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id="toc-1914:_Initial_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Sea:_Initial_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Sea:_Initial_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>North Sea: Initial stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Sea:_Initial_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean:_Initial_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean:_Initial_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mediterranean: Initial stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean:_Initial_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_against_warships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_against_warships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Submarine against warships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_against_warships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_attacks_on_merchant_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_attacks_on_merchant_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First attacks on merchant ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_attacks_on_merchant_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915:_War_on_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915:_War_on_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1915: War on commerce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1915:_War_on_commerce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1915: War on commerce subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1915:_War_on_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrestricted_submarine_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Unrestricted submarine warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrestricted_submarine_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RMS_Lusitania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RMS_Lusitania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>RMS <i>Lusitania</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RMS_Lusitania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_minelayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_minelayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Submarine minelayers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_minelayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SS_Arabic_and_a_pause_in_unrestricted_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SS_Arabic_and_a_pause_in_unrestricted_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>SS <i>Arabic</i> and a pause in unrestricted warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SS_Arabic_and_a_pause_in_unrestricted_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dardanelles_Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dardanelles_Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Dardanelles Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dardanelles_Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mediterranean operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Early countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depth_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depth_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Depth charges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depth_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916:_The_High_Seas_Fleet;_Mediterranean,_American,_Arctic_and_Black_Sea_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916:_The_High_Seas_Fleet;_Mediterranean,_American,_Arctic_and_Black_Sea_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1916: The High Seas Fleet; Mediterranean, American, Arctic and Black Sea waters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1916:_The_High_Seas_Fleet;_Mediterranean,_American,_Arctic_and_Black_Sea_waters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1916: The High Seas Fleet; Mediterranean, American, Arctic and Black Sea waters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1916:_The_High_Seas_Fleet;_Mediterranean,_American,_Arctic_and_Black_Sea_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_support_of_the_High_Seas_Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_support_of_the_High_Seas_Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In support of the High Seas Fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_support_of_the_High_Seas_Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mediterranean waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>American waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arctic_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Arctic waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Sea_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Sea_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Black Sea waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Sea_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_German_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_German_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Internal German debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_German_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917:_Resumption_of_unrestricted_submarine_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917:_Resumption_of_unrestricted_submarine_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1917:_Resumption_of_unrestricted_submarine_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1917:_Resumption_of_unrestricted_submarine_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Allied response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918:_The_last_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918:_The_last_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1918: The last year</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1918:_The_last_year-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1918: The last year subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1918:_The_last_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U-cruisers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U-cruisers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>U-cruisers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U-cruisers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>American campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Final countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Navy_in_the_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Navy_in_the_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>United States Navy in the Atlantic and Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Navy_in_the_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Japanese participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Brazilian participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Summary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Allied losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U-boat_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U-boat_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>U-boat losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U-boat_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">U-boat campaign</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89)" title="حملة اليو بوت (الحرب العالمية الأولى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة اليو بوت (الحرب العالمية الأولى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_los_U-Boote" title="Campaña de los U-Boote – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Campaña de los U-Boote" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_(1914%E2%80%941918)" title="Бітва за Атлантыку (1914—1918) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва за Атлантыку (1914—1918)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_d%27U-Boot_en_la_Primera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Campanya d'U-Boot en la Primera Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanya d'U-Boot en la Primera Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub%C3%A5dskrigen" title="Ubådskrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ubådskrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_los_U-Boote" title="Campaña de los U-Boote – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña de los U-Boote" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_des_Uboote_durant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale" title="Campagne des Uboote durant la Première Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne des Uboote durant la Première Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80_(1914-1918)" title="Ճակատամարտ Ատլանտյան օվկիանոսի համար (1914-1918) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճակատամարտ Ատլանտյան օվկիանոսի համար (1914-1918)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Atlantik_Pertama" title="Pertempuran Atlantik Pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Atlantik Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מערכת הצוללות במלחמת העולם הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת הצוללות 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searchaux" style="display:none">WWI German naval campaign to attack Allied trade routes (1914–18)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the campaign fought during World War II, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">U-boat campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">naval theatre</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U20lusitania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U20lusitania.jpg/300px-U20lusitania.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U20lusitania.jpg/450px-U20lusitania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U20lusitania.jpg/600px-U20lusitania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="437" /></a></span><br />A German postcard depicting the U-boat <a href="/wiki/SM_U-20_(Germany)" title="SM U-20 (Germany)">SM <i>U-20</i></a> sinking <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918<br />(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/23px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/35px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/46px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a><br /><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/46px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281912%E2%80%931959%29.svg/21px-Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281912%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281912%E2%80%931959%29.svg/33px-Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281912%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281912%E2%80%931959%29.svg/43px-Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281912%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/46px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Brazilian_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Brazilian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Brazilian_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Brazilian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Brazilian_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Brazilian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2646" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/46px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naval_Ensign_of_Romania_%281922%E2%80%931947%29.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Romania_%281922%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naval_Ensign_of_Romania_%281922%E2%80%931947%29.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Romania_%281922%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naval_Ensign_of_Romania_%281922%E2%80%931947%29.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Romania_%281922%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Romanian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Romanian Navy">Royal Romanian Navy</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/23px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/35px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/46px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Naval_Ensign_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Naval_Ensign_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Naval_Ensign_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Navy" title="Bulgarian Navy">Bulgarian Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Lord Fisher</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Henry Jackson</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Jellicoe,_1st_Earl_Jellicoe" title="John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe">Sir John Jellicoe</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Wemyss,_1st_Baron_Wester_Wemyss" title="Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss">Sir Rosslyn Wemyss</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Pohl" title="Hugo von Pohl">Hugo von Pohl</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bachmann" title="Gustav Bachmann">Gustav Bachmann</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Holtzendorff" title="Henning von Holtzendorff">Henning von Holtzendorff</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Scheer" title="Reinhard Scheer">Reinhard Scheer</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~500 Royal Navy destroyers<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />~250 US destroyers<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Various armed trawlers and smaller vessels<br /><a href="/wiki/Defensively_equipped_merchant_ship" title="Defensively equipped merchant ship">Defensively armed merchant ships</a><br />366 <a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ships</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 351 U-boats</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5,000 merchant ships sunk<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />15,000 merchant sailors killed<br />104 warships sunk<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />42 warships damaged<br />61 Q-ships sunk<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 217 U-boats lost to all causes<br />6,000 sailors killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatres_of_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Theatres of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai & Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915–1918)">Central Arabia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asia-Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Theatre_of_WWI" title="North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval theatres</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Command_of_the_Oceans_1914%E2%80%931917" title="Template:Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914–1917"> Indian and Pacific Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>U-boat campaign</b> from 1914 to 1918 was the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval</a> campaign fought by German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> against the trade routes of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, largely in the seas around the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, as part of a mutual <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> between the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>Both Germany and Britain relied on food and fertilizer imports to feed their populations, and raw materials to supply their war industry. The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> surface fleet was mainly restricted to the <a href="/wiki/German_Bight" title="German Bight">German Bight</a>, and used <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raiders">commerce raiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">submarine warfare</a> to operate elsewhere. </p><p>German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with over 12 million <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">gross register tonnage</a>, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-JasperTelegraph_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JasperTelegraph-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U-boats operated in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I)">Atlantic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War I)">Mediterranean</a>, and to a lesser degree in both the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. However, the Allies were able to keep a fairly constant tonnage of shipping available, due to a combination of ship construction and countermeasures, particularly the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-klov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1914:_Initial_campaign">1914: Initial campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1914: Initial campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Sea:_Initial_stage">North Sea: Initial stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North Sea: Initial stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I)">Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_U-14_LOC_6358166395.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Submarine_U-14_LOC_6358166395.jpg/220px-Submarine_U-14_LOC_6358166395.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Submarine_U-14_LOC_6358166395.jpg/330px-Submarine_U-14_LOC_6358166395.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Submarine_U-14_LOC_6358166395.jpg/440px-Submarine_U-14_LOC_6358166395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>German U-boat <i>U-14</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warships in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the first submarine war patrol in history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their aim was to sink capital ships of the British Grand Fleet, and so to reduce the Grand Fleet's numerical superiority over the German High Seas Fleet. The first sortie was not a success. One of <a href="/wiki/SM_U-9" title="SM U-9">SM <i>U-9</i></a>'s engines broke down and she had to return to Heligoland. Only one attack was carried out, when <a href="/wiki/SM_U-15_(Germany)" title="SM U-15 (Germany)"><i>U-15</i></a> fired a torpedo (which missed) at <a href="/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1911)" title="HMS Monarch (1911)">HMS <i>Monarch</i></a>. Two of the ten U-boats were lost. </p><p>Later in the month, the U-boats achieved success, when <a href="/wiki/SM_U-21_(Germany)" title="SM U-21 (Germany)"><i>U-21</i></a> sank the cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pathfinder_(1904)" title="HMS Pathfinder (1904)">HMS <i>Pathfinder</i></a>. In September, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-9" title="SM U-9">SM <i>U-9</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914" title="Action of 22 September 1914">sank three armoured cruisers</a> (<a href="/wiki/HMS_Aboukir_(1900)" title="HMS Aboukir (1900)"><i>Aboukir</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hogue_(1900)" title="HMS Hogue (1900)"><i>Hogue</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cressy_(1899)" title="HMS Cressy (1899)"><i>Cressy</i></a>) in a single action. Other successes followed. In October <i>U-9</i> sank the cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hawke_(1891)" title="HMS Hawke (1891)"><i>Hawke</i></a> and <i>U-27</i> sank the submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_E3" title="HMS E3"><i>E3</i></a>, the first time one submarine sank another, and on the last day of the year <a href="/wiki/SM_U-24" title="SM U-24">SM <i>U-24</i></a> sank the <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1898)" title="HMS Formidable (1898)"><i>Formidable</i></a>. By the end of the initial campaign, the U-boats had sunk nine warships while losing five of their own number.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p10,_11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p10,_11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to fears of submarine attack, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> spent much of the first year dispersed on the West coast, while their home base at <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow#Base_for_the_British_Grand_Fleet" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> had defenses installed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean:_Initial_stage">Mediterranean: Initial stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mediterranean: Initial stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War I)">Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War I)</a></div> <p>The initial phase of the U-boat campaign in the Mediterranean comprised the actions by the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a>'s U-boat force against the French, who were blockading the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Otranto">Straits of Otranto</a>. At the start of hostilities, the Austro-Hungarian Navy had seven U-boats in commission; five operational, two training; all were of the coastal type, with limited range and endurance, suitable for operation in the Adriatic. However during the war new larger U-boats came into service plus Germany shipped several overland. The Austro-Hungarian U-boats had a number of successes. On 21 December 1914 <a href="/wiki/SM_U-12_(Austria-Hungary)" title="SM U-12 (Austria-Hungary)"><i>U-12</i></a> torpedoed the <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jean_Bart_(1911)" title="French battleship Jean Bart (1911)">French battleship <i>Jean Bart</i></a> (beyond Otranto), causing her to retire to Malta for serious repairs, and on 27 April 1915 <a href="/wiki/SM_U-5_(Austria-Hungary)" title="SM U-5 (Austria-Hungary)"><i>U-5</i></a> sank the <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="French cruiser Léon Gambetta">French cruiser <i>Léon Gambetta</i></a>, with a heavy loss of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_against_warships">Submarine against warships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Submarine against warships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While U-boats could sink a large and expensive armored warship with one <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>, they needed to be in position before an attack took place. Their fastest speed, while surfaced, of around 15 knots, was less than the cruising speed of most warships and only two-thirds that of the most modern dreadnoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their chief advantage was to submerge, because surface ships had no means to detect a submarine underwater, and no means to attack. However, while submerged, the U-boat was virtually blind and immobile, as early submarines had limited underwater speed and endurance. </p><p>The U-boats scored a number of impressive successes early in the war, but warships adopted tactics to counter them. Whilst warships were traveling at speed and on an erratic <a href="/wiki/Zigzag" title="Zigzag">zigzag</a> course they were relatively safe, and for the remainder of the war, the U-boats were unable to mount a successful attack on a warship traveling in this manner. </p><p>Overall, the German Navy was unable to erode the Grand Fleet's advantage as hoped. In the two main surface actions of this period,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the U-boat was unable to have any effect, and the <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> was unable to draw the Grand Fleet into a U-boat trap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_attacks_on_merchant_ships">First attacks on merchant ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First attacks on merchant ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first attacks on merchant ships had started in October 1914. At that time there was no plan for a concerted U-boat offensive against Allied trade. It was recognised that the U-boat had several drawbacks as a commerce raider, and such a campaign risked alienating neutral opinion. In the six months to the opening of the commerce war in February 1915, U-boats had sunk 19 ships, totalling 43,000 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">GRT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1915:_War_on_commerce">1915: War on commerce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1915: War on commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrestricted_submarine_warfare">Unrestricted submarine warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unrestricted submarine warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">Unrestricted submarine warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png/220px-German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png/330px-German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png/440px-German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Shaded area shows "War Zone" announced by Germany on 4 February 1915</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_ships_sunk_in_WWI_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_ships_sunk_in_WWI_1915.jpg/220px-Map_of_ships_sunk_in_WWI_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_ships_sunk_in_WWI_1915.jpg/330px-Map_of_ships_sunk_in_WWI_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_ships_sunk_in_WWI_1915.jpg/440px-Map_of_ships_sunk_in_WWI_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>1915 Map of German Operations</figcaption></figure> <p>Because Germany could not possibly deal with British naval strength on an even basis, the German navy was relatively inactive at the start of the war, yet eager to demonstrate a role for itself. Throughout 1914, figures like <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bauer" title="Hermann Bauer">Hermann Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Pohl" title="Hugo von Pohl">Hugo von Pohl</a> argued that submarine <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiding</a> provided a means of quickly defeating Britain. Perhaps influenced by the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Danger!_(short_story)" title="Danger! (short story)">submarines in fiction</a>, naval officials proposed extremely optimistic views of how effective even a very a small U-boat (with as few as 4–20 vessels) blockade could be.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such views were readily taken up by the German public, as by early 1915, all the combatants had lost the illusion that the war could be won quickly, and began to consider harsher measures in order to gain an advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British, with their overwhelming sea power, had established a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade of Germany">naval blockade of Germany</a> immediately on the outbreak of war in August 1914, and in early November 1914 declared the North Sea to be a "Military Area". Any ships entering were advised to pass through specific lanes (inspected by the British) or risk striking a growing array of minefields.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the word "blockade" was avoided in official pronouncements, this amounted to unprecedented restrictions on trade with the Central Powers, with even food considered "absolute contraband of war". Though at this point Germany was still receiving sufficient imports from neutral countries, Germans regarded this as a blatant attempt to starve the German people into submission and wanted to retaliate in kind, and in fact the severity of the British blockade did not go over well in America either. This gave the Germans the pretext to act.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a>, felt that such a submarine blockade, based on "shoot without warning", would simply antagonise the United States and other neutrals and have little chance of achieving its objectives. However, he was unable to hold back the pressures for taking such a step. The Chancellor and the Admiralty came to an agreement on 1 February and directives were sent out the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 February 1915 Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Pohl" title="Hugo von Pohl">Hugo von Pohl</a>, commander of the German High Seas Fleet and <a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_Admiralty_Staff" title="German Imperial Admiralty Staff">Head of the Admiralty Staff</a> until 1 Feb, published a warning in the <i>Deutscher Reichsanzeiger</i> (Imperial German Gazette): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(1) The waters around Great Britain and Ireland, including the whole of the English Channel, are hereby declared to be a War Zone. From February 18 onwards every enemy merchant vessel encountered in this zone will be destroyed, nor will it always be possible to avert the danger thereby threatened to the crew and passengers. </p><p>(2) Neutral vessels also will run a risk in the War Zone, because in view of the hazards of sea warfare and the British authorization of January 31 of the misuse of neutral flags, it may not always be possible to prevent attacks on enemy ships from harming neutral ships. </p><p> (3) Navigation to the north of Shetland, in the eastern parts of the North Sea and through a zone at least thirty nautical miles wide along the Dutch coast is not exposed to danger.<sup id="cite_ref-potter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Von Pohl breached protocol by acting without proper consultation with the Kaiser and the other naval offices, but the Germans were now bound to the strategy to avoid political embarrassment. The measure was subject to fierce internal debate amongst the German government as neutral nations and the Kaiser reacted strongly negatively, and a compromise was put in place whereby neutral shipping (which the admiralty wished to attack as well) would be spared.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a February 12 directive, von Pohl's replacement as Admiralty Chief <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bachmann" title="Gustav Bachmann">Gustav Bachmann</a> however noted that enemy passenger vessels should be deliberately targeted, so as to create a "shock effect".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Germans had only 21 submarines available, not all of which were operational, they were now primarily based at <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> in Belgium, giving the submarines better access to the sea lanes around England. In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare" as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes of shipping had been sunk by U-boats. The number of sinkings then steadily increased, with 168,200 tonnes going down in August. Attacking sometimes without warning,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German U-boats sank nearly 100,000 GRT per month, an average of 1.9 ships daily.<sup id="cite_ref-potter_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic and military effect was however, virtually nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain alone had around 20 million GRT in shipping at the start of the war and production managed to keep pace with losses.<sup id="cite_ref-klov_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 April 1915 the British steamer <i>Harpalyce</i>, a Belgian relief ship and clearly marked as such, was torpedoed without warning by <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-4" title="SM UB-4">SM <i>UB-4</i></a> near the North Hinder lightship, just outside the strip of sea declared safe by von Pohl. The ship had been en route for America to collect food for starving Belgians, and its sinking outraged US citizens already unhappy at the death of <a href="/wiki/Thrasher_incident" title="Thrasher incident">Leon C. Thrasher</a>, drowned when <a href="/wiki/SM_U-28_(Germany)" title="SM U-28 (Germany)"><i>U-28</i></a> sank <a href="/wiki/SS_Falaba" title="SS Falaba"><i>Falaba</i></a> on 28 March 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RMS_Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: RMS Lusitania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS Lusitania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusitania_warning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lusitania_warning.jpg/170px-Lusitania_warning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lusitania_warning.jpg/255px-Lusitania_warning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Lusitania_warning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>General warning issued by Imperial German Embassy, appearing coincidentally<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstorff_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstorff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside an advert for the <i>Lusitania</i>, published a day before the ship sailed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 May 1915, the liner <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> was torpedoed by <a href="/wiki/SM_U-20_(Germany)" title="SM U-20 (Germany)"><i>U-20</i></a>, 13 mi (21 km) off the <a href="/wiki/Old_Head_of_Kinsale" title="Old Head of Kinsale">Old Head of Kinsale</a>, Ireland, and sank in just 18 minutes. Of the 1,960 people aboard, 1,197 were killed, 124 of them US citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-LusiInfoStat_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LusiInfoStat-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the incident, the German government attempted to justify it with a range of arguments. This only exacerbated the massive outrage in Britain and America. US President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> refused to overreact, though some believed the massive loss of life caused by the sinking of <i>Lusitania</i> required a firm response from the US. </p><p>When Germany began its U-boat campaign against Britain, Wilson had warned that the US would hold the German government strictly accountable for any violations of American rights. Backed by State Department second-in-command <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a>, Wilson made his position clear in three notes to the German government issued on 13 May, 9 June, and 21 July. </p><p>The first note affirmed the right of Americans to travel as passengers on merchant ships of any nationality. As the Germans claimed it was impossible to use submarines "without an inevitable violation of many sacred principles of justice and humanity", it called for the Germans to abandon submarine warfare against commercial vessels, whatever flag they sailed under.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second note Wilson rejected German defenses, rebutting some false claims and asserting that all that mattered was that the <i>Lusitania</i> did not defend herself, but was attacked without warning in such a way that endangered innocent civilian lives.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> considered Wilson's second note too provocative and resigned in protest after failing to have it moderated. </p><p>The third note, of 21 July, issued an ultimatum, to the effect that the US would regard any subsequent sinkings that harm American citizens as "deliberately unfriendly", but signaling an acceptance of submarine warfare under cruiser rules.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the American public and leadership were not ready for war, a rule on what is acceptable and what is not had been set as a result of the sinking.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_minelayers">Submarine minelayers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Submarine minelayers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appearance of new minefields off the east coast of Britain in June 1915 puzzled the Royal Navy due to the waters being very busy, and was blamed initially on neutral fishing boats. However, on 2 July the small coaster <i>Cottingham</i> accidentally ran down the small coastal U-boat <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-2" title="SM UC-2"><i>UC-2</i></a> off <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a>, and when she was salvaged she was found to be a submarine minelayer, fitted with twelve mines in six launching chutes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 August <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-5" title="SM UC-5"><i>UC-5</i></a> became the first submarine minelayer to penetrate into the English Channel, laying 12 mines off Boulogne, one of which sank the steamship <i>William Dawson</i> the same day. <i>UC-5</i> laid 6 more mines off Boulogne and <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> on 7 September, one of which sank the cable layer <i>Monarch</i>. Further mines were laid off the southeast coast by <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-1" title="SM UC-1"><i>UC-1</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-3" title="SM UC-3"><i>UC-3</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-6" title="SM UC-6"><i>UC-6</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-7" title="SM UC-7"><i>UC-7</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SS_Arabic_and_a_pause_in_unrestricted_warfare">SS <i>Arabic</i> and a pause in unrestricted warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SS Arabic and a pause in unrestricted warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 August 1915, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-24" title="SM U-24"><i>U-24</i></a> sank the <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star</a> liner <a href="/wiki/SS_Arabic_(1902)" title="SS Arabic (1902)">SS <i>Arabic</i></a>, outward bound for America, 50 mi (80 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a>. He fired a single torpedo which struck the liner aft, and she sank within 10 minutes, with the loss of 44 passengers and crew, 3 of whom were American. Following speculation that the US would sever relations with Germany, on 28 August the Chancellor issued new orders to submarine commanders and relayed them to Washington. The new orders stated that until further notice, all passenger ships could only be sunk after warning and the saving of passengers and crews. On September 1 the unrestricted submarine warfare doctrine was essentially abandoned. This proved unacceptable to the Naval High Command, and on 18 September the High Seas flotillas were withdrawn from the commerce war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dardanelles_Operations">Dardanelles Operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dardanelles Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German Navy sent their first submarines to the Mediterranean in response to the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Dardanelles campaign</a>, after it became obvious that their Austro-Hungarian allies could do little against it with their small submarine force, which nevertheless was successful in defending the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>. The first U-boats sent, <i>U-21</i> and the two small coastal boats, <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-7" title="SM UB-7"><i>UB-7</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-8" title="SM UB-8"><i>UB-8</i></a>, achieved initial success, <i>U-21</i> sinking the Royal Navy pre-dreadnought battleships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1903)" title="HMS Triumph (1903)">HMS <i>Triumph</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Majestic_(1895)" title="HMS Majestic (1895)">HMS <i>Majestic</i></a> on 25 and 27 May, respectively, on her way to Constantinople, but ran into severe limitations in the Dardanelles, where swarms of small craft and extensive anti-submarine netting and booms restricted their movements. </p><p>By the end of June 1915, the Germans had assembled a further three prefabricated <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UB_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UB I submarine">Type UB I</a> submarines at Pola, two of which were to be transferred to the Austro-Hungarian Navy. They were also assembling three <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UC_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UC I submarine">Type UC I</a> minelaying submarines, which were ordered converted into transports to carry small quantities of critical supplies to Turkey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_operations">Mediterranean operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mediterranean operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mediterranean was an attractive theater of operations to the <a href="/wiki/Seekriegsleitung" title="Seekriegsleitung">German Naval Command</a>; a significant proportion of British imports passed through it, it was critical to French and Italian trade, and submarines would be able to operate effectively in it even in autumn and winter when poor weather hampered Atlantic and North Sea operations. Additionally, there were certain choke points through which shipping had to pass, such as the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, Malta, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. Finally, the Mediterranean offered the advantage that fewer ships of neutral powers (such as the US or Brazil) would be encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the summer, the German navy assembled a force of 4 U-boats at <a href="/wiki/Cattaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattaro">Cattaro</a> for operations against commerce in the Mediterranean. The campaign got underway in October 1915, when <i>U-33</i> and <i>U-39</i>, followed later by <i>U-35</i>, were ordered to attack the approaches to <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kavalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalla">Kavalla</a>. That month, 18 ships were sunk, for a total of 63,848 tons. It was decided the same month that further reinforcements were called for, and the large U-boat, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-38" title="SM U-38"><i>U-38</i></a> sailed for Cattaro. Since Germany was not yet at war with Italy, even though Austria was, German U-boats were ordered to refrain from attacking Italian shipping in the eastern Mediterranean. When operating in the west, up to the line of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a>, German U-boats flew the Austrian flag, and a sinking without warning policy was adopted, since large merchant ships could be attacked on the suspicion of being transports or auxiliary cruisers. </p><p>The German Admiralty also decided that the <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UB_II_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UB II submarine">Type UB II</a> submarine would be ideal for Mediterranean service. Since these were too large to be shipped in sections by rail to Pola like the Type UB I, the materials for their construction and German workers to assemble them were sent instead. This meant a shortage of workers to complete U-boats for service in home waters, but it seemed justified by the successes in the Mediterranean in November, when 44 ships were sunk, for a total of 155,882 tons. The total in December fell to 17 ships (73,741 tons) which was still over half the total tonnage sunk in all theaters of operation at the time. </p><p>In November 1915, <i>U-38</i> caused <a href="/wiki/SS_Ancona#The_Ancona_incident" title="SS Ancona">a diplomatic incident</a> when she sank the Italian steamer <a href="/wiki/SS_Ancona" title="SS Ancona">SS <i>Ancona</i></a> while sailing under the Austrian flag, and the loss of nine American citizens caused the "sinking without warning" policy to be suspended in April 1916 until the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917. A similar incident in March 1916 became a contributing factor in Italy's decision to declare war on Germany in August 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_countermeasures">Early countermeasures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-submarine warfare</a></div> <p>Allied countermeasures during this period had mixed success. The navy advised merchant vessels on evading U-boats: to zig-zig, to keep away from the shore, to turn away and run from spotted submarines if possible, or to turn towards submarines in front of them to force them to submerge. A system of <a href="/wiki/Defensively_equipped_merchant_ship" title="Defensively equipped merchant ship">defensively armed merchant ships</a> were also employed with stern mounted guns to discourage pursuit by U-boats operating on the surface. Such defensive measures were the most effective.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offensive measures were less effective. From arming ships for self-defence, the next step was arming ships for the purpose of seeking out and engaging the U-boats in gun battles; two U-boats were sunk in 1915 whilst attacking trawlers so fitted. The following step was to arm and man ships with hidden guns to bait in submarines, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Q_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Q ship">Q ship</a>. A variant on the idea was to equip small vessels with a submarine escort. In 1915, two U-boats were sunk by Q-ships, and two more by submarines accompanying trawlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p24_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Germans became aware of these tactics, successes were much less common. </p><p>Efforts were made to use nets to find submerged U-boats, and explosive sweeps to destroy them, but these were largely failures.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts were also made to close routes like the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Dover">Straits of Dover</a> with boom nets and minefields, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Dover_Barrage" title="Dover Barrage">Dover Barrage</a>; to lay minefields around U-boat bases, and station submarines on patrol to catch them leaving or entering port. These measures required a huge expenditure of effort and material, but met with little success for the time being. Though eventually mines would be one of the most common causes of U-boat loss, only two U-boats were sunk by these measures in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p24_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg/370px-EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg/555px-EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg/740px-EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Claimed effectiveness: Artist's conception of a <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> commander's <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a> view of a merchant ship in <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzle camouflage</a> (left) and the same ship uncamouflaged (right), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, 1922. The conspicuous markings obscure the ship's heading.<sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917 Britain and in 1918 America also adopted <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzle camouflage</a> to attempt to reduce shipping losses to torpedoes. The results in both cases were inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buskirk_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buskirk-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest obstacle to early German efforts was simply the small size of the submarine fleet relative to their task. At the beginning of this period the British Merchant Marine had a shipping fleet totaling of 21 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">GRT</a>. In six months of unrestricted submarine warfare U-boats sank <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> million tons of Allied shipping, scarcely denting the British merchant fleet; whilst new building, and additions from ships seized, had more than made up this loss. On the other hand, serious offence had been given to neutrals such as Norway and the Netherlands, and brought the United States to the brink of war. This failure, and the various restrictions imposed on the U-boat Arm in the Atlantic area largely brought the campaign there to a halt, although it continued with little hindrance in the Mediterranean and elsewhere, where there was less likelihood of offending neutrals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depth_charges">Depth charges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Depth charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a></div> <p>The depth charge, or "dropping mine" as it was initially named, was first mooted in 1910, and developed into practicality when the British Royal Navy's Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/George_Callaghan" title="George Callaghan">Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Callaghan</a>, requested its production in 1914. Design work was carried out by Herbert Taylor at <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vernon_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Vernon (shore establishment)">HMS <i>Vernon</i> Torpedo and Mine School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, England, and the first effective depth charge, the "Type D", became available in January 1916. </p><p>Anti-submarine vessels initially carried only two depth charges, to be released from a chute at the stern of the ship. The first success was the sinking of <a href="/wiki/SM_U-68" title="SM U-68"><i>U-68</i></a> off <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, Ireland, on 22 March 1916 by the <a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Farnborough" title="HMS Farnborough"><i>Farnborough</i></a>. Germany became aware of the depth charge following unsuccessful attacks on <a href="/wiki/SM_U-67" title="SM U-67"><i>U-67</i></a> on 15 April 1916, and <a href="/wiki/SM_U-69" title="SM U-69"><i>U-69</i></a> on 20 April. <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-19" title="SM UC-19"><i>UC-19</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-29" title="SM UB-29"><i>UB-29</i></a> were the only other submarines sunk by depth charges during 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-t27_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t27-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1916:_The_High_Seas_Fleet;_Mediterranean,_American,_Arctic_and_Black_Sea_waters"><span id="1916:_The_High_Seas_Fleet.3B_Mediterranean.2C_American.2C_Arctic_and_Black_Sea_waters"></span>1916: The High Seas Fleet; Mediterranean, American, Arctic and Black Sea waters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1916: The High Seas Fleet; Mediterranean, American, Arctic and Black Sea waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_support_of_the_High_Seas_Fleet">In support of the High Seas Fleet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In support of the High Seas Fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1916 the German Navy again tried to use the U-boats to erode the Grand Fleet's numerical superiority; they staged operations to lure the Grand Fleet into a U-boat trap. Because the U-boats were much slower than the battle fleet, these operations required U-boat patrol lines to be set up in advance; then the battle fleet manoeuvred to draw the Grand Fleet onto them.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of these operations were staged, in March and April 1916, but with no success. Ironically, the major fleet action which did take place, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>, in May 1916, saw no U-boat involvement at all; the fleets met and engaged largely by chance, and there were no U-boat patrols anywhere near the battle area. A further series of operations, in August and October 1916, were similarly unfruitful, and the strategy was abandoned in favor of resuming commerce warfare. </p><p>The British were well aware of the risk of U-boat traps to the Grand Fleet, although they had no means of knowing where these might lie. However <a href="/wiki/John_Jellicoe,_1st_Earl_Jellicoe" title="John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe">Jellicoe</a> had developed a tactical response to the problem (which, in the event, was never tested). Faced with a German fleet that turned away, he would assume a submarine trap, and decline to follow, but would move at high speed to the flank, before deploying or opening fire; the aim of this would be to fight the battle away from the ground chosen by his enemy, and forcing any U-boats present to surface if they intended to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_waters">Mediterranean waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mediterranean waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1916 the commerce war continued in the Mediterranean, albeit under cruiser rules after April 24 due to the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_pledge" title="Sussex pledge">Sussex incident</a>. Allied countermeasures were largely ineffective; the complex arrangements for co-operation between the various navies meant a fragmented and unco-ordinated response, while the main remedy favored by the Allies for the U-boat menace, the <a href="/wiki/Otranto_Barrage" title="Otranto Barrage">Otranto Barrage</a>, was of little value. </p><p>Just two U-boats were caught in the barrage in all the time it was in operation; meanwhile merchant shipping suffered huge losses. In 1916 the Allies lost 415 ships, of 1,045,058 GRT, half of all Allied ships sunk in all theatres. </p><p>Eight of the top dozen U-boat aces served in the Pola flotilla, including the highest scoring commander of all, <a href="/wiki/Lothar_von_Arnauld_de_la_Peri%C3%A8re" title="Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière">Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_waters">American waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: American waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1916 the Germans completed two <a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">submarine merchant vessels</a>, to be used as <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runners</a>. The aim was to use them to carry high value goods to neutral nations such as the US, which still maintained a strict neutrality, and was prepared to trade with Germany as with any other nation. The first of these vessels, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_Deutschland" title="German submarine Deutschland"><i>Deutschland</i></a>, sailed in summer 1916 and made a favorable impact on US public opinion. She made a second equally successful voyage in autumn of that year. Her sister, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_Bremen" title="German submarine Bremen"><i>Bremen</i></a>, was less fortunate; she disappeared on her maiden voyage, the cause of her loss unknown. </p><p>A less favorable impression was made by the cruise of <a href="/wiki/SM_U-53" title="SM U-53"><i>U-53</i></a> under <a href="/wiki/Kapitanleutnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapitanleutnant">K/L</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rose" title="Hans Rose">Hans Rose</a>. After refuelling at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, Rose raided Allied shipping off the coast of Canada and the United States. Although this was in international waters, and Rose scrupulously followed international law, the action was seen as an affront to the US, particularly when US warships were forced to stand aside while merchant ships nearby were sunk.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arctic_waters">Arctic waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arctic waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In autumn 1916, U-boats of the High Seas flotilla attacked shipping bound for <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Five U-boats operated in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> between <a href="/wiki/North_Cape,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="North Cape, Norway">North Cape</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Bay" title="Kola Bay">Kola inlet</a>. Also, the two UE1-class minelaying boats laid minefields in the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>. These boats sank 34 ships (19 of them Norwegian) before winter ice closed the area for operations. </p><p>One of the ships sunk near the Norwegian coast was the Romanian merchant <i>Bistrița</i>, sunk by <a href="/wiki/SM_U-43_(Germany)" title="SM U-43 (Germany)"><i>U-43</i></a> on 11 November. Before sinking the ship, the captain of the U-boat allowed the ship's crew to take refuge in his submarine, then later he handed over the crew to a Russian sailing ship which took them to <a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_(town)" title="Vardø (town)">Vardø</a>. From there, they were eventually repatriated.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Sea_waters">Black Sea waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Black Sea waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Flotilla" title="Constantinople Flotilla">Constantinople Flotilla</a> was established in May 1915 and operated U-boats in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria joined the campaign in May 1916, when the German submarine <i>UB-8</i> was commissioned by the Bulgarian Navy as <i>Podvodnik</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In three years of operation, the Flotilla sank ships totalling 117,093 GRT.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/SM_UB-45" title="SM UB-45">UB-45</a></i> was lost in November 1916 and <i><a href="/wiki/SM_UB-46" title="SM UB-46">UB-46</a></i> in December, both sunk by Russian mines.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <i>UB-7</i> was reportedly sunk by Russian aircraft in October.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout September and October 1916, the main task of the submarines <i><a href="/wiki/SM_UB-42" title="SM UB-42">UB-42</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/SM_UB-14" title="SM UB-14">UB-14</a></i> was patrolling the Russian and Romanian coasts, from <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September 1916, near the port of <a href="/wiki/Sulina" title="Sulina">Sulina</a>, <i>UB-42</i> launched a torpedo at the Romanian torpedo boat <i><a href="/wiki/NMS_Smeul_(1888)" title="NMS Smeul (1888)">Smeul</a></i>, but missed. The Romanian warship counterattacked, damaging the submarine's periscope and conning tower and forcing her to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, the German submarine <i><a href="/wiki/SM_UC-15" title="SM UC-15">UC-15</a></i> was sent on a minelaying mission off Sulina and never returned, being sunk by her own mines.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was probably caused by an encounter with <i>Smeul</i>, whose captain surprised a German submarine near Sulina in November 1916, the latter reportedly never returning to her base at <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna, Bulgaria</a>. This could only be <i>UC-15</i>, whose systems most likely malfunctioned after being forced to submerge in the shallow waters, upon encountering the Romanian torpedo boat.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_German_debate">Internal German debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Internal German debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1916, continual and fierce debate took place within the German government between advocates and opponents of unrestricted submarine warfare, the latter led by Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Bethmann_Hollweg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethmann Hollweg">Bethmann Hollweg</a>. As the military opposed commerce warfare under <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_rules" title="Cruiser rules">cruiser rules</a>, a number of options for an intensified campaign was suggested and in some cases briefly implemented: </p> <ul><li>Allowing attacks without warning on armed merchant ships</li> <li>Allowing attacks without warning only on British merchant ships (but not passenger vessels)</li> <li>Allowing attacks without warning in a close proximity to the British isles.</li></ul> <p>In March, Grand <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Tirpitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Tirpitz">Admiral Tirpitz</a>, a key early supporter of submarine warfare, was removed from his post, but the disagreement continued unabated. The Admiralty pushed for no restrictions whatsoever. In particular, after the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex Pledge">Sussex Pledge</a>, High Seas fleet commander Scheer adopted an all or nothing approach, refusing to contemplate using his submarines in a limited campaign. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defensive_Armed_Merchantmen_WWI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Defensive_Armed_Merchantmen_WWI.png/220px-Defensive_Armed_Merchantmen_WWI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Defensive_Armed_Merchantmen_WWI.png/330px-Defensive_Armed_Merchantmen_WWI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Defensive_Armed_Merchantmen_WWI.png/440px-Defensive_Armed_Merchantmen_WWI.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing the increasing numbers of British defensively armed merchant ships. Shaded areas are periods of unrestricted submarine warfare.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, when Atlantic submarines were finally out into action under cruiser rules in October, they were an immediate success, sinking an average of 350,000 tons per month, over twice what had been managed during unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915. This was despite a large increase in the number of defensively armed British merchantmen, aimed at reducing the effectiveness of surface attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the political tides had begun to shift strongly towards the supporters of an unlimited submarine war.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1917:_Resumption_of_unrestricted_submarine_warfare">1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg/220px-German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg/330px-German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg/440px-German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The shaded areas show the unrestricted submarine warfare zone announced by Germany on 1 February 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 December 1916, <a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Holtzendorff" title="Henning von Holtzendorff">Admiral von Holtzendorff</a> composed a memorandum which became the pivotal document for Germany's resumption of unrestricted U-boat warfare in 1917. Holtzendorff proposed breaking Britain's back by sinking 600,000 tons of shipping per month, based on a February 1916 study by Richard Fuss, who had postulated that if merchant shipping was sunk at such a rate, Britain would run out of shipping and be forced to sue for peace within six months, well before the Americans could act. Even if the "disorganized and undisciplined" Americans did intervene, Holtzendorff assured the Kaiser, "I give your Majesty my word as an officer, that not one American will land on the Continent."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 January 1917, <a href="/wiki/9_January_1917_German_Crown_Council_meeting" title="9 January 1917 German Crown Council meeting">the Kaiser met with Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and military leaders</a> at <a href="/wiki/Castle_in_Pszczyna" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle in Pszczyna">Schloss Pless</a> to discuss measures to resolve Germany's increasingly grim war situation; its military campaign in France had bogged down, and with Allied divisions outnumbering German ones by 190 to 150, there was a real possibility of a successful Allied offensive. Meanwhile, the German navy was bottled up in its home port of Kiel, and the British blockade had caused a food scarcity that was in turn causing deaths due to malnutrition. The military staff urged the Kaiser to unleash the submarine fleet on shipping travelling to Britain, Hindenburg advising the Kaiser that "The war must be brought to an end by whatever means as soon as possible." On 31 January, the Kaiser duly signed the order for unrestricted submarine warfare to resume effective 1 February; Bethmann Hollweg, who had opposed the decision, said "Germany is finished".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 January, <a href="/wiki/David_Beatty,_1st_Earl_Beatty" title="David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty">Admiral Beatty</a> observed that "The real crux lies in whether we blockade the enemy to his knees, or whether he does the same to us."<sup id="cite_ref-morrow_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrow-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany had 105 submarines ready for action on 1 February: 46 in the High Seas Fleet; 23 in Flanders; 23 in the Mediterranean; 10 in the Baltic; and 3 at Constantinople. Fresh construction ensured that, despite losses, at least 120 submarines would be available for the rest of 1917. The campaign was initially a great success, nearly 500,000 tons of shipping being sunk in both February and March, and 860,000 tons in April, when Britain's supplies of wheat shrank to six weeks worth. In May losses exceeded 600,000 tons, and in June 700,000. Germany had lost only nine submarines in the first three months of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-morrow_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrow-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 February, in response to the new submarine campaign, President Wilson severed all diplomatic relations with Germany, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">the US Congress declared war on 6 April</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_response">Allied response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Allied response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoys in World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Transport_Council" title="Allied Maritime Transport Council">Allied Maritime Transport Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Just_like_that!_LCCN2002714582.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Just_like_that%21_LCCN2002714582.jpg/220px-Just_like_that%21_LCCN2002714582.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Just_like_that%21_LCCN2002714582.jpg/330px-Just_like_that%21_LCCN2002714582.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Just_like_that%21_LCCN2002714582.jpg/440px-Just_like_that%21_LCCN2002714582.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Just like that</i>, cartoon depicting <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> ripping apart Germany's promise to "abandon ruthless submarine policy"</figcaption></figure> <p>The new policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was initially a success. In January 1917, prior to the campaign, Britain lost 49 ships; in February, after it opened, 105; and in March, 147. In March a full 25% of all Britain-bound shipping was sunk. </p><p>At first, the British Admiralty failed to respond effectively to the German offensive. Despite the proven success of troop convoys earlier in the war, the Channel convoys between England and France, and the Dutch, French, and Scandinavian convoys in the North Sea, they initially refused to consider widespread convoying or escorting. Convoying imposed severe delays on shipping, and was believed to be counterproductive, amounting to a loss of carrying capacity greater than the loss inflicted by the U-boats. It was disliked by both merchant and naval captains, and derided as a defensive measure. It was not until 27 April that the Admiralty endorsed the convoy system, the first convoy sailing from Gibraltar on 10 May.<sup id="cite_ref-morrow_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrow-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April, US Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Sims" title="William Sims">William Sims</a> arrived in London as US Naval Liaison. He was dismayed to be informed by the Admiralty that Germany would win the war if its submarines went unchecked, and cabled Washington to have USN destroyers despatched to <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Queenstown</a>, Ireland, from where they were to patrol to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-morrow_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrow-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As merchantmen from Allied countries were sunk, Brazilian ships took over routes that had been vacated. However, this led the Brazilian vessels into waters patrolled by <a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a>. When coupled with Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, the result was that Brazilian ships were soon lost, which drove the country closer to declaring war on the Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May and June a regular system of transatlantic convoys were established, and after July the monthly losses never exceeded 500,000 tons, although they remained above 300,000 tons for the remainder of 1917. Convoying was an immediate success; on whichever routes it was introduced it resulted in a drop in shipping losses, with the U-boats seeking out easier prey. It also brought warships escorting the convoys in contact with attacking U-boats, leading to an increase in U-boats destroyed. German submarine losses were between 5 and 10 each month, and they soon realised the need to increase production, even at the expense of building surface warships. However, production was delayed by labour and material shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-morrow_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrow-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Transport_Council" title="Allied Maritime Transport Council">Allied Maritime Transport Council</a> was established on 3 November 1917, bringing together representatives from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the United States, France and Italy to provide an 'international administration' for more efficient management of shipping. This initiative lead the civil action which complemented the naval action in response to the U-boat campaign, and which consisted of the efficient organisation of both shipping and of the distribution of supplies, such that the utility of every ton of imported goods was used to the maximum effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-ASC_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1918:_The_last_year">1918: The last year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1918: The last year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 1917 Allied shipping losses stood at over 6 million GRT for the year overall. However monthly shipping losses had dropped to around 300,000 GRT, and never rose to the levels suffered in spring 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p149_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p149-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the establishment of a comprehensive convoy system, Allied shipping losses fell to non-critical levels, while U-boat losses increased alarmingly. From 48 boats lost in the years up to February 1917, a further 61 were lost by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The logical response to the convoy system, which concentrated forces for the defence, was to similarly concentrate the attacking force. The U-boat arm did not succeed in World War I in developing such a response. Just one attempt was made to operate a group, to mount a pack attack on any convoy encountered; 6 U-boats sailed in May 1918 as a group, commanded by K/L <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claus_R%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claus Rücker (page does not exist)">Rucker</a> in <a href="/wiki/SM_U-103" title="SM U-103"><i>U-103</i></a>. They encountered several home-bound convoys and succeeded in sinking 3 ships, but at the loss of 2 of their number, including <i>U-103</i>, which was rammed by the troopship <a href="/wiki/RMS_Olympic" title="RMS Olympic"><i>Olympic</i></a>. Rucker had found it next to impossible to exercise control from his position at sea, and the loss ratio discouraged any further experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U-cruisers">U-cruisers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: U-cruisers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late in the war, the German high command decided to take the submarine war to the coast of the US, using the large <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_151_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 151 submarine">Type U-151</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_139_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 139 submarine">Type U-139 U-boats</a>. The Type U-151 carried 18 torpedoes (24 torpedoes on the Type U-139) and two 150 mm deck guns, and had a range of around 25,000 nautical miles (46,300 km). Seven Type U-151 and three Type U-139 had been built, the Type U-151 originally as large merchant U-boats for shipping material to and from locations otherwise denied German <a href="/wiki/Surface_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface ship">surface ships</a>, such as the United States, and 6 Type U-151 were refitted for war duty in 1917. The Type U-139 were the largest U-boats of World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_campaign">American campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: American campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Allen_Rogers_-_Only_the_Navy_Can_Stop_This_(WWI_U.S._Navy_recruitment_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/William_Allen_Rogers_-_Only_the_Navy_Can_Stop_This_%28WWI_U.S._Navy_recruitment_poster%29.jpg/220px-William_Allen_Rogers_-_Only_the_Navy_Can_Stop_This_%28WWI_U.S._Navy_recruitment_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/William_Allen_Rogers_-_Only_the_Navy_Can_Stop_This_%28WWI_U.S._Navy_recruitment_poster%29.jpg/330px-William_Allen_Rogers_-_Only_the_Navy_Can_Stop_This_%28WWI_U.S._Navy_recruitment_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/William_Allen_Rogers_-_Only_the_Navy_Can_Stop_This_%28WWI_U.S._Navy_recruitment_poster%29.jpg/440px-William_Allen_Rogers_-_Only_the_Navy_Can_Stop_This_%28WWI_U.S._Navy_recruitment_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="2658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> recruitment poster</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/SM_U-151" title="SM U-151"><i>U-151</i></a> departed Kiel on 14 April 1918 commanded by Korvettenkapitän Heinrich von Nostitz und Jänckendorff, her mission to attack American shipping. She arrived in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> on 21 May where she laid mines off the Delaware capes, and cut the submerged telegraph cables which connected New York with <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. On 25 May she stopped three US schooners off Virginia, took their crews prisoner, and sank the three ships by gunfire. On 2 June 1918, known to some historians as "Black Sunday", <i>U-151</i> sank six US ships and damaged two others off the coast of New Jersey in the space of a few hours. The next day the tanker <i>Herbert L. Pratt</i> struck a mine previously laid by <i>U-151</i> in the area but was later salvaged. Only 13 people died in the seven sinkings, their deaths caused by a capsized lifeboat.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She returned to Kiel on 20 July 1918 after a 94-day cruise in which she had covered a distance of 10,915 mi (17,566 km), sunk 23 ships totalling 61,000 tons, and had laid mines responsible for the sinking of another 4 vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by the success of <i>U-151</i>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-156" title="SM U-156"><i>U-156</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-117" title="SM U-117"><i>U-117</i></a>, and the large Type 139, U-cruisers <a href="/wiki/SM_U-140" title="SM U-140"><i>U-140</i></a> were despatched on similar missions, but the US Navy was now ready for them, and the hunting was not as good. <a href="/wiki/SM_U-156" title="SM U-156"><i>U-156</i></a> was lost with all hands on the return voyage when she struck a mine off Bergen, Norway, on 25 September 1918. Another trio of long-range submarines, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_Deutschland#War_service" title="German submarine Deutschland"><i>U-155</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-152" title="SM U-152"><i>U-152</i></a>, and U-cruiser <a href="/wiki/SM_U-139" title="SM U-139"><i>U-139</i></a> were making their way across the Atlantic in November 1918 when the war ended. </p><p>A few of the U-cruisers also made long voyages south to the Azores and the African coast, where they operated generally unmolested against shipping operating in the area, though one, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-154" title="SM U-154"><i>U-154</i></a>, was torpedoed by the British submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_E35" title="HMS E35">HMS <i>E35</i></a> off the coast of Portugal in May 1918. </p><p>July 1918 witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orleans" title="Attack on Orleans">Attack on Orleans</a> when a U-boat sunk four barges and a tugboat off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> by the town of Orleans. The U-boat fired on the town ineffectually for about an hour before it was fought off by two Navy planes. It was the first attack involving a foreign power's artillery against US soil since the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_countermeasures">Final countermeasures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Final countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1918 the Allied anti-submarine measures had continued to become more effective. </p><p>Aircraft began to play an increasingly effective role in patrolling large areas quickly. While they had little effect when attacking (only one U-boat was confirmed as sunk by air attack) the presence of aircraft forced the U-boat to dive, becoming blind and immobile, or risk the air patrol summoning hunting warships to the scene. During 1918 no convoy escorted by air patrol lost a ship, and U-boats were forced increasingly to operate at night or beyond aircraft range.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918 the USN embarked on a mammoth scheme to create a barrage across the routes exiting the North Sea. The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a> saw the laying of over 70,000 mines during the summer of 1918. From September to November 1918 6 U-boats were sunk by this measure.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RN also developed the <a href="/wiki/British_R-class_submarine" title="British R-class submarine">R-class submarine</a>, designed as a hunter-killer vessel, with a high underwater speed and sophisticated hydrophone system. These came too late to see action, however, and no successes were recorded by them.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1918, Allied shipping losses were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> million GRT for the year overall (averaging 323,000 tons through March and declining thereafter) at a cost of 69 submarines, the U-boat Arm's worst year.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p149_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p149-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Navy_in_the_Atlantic_and_Mediterranean">United States Navy in the Atlantic and Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States Navy in the Atlantic and Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Great War <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> warships were deployed to both the Atlantic and Mediterranean with the primary objective of fighting German submarines and escorting convoys. American participation commenced with an event known as the "Return of the <i>Mayflower</i>", when the first six destroyers arrived at <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenstown, Ireland">Queenstown, Ireland</a> in May 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their long journey, when asked when they would be ready to go on patrol, the squadron commander replied "We are ready now". Essentially all available American destroyers and much of the submarine force were deployed in 1917–18, with bases including Queenstown, <a href="/wiki/Bantry_Bay" title="Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, and other locations. Many contacts and attacks were made in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, though only two U-boats were sunk or disabled by American action. An American auxiliary cruiser heavily damaged a U-boat during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_of_4_April_1918&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action of 4 April 1918 (page does not exist)">action of 4 April 1918</a>. As a result, the Germans sailed directly for Spain where they scuttled their boat. American submarine chasers also engaged in one <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Durazzo_(1918)" title="Battle of Durazzo (1918)">battle</a> against Austro-Hungarian forces during the war. Though their participation in the conflict was intended as a counter-submarine effort, they were engaged by enemy shore batteries, charted a path through a minefield and helped sink two Austro-Hungarian destroyers at the naval base of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durazzo</a>, Albania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_participation">Japanese participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japanese participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in April 1917, Japan, an ally of the United Kingdom, sent a total of 14 destroyers to the Mediterranean with cruiser flagships which were based at Malta and played an important part in escorting convoys to guard them against enemy submarines. The Japanese ships were very effective in patrol and anti-submarine activity.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, of the 9 Austro-Hungarian navy submarines lost to enemy action, 5 were sunk by Italian navy units (<i>U-13</i>, <i>U-10</i>, <i>U-16</i>, <i>U-20</i>, and <i>U-23</i>), 1 by Italian and French units (<i>U-30</i>), 1 by Royal Navy units (<i>U-3</i>), while none were sunk by the Japanese navy, which lost one destroyer (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sakaki_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Sakaki (1915)"><i>Sakaki</i></a>, torpedoed by <i>U-27</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazilian_participation">Brazilian participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Brazilian participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 December 1917 the British government requested that a Brazilian naval force of light cruisers be placed under Royal Navy control and a squadron comprising the cruisers <i>Rio Grande do Sul</i> and <i>Bahia</i>, the destroyers <i>Paraíba</i>, <i>Rio Grande do Norte</i>, <i>Piauí</i>, and <i>Santa Catarina</i>, and the support ship <i>Belmonte</i> and the ocean-going tug <i>Laurindo Pitta</i> was formed, designated the <i>Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra</i> ("Naval Division in <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_Operations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War Operations (page does not exist)">War Operations</a>"). The DNOG sailed on 31 July 1918 from <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, arriving at Freetown on 9 August, and sailing onwards to its new base of operations, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, on 23 August. On the night of 25 August the division believed it had been attacked by a U-boat when the auxiliary cruiser <i>Belmonte</i> sighted a torpedo track. The purported submarine was depth-charged, fired on, and reportedly sunk by the <i>Rio Grande do Norte</i>, but the sinking was never confirmed. </p><p>The DNOG patrolled the Dakar-<a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>-Gibraltar triangle, which was suspected to be used by U-boats waiting on convoys, until 3 November 1918 when it sailed for Gibraltar to begin operations in the Mediterranean, with the exception of the <i>Rio Grande do Sul</i>, <i>Rio Grande do Norte</i>, and <i>Belmonte</i>. The Division arrived at Gibraltar on 10 November; while passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, they mistook three USN subchasers for U-boats but no damage was caused.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By mid-1918, U-boat losses had reached unacceptable levels, and the morale of their crews had drastically deteriorated; by the autumn it became clear that the Central Powers could not win the war. </p><p>The Allies insisted that an essential precondition of any armistice was that Germany surrender all her submarines, and on 24 October 1918 all German U-boats were ordered to cease offensive operations and return to their home ports. The Allies stipulated that all seaworthy submarines were to be surrendered to them and those in shipyards be broken up. More than 160 U-boats surrendered at <a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a>, Essex in November 1918. Overseen by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Tyrwhitt" title="Reginald Tyrwhitt">Rear Admiral Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt</a>, commanding officer of the Harwich fleet, the German crews were loaded on to transport ships to be sent home without being allowed to set foot on British soil. Some of the U-boats were sent to places such as <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> to be put on display whilst others were left on the beach.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last significant role played by U-boats in World War I was the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmshaven mutiny">German naval mutiny</a> that same month, when they stood ready to "fire without warning on any vessel flying the <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_losses">Allied losses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Allied losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Allied and neutral tonnage sunk by U-boats in World War I </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left">Month </th> <th>1914 </th> <th>1915 </th> <th>1916 </th> <th>1917 </th> <th>1918 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">January</td> <td></td> <td>47,981</td> <td>81,259</td> <td>368,521</td> <td>306,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">February</td> <td></td> <td>59,921</td> <td>117,547</td> <td>540,006</td> <td>318,957 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">March</td> <td></td> <td>80,775</td> <td>167,097</td> <td>593,841</td> <td>342,597 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">April</td> <td></td> <td>55,725</td> <td>191,667</td> <td>881,027</td> <td>278,719 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">May</td> <td></td> <td>120,058</td> <td>129,175</td> <td>596,629</td> <td>295,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">June</td> <td></td> <td>131,428</td> <td>108,851</td> <td>687,507</td> <td>255,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">July</td> <td></td> <td>109,640</td> <td>118,215</td> <td>557,988</td> <td>260,967 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">August</td> <td>62,767</td> <td>185,866</td> <td>162,744</td> <td>511,730</td> <td>283,815 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">September</td> <td>98,378</td> <td>151,884</td> <td>230,460</td> <td>351,748</td> <td>187,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">October</td> <td>87,917</td> <td>88,534</td> <td>353,660</td> <td>458,558</td> <td>118,559 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">November</td> <td>19,413</td> <td>153,043</td> <td>311,508</td> <td>289,212</td> <td>17,682 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">December</td> <td>44,197</td> <td>123,141</td> <td>355,139</td> <td>399,212</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Total</td> <td>312,672</td> <td>1,307,996</td> <td>2,327,326</td> <td>6,235,878</td> <td>2,666,942 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Grand Total</b> 12,850,815 gross tons. More than 3000 British civilian ships were sunk with almost 15,000 British merchant sailors killed.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heaviest losses were suffered after unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed in February 1917, before the British began full-scale convoying in September 1917. 150,000 tons of <i>purely British</i> shipping were lost in January 1917, and 300,000 tons in February; Allied and neutral losses increased in a similar proportion. The worst month for shipping losses was April 1917 when 525,000 tons of <i>British</i> shipping were lost. In that month a total of 881,027 tons were sunk by the U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After convoying began, losses diminished. In October 270,000 tons were lost, and in December 170,000 tons were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Losses were offset by construction. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paton_Maclay,_1st_Baron_Maclay" title="Joseph Paton Maclay, 1st Baron Maclay">Sir Joseph Maclay</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Shipping" title="Minister of Shipping">Minister of Shipping</a>, approved four standard designs of merchant ship and placed orders for over 1,000,000 tons of shipping (Britain launched 495,000 tons of shipping in the first half of 1917, but 850,000 tons were sunk in the first quarter alone; by 1918 3,000,000 tons a year were being launched).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional shipping was built by the US after they joined the Allies in April 1917. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Available allied and neutral steamship tonnage (in thousands, <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross register tons">GRT</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-klov_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th>British </th> <th>Allied </th> <th>USA </th> <th>Other </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1914 June</td> <td>20,524</td> <td>3,352</td> <td>2,070</td> <td>10,930</td> <td>36,838 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1914 December</td> <td>20,752</td> <td>3,396</td> <td>2,352</td> <td>11,068</td> <td>37,569 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1915 June</td> <td>20,866</td> <td>3,444</td> <td>2,645</td> <td>11,074</td> <td>37,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1915 December</td> <td>20,804</td> <td>3,497</td> <td>2,756</td> <td>11,163</td> <td>38,221 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1916 June</td> <td>20,464</td> <td>3,537</td> <td>2,891</td> <td>11,265</td> <td>38,157 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1916 December</td> <td>19,900</td> <td>3,573</td> <td>3,589</td> <td>11,220</td> <td>38,282 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1917 June</td> <td>18,535</td> <td>3,441</td> <td>4,213</td> <td>10,670</td> <td>36,858 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1917 December</td> <td>17,725</td> <td>3,189</td> <td>4,868</td> <td>10,459</td> <td>36,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1918 June</td> <td>17,415</td> <td>2,954</td> <td>6,059</td> <td>10,286</td> <td>36,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1918 December</td> <td>17,601</td> <td>2,960</td> <td>7,977</td> <td>10,237</td> <td>38,775 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Allied military losses included 10 battleships, 18 cruisers and several smaller naval vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Micheal_Clodfelter_2015,_p._428_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheal_Clodfelter_2015,_p._428-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also sunk were <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospital_ships_sunk_in_World_War_I" title="List of hospital ships sunk in World War I">18 hospital ships</a>. </p><p>29 U-boat commanders were decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>, the highest German decoration for gallantry for officers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 U-boat crewmen received the <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Prussia)" title="Military Merit Cross (Prussia)"><i>Goldene Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz</i></a>, the highest bravery award for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most successful U-boat commanders of World War I were <a href="/wiki/Lothar_von_Arnauld_de_la_Peri%C3%A8re" title="Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière">Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière</a> (189 merchant vessels and two gunboats with 446,708 tons), followed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Forstmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Forstmann">Walter Forstmann</a> (149 ships with 391,607 tons), and <a href="/wiki/Max_Valentiner" title="Max Valentiner">Max Valentiner</a> (144 ships with 299,482 tons).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So far, their records have never been surpassed by anyone in any later conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U-boat_losses">U-boat losses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: U-boat losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Clodfelter's encyclopedia of military casualties:<sup id="cite_ref-Micheal_Clodfelter_2015,_p._428_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheal_Clodfelter_2015,_p._428-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>German Submarine Force 1914–1918 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left;"> </th> <th>1914 </th> <th>1915 </th> <th>1916 </th> <th>1917 </th> <th>1918 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">On hand</td> <td>24</td> <td>29</td> <td>54</td> <td>133</td> <td>142 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Additions (Commissioned)</td> <td>10</td> <td>52</td> <td>108</td> <td>87</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Battle losses</td> <td>5</td> <td>19</td> <td>22</td> <td>63</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other losses</td> <td></td> <td>8</td> <td>7</td> <td>15</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Years end</td> <td>29</td> <td>54</td> <td>133</td> <td>142</td> <td>134 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>Total operational boats: 351</li> <li>Total sunk in combat: 178 (41 by mines, 30 by depth charges and 13 by <a href="/wiki/Q-ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-ships">Q-ships</a>)</li> <li>Other losses: 39</li> <li>Completed after Armistice: 45</li> <li>Surrendered to Allies: 179</li> <li>Men lost in U-boats: 515 officers and 4894 enlisted men</li></ul> <p>However, different sources give different numbers, as the nature of submarine warfare creates uncertainty. U-boats on patrol frequently just disappear and the cause must then be inferred from the location they sank, reported engagements by Allies, or wreck data if the wreck is found. Uboat.net's listing of u-boat fates gives<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Lost in battle: 72 (34 by surface warships, 17 by allied submarines. The remainder mostly by Q-ships or civilian vessels, with the latter typically employing ramming.)</li> <li>Lost due to mines: 58</li> <li>Lost on patrol for non-combat reasons: 29</li> <li>Lost for unknown reasons: 27</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naval-encyclopedia.com/ww1/uk/british-destroyers.php">"WW1 British Destroyers"</a>. <i>Naval Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=WW1+British+Destroyers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaval-encyclopedia.com%2Fww1%2Fuk%2Fbritish-destroyers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/world-war-1-battleships-the-american-destroyer">"World War 1 Battleships: The American Destroyer"</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=World+War+1+Battleships%3A+The+American+Destroyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fworld-war-1-battleships-the-american-destroyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/09/wwis-u-boats-launched-age-unrestricted-warfare/">"How the uboats launched the age of unrestricted warfare"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421072803/https://www.wired.com/2014/09/wwis-u-boats-launched-age-unrestricted-warfare/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=How+the+uboats+launched+the+age+of+unrestricted+warfare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fwwis-u-boats-launched-age-unrestricted-warfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/warships.html">"Ships hit during WWI: Allied Warships hit during WWI"</a>. <i>German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+and+Austrian+U-boats+of+World+War+I+-+Kaiserliche+Marine+-+Uboat.net&rft.atitle=Ships+hit+during+WWI%3A+Allied+Warships+hit+during+WWI&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fwwi%2Fships_hit%2Fwarships.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwpda.org/naval/rnqships.htm">"RN Q-ships"</a>. <i>gwpda.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514102757/http://www.gwpda.org/naval/rnqships.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gwpda.org&rft.atitle=RN+Q-ships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwpda.org%2Fnaval%2Frnqships.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JasperTelegraph-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JasperTelegraph_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopping2013" class="citation news cs1">Copping, Jasper (20 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221210750/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/10531084/Secrets-of-Kents-WW1-German-u-boat.html">"Secrets of Kent's WW1 German u-boat"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/10531084/Secrets-of-Kents-WW1-German-u-boat.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+Kent%27s+WW1+German+u-boat&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworld-war-one%2F10531084%2FSecrets-of-Kents-WW1-German-u-boat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klov-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klov_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klov_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klov_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlovland2017" class="citation journal cs1">Klovland, Jan T. (2017). "Navigating through torpedo attacks and enemy raiders: Merchant shipping and freight rates during World War 1". <i>NHH</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NHH&rft.atitle=Navigating+through+torpedo+attacks+and+enemy+raiders%3A+Merchant+shipping+and+freight+rates+during+World+War+1&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Klovland&rft.aufirst=Jan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson and Prendergast, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarrant_p10,_11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_p10,_11_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant pp. 10, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane pp. 39–41, 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManson" class="citation thesis cs1">Manson, Janet. <i>International law, German Submarines and American Policy</i> (Thesis). pp. 69–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=International+law%2C+German+Submarines+and+American+Policy&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter1972" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Gerhard (1972). <i>The Sword and the Scepter vol III: The tragedy of statesmanship</i>. University of Miami Press. pp. 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Scepter+vol+III%3A+The+tragedy+of+statesmanship&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=University+of+Miami+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). <i>World War I</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 836–837. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2"><bdi>1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I&rft.pages=836-837&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritter, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritter, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-potter-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-potter_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-potter_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterRoger_FredlandHenry_Hitch_Adams1981" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Elmer Belmont; Roger Fredland; Henry Hitch Adams (1981). <i>Sea Power: A Naval History</i>. Naval Institute Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-607-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-607-4"><bdi>0-87021-607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Power%3A+A+Naval+History&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-87021-607-4&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Elmer+Belmont&rft.au=Roger+Fredland&rft.au=Henry+Hitch+Adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritter, pp. 128–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Tirpitz1926" class="citation book cs1">von Tirpitz, Alfred (1926). <i>Politische Dokumente vol 2</i>. p. 308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politische+Dokumente+vol+2.&rft.pages=308&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=von+Tirpitz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until 1917, U-boat captains preferred to abide by cruiser rules anyway, due to a shortage of torpedoes and a periscope launched torpedo accuracy of only 42%. Ritter, p 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritter, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compton-Hall, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstorff-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstorff_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff1920" class="citation book cs1">Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/30865/pg30865-images.html"><i>My Three Years in America</i></a>. pp. 136–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Three+Years+in+America&rft.pages=136-140&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Johann+Heinrich+von+Bernstorff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F30865%2Fpg30865-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1914-20v01/d339">"The Counselor for the Department of State ( Lansing ) to the Secretary of State, May 1 1915"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Counselor+for+the+Department+of+State+%28+Lansing+%29+to+the+Secretary+of+State%2C+May+1+1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1914-20v01%2Fd339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LusiInfoStat-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LusiInfoStat_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The official figures give 1195 lost out of 1959, excluding three stowaways who also were lost. The figures here eliminate some repetitions from the list and people subsequently known not to be on board. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmslusitania.info/people/statistics/">"Passenger and Crew Statistics"</a>. <i>The Lusitania Resource</i>. 12 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lusitania+Resource&rft.atitle=Passenger+and+Crew+Statistics&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmslusitania.info%2Fpeople%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This government has already taken occasion to inform the Imperial German government that it cannot admit the adoption of such measures or such a warning of danger to operate as in any degree an abbreviation of the rights of American shipmasters or of American citizens bound on lawful errands as passengers on merchant ships of belligerent nationality; and that it must hold the Imperial German government to a strict accountability for any infringement of those rights, intentional or incidental."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmslusitania.info/primary-docs/wilson-notes/us-protest-1/">"U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania"</a>. 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Protest+over+the+Sinking+of+the+Lusitania&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmslusitania.info%2Fprimary-docs%2Fwilson-notes%2Fus-protest-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Only her actual resistance to capture or refusal to stop when ordered to do so for the purpose of visit could have afforded the commander of the submarine any justification for so much as putting the lives of those on board the ship in jeopardy." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmslusitania.info/primary-docs/wilson-notes/us-protest-2/">"Second U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania"</a>. 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+U.S.+Protest+over+the+Sinking+of+the+Lusitania&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmslusitania.info%2Fprimary-docs%2Fwilson-notes%2Fus-protest-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The events of the past two months have clearly indicated that it is possible and practicable to conduct such submarine operations as have characterized the activity of the Imperial German Navy within the so-called war zone in substantial accord with the accepted practices of regulated warfare." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmslusitania.info/primary-docs/wilson-notes/us-protest-3/">"Third U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania"</a>. 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+U.S.+Protest+over+the+Sinking+of+the+Lusitania&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmslusitania.info%2Fprimary-docs%2Fwilson-notes%2Fus-protest-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manson 1977, pp. 99–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson and Prendergast, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern, p. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern, p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messimer p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarrant_p24-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_p24_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_p24_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messimer pp. 40, 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newark74-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewark,_Tim2007" class="citation book cs1">Newark, Tim (2007). <i>Camouflage</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://njscuba.net/sites/site_black_sunday.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Black+Sunday%22+%E2%80%93+Victims+of+U-151&rft.pub=Scuba+Diving+%E2%80%93+New+Jersey+%26+Long+Island+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnjscuba.net%2Fsites%2Fsite_black_sunday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, p. 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern pp. 424–427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern pp. 438–441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messimer pp. 145–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2014" class="citation web cs1">Orr, Laura (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamptonroadsnavalmuseum.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-return-of-mayflower-by-bernard.html">"Hampton Roads Naval Museum: The Return of the Mayflower, by Bernard Gribble"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815134527/http://hamptonroadsnavalmuseum.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-return-of-mayflower-by-bernard.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hampton+Roads+Naval+Museum%3A+The+Return+of+the+Mayflower%2C+by+Bernard+Gribble&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhamptonroadsnavalmuseum.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fthe-return-of-mayflower-by-bernard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Falls" title="Cyril Falls">Falls, Cyril</a> (1961). <i>The Great War</i>. New York: Capricorn Books. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Capricorn+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003). <i>Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001</i>. Brassey's. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2"><bdi>1-57488-452-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars%3A+The+Age+of+the+Professional+Soldier%2C+1900%E2%80%932001&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57488-452-2&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-46114692">"Willow sub marks WW1 U-boat surrender"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118013209/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-46114692">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Willow+sub+marks+WW1+U-boat+surrender&rft.date=2018-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-essex-46114692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonDarko_Pavlovic1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Williamson_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Williamson (writer)">Williamson, Gordon</a>; Darko Pavlovic (1995). <i>U-Boat Crews 1914–45</i>. Osprey. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-545-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-545-4"><bdi>1-85532-545-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U-Boat+Crews+1914%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85532-545-4&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Darko+Pavlovic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a-short-history-of-the-merchant-navy">"A short history of the merchant navy"</a>. <i>Imperial War Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museum&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+the+merchant+navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fa-short-history-of-the-merchant-navy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fayle, C. Ernest, <i>Seaborn Trade</i>, Vol. 3, p. 465, Table I[a]; London: John Murray, 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigg 2002, pp. 48–49, 52, 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigg 2002, pp. 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Micheal_Clodfelter_2015,_p._428-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Micheal_Clodfelter_2015,_p._428_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Micheal_Clodfelter_2015,_p._428_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheal Clodfelter, <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i>, 4th ed., McFarland, 2017, p. 428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uboat.net/wwi/men/decorations/2.html">"Military decorations – U-boat Commanders – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612005759/http://uboat.net/wwi/men/decorations/2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+decorations+%E2%80%93+U-boat+Commanders+%E2%80%93+German+and+Austrian+U-boats+of+World+War+One+%E2%80%93+Kaiserliche+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fwwi%2Fmen%2Fdecorations%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruno Fischer, <i>Ehrenbuch des Orden vom Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz e.V. und die Geschichte der Ordens-Gemeinschaft, Die Ordens-Sammlung</i>, 1960, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/most_successful.html">"Most Successful U-boat commanders – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208162211/http://www.uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/most_successful.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+Successful+U-boat+commanders+%E2%80%93+German+and+Austrian+U-boats+of+World+War+One+%E2%80%93+Kaiserliche+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fwwi%2Fmen%2Fcommanders%2Fmost_successful.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uboat.net/wwi/fates/">"U-boat Fates 1914–1918"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U-boat+Fates+1914%E2%80%931918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fwwi%2Ffates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesly1982" class="citation book cs1">Beesly, Patrick (1982). <i>Room 40: British Naval Intelligence 1914–1918</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10864-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10864-2"><bdi>978-0-241-10864-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Room+40%3A+British+Naval+Intelligence+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-241-10864-2&rft.aulast=Beesly&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasper2013" class="citation web cs1">Jasper, Copping (20 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221210750/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/10531084/Secrets-of-Kents-WW1-German-u-boat.html">"Secrets of Kent's WW1 German U-boat"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/10531084/Secrets-of-Kents-WW1-German-u-boat.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+Kent%27s+WW1+German+U-boat&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft.aulast=Jasper&rft.aufirst=Copping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworld-war-one%2F10531084%2FSecrets-of-Kents-WW1-German-u-boat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonMaurice_Prendergast2002" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, R.H.; Maurice Prendergast (2002). <i>The German Submarine War 1914–1918</i>. Periscope Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904381-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-904381-08-1"><bdi>1-904381-08-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Submarine+War+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Periscope+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-904381-08-1&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft.au=Maurice+Prendergast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton-Hall2004" class="citation book cs1">Compton-Hall, Richard (2004). <i>Submarines at War 1914–18</i>. Periscope Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-447-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-447-4"><bdi>1-55750-447-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Submarines+at+War+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=Periscope+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55750-447-4&rft.aulast=Compton-Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grey, Edwyn (1972) <i>The Killing Time</i> Seeley <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85422-070-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85422-070-4">0-85422-070-4</a></li> <li>Grigg, John (2002) <i>Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918</i> Allen Lane, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-713-99343-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-713-99343-X">0-713-99343-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern1994" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK4_6LF60GsC&q=A+Naval+History+of+World+War+I"><i>A Naval History of World War I</i></a>. U.S. Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-498-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-498-4"><bdi>1-85728-498-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Naval+History+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=U.S.+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85728-498-4&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK4_6LF60GsC%26q%3DA%2BNaval%2BHistory%2Bof%2BWorld%2BWar%2BI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig1998" class="citation web cs1">Herwig, Holger H. (Spring 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813224106/http://www.jmss.org/1998/article2.html">"Total Rhetoric, Limited War: Germany's U-Boat Campaign 1917–1918"</a>. <i>Journal of Military and Strategic Studies</i>. The Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmss.org/1998/article2.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+and+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Total+Rhetoric%2C+Limited+War%3A+Germany%27s+U-Boat+Campaign+1917%E2%80%931918&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=Holger+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmss.org%2F1998%2Farticle2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jane's <i>Fighting Ships of World War I</i> (1919, reprinted 1990) Studio Editions <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-378-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85170-378-0">1-85170-378-0</a></li> <li>Messimer, Dwight (2001) <i>Find and Destroy</i> Naval Institute <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-447-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-447-4">1-55750-447-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC"><i>Latin America's Wars</i></a>. Washington D.C.: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2"><bdi>1-57488-452-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57488-452-2&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aWQ_7oKJfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoessler1997" class="citation book cs1">Roessler, Eberhard (1997). <i>Die Unterseeboote der Kaiserlichen Marine</i>. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5963-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5963-7"><bdi>978-3-7637-5963-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Unterseeboote+der+Kaiserlichen+Marine&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-7637-5963-7&rft.aulast=Roessler&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tarrant, V. E. (1989) <i>The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945</i> Arms and Armour <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-928-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-928-8">0-85368-928-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2002" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Joachim (2002). <i>Die U-Boote des Kaisers</i>. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-6235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-6235-4"><bdi>978-3-7637-6235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+U-Boote+des+Kaisers&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-7637-6235-4&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpindler" class="citation book cs1">Spindler, Arno. <i>Der Handelskrieg mit U-Booten. 5 Vols</i>. Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. Vols. 4+5, dealing with 1917+18, are very hard to find: <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Library" title="Guildhall Library">Guildhall Library</a>, London, has them all, also Vol. 1–3 in an English translation: The submarine war against commerce.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Handelskrieg+mit+U-Booten.+5+Vols&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mittler+%26+Sohn.+Vols.+4%2B5%2C+dealing+with+1917%2B18%2C+are+very+hard+to+find%3A+Guildhall+Library%2C+London%2C+has+them+all%2C+also+Vol.+1%E2%80%933+in+an+English+translation%3A+The+submarine+war+against+commerce&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoerver2008" class="citation book cs1">Koerver, Hans Joachim (2008). <i>Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914–1918: The Fleet in Action</i>. Vol. I. Steinbach: LIS Reinisch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902433-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902433-76-3"><bdi>978-3-902433-76-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Room+40%3A+German+Naval+Warfare+1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+Fleet+in+Action&rft.place=Steinbach&rft.pub=LIS+Reinisch&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-902433-76-3&rft.aulast=Koerver&rft.aufirst=Hans+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoerver2009" class="citation book cs1">Koerver, Hans Joachim (2009). <i>Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914–1918: The Fleet in Being</i>. Vol. II. Steinbach: LIS Reinisch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902433-77-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902433-77-0"><bdi>978-3-902433-77-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Room+40%3A+German+Naval+Warfare+1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+Fleet+in+Being&rft.place=Steinbach&rft.pub=LIS+Reinisch&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-902433-77-0&rft.aulast=Koerver&rft.aufirst=Hans+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbatiello, John: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/atlantic_u-boat_campaign">Atlantic U-boat Campaign</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Karau, Mark D.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/submarines_and_submarine_warfare">Submarines and Submarine Warfare</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar1atsea.net">World's Navies in World War 1, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vectorsite.net/twsub2_1.html#m5">"First Battle of the Atlantic" article</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u54.suedholland-ferienhaus.de/html/s_m__u_54.html">Photos of cruises of German submarine U-54 in 1916–1918.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130023342/http://www.europafilmtreasures.eu/PY/269/see-the-film-the_enchanted_circle">A 44 min. German film from 1917 about a cruise of the German submarine U-35.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html">Uboat.net:</a> Detailed information about German submarines.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germannavalwarfare.info/indexbr.htm">Room 40:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003000/http://germannavalwarfare.info/indexbr.htm">Archived</a> 15 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> original documents, photos and maps about World War I German submarine warfare and British <a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a> Intelligence from <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Archives">The National Archives</a>, Kew, Richmond, UK.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/de/node/33/efg1914%20submarine/multilingual:1/showOnly:video">Historical footage of U-boats in World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Film_Gateway" title="European Film Gateway">europeanfilmgateway.eu</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&oldid=1259834240">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U-boat_campaign&oldid=1259834240</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" 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involving Brazil">Naval battles of World War I involving Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_World_War_I_involving_Canada" title="Category:Naval battles of World War I involving Canada">Naval battles of World War I involving Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_World_War_I_involving_Italy" title="Category:Naval battles of World War I involving Italy">Naval battles of World War I involving Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_World_War_I_involving_Japan" title="Category:Naval battles of World War I involving Japan">Naval battles of World War I involving Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1914" title="Category:Conflicts in 1914">Conflicts in 1914</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1915" title="Category:Conflicts in 1915">Conflicts in 1915</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1916" title="Category:Conflicts in 1916">Conflicts in 1916</a></li><li><a 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