i>Gulgahén</i> for "Plains People"; the Spanish picked it up as <i>Llaneros</i> - "Plains Dwellers".<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce380_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-Pierce380-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hook_Pegler116_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hook_Pegler116-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard349-350_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard349-350-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Cieneguilla">Battle of Cieneguilla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Cieneguilla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwestern_Defense_System_before_the_Civil_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Southwestern_Defense_System_before_the_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Southwestern Defense System before the Civil War. Source:National Park Service</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cieneguilla" title="Battle of Cieneguilla">Battle of Cieneguilla</a> (pronounced sienna-GEE-ya; English: small swamp) was an engagement of a group of Jicarilla Apaches, their <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a> allies, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)">1st Cavalry Regiment</a> on March 30, 1854,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near what is now <a href="/wiki/Pilar,_New_Mexico" title="Pilar, New Mexico">Pilar, New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-1800s, tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a>, multiple <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> nations, and <a href="/wiki/Westward_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion">westward expanding</a> <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">United States</a> settlers erupted as all sought and laid claim to land in the southwest. Diseases to which Native Americans had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> "decimated" their tribes, creating greater pressure for their lands to be taken from them. As tensions among Native Americans grew and with numerous attempts to relocate them from their traditional hunting and gathering land and sacred homelands, the Jicarilla became increasingly hostile in their efforts to protect their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States military developed a <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defense system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts">forts</a> and troops to restrict attacks on westward travelers. Fort Union was established, in part, to provide protection from the Jicarillas. The disruption and "mutual incomprehensions" of one another's culture led to warfare among the Spanish, Native American nations, and Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo E. Oliva, author of <i>Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest</i>, notes that: "The three cultural groups in the Southwest had different concepts of family life, personal values, social relations, religion, uses and ownership of land and other property, how best to obtain the provisions of life, and warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fort Union was established by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Vose_Sumner" title="Edwin Vose Sumner">Edwin Vose Sumner</a>, who ordered Major <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Carleton" title="James Henry Carleton">James Henry Carleton</a>'s Company K 1st <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">Dragoons</a> on August 2, 1851, to protect westward travelers between <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of New Mexico">New Mexico Territory</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Carr_Lane" title="William Carr Lane">William Carr Lane</a> made treaties with the Jicarilla and other Native American tribes of New Mexico to relocate them to reservations where they would peacefully take up agriculture on new lands. Both parties agreed to payments to compensate the Native Americans for their loss of access to hunting, gathering, and sacred homeland. The U.S. government, however, pulled the funding for this agreement, betraying the Native American tribal members. Further complicating the situation, all the crops planted by the tribal members failed and the people continued raiding for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_and_aftermath">Battle and aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cieneguilla_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cieneguilla_2.jpg/220px-Cieneguilla_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cieneguilla_2.jpg/330px-Cieneguilla_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cieneguilla_2.jpg/440px-Cieneguilla_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a> marking where the body of a killed dragoon was found</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1854, <a href="/wiki/Lobo_Blanco" title="Lobo Blanco">Lobo Blanco</a>, a Jicarilla chief, led a band of 30 warriors to raid the horse herd of a contractor for Fort Union. A detachment of 2nd U.S. Dragoons, led by Lieutenant David Bell, pursued the raiders. They engaged in a fight on the Canadian River and killed many of the Jicarilla, including the chief, who was repeatedly wounded and finally crushed to death under a boulder.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late March, Major George A. Blake, commanding officer at Burgwin Cantonment, sent a detachment of 1st U.S. Dragoon of 60 men (company I and part of company F) to patrol along the Santa Fe trail. On March 30, 1854, a combined force of about 250 Apaches and <a href="/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Utes</a> fought the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>, led by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Davidson_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davidson (general)">John Wynn Davidson</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Pilar,_New_Mexico" title="Pilar, New Mexico">Pilar, New Mexico</a>, then known as Cieneguilla.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle lasted for two<sup id="cite_ref-Gorenfeld_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorenfeld-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or four hours, according to surviving soldier James A. Bennett (aka James Bronson). The Jicarilla, led by their principal chief, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Chacon_(Jicarilla_chief)" title="Francisco Chacon (Jicarilla chief)">Francisco Chacon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flechas_Rayadas" title="Flechas Rayadas">Flechas Rayadas</a>, fought with <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>, killing 22 and a wounding another 36 of 60 dragoon soldiers, who then retreated to <a href="/wiki/Ranchos_de_Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico">Ranchos de Taos</a> lighter by 22 horses and most of the troops' supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley,_James_L-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Philip_St._George_Cooke" title="Philip St. George Cooke">Philip St. George Cooke</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Stryker_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment">2nd Dragoons Regiment</a> quickly organized an expedition to pursue the Jicarilla with the help of 32 Pueblo Indian and Mexican scouts under Captain James H. Quinn, with <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> as the principal guide. After a winter pursuit through the mountains, Cooke caught up with the Jicarilla. Jicarilla leader, Flechas Rayadas, offered an agreement for peace in exchange for the horses and guns that the Jicarilla acquired from the Battle, but the offer was not accepted. On April 8, Cooke's forces fought tribal members at their camp in the canyon of <a href="/wiki/Ojo_Caliente_(Socorro_County,_New_Mexico)" title="Ojo Caliente (Socorro County, New Mexico)">Ojo Caliente</a>. The Jicarilla dispersed in small groups to evade further pursuit, but many died from the harsh cold weather.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley,_James_L-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large unit under Major James H. Carleton fought again the Jicarillas near Fisher's Peak in the Raton Mountains, killing several of them. Francisco Chacon replied by trying an ambush against the soldiers with 150 warriors, but his group was bypassed. Subsequently, five warriors were killed, six wounded, and seventeen women and children were scattered and may have died of cold and hunger during the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley,_James_L-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, Francisco Chacon sent word to Santa Fe for peace and surrendered at Abiquiu.<sup id="cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley,_James_L-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jicarilla_reservation">Jicarilla reservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jicarilla reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Jicarilla_Man,_1904,_Edward_S._Curtis_(sepia_restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_Jicarilla_Man%2C_1904%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28sepia_restored%29.jpg/170px-A_Jicarilla_Man%2C_1904%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28sepia_restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_Jicarilla_Man%2C_1904%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28sepia_restored%29.jpg/255px-A_Jicarilla_Man%2C_1904%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28sepia_restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_Jicarilla_Man%2C_1904%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28sepia_restored%29.jpg/340px-A_Jicarilla_Man%2C_1904%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28sepia_restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3612" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Jicarilla man, 1904</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_S._Curtis,_Jicarilla_maiden,_New_Mexico,_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_S._Curtis%2C_Jicarilla_maiden%2C_New_Mexico%2C_1905.jpg/170px-Edward_S._Curtis%2C_Jicarilla_maiden%2C_New_Mexico%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_S._Curtis%2C_Jicarilla_maiden%2C_New_Mexico%2C_1905.jpg/255px-Edward_S._Curtis%2C_Jicarilla_maiden%2C_New_Mexico%2C_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_S._Curtis%2C_Jicarilla_maiden%2C_New_Mexico%2C_1905.jpg/340px-Edward_S._Curtis%2C_Jicarilla_maiden%2C_New_Mexico%2C_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Jicarilla maiden, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the mid-1850s, following the westward expansion of the U.S. and its impact on their livelihoods, attempts began to <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">relocate</a> the Jicarilla Apache, who became increasingly hostile to these pressures. In addition, relations with the Spanish also became hostile when they captured and sold Apache tribal members into slavery. After years of warfare, broken treaties, relocation, and being the only southwestern tribe without a reservation, the Jicarilla Llanero and Ollero bands united in 1873. They sent a delegation to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to request a <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a>. Eventually, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> created the Jicarilla Apache Reservation through an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> signed on February 11, 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After finally securing a reservation, it was spiritually disheartening for them to accept that they would no longer roam on their traditional holy lands and have access to their sacred places.<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller28_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller28-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they arrived, the two bands settled in separate areas of the Reservation. The animosities stemming from this period have persisted into the twentieth century, with the Olleros generally identified as progressives and the Llaneros as conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The land on the reservation, except that held by non-tribal members, was not suitable for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. As a means of survival, the tribe sold timber from the reservation. In 1907, additional land was secured for the reservation, totaling 742,315 acres (3,004 km<sup>2</sup>), suitable for sheep ranching, which became profitable in the 1920s. Until that time, many people suffered from <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, and up to 90% of the tribe members had <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1914. By the 1920s, it seemed likely that the Jicarilla Apache nation may become extinct due to <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a>, tuberculosis, and other diseases. After several difficult ranching periods, many of the previous <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">sheep herders</a> relocated to the tribal headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Dulce,_New_Mexico" title="Dulce, New Mexico">Dulce, New Mexico</a>. The Jicarilla suffered due to a lack of economic opportunities for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller28_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller28-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker13_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce381_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-Pierce381-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil and gas development began on the reservation after World War II, generating up to $1 million annually. Some of this revenue was set aside for a tribal <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarship</a> fund and to develop the Stone Lake Lodge facility.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker13_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce381_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-Pierce381-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Merrion_v._Jicarilla_Apache_Tribe" title="Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe">Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_455" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 455">455</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/455/130/">130</a> (1982) that the tribe had the authority to impose <a href="/wiki/Severance_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Severance taxes">severance taxes</a> on oil companies drilling for oil and natural gas on reservation land.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a means of repayment for lost tribal lands, the Jicarilla received a settlement in 1971 for $9.15 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker13_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jicarilla Apache made a claim for compensation to the U.S. Government when the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-volume technical report was submitted to the Commission on Spanish and Mexican grants, both unconfirmed and confirmed as part of the case.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe was awarded $9,150,000 in the commission's final judgment on April 20, 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the census showed that there were 3,353 people living on the reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Mexico Tourism Department reports that there are approximately "2,755 tribal members, most of whom live in the town of Dulce."<sup id="cite_ref-JA_population_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JA_population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_government">Tribal government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tribal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apachean_present.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Apachean_present.png/280px-Apachean_present.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Apachean_present.png/420px-Apachean_present.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Apachean_present.png/560px-Apachean_present.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Present location Apache peoples including Jicarilla.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jicarilla Apache are a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribal entity</a> that, in 1937, organized a formal government and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>. Traditional tribal leaders were elected as their first <a href="/wiki/Tribal_council" title="Tribal council">tribal council</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the tribe officially changed their name to the Jicarilla Apache Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veronica E. Velarde Tiller, author of <i>Culture and Customs of the Apache Indians,</i> writes: "All the powers of the tribal governments reflected the traditional values of the Apache people. The protection, preservation, and conservation of the bounty of 'Mother Earth', and all its inhabitants is sacred value shared by all Indian people, and the Apaches were most eager to have this concept incorporated into their tribal constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller122_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller122-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apache Indians integrated the important value of sharing into their constitution by declaring that the resources of the reservation are "held for the benefit of the entire tribe"<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller122_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller122-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, all land on the reservation is held by the Jicarilla Apache Reservation. It is one of only two reservations in the United States where land is not owned by individuals but by the tribal nation as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller122_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller122-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribal members are individuals who are at least 3/8 Jicarilla Apache.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government is made up of the following branches:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, with a president and vice-president serving four-year terms;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a>, with eight members serving staggering four-year terms; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a>, tribal <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a> judges assigned by the president.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Dulce,_New_Mexico" title="Dulce, New Mexico">Dulce</a>, a city near the extreme north border of New Mexico, serves as the capital of the Jicarilla Apache Nation, with over 95 percent of the reservation's population residing there. Most tribal offices are located in Dulce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservation">Reservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1700R_Jicarilla_Apache_Nation_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1700R_Jicarilla_Apache_Nation_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/220px-1700R_Jicarilla_Apache_Nation_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1700R_Jicarilla_Apache_Nation_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/330px-1700R_Jicarilla_Apache_Nation_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1700R_Jicarilla_Apache_Nation_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/440px-1700R_Jicarilla_Apache_Nation_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>Location of Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation</b>, at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jicarilla_Apache&params=36_33_16_N_107_04_26_W_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°33′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">107°04′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.55444°N 107.07389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.55444; -107.07389</span></span></span></a></span></span>, is located within two northern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> counties: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico" title="Rio Arriba County, New Mexico">Rio Arriba County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandoval_County,_New_Mexico" title="Sandoval County, New Mexico">Sandoval County</a>.</li></ul> <p>from the Colorado border south to <a href="/wiki/Cuba,_New_Mexico" title="Cuba, New Mexico">Cuba, New Mexico</a>. The reservation sits along <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_64" title="U.S. Route 64">U.S. Route 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Roads_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State Roads in New Mexico">N.M. 537</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that the reservation has a land area of 1,316.1 sq mi (3525,232 km<sup>2</sup>) and had a population of 2,596.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern half of the reservation is open plains and the northern portion resides in the treed Rocky Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Mammals and birds</a> migratory paths cross the reservation seasonally, including mountain lion, black bear, elk, Canada geese, and turkey. Rainbow, brown and cutthroat trout are stocked in seven lakes on the reservation, but annual conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">low precipitation</a> result in high <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-levels. From 1995 to 2000, the lake levels were severely low due to <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. As a result, most of the fish were killed off during those years. The reservation sits on the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Basin" title="San Juan Basin">San Juan Basin</a>, which is rich in <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. The basin is the largest producer of oil along the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and the second largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jicarilla are traditionally <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocal">matrilocal</a> and are organized into <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> clans. They have incorporated some practices of their <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo</a> neighbors into their own traditions. They are renowned for their fine basket making of distinctive diamond, cross, zig-zag designs, or representations of deer, horses or other animals. They are also known for their beadwork and for keeping <a href="/wiki/Apache_fiddle" title="Apache fiddle">Apache fiddle</a>-making alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker14_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2000, about 70% of the tribe practice an organized religion, many of whom are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>. The Jicarilla language is spoken by about one half of the tribal members, most by older men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceremonial practices consist of: </p> <ul><li>Puberty feast, called "keesta" in Jicarilla, is a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> ceremony for girls or young women.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Annual events include:<sup id="cite_ref-King_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Little Beaver Celebration with a <a href="/wiki/Pow-wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow-wow">pow-wow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_pulling" title="Horse pulling">draft horse pull</a>, and a five-mile race in mid-July.</li> <li>Stone Lake Fiesta with <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">ceremonial dances</a>, rodeo, and <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">footraces</a> each September 14 and 15.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jicarilla Apache Nation's economy is based upon <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gaming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Tiller11_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Tiller11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: </p> <ul><li>oil and gas wells, owned and operated by the tribe<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Tiller10-11_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Tiller10-11-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar farm">solar farms</a> on tribal lands<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>timber<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>cattle and sheep ranching<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Tiller12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Tiller12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>reservation government employees, which include about 50% of tribal members<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Tiller11_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Tiller11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dulce business employees<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>traditional arts, including basketry and pottery<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tribe-owned <a href="/wiki/Apache_Nugget_Casino" title="Apache Nugget Casino">Apache Nugget Casino</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Cuba,_New_Mexico" title="Cuba, New Mexico">Cuba, New Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Horse_Casino_(Jicarilla_Apache_Nation)" title="Wild Horse Casino (Jicarilla Apache Nation)">Best Western Jicarilla Inn and Casino</a> in Dulce<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>operation of tribe-owned radio station <a href="/wiki/KCIE_(FM)" title="KCIE (FM)">KCIE</a> (90.5 FM) in Dulce, NM.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Although the mid twentieth century brought additional economic opportunities,<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Tiller11_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Tiller11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> and a low <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> prevails for tribal members. From the <i>Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Reservations</i>, 2005 edition:<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller82-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate#Measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a> – 14.2%</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">Labor force</a> – 1,1051</dd></dl> <p>The Jicarilla people live in houses with a lifestyle similar to that of other Americans. The cost of food at local grocery stores is higher than in larger U.S. cities nearby. They have access to all <a href="/wiki/Modern_conveniences" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern conveniences">modern conveniences</a> and use them based on their preferences and financial means.<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller82-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High unemployment and poverty-level income rates have led to high <a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">crime rates</a>. This is largely due to a high incidence of [alcohol] abuse, which averages 1.7% in the Native American population and reaches 30% in some rural areas or reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller82-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children attend a public school on the reservation. Until the 1960s, few children graduated high school. However, since the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs'</a> educational programs and the Chester A. Faris <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarship</a> programs, funded by oil and gas revenues, provide opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. In the 1970s, some tribal members obtained <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">graduate degrees</a>. Educational assistance offices were created by Apache tribes in the 1980s to help students navigate their educational career.<sup id="cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelardeTiller82-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portions of the reservation in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico" title="Rio Arriba County, New Mexico">Rio Arriba County</a> are zoned to <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Independent_Schools" title="Dulce Independent Schools">Dulce Independent Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chama_Valley_Independent_Schools" title="Chama Valley Independent Schools">Chama Valley Independent Schools</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemez_Mountain_Public_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemez Mountain Public Schools (page does not exist)">Jemez Mountain Public Schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portions of the reservation in <a href="/wiki/Sandoval_County,_New_Mexico" title="Sandoval County, New Mexico">Sandoval County</a> are zoned to <a href="/wiki/Cuba_Independent_Schools" title="Cuba Independent Schools">Cuba Independent Schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Chacon_(Jicarilla_chief)" title="Francisco Chacon (Jicarilla chief)">Francisco Chacon</a>, 19th century chief, leader of the Jicarilla uprising in 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechas_Rayadas" title="Flechas Rayadas">Flechas Rayadas</a>, 19th century chief, involved in the Jicarilla uprising of 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobo_Blanco" title="Lobo Blanco">Lobo Blanco</a>, 19th century chief killed in 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Cordova" title="Viola Cordova">Viola Cordova</a> (born 1937), philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammie_Allen" title="Tammie Allen">Tammie Allen</a> (born 1964), potter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cieneguilla" title="Battle of Cieneguilla">Battle of Cieneguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCIE_(FM)" title="KCIE (FM)">KCIE (FM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Edward_Opler" title="Morris Edward Opler">Morris Edward Opler</a>, ethnographer who wrote about the Jicarilla</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Gunfight" title="A Gunfight">A Gunfight</a></i>, 1971 film financed by the Jicarilla Apache tribe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessel and Wooster identify the 8 related people, but break the Western Apache and Tonto further into bands: <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation">San Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Aravaipa, White Mountain, Cibicue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonto Apache people">Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto</a> - and include the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Mimbreno</a>, a band of the Chiricahua.<sup id="cite_ref-KesselWooster95_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KesselWooster95-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JA_population-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JA_population_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JA_population_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newmexico.org/native-culture/native-communities/jicarilla-apache-nation/">"Jicarilla Apache Nation"</a>. <i>www.newmexico.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newmexico.org&rft.atitle=Jicarilla+Apache+Nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmexico.org%2Fnative-culture%2Fnative-communities%2Fjicarilla-apache-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker15-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker15_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KesselWooster95-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KesselWooster95_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KesselWooster95_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessel and Wooster, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jicarilla"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jicarilla">"Jicarilla" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jicarilla&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=414&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Website of the Jicarilla Apache Nation - ABOUT THE JICARILLA APACHE NATION <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janofficial.com/">janofficial.com/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris Edward Opler, 1938, Myths and Tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians: Memoirs of the American Folklore Society Vol. 31, 406 p. (Reprinted by Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1969). (E99.J5 O6 1938a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlisle, pp. 3, 45-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlisle, pages 4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VelardeTiller28-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller28_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller28_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller28_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker12_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker12_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker14_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker14_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker14_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwald97-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwald97_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwald97_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwald, 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassells-236-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassells-236_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassells, pp. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon213-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon213_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon213_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwald, 95-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 26-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiselt, 57-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiselt, 59-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlisle, pp. 190-1, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458000108.html">Jicarilla</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-Pierce380-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce380_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce380_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce380_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin-Pierce, 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard8-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard8_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard8_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hook_Pegler116-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hook_Pegler116_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hook_Pegler116_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hook_Pegler116_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hook, Pegler, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171125084200/https://research.libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2376/549/B_Wazaney_072206.pdf">"This Land is Your Land, This is Mine: The Socioeconomic Implications of Land Use Among the Jicarilla Apache and Arden Communities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2376/549/B_Wazaney_072206.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Land+is+Your+Land%2C+This+is+Mine%3A+The+Socioeconomic+Implications+of+Land+Use+Among+the+Jicarilla+Apache+and+Arden+Communities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.libraries.wsu.edu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2376%2F549%2FB_Wazaney_072206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508235935/http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_history_of_utahs_american_indians/chapter5.html">"The Northern Utes of Utah"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_history_of_utahs_american_indians/chapter5.html">the original</a> on 2016-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Utes+of+Utah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorytogo.utah.gov%2Fpeople%2Fethnic_cultures%2Fthe_history_of_utahs_american_indians%2Fchapter5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard349-350-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goddard349-350_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, 349-350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajtar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.abqtrib.com/archives/diversions04/032604_diversions_tales.shtml"><i>A losing battle</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122917/http://web.abqtrib.com/archives/diversions04/032604_diversions_tales.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - The Albuquerque Tribune</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliva.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haley, James L. "the Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait ", University of Oklahoma Press Norman 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806129786" title="Special:BookSources/0806129786">0806129786</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorenfeld-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorenfeld_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorenfeld, Will.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, Reeve, Bennett.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haley,_James_L-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haley,_James_L_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haley, James L.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, 134-139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Jicarilla-Sociopolitical-Organization.html">Jicarilla - Sociopolitical organization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker13-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker13_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker13_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker13_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-Pierce381-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce381_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce381_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin-Pierce, 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_455" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 455">455</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/455/130/">130</a> (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Claims Commission. Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation, Vol. 25, Docket 22-A, p.248-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Howard F. Cline</a>, <i>Spanish and Mexican Land Grants and the Jicarilla Apache in New Mexico, 1689-1848: A Technical Report including a list of grants, confirmed and unconfirmed and summary of data</i>. 2 volumes, 340 pp. Maps, Bibliography. Docket 22-A, Indian Claims Commission.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Claims Commission. Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation, Vol. 25, Docket 22-A, p.248-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusreporter.org/profiles/25200US1700R-jicarilla-apache-nation-reservation/">"Census profile: Jicarilla Apache Nation Reservation"</a>. <i>Census Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Reporter&rft.atitle=Census+profile%3A+Jicarilla+Apache+Nation+Reservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fprofiles%2F25200US1700R-jicarilla-apache-nation-reservation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 14-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Tiller, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VelardeTiller122-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller122_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller122_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller122_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Tiller, 16-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">King, PT232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusreporter.org/profiles/25200US1700R-jicarilla-apache-nation-reservation/">"Census profile: Jicarilla Apache Nation Reservation"</a>. <i>Census Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Reporter&rft.atitle=Census+profile%3A+Jicarilla+Apache+Nation+Reservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fprofiles%2F25200US1700R-jicarilla-apache-nation-reservation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Tiller, 7-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 223-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 28-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren-Tiller11-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Tiller11_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Tiller11_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Tiller11_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Tiller, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren-Tiller10-11-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Tiller10-11_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Tiller, 10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitydive.com/news/albuquerque-nm-breaks-ground-on-50-mw-solar-field-on-tribal-lands/587220/">"PNM and Albuquerque, NM, break ground on 50 MW solar field on tribal lands"</a>. <i>Utility Dive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utility+Dive&rft.atitle=PNM+and+Albuquerque%2C+NM%2C+break+ground+on+50+MW+solar+field+on+tribal+lands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utilitydive.com%2Fnews%2Falbuquerque-nm-breaks-ground-on-50-mw-solar-field-on-tribal-lands%2F587220%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repsol.com/en/press-room/press-releases/2022/repsol-starts-producing-electricity-at-jicarilla-2-its-first-us-solar-plant/index.cshtml">"Repsol starts producing electricity at Jicarilla 2, its first solar plant in the US"</a>. <i>REPSOL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=REPSOL&rft.atitle=Repsol+starts+producing+electricity+at+Jicarilla+2%2C+its+first+solar+plant+in+the+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repsol.com%2Fen%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2F2022%2Frepsol-starts-producing-electricity-at-jicarilla-2-its-first-us-solar-plant%2Findex.cshtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren-Tiller12-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Tiller12_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Tiller, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://500nations.com/New_Mexico_Casinos_Tribes.asp">"New Mexico Indian Casinos."</a> <i>500 Nations.</i> (retrieved 23 Dec 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KCIE">"KCIE Facility Record"</a>. <i>United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>, audio division</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VelardeTiller82-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VelardeTiller82_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Velarde Tiller, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st35_nm/schooldistrict_maps/c35039_rio_arriba/DC20SD_C35039.pdf">"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Rio Arriba County, NM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+CENSUS+-+SCHOOL+DISTRICT+REFERENCE+MAP%3A+Rio+Arriba+County%2C+NM&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FPL20%2Fst35_nm%2Fschooldistrict_maps%2Fc35039_rio_arriba%2FDC20SD_C35039.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st35_nm/schooldistrict_maps/c35043_sandoval/DC20SD_C35043.pdf">"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sandoval County, NM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+CENSUS+-+SCHOOL+DISTRICT+REFERENCE+MAP%3A+Sandoval+County%2C+NM&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FPL20%2Fst35_nm%2Fschooldistrict_maps%2Fc35043_sandoval%2FDC20SD_C35043.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJicarilla+Apache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li>Brooks, Clinton E.; Reeve, Frank D.; Bennett, James A. (1996). Forts and Forays: James A. Bennett, A Dragoon in New Mexico, 1850–1856. University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1690-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1690-5">0-8263-1690-5</a>.</li> <li>Cassells, E. Steve. (1997). <i>The Archeology of Colorado</i>, Revised Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55566-193-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55566-193-9">1-55566-193-9</a>.</li> <li>Carlisle, Jeffrey D. (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2816/m1/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf">"Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations east of the Rio Grande"</a>. University of North Texas.</li> <li>Carter, Harvey Lewis. (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xWUEBm3DLbAC"><i>"Dear Old Kit": The Historical Christopher Carson</i></a>, University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2253-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2253-6">0-8061-2253-6</a>.</li> <li>Davidson, Homer K. (1974). Black Jack Davidson, A Cavalry Commander on the Western Frontier: The Life of General John W. Davidson. A. H. Clark Co. Page 72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87062-109-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87062-109-2">0-87062-109-2</a>.</li> <li>Eiselt, B. Sunday. (2009) <i>The Jicarilla Apaches and the Archaeology of the Taos Region</i>. Between the Mountains – Beyond the Mountains. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico Vol. 35, Albuquerque.</li> <li>Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA213"><i>Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia</i>.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0725-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0725-X">0-8153-0725-X</a>.</li> <li>Goddard, Pliny E. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=die0AAAAIAAJ"><i>Jicarilla Apache texts</i></a>. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 8). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.</li> <li>Gorenfeld, Will. (Feb, 2008). "The Battle of Cieneguilla." <i>Wild West magazine.</i></li> <li>Greenwald, Emily. (2002). <i>Reconfiguring the reservation: The Nez Perces, Jicarilla Apache and the Dawes Act.</i> University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2408-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2408-8">0-8263-2408-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudy_Griffin-Pierce" title="Trudy Griffin-Pierce">Griffin-Pierce, Trudy</a>. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2MszsCnZbQC"><i>Native Peoples of the Southwest</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1908-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1908-4">0-8263-1908-4</a>.</li> <li>Hook, Jason; Pegler, Martin. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIdfr5fuGCAC"><i>To Love and Die in the West: the American Indian Wars, 1860-90</i>.</a> Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-370-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-370-9">1-57958-370-9</a>.</li> <li>Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert. (ed.) (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare</i>. New York: Facts on File. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3337-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3337-4">0-8160-3337-4</a>.</li> <li>King, Lesley S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93LokR2kxhQC&pg=PT232"><i>Frommer's New Mexico</i></a> Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-87617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-87617-6">978-0-470-87617-6</a>.</li> <li>Martin, Craig. (ed.) (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RuH9feQ67fEC&pg=PA223"><i>Fly Fishing in Northern New Mexico</i>.</a> University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2761-1">978-0-8263-2761-1</a>.</li> <li>Oliva, Leo E. (1993).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/foun/chap3.htm"><i>Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest: Fort Union, New Mexico Military Operations Before the Civil War</i></a>. National Park Service Online Books.</li> <li>Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQObO0Rzg1UC"><i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples</i>.</a> Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1">978-0-19-513877-1</a>.</li> <li>Rajtar, Steve. (1999) <i>Indian War Sites: A Guidebook to Battlefields, Monuments, and Memorials.</i> Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.</li> <li>Velarde Tiller, Veronica E. (2011) <i>Culture and Customs of the Apache Indians</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood of ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36452-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36452-5">978-0-313-36452-5</a>.</li> <li>Warren, Nancy Hunter; Velarde Tiller, Veronica E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xpfhqy-VQoC&pg=PA7"><i>The Jicarilla Apache: A Portrait.</i></a> University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-3776-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-3776-7">0-8263-3776-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Opler, Morris. (1941). A Jicarilla expedition and scalp dance. (Narrated by Alasco Tisnado).</li> <li>Opler, Morris. (1942). <i>Myths and tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians</i>.</li> <li>Opler, Morris. (1947). Mythology and folk belief in the maintenance of Jicarilla Apache tribal endogamy.</li> <li>Phone, Wilma; & Torivio, Patricia. (1981). <i>Jicarilla mizaa medaóołkai dáłáéé</i>. Albuquerque: Native American Materials Development Center.</li> <li>Phone, Wilhelmina; Olson, Maureen; & Martinez, Matilda. (2007). <i>Dictionary of Jicarilla Apache: Abáachi Mizaa Iłkee' Siijai</i>. Axelrod, Melissa; Gómez de García, Jule; Lachler, Jordan; & <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Burke" title="Sean M. Burke">Burke, Sean M.</a> (Eds.). UNM Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-4078-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-4078-4">0-8263-4078-4</a>.</li> <li>Tuttle, Siri G.; & Sandoval, Merton. (2002). Jicarilla Apache. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <i>32</i>, 105–112.</li> <li>Wilson, Alan, & Vigil Martine, Rita. (1996). <i>Apache (Jicarilla)</i>. Guilford, CT: Audio-Forum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88432-903-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88432-903-8">0-88432-903-8</a>. (Includes book and cassette recording).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jicarilla_Apache&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janofficial.com/">Jicarilla Apache Nation website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070413051841/http://www.jicarilla.net/">Jicarilla Apache Culture</a> <small>(Jicarilla Apache Cultural Affairs Office)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/jicarilla.htm">Jicarilla Apache: Tinde</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/RusJica.html">Myths of the Jicarilla Apache</a> <small>(University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/MooJica.html">The Jicarilla Genesis</a> <small>(University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/RusMedi.html">An Apache Medicine Dance</a> <small>(University of Virginia Electronic Text Center)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/pla/jat/">Jicarilla Texts</a> <small>(Internet Sacred Text Archive)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911062656/http://www.nmmagazine.com/native_american/jicarilla.php">Jicarilla Apache Nation</a> <small>(New Mexico Magazine)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apachenugget.com/about/history/">Jicarilla Apache Nation History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010856/http://www.apachenugget.com/about/history/">Archived</a> 2014-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <small>(Apache Nugget Corporation)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkpottery.com/">Jicarilla Apache Pottery/Walking Spirit Pottery</a> <small>(Sample of Micaceous Clay Pottery)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jicarillaoga.com/">Jicarilla Apache Oil and Gas Administration</a> <small>(Jicarilla Natural Resources)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jicarillahunt.com/">Jicarilla Apache Game and Fish</a> <small>(Jicarilla Hunting and Wildlife)</small></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the Ancients">Trail of the Ancients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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href="/wiki/Salinero_Apaches" title="Salinero Apaches">Salinero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tribe of Oklahoma">Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell_Yavapai_Nation" title="Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation">Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla Apache Nation">Jicarilla Apache Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache Tribe">Mescalero Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache Tribe">San Carlos Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonto Apache Tribe">Tonto Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache Tribe">White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai Apache Nation">Yavapai Apache Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apacheria" 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