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Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_from_the_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_from_the_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pressure from the people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_from_the_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Eastern_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Eastern_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Russian Eastern expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Eastern_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–95)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–95)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–95)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_encroachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_encroachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Russian encroachment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_encroachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxer_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxer_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Boxer Rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxer_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Pre-war negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Status of combatants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_of_combatants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Status of combatants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Status_of_combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ship distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Declaration of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1904" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1904"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Campaign of 1904 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign_of_1904-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaign of 1904 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1904-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Port_Arthur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Port_Arthur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Battle of Port Arthur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Port_Arthur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockade_of_Port_Arthur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade_of_Port_Arthur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Blockade of Port Arthur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockade_of_Port_Arthur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Port_Arthur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Port_Arthur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Siege of Port Arthur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Port_Arthur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo–Japanese_intelligence_co-operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo–Japanese_intelligence_co-operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Anglo–Japanese intelligence co-operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo–Japanese_intelligence_co-operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Yalu_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Yalu_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Battle of Yalu River </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Yalu_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Battle of the Yellow Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_Fleet_redeploys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_Fleet_redeploys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Baltic Fleet redeploys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_Fleet_redeploys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Effects on civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Campaign of 1905 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign_of_1905-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaign of 1905 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Sandepu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Sandepu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Battle of Sandepu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Sandepu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Mukden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Mukden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Battle of Mukden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Mukden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Tsushima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Tsushima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Battle of Tsushima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Tsushima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Peace and aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peace_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Peace and aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Peace_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Portsmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Portsmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Treaty of Portsmouth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Portsmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Political consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Effects on Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Effects on Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Assessment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Historical significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Reception around the world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Military results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_attachés_and_observers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_attachés_and_observers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Military attachés and observers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_attachés_and_observers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 List of battles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Cultural legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Illustrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Russo-Japanese War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russies-Japannese_Oorlog" title="Russies-Japannese Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russies-Japannese Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الروسية اليابانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الروسية اليابانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ruso-chaponesa" title="Guerra ruso-chaponesa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra ruso-chaponesa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ruso-xaponesa" title="Guerra ruso-xaponesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra ruso-xaponesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus-yapon_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Rus-yapon müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rus-yapon müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="روس-ژاپون ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روس-ژاپون ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E2%80%93%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="রুশ–জাপান যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুশ–জাপান যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-L%C5%8D%CD%98_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Ji̍t-Lō͘ Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-Lō͘ Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Рус-япон һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рус-япон һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Руска-японская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руска-японская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Руско-японска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руско-японска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-japanski_rat" title="Rusko-japanski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rusko-japanski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_etre_Japan_ha_Rusia" title="Brezel etre Japan ha Rusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel etre Japan ha Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Орос-Япон дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Орос-Япон дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_russo-japonesa" title="Guerra russo-japonesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra russo-japonesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-japonsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Rusko-japonská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko-japonská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk-japanske_krig" title="Russisk-japanske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Russisk-japanske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Japanischer_Krieg" title="Russisch-Japanischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russisch-Japanischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene-Jaapani_s%C3%B5da" title="Vene-Jaapani sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene-Jaapani sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8A%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ρωσοϊαπωνικός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσοϊαπωνικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ruso-japonesa" title="Guerra ruso-japonesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra ruso-japonesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa-japana_milito" title="Rusa-japana milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusa-japana milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusia-Japonia_Gerra" title="Errusia-Japonia Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusia-Japonia Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="جنگ روسیه و ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ روسیه و ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_russo-japonaise" title="Guerre russo-japonaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre russo-japonaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_R%C3%BAis-Seap%C3%A1nach" title="Cogadh Rúis-Seapánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Rúis-Seapánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ruso-xaponesa" title="Guerra ruso-xaponesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra ruso-xaponesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="러일 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러일 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD-%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ռուս-ճապոնական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուս-ճապոնական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="रूस-जापान युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूस-जापान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-japanski_rat" title="Rusko-japanski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusko-japanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_Rusa-Japoniana" title="Milito Rusa-Japoniana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito Rusa-Japoniana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Rusia%E2%80%93Jepang" title="Perang Rusia–Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Rusia–Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0_R%C3%BAsslands_og_Japans" title="Stríð Rússlands og Japans – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stríð Rússlands og Japans" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_russo-giapponese" title="Guerra russo-giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra russo-giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="מלחמת רוסיה–יפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת רוסיה–יפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Rusia-Jepang" title="Perang Rusia-Jepang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Rusia-Jepang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთ-იაპონიის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთ-იაპონიის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Орыс-жапон соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орыс-жапон соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_Japani_na_Urusi_ya_1905" title="Vita ya Japani na Urusi ya 1905 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya Japani na Urusi ya 1905" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Орус-жапон согушу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орус-жапон согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Russo-Iaponicum" title="Bellum Russo-Iaponicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Russo-Iaponicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas%E2%80%94Jap%C4%81nas_kar%C5%A1" title="Krievijas—Japānas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas—Japānas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos%E2%80%93Japonijos_karas" title="Rusijos–Japonijos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos–Japonijos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosz%E2%80%93jap%C3%A1n_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Orosz–japán háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orosz–japán háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Руско-јапонска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руско-јапонска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E2%80%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="रशिया–जपान युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशिया–जपान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Jepun-Rusia" title="Perang Jepun-Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Jepun-Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Орос-Японы дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орос-Японы дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Japanse_Oorlog" title="Russisch-Japanse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russisch-Japanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9C%B2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="日露戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日露戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCs-Jaapaans_Krich" title="Rüs-Jaapaans Krich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rüs-Jaapaans Krich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russisk-japanske_krig" title="Den russisk-japanske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den russisk-japanske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russisk-japanske_krigen" title="Den russisk-japanske krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den russisk-japanske krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Russojaponesa" title="Guèrra Russojaponesa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Russojaponesa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus-yapon_urushi" title="Rus-yapon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rus-yapon urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਰੂਸ-ਜਪਾਨ ਯੁੱਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸ-ਜਪਾਨ ਯੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="روس جاپان لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس جاپان لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د روسیې او جاپان جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روسیې او جاپان جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_rosyjsko-japo%C5%84ska" title="Wojna rosyjsko-japońska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna rosyjsko-japońska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Russo-Japonesa" title="Guerra Russo-Japonesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Russo-Japonesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_ruso-japonez" title="Războiul ruso-japonez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul ruso-japonez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Русско-японская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русско-японская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russo-Japanese War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-japonsk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Rusko-japonská vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusko-japonská vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-japonska_vojna" title="Rusko-japonska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusko-japonska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalki_Russka-Jabaan" title="Dagaalki Russka-Jabaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalki Russka-Jabaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Руско-јапански рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руско-јапански рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-japanski_rat" title="Rusko-japanski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusko-japanski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n%E2%80%93Japanin_sota" title="Venäjän–Japanin sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän–Japanin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rysk%E2%80%93japanska_kriget" title="Rysk–japanska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rysk–japanska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உருசிய-சப்பானியப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசிய-சப்பானியப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Рус-япон сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рус-япон сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E2%80%93%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="สงครามรัสเซีย–ญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามรัสเซีย–ญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus-Japon_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Rus-Japon Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rus-Japon Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Російсько-японська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російсько-японська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="روس-جاپان جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روس-جاپان جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Nga_%E2%80%93_Nh%E1%BA%ADt" title="Chiến tranh Nga – Nhật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Nga – Nhật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="日俄之戰 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="日俄之戰" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日俄战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D6%BE%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="רוסישע־יאפאנעזער מלחמה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסישע־יאפאנעזער מלחמה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="日俄戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日俄戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">1904–1905 war for Manchuria and Korea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Russo-Japanese War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:RUSSOJAPANESEWARIMAGE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/RUSSOJAPANESEWARIMAGE.jpg/300px-RUSSOJAPANESEWARIMAGE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/RUSSOJAPANESEWARIMAGE.jpg/450px-RUSSOJAPANESEWARIMAGE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/RUSSOJAPANESEWARIMAGE.jpg/600px-RUSSOJAPANESEWARIMAGE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="930" /></a> Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Pallada_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Pallada (1899)">Russian cruiser Pallada</a> under fire at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">Port Arthur</a>, Russian cavalry at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Mukden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Varyag_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Varyag (1899)">Russian cruiser Varyag</a> and gunboat <a href="/wiki/Russian_gunboat_Korietz" title="Russian gunboat Korietz">Korietz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay" title="Battle of Chemulpo Bay">Chemulpo Bay</a>, Japanese dead at Port Arthur, Japanese infantry <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yalu_River_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yalu River (1904)">crossing the Yalu River</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 February 1904  – 5 September 1905</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Japanese victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <ul><li>Russia cedes <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_(naval_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Arthur (naval base)">Port Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalniy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalniy">Dalniy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaodong peninsula">Liaodong peninsula</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, and the control of the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchuria Railway</a> to Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvantunskaya_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantunskaya Oblast">Kvantunskaya Oblast</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> become <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto Prefecture</a> respectively</li></ul></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/23px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/35px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/45px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin" title="Aleksey Kuropatkin">Aleksey Kuropatkin</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kondratenko" title="Roman Kondratenko">Roman Kondratenko</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Stessel" title="Anatoly Stessel">Anatoly Stessel</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Gripenberg" title="Oskar Gripenberg">Oskar Gripenberg</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Zasulich" title="Mikhail Zasulich">Mikhail Zasulich</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Ivanovich_Alekseyev" title="Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev">Yevgeni Alekseyev</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Stepan Makarov</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wilgelm_Vitgeft" title="Wilgelm Vitgeft">Wilgelm Vitgeft</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor" title="Joseph Trumpeldor">Joseph Trumpeldor</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Viren" title="Robert Viren">Robert Viren</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zinovy_Rozhestvensky" title="Zinovy Rozhestvensky">Zinovy Rozhestvensky</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kodama_Gentar%C5%8D" title="Kodama Gentarō">Kodama Gentarō</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuroki_Tamemoto" title="Kuroki Tamemoto">Kuroki Tamemoto</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oku_Yasukata" title="Oku Yasukata">Oku Yasukata</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Sukeyuki" title="Itō Sukeyuki">Itō Sukeyuki</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kataoka_Shichir%C5%8D" title="Kataoka Shichirō">Kataoka Shichirō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,365,000 (total)<a href="#cite_note-MitchellSmith31_6-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>900,000 (peak)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese2019197-2">[2]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,200,000 (total)<a href="#cite_note-MitchellSmith31_6-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>650,000 (peak)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total: 43,300–71,453 dead<a href="#cite_note-DumasV-P23-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-HAotTC-4">[4]</a> <ul><li>34,000–52,623 killed or died of wounds</li> <li>9,300–18,830 died of disease</li> <li>146,032 wounded</li> <li>74,369 captured</li></ul> Material losses: <ul><li>8 battleships sunk</li> <li>2 battleships captured</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total: 80,378–86,100 dead<a href="#cite_note-DumasV-P23-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-HAotTC-4">[4]</a> <ul><li>47,152–47,400 killed</li> <li>11,424–11,500 died of wounds</li> <li>21,802–27,200 died of disease</li> <li>153,673–173,400 wounded</li></ul> Material losses: <ul><li>2 battleships sunk</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Japanese_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Japanese War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="List of battles of the Russo-Japanese War">Naval battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">1st Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay" title="Battle of Chemulpo Bay">Chemulpo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Maru_Incident" title="Hitachi Maru Incident">Hitachi Maru convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Ulsan" title="Battle off Ulsan">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsakov" title="Battle of Korsakov">Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" title="Dogger Bank incident">Dogger Bank incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Tsushima</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="List of battles of the Russo-Japanese War">Land battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1904)" title="Battle of the Yalu River (1904)">Yalu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanshan" title="Battle of Nanshan">Nanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Te-li-Ssu" title="Battle of Te-li-Ssu">Te-li-Ssu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Motien_Pass" title="Battle of Motien Pass">Motien Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashihchiao" title="Battle of Tashihchiao">Tashihchiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">2nd Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hsimucheng" title="Battle of Hsimucheng">Hsimucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang" title="Battle of Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaho" title="Battle of Shaho">Shaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandepu" title="Battle of Sandepu">Sandepu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Mukden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Sakhalin" title="Japanese invasion of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_campaigns_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_campaigns_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island_incident" title="Ganghwa Island incident">Ganghwa (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryukyu (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Liaodong Peninsula (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">China (1899–1901)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Korea (1910)</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_German_colonial_possessions" title="Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions">German Pacific possesions (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberia (1918–1922)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China (1937–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="554" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> 1866–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe#Second_phase" title="Concert of Europe">Second Concert of Europe</a> 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Campaign in Bosnia</a> 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a> 1880–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance</a> 1881–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> 1885–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> 1887–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> 1898–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> 1903</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Japanese War</a> 1904–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> 1905–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%931908)" title="Pig War (1906–1908)">Pig War</a> 1906–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Second Moroccan Crisis</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> 1911–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> 1912–1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> 1914</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The major theatres of military operations were in the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Mukden</a> in Southern Manchuria, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. Russia sought a <a href="/wiki/Warm-water_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-water port">warm-water port</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> both for its navy and for maritime trade. <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> remained ice-free and operational only during the summer; <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou">Port Arthur</a>, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China from 1897, was operational year round. Russia had pursued an expansionist policy east of the Urals, in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a>, since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg20082-6">[6]</a> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1895, Japan had feared Russian encroachment would interfere with its plans to establish a <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in Korea and Manchuria. Seeing Russia as a rival, Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of the Korean Empire as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded the establishment of a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan in Korea, north of the <a href="/wiki/39th_parallel_north" title="39th parallel north">39th parallel</a>. The Imperial Japanese Government perceived this as obstructing their plans for expansion into mainland Asia and chose to go to war. After negotiations broke down in 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> opened hostilities in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">a surprise attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Russian Eastern Fleet</a> at Port Arthur, China, on 9 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 January] 1904. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> responded by declaring war on Japan. Although Russia suffered a number of defeats, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Emperor Nicholas II</a> remained convinced that Russia could still win if it fought on; he chose to remain engaged in the war and await the outcomes of key naval battles. As hope of victory dissipated, he continued the war to preserve the dignity of Russia by averting a "humiliating peace". Russia ignored Japan's willingness early on to agree to an armistice and rejected the idea of bringing the dispute to the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> at the Hague. After the decisive naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">battle of Tsushima</a>, the war was concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a> (5 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 23 August] 1905), mediated by US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. The complete victory of the Japanese military surprised international observers and transformed the balance of power in both East Asia and Europe, resulting in Japan's emergence as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> and a decline in the Russian Empire's prestige and influence in Europe. Russia's incurrence of substantial casualties and losses for a cause that resulted in humiliating defeat contributed to growing domestic unrest, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, and severely damaged the prestige of the Russian autocracy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization_of_Japan">Modernization of Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modernization of Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara,_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map,_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01.jpg/260px-Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01.jpg/390px-Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01.jpg/520px-Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3033" /></a><figcaption>This anti-Russian satirical map was produced by a Japanese student at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> during the Russo-Japanese War. It follows the design used for a similar map first published in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868, the Meiji government endeavoured to assimilate Western ideas, technological advances and ways of warfare. By the late 19th century, Japan had transformed itself into a modernized industrial state. The Japanese wanted to be recognized as equal with the Western powers. The Meiji Restoration had been intended to make Japan a modernized state, not a Westernized one, and Japan was an imperialist power, looking towards overseas expansionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorry197915–16-8">[8]</a> In the years 1869–1873, the <a href="/wiki/Seikanron" title="Seikanron">Seikanron</a> ("Conquer Korea Argument") had bitterly divided the Japanese elite: one faction wanted to conquer Korea immediately, another wanted to wait until Japan was further modernized before embarking on a war to conquer Korea; significantly, no one in the Japanese elite ever accepted the idea that the Koreans had the right to be independent, with only the question of timing dividing the two factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorry197916-9">[9]</a> In much the same way that Europeans used the "backwardness" of African and Asian nations as a reason for why they had to conquer them, for the Japanese elite the "backwardness" of China and Korea was proof of the inferiority of those nations, thus giving the Japanese the "right" to conquer them.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Kaoru" title="Inoue Kaoru">Inoue Kaoru</a>, the foreign minister, gave a speech in 1887 saying "What we must do is to transform our empire and our people, make the empire like the countries of Europe and our people like the peoples of Europe," going on to say that the Chinese and Koreans had essentially forfeited their right to be independent by not modernizing.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">[10]</a> Much of the pressure for an aggressive foreign policy in Japan came from below, with the advocates of a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement" title="Freedom and People's Rights Movement">"people's rights" movement</a> calling for an elected parliament also favouring an ultra-nationalist line that took it for granted the Japanese had the "right" to annex Korea, as the "people's rights" movement was led by those who favoured invading Korea in the years 1869–1873.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">[10]</a> As part of the modernization process in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinist</a> ideas about the "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>" were common from the 1880s onward and many ordinary Japanese resented the heavy taxes imposed by the government to modernize Japan, demanding something tangible like an overseas <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> as a reward for their sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorry197918–19-11">[11]</a> Furthermore, the educational system of Meiji Japan was meant to train the schoolboys to be soldiers when they grew up, and as such, Japanese schools indoctrinated their students into <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a> ("way of the warrior"), the fierce code of the samurai.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">[10]</a> Having indoctrinated the younger generations into Bushidō, the Meiji elite found themselves faced with a people who clamored for war, and regarded diplomacy as a weakness.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_from_the_people">Pressure from the people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pressure from the people">edit</a>]</div> The British Japanologist Richard Storry wrote that the biggest misconception about Japan in the West was that the Japanese people were the "docile" instruments of the elite, when in fact much of the pressure for Japan's wars from 1894 to 1941 came from the ordinary people, who demanded a "tough" foreign policy, and tended to engage in riots and assassination when foreign policy was perceived to be pusillanimous.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">[10]</a> Though the Meiji <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> refused to allow <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, they did seek to appropriate some of the demands of the "people's rights" movement by allowing an elected <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Diet (Japan)">Imperial Diet</a> in 1890 (with limited powers and an equally limited franchise) and by pursuing an aggressive foreign policy towards Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">[10]</a> In 1884, Japan had encouraged a coup in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Korea">Kingdom of Korea</a> by a pro-Japanese reformist faction, which led to the conservative government calling upon China for help, leading to a clash between Chinese and Japanese soldiers in Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_20-12">[12]</a> At the time, Tokyo did not feel ready to risk a war with China, and the crisis was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a>, which left Korea more strongly in the Chinese sphere of influence, though it did give the Japanese the right to intervene in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_20-12">[12]</a> All through the 1880s and early 1890s, the government in Tokyo was regularly criticized for not being aggressive enough in Korea, leading Japanese historian <a href="/wiki/Masao_Maruyama_(scholar)" title="Masao Maruyama (scholar)">Masao Maruyama</a> to write: <blockquote>Just as Japan was subject to pressure from the Great Powers, so she would apply pressure to still weaker countries – a clear case of the transfer psychology. In this regard it is significant that ever since the Meiji period demands for a tough foreign policy have come from the common people, that is, from those who are at the receiving end of oppression at home.<a href="#cite_note-Storry1979_20-12">[12]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Eastern_expansion">Russian Eastern expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian Eastern expansion">edit</a>]</div> Tsarist Russia, as a major imperial power, had ambitions in the East. By the 1890s it had extended its realm across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, absorbing local states in the process. The Russian Empire stretched from Poland in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> With its construction of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> to the port of Vladivostok, Russia hoped to further consolidate its influence and presence in the region. In the <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_incident" title="Tsushima incident">Tsushima incident</a> of 1861 Russia had directly assaulted Japanese territory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–95)">First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg/220px-Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg/330px-Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg/440px-Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption>Chinese generals in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> surrender to the Japanese, October 1894.</figcaption></figure> The first major war the Empire of Japan fought following the Meiji Restoration was <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">against China</a>, from 1894 to 1895. The war revolved around the issue of control and influence over Korea under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty. From the 1880s onward, there had been vigorous competition for influence in Korea between China and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang2010_1323-14">[14]</a> The Korean court was prone to factionalism, and at the time was badly divided between a reformist camp that was pro-Japanese and a more conservative faction that was pro-Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang2010_1323-14">[14]</a> In 1884, a pro-Japanese coup attempt was put down by Chinese troops, and a "residency" under General <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> was established in Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang2010_1323-14">[14]</a> A peasant rebellion led by the <a href="/wiki/Donghak" title="Donghak">Tonghak</a> religious movement led to a request by the Korean government for the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> to send in troops to stabilize the country.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang2010_1323-14">[14]</a> The Empire of Japan responded by sending their own force to Korea to crush the Tonghak and installed a puppet government in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. China objected and war ensued. Hostilities proved brief, with Japanese ground troops routing Chinese forces on the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> and nearly destroying the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Fleet" title="Beiyang Fleet">Beiyang Fleet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1894)" title="Battle of the Yalu River (1894)">Battle of the Yalu River</a>. Japan and China signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a>, which ceded the Liaodong Peninsula and the island of Taiwan to Japan. After the peace treaty, Russia, Germany, and France <a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">forced Japan to withdraw from the Liaodong Peninsula</a>. The leaders of Japan did not feel that they possessed the strength to resist the combined might of Russia, Germany and France, and so gave in to the ultimatum. At the same time, the Japanese did not abandon their attempts to force Korea into the Japanese sphere of influence. On 8 October 1895, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Queen Min</a> of Korea, the leader of the anti-Japanese and pro-Chinese faction at the Korean court was murdered by Japanese agents within the halls of the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a> palace, an act that backfired badly as it turned Korean public opinion against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang2010_137-15">[15]</a> In early 1896, King <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">Gojong of Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/Korea_royal_refuge_at_the_Russian_legation" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation">fled to the Russian legation</a> in Seoul, believing that his life was in danger from Japanese agents, and Russian influence in Korea started to predominate.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang2010_137-15">[15]</a> In the aftermath of the flight of the King, a popular uprising overthrew the pro-Japanese government and several cabinet ministers were lynched in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang2010_137-15">[15]</a> In 1897, Russia occupied the Liaodong Peninsula, built the <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_naval_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Arthur naval base">Port Arthur</a> fortress, and based the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Russian Pacific Fleet</a> in the port. Russia's acquisition of Port Arthur was primarily an anti-British move to counter the British occupation of <a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Wei-hai-Wei</a>, but in Japan this was perceived as an anti-Japanese move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes20028-16">[16]</a> Germany occupied <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay" title="Jiaozhou Bay">Jiaozhou Bay</a>, built the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao fortress</a>, and based the German <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron" title="East Asia Squadron">East Asia Squadron</a> in this port. Between 1897 and 1903, the Russians built the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> (CER) in Manchuria.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_9-17">[17]</a> The Chinese Eastern Railroad was owned jointly by the Russian and Chinese governments, but the company's management was entirely Russian, the line was built to the Russian gauge and Russian troops were stationed in Manchuria to protect rail traffic on the CER from bandit attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_9-17">[17]</a> The headquarters of the CER company was located in the new Russian-built city of <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, the "Moscow of the Orient". From 1897 onwards, Manchuria – while still nominally part of the "Great Qing Empire" – started to resemble more and more a Russian province.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_9-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_encroachment">Russian encroachment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian encroachment">edit</a>]</div> In December 1897, a Russian fleet appeared off Port Arthur. After three months, in 1898, China and Russia negotiated a convention by which China leased (to Russia) Port Arthur, <a href="/wiki/Talienwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Talienwan">Talienwan</a> and the surrounding waters. The two parties further agreed that the convention could be extended by mutual agreement. The Russians clearly expected such an extension, for they lost no time in occupying the territory and in fortifying Port Arthur, their sole warm-water port on the Pacific coast and of great strategic value. A year later, to consolidate their position, the Russians began to build a new railway from <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mukden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden">Mukden</a> to Port Arthur, the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchurian Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_9-17">[17]</a> The development of the railway became a contributory factor to the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Boxers_attacks_on_Chinese_Eastern_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxers attacks on Chinese Eastern Railway">Boxer forces burned the railway stations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton198819–20-18">[18]</a> The Russians also began to make inroads into Korea. A large point of Russia's growing influence in Korea was <a href="/wiki/Gojong%27s_internal_exile_to_the_Russian_legation" title="Gojong's internal exile to the Russian legation">Gojong's internal exile to the Russian legation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A pro-Russian cabinet emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>. In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsar Nicholas II</a> told <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)">Prince Henry of Prussia</a>, "I do not want to seize Korea but under no circumstances can I allow Japan to become firmly established there. That will be a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> By 1898 they had acquired mining and forestry concessions near the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalu river">Yalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumen_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumen river">Tumen</a> rivers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine2003317-21">[21]</a> causing the Japanese much anxiety. Japan decided to attack before the Russians completed the Trans-Siberian Railway. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boxer_Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Boxer Rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg/220px-Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg/330px-Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg/440px-Troops_of_the_Eight_nations_alliance_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> in 1900. Left to right: Britain, United States, Australia, India, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan.</figcaption></figure> The Russians and the Japanese both contributed troops to the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> sent in 1900 to quell the Boxer Rebellion and to relieve the international legations besieged in the Chinese capital, Beijing. Russia had already sent 177,000 soldiers to Manchuria, nominally to protect its railways under construction. Though the Qing imperial army and the Boxer rebels united to fight against the invasion, they were quickly overrun and ejected from Manchuria. After the Boxer Rebellion, 100,000 Russian soldiers were stationed in Manchuria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200211-22">[22]</a> The Russian troops settled in<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton19887–8-23">[23]</a> and despite assurances they would vacate the area after the crisis, by 1903 the Russians had not established a timetable for withdrawal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine2003320-24">[24]</a> and had actually strengthened their position in Manchuria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_negotiations">Pre-war negotiations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-war negotiations">edit</a>]</div> The Japanese statesman <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> started to negotiate with the Russians. He regarded Japan as too weak to evict the Russians militarily, so he proposed giving Russia control over Manchuria in exchange for Japanese control of northern Korea. Of the five Genrō (elder statesmen) who made up the Meiji oligarchy, Itō Hirobumi and Count <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Kaoru" title="Inoue Kaoru">Inoue Kaoru</a> opposed the idea of war against Russia on financial grounds, while <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Komura Jutarō</a> and Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> favored war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatō200796-25">[25]</a> Meanwhile, Japan and Britain had signed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> in 1902 – the British seeking to restrict naval competition by keeping the Russian Pacific seaports of Vladivostok and Port Arthur from their full use. Japan's alliance with the British meant, in part, that if any nation allied itself with Russia during any war against Japan, then Britain would enter the war on Japan's side. Russia could no longer count on receiving help from either Germany or France without the danger of British involvement in the war. With such an alliance, Japan felt free to commence hostilities if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENish1985ch._8-26">[26]</a> The 1890s and 1900s marked the height of the "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>" propaganda by the German government, and the German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1888–1918) often wrote letters to his cousin Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, praising him as the "saviour of the white race" and urging Russia forward in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2003_121-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fiebi-vonHase2003_165-28">[28]</a> From November 1894 onward, Wilhelm had been writing letters praising Nicholas as Europe's defender from the "Yellow Peril", assuring the Tsar that God Himself had "chosen" Russia to defend Europe from the alleged Asian threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014182-29">[29]</a> On 1 November 1902 Wilhelm wrote to Nicholas that "certain symptoms in the East seem to show that Japan is becoming a rather restless customer" and "it is evident to every unbiased mind that Korea must and will be Russian".<a href="#cite_note-McLean2003_121-27">[27]</a> Wilhelm ended his letter with the warning that Japan and China would soon unite against Europe, writing: <blockquote>Twenty to thirty million Chinese, supported by a half dozen Japanese divisions, led by competent, intrepid Japanese officers, full of hatred for Christianity – that is a vision of the future that cannot be contemplated without concern, and it is not impossible. On the contrary, it is the realisation of the yellow peril, which I described a few years ago and I was ridiculed by the majority of people for my graphic depiction of it ... Your devoted friend and cousin, Willy, Admiral of the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014183-30">[30]</a></blockquote> Wilhelm aggressively encouraged Russia's ambitions in Asia because <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">France, Russia's closest ally</a> since 1894, was less than supportive of Russian expansionism in Asia, and it was believed in Berlin that German support of Russia might break up the Franco-Russian alliance and lead to a new German–Russian alliance.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2003_121-27">[27]</a> The French had made it clear that they disapproved of Nicholas's forward policy in Asia; the French Premier <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Maurice Rouvier</a> (in office: May to December 1887) publicly declaring that the Franco-Russian alliance applied only in Europe, not to Asia,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and that France would remain neutral if Japan attacked Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014252–253-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The American president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (in office 1901–1909), who was attempting to mediate the Russian–Japanese dispute, complained that Wilhelm's "Yellow Peril" propaganda, which strongly implied that Germany might go to war against Japan in support of Russia, encouraged Russian intransigence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiebi-von_Hase2003163-33">[33]</a> On 24 July 1905, in a letter to the British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Spring_Rice" title="Cecil Spring Rice">Cecil Spring Rice</a>, Roosevelt wrote that Wilhelm bore partial responsibility for the war as "he has done all he could to bring it about", charging that Wilhelm's constant warnings about the "Yellow Peril" had made the Russians uninterested in compromise as Nicholas believed that Germany would intervene if Japan attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiebi-von_Hase2003163–164-34">[34]</a> The implicit promise of German support suggested by Wilhelm's "Yellow Peril" speeches and letters to Nicholas led many decision-makers in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to believe that Russia's military weaknesses in the Far East (like the uncompleted Trans-Siberian railroad line) did not matter – they assumed that the Reich would come to Russia's assistance if war should come. In fact, neither Wilhelm nor his Chancellor Prince <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a> (in office: 1900–1909) had much interest in East Asia, and Wilhelm's letters to Nicholas praising him as Europe's saviour against the "Yellow Peril" were really meant to provoke change in the <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">balance of power in Europe</a>, as Wilhelm believed that any Russian entanglement with Japan would break up the Franco-Russian alliance and lead to Nicholas signing an alliance with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Fiebi-vonHase2003_165-28">[28]</a> This was especially the case as Germany had embarked upon the "<a href="/wiki/Tirpitz_Plan" title="Tirpitz Plan">Tirpitz Plan</a>" and a policy of <a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a> (from 1897) meant to challenge Britain's position as the world's leading power. Since Britain was allied to Japan, if Germany could manipulate Russia and Japan into going to war with each other, this in turn would allegedly lead to Russia turning towards Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Fiebi-vonHase2003_165-28">[28]</a> Furthermore, Wilhelm believed if a Russian–German alliance emerged, France would be compelled to join it. He also hoped that having Russia pursue an expansionist policy in Asia would distract and keep Russia out of the Balkans, thus removing the main source of tension between Russia and Germany's ally <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2003_121-27">[27]</a> During the war, Nicholas, who took at face value Wilhelm's "Yellow Peril" speeches, placed much hope in German intervention on his side. More than once Nicholas chose to continue the war out of the belief that the Kaiser would come to his aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2003127–128-35">[35]</a> Despite previous assurances that Russia would completely withdraw from Manchuria the forces it had sent to crush the Boxer Rebellion by 8 April 1903, that day passed with no reduction in Russian forces in that region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatō2007102-36">[36]</a> In Japan, university students demonstrated both against Russia and against their own government for not taking any action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatō2007102-36">[36]</a> On 28 July 1903 <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Kurino" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinichiro Kurino">Kurino Shin'ichirō</a>, the Japanese minister in Saint Petersburg, was instructed to present his country's view opposing Russia's consolidation plans in Manchuria. On 3 August 1903 the Japanese minister handed in the following document to serve as the basis for further negotiations:<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <ol><li>Mutual engagement to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Chinese and Korean empires and to maintain the principle of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations in those countries.</li> <li>Reciprocal recognition of Japan's preponderating interests in Korea and Russia's special interests in railway enterprises in Manchuria, and of the right of Japan to take in Korea and of Russia to take in Manchuria such measures as may be necessary for the protection of their respective interests as above defined, subject, however, to the provisions of article I of this agreement.</li> <li>Reciprocal undertaking on the part of Russia and Japan not to impede development of those industrial and commercial activities respectively of Japan in Korea and of Russia in Manchuria, which are not inconsistent with the stipulations of article I of this agreement. Additional engagement on the part of Russia not to impede the eventual extension of the Korean railway into southern Manchuria so as to connect with the East China and Shan-hai-kwan–Newchwang lines.</li> <li>Reciprocal engagement that in case it is found necessary to send troops by Japan to Korea, or by Russia to Manchuria, for the purpose either of protecting the interests mentioned in article II of this agreement, or of suppressing insurrection or disorder calculated to create international complications, the troops so sent are in no case to exceed the actual number required and are to be forthwith recalled as soon as their missions are accomplished.</li> <li>Recognition on the part of Russia of the exclusive right of Japan to give advice and assistance in the interest of reform and good government in Korea, including necessary military assistance.</li> <li>This agreement to supplant all previous arrangements between Japan and Russia respecting Korea.</li></ol> On 3 October 1903 the Russian minister to Japan, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosen" title="Roman Rosen">Roman Rosen</a>, presented to the Japanese government the Russian counter proposal as the basis of negotiations, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <ol><li>Mutual engagement to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Korean Empire.</li> <li>Recognition by Russia of Japan's preponderating interests in Korea and of the right of Japan to give advice and assistance to Korea tending to improve the civil administration of the empire without infringing the stipulations of article I.</li> <li>Engagement on the part of Russia not to impede the commercial and industrial undertakings of Japan in Korea, nor to oppose any measures taken for the purpose of protecting them so long as such measures do not infringe the stipulations of article I.</li> <li>Recognition of the right of Japan to send for the same purpose troops to Korea, with the knowledge of Russia, but their number not to exceed that actually required, and with the engagement on the part of Japan to recall such troops as soon as their mission is accomplished.</li> <li>Mutual engagement not to use any part of the territory of Korea for strategical purposes nor to undertake on the coasts of Korea any military works capable of menacing the freedom of navigation in the Straits of Korea.</li> <li>Mutual engagement to consider that part of the territory of Korea lying to the north of the 39th parallel as a neutral zone into which neither of the contracting parties shall introduce troops.</li> <li>Recognition by Japan of Manchuria and its littoral as in all respects outside her sphere of interest.</li> <li>This agreement to supplant all previous agreements between Russia and Japan respecting Korea.</li></ol> During the Russian–Japanese talks, the Japanese historian Hirono Yoshihiko noted, "once negotiations commenced between Japan and Russia, Russia scaled back its demands and claims regarding Korea bit by bit, making a series of concessions that Japan regarded as serious compromises on Russia's part".<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_978-39">[39]</a> The war might not have broken out had not the issues of Korea and Manchuria become linked.<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_101-40">[40]</a> The Korean and Manchurian issues had become linked as the Prime Minister of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a> (in office 1901–1906), decided if war did come, that Japan was more likely to have the support of the United States and Great Britain if the war could be presented as a struggle for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> against the highly protectionist Russian empire, in which case, Manchuria, which was the larger market than Korea, was more likely to engage Anglo-American sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_101-40">[40]</a> Throughout the war, Japanese propaganda presented the recurring theme of Japan as a "civilized" power (that supported free trade and would implicitly allow foreign businesses into the resource-rich region of Manchuria) vs. Russia the "uncivilized" power (that was protectionist and wanted to keep the riches of Manchuria all to itself).<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_101-40">[40]</a> Emperor Gojong of Korea (King from 1864 to 1897, Emperor from 1897 to 1907) came to believe that the issue dividing Japan and Russia was Manchuria, and chose to pursue a policy of neutrality as the best way of preserving Korean independence as the crisis mounted.<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_978-39">[39]</a> In a series of reports to Beijing, Hu Weide, the Chinese ambassador in Saint Petersburg from July 1902 to September 1907, looked closely at whether a Russian or a Japanese victory would be favourable to China, and argued that the latter was preferable, as he maintained a Japanese victory presented the better chance for China to regain sovereignty over Manchuria.<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_978-39">[39]</a> In December 1903 China decided to remain neutral if war came, because though Japan was the only power capable of evicting Russia from Manchuria, the extent of Japanese ambitions in Manchuria was not clear to Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_978-39">[39]</a> Russian–Japanese negotiations then followed, although by early January 1904 the Japanese government had realised that Russia was not interested in settling the <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchurian</a> or Korean issues. Instead, Russia's goal was buying time – via diplomacy – to further build up militarily.<a href="#cite_note-KodaNWCR2005-41">[41]</a> In December 1903, Wilhelm wrote in a marginal note on a diplomatic dispatch about his role in inflaming Russo-Japanese relations:<blockquote>Since 97 – Kiaochow – we have never left Russia in any doubt that we would cover her back in Europe, in case she decided to pursue a bigger policy in the Far East that might lead to military complications (with the aim of relieving our eastern border from the fearful pressure and threat of the massive Russian army!). Whereupon, Russia took Port Arthur and trusting us, took her fleet out of the Baltic, thereby making herself vulnerable to us by sea. In Danzig 01 and Reval 02, the same assurance was given again, with result that entire Russian divisions from Poland and European Russia were and are being sent to the Far East. This would not had happened if our governments had not been in agreement!<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014164-42">[42]</a></blockquote> A recurring theme of Wilhelm's letters to Nicholas was that "Holy Russia" had been "chosen" by God to save the "entire white race" from the "Yellow Peril", and that Russia was "entitled" to annex all of Korea, Manchuria, and northern China up to Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014263-43">[43]</a> Wilhelm went on to assure Nicholas that once Russia had defeated Japan, this would be a deadly blow to British diplomacy, and that the two emperors, the self-proclaimed "Admiral of the Atlantic" and the "Admiral of the Pacific", would rule Eurasia together, making them able to challenge British <a href="/wiki/Sea_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea power">sea power</a> as the resources of Eurasia would make their empires immune to a British blockade, and thus allowing Germany and Russia to "divide up the best" of the British colonies in Asia between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014263-43">[43]</a> Nicholas had been prepared to compromise with Japan, but after receiving a letter from Wilhelm attacking him as a coward for his willingness to compromise with the Japanese (who, Wilhelm never ceasing reminding Nicholas, represented the "Yellow Peril") for the sake of peace, became more obstinate.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl2014_269-44">[44]</a> Wilhelm had written to Nicholas stating that the question of Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea was beside the point, saying instead it was a matter of Russia:<blockquote>...undertaking the protection and defence of the White Race, and with it, Christian civilization, against the Yellow Race. And whatever the Japs are determined to ensure the domination of the Yellow Race in East Asia, to put themselves at its head and organise and lead it into battle against the White Race. That is the kernel of the situation, and therefore there can be very little doubt about where the sympathies of all half-way intelligent Europeans should lie. England betrayed Europe's interests to America in a cowardly and shameful way over the Panama Canal question, so as to be left in 'peace' by the Yankees. Will the 'Tsar' likewise betray the interests of the White Race to the Yellow as to be 'left in peace' and not embarrass the Hague tribunal too much?.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl2014_269-44">[44]</a></blockquote> When Nicholas replied that he still wanted peace, Wilhelm wrote back in a telegram "You innocent angel!", telling his advisors "This is the language of an innocent angel. But not that of a White Tsar!"<a href="#cite_note-Röhl2014_269-44">[44]</a> Nevertheless, Tokyo believed that Russia was not serious about seeking a peaceful solution to the dispute. On 13 January 1904, Japan proposed a formula by which Manchuria would remain outside Japan's sphere of influence and, reciprocally, Korea outside Russia's. On 21 December 1903, the Katsura cabinet voted to go to war against Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Katō2007_101-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinichiro_Kurino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shinichiro_Kurino.jpg/220px-Shinichiro_Kurino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shinichiro_Kurino.jpg/330px-Shinichiro_Kurino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shinichiro_Kurino.jpg/440px-Shinichiro_Kurino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Kurino Shin'ichirō</figcaption></figure> By 4 February 1904, no formal reply had been received from Saint Petersburg. On 6 February the Japanese minister to Russia, <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Kurino" title="Shin'ichirō Kurino">Kurino Shin'ichirō</a>, was recalled, and Japan severed diplomatic relations with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-KodaNWCR2005-41">[41]</a> Potential diplomatic resolution of territorial concerns between Japan and Russia failed; historians have argued that this directly resulted from the actions of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>. Crucially, Nicholas mismanaged his government. Although certain scholars contend that the situation arose from the determination of Nicholas II to use the war against Japan to spark a revival in Russian patriotism, no historical evidence supports this claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsthus1981411-45">[45]</a> The Tsar's advisors did not support the war, foreseeing problems in transporting troops and supplies from European Russia to the East.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Tsar himself repeatedly delayed negotiations with the Japanese government as he believed that he was protected by God and the autocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsthus1981397-47">[47]</a> The Japanese understanding of this can be seen in a telegram from Japanese minister of foreign affairs, Komura, to the minister to Russia, in which he stated: <blockquote> ...the Japanese government have at all times during the progress of the negotiations made it a special point to give prompt answers to all propositions of the Russian government. The negotiations have now been pending for no less than four months, and they have not yet reached a stage where the final issue can with certainty be predicted. In these circumstances the Japanese government cannot but regard with grave concern the situation for which the delays in negotiations are largely responsible.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </blockquote> Some scholars have suggested that Nicholas II dragged Japan into war intentionally, in hopes of reviving Russian nationalism. This notion conflicts with a comment made by Nicholas to Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, saying there would be no war because he "did not wish it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye200542-49">[49]</a> This does not reject the claim that Russia played an aggressive role in the East, which it did; rather, it means that Russia unwisely calculated and supposed that Japan would not go to war against Russia's far larger and seemingly superior navy and army. Nicholas held the Japanese in contempt as "yellow monkeys", and he took for granted that the Japanese would simply yield in the face of Russia's superior power, which thus explains his unwillingness to compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200216–20-50">[50]</a> Evidence of Russia's false sense of security and superiority to Japan is seen by Russian reference to Japan's choosing war as a big mistake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200221-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_combatants">Status of combatants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Status of combatants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> Japan had conducted detailed studies of the Russian Far East and Manchuria prior to the war and, as it was mandatory for Japanese officers to speak one foreign language, Japan had access to superior maps during the conflict. The Japanese army relied on conscription, introduced in 1873, to maintain its military strength and to provide a large army in times of war.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This system of conscription gave Japan a large pool of reserves to draw upon. The Active and 1st line reserve (the 1st line reserve was used to bring the active army to wartime strength) totalled 380,000; the 2nd line reserve contained 200,000; the conscript reserve a further 50,000; and the kokumin (akin to a national guard or militia) 220,000. This amounted to 850,000 trained troops available for service, in addition to 4,250,000 men in the untrained reserve. Immediately available to Japan on the declaration of war were 257,000 infantry, 11,000 cavalry and 894 pieces of artillery. These figures were divided between the Imperial Guards division, 12 regular divisions, 2 cavalry brigades, 2 artillery brigades, 13 reserve brigades, depot troops and the garrison of Taiwan. A regular Japanese division contained 11,400 infantry, 430 cavalry and 36 guns – the guns being organised into batteries of 6. Though another 4 divisions and 4 reserve brigades were formed in 1904, no further formations were created as the reserves were used to replace losses sustained in combat. Japanese reserves were given a full year of training before entering combat, though as the war progressed this was reduced to 6 months due to high casualties. The Japanese army did not follow the European convention of implementing Corps, thus there were no corps troops or command and the Japanese divisions were immediately subordinate to armies.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> Olender gives a different appraisal of Japanese strength, maintaining that there were 350,000 men of the standing army and 1st reserve, with an additional 850,000 trained men in reserve, creating a total trained force of 1,200,000 men. The breakdown of the Japanese standing army is different too, with Olender giving each Japanese division 19,000 men including auxiliary troops; he also states that the 13 reserve brigades contained 8,000 men each and mentions 20 fortress battalions, which is omitted by Connaughton. It is further stated that the Japanese army possessed 1,080 field guns and between 120 and 150 heavy guns at the war's commencement.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Japanese cavalry was not considered the elite of the army as was the case in Russia; instead Japanese cavalry primarily acted as scouts and fought dismounted, armed with carbine and sword; this was reflected in the fact that each cavalry brigade contained 6 machine guns.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> There is no consensus over how many Russian troops were present in the Far East around the time of the commencement of the war. One estimate states that the Russian army possessed 60,000 infantry 3,000 cavalry and 164 guns mostly at Vladivostok and Port Arthur with a portion at Harbin. This was reinforced by the middle of February to 95,000 with 45,000 at Vladivostok, 8,000 at Harbin, 9,000 at Haicheng, 11,000 on the Yalu River and 22,000 at Port Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-:3-55">[55]</a> Olender gives the figure at 100,000 men including 8 infantry divisions, fortress troops and support troops. The entire Russian army in 1904 amounted to 1,200,000 men in 29 Corps. The Russian plan was immensely flawed as the Russians possessed only 24,000 potential reinforcements east of Lake Baikal when the war commenced. They would be reinforced by 35,000 men after 4 months and a further 60,000 men 10 months after the commencement of the war at which point they would take the offensive. This plan was based on the erroneous belief that the Japanese army could only mobilise 400,000 with them being unable to field more than 250,000 in an operational sense and 80,000–100,000 of their operational strength being necessary to secure supply lines and therefore only 150,000–170,000 Japanese soldiers would be available for field action. The possibility of Port Arthur being taken was dismissed entirely.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> An alternative figure for forces in the Far East is given at over 150,000 men and 266 guns, with Vladivostok and Port Arthur containing a combined force of 45,000 men and with an additional 55,000 engaged in guarding lines of communication, leaving only 50,000 troops to take the field.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Unlike the Japanese, the Russians did utilise the Corps system and in fact maintained two distinct styles of Corps: the European and the Siberian. The two corps both possessed two divisions and their corresponding troop numbers, but a Siberian Division was much smaller, containing only 3,400 men and 20 guns, with a corps containing around 12,000 men and lacking both artillery and divisional guns. Russia only possessed two Siberian Corps, both unprepared for war. After war was declared, this number was raised to seven as the conflict progressed. The European Corps in comparison contained 28,000 soldiers and 112 guns with 6 such corps sent to the Far East during the war – a further three being dispatched that did not arrive before the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-:3-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Russian Logistics were hampered by the fact that the only connection to European Russia was the Trans-Siberian Railway, which remained incomplete as at Lake Baikal the railway was not connected. A single train would take between 15 and 40 days to traverse the railway, with 40 days being the more common figure. A single battalion would take a month to transport from Moscow to Shenyang. After the line's eventual completion, 20 trains ran daily and by the conclusion of the war some 410,000 soldiers, 93,000 horses and 1,000 guns had been carried down it.<a href="#cite_note-:3-55">[55]</a> The tactics utilised by the Russians were as outdated as their doctrine. The Russian infantry were holding to the maxim of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Suvorov</a> over a century after his death. The Russian command still used strategies from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean war</a>, attacking <a href="/wiki/Echelon_formation" title="Echelon formation">en echelon</a> across a wide front in closed formations; it was not uncommon for Russian higher command to bypass their intermediate commanders and issue orders directly to battalions, thus creating confusion during combat.<a href="#cite_note-:2-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_distribution">Ship distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ship distribution">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Distribution of naval assets<a href="#cite_note-:4-60">[60]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ship type </th> <th>Baltic </th> <th>Pacific </th> <th>Black Sea </th> <th>Total Russia </th> <th>Japan </th></tr> <tr> <td>Battleships </td> <td>6 (5) </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>21(5) </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coastal Defence Battleships </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ironclads </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armoured Cruisers </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cruisers </td> <td>5(3) </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1(2) </td> <td>13(5) </td> <td>16(2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cruisers under 2000t </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torpedo gunboats </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gunboats </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Destroyers </td> <td>18(4) </td> <td>25 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>51(4) </td> <td>19(3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torpedo Boats </td> <td>53(1) </td> <td>25 </td> <td>6(7) </td> <td>80(1) </td> <td>77(8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torpedo Boats below 40t </td> <td>73 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>82 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Declaration of war">edit</a>]</div> Japan issued a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> on 8 February 1904.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> However, three hours before Japan's declaration of war was received by the Russian government, and without warning, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Russian Far East Fleet</a> at Port Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Tsar Nicholas II was stunned by news of the attack. He could not believe that Japan would commit an act of war without a formal declaration, and had been assured by his ministers that the Japanese would not fight. When the attack came, according to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Spring_Rice" title="Cecil Spring Rice">Cecil Spring Rice</a>, first secretary at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United Kingdom, Moscow">British Embassy</a>, it left the Tsar "almost incredulous".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Russia declared war on Japan eight days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton198834-64">[64]</a> Japan, in response, made reference to the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russian attack on Sweden in 1808</a> without declaration of war, although the requirement to mediate disputes between states <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war#Agreed_Procedure_for_the_Opening_of_Hostilities_according_to_the_Hague_Convention" title="Declaration of war">before commencing hostilities</a> was made international law in 1899, and again in 1907, with the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907#Hague_Convention_of_1899" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">The Principality of Montenegro</a> also declared war on Japan in gratitude for Russia's political support of the <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Montenegrin prince</a>. The gesture was symbolic and no soldiers from the army were ever deployed in the far East but a few Montenegrins volunteered and joined the Russian army.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> favoured the Japanese position and even offered military aid, but Japan declined it. However, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> sent envoys to Japanese generals several times to deliver foodstuffs and alcoholic drinks. Native Manchurians joined the war on both sides as hired troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200284–85-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1904">Campaign of 1904</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1904">edit</a>]</div> Port Arthur, on the Liaodong Peninsula in the south of Manchuria, had been fortified into a major naval base by the Russian Imperial Army. Since it needed to control the sea in order to fight a war on the Asian mainland, Japan's first military objective was to neutralize the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Port_Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of Port Arthur">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JAPANESE_OCCUPATION_OF_SEOUL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JAPANESE_OCCUPATION_OF_SEOUL.jpg/220px-JAPANESE_OCCUPATION_OF_SEOUL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JAPANESE_OCCUPATION_OF_SEOUL.jpg/330px-JAPANESE_OCCUPATION_OF_SEOUL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JAPANESE_OCCUPATION_OF_SEOUL.jpg/440px-JAPANESE_OCCUPATION_OF_SEOUL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4741" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption>Japanese infantry during the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, Korea, in 1904</figcaption></figure> On the night of 8 February 1904, the Japanese fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a> opened the war with a surprise <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo boat destroyer">torpedo boat destroyer</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETikowara/Grant190712,_15,_17,_42-70">[70]</a> attack on the Russian ships at Port Arthur. The attack heavily damaged the <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Tsesarevich" title="Russian battleship Tsesarevich">Tsesarevich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Retvizan" title="Russian battleship Retvizan">Retvizan</a>, the heaviest battleships in Russia's Far Eastern theatre, and the 6,600 ton protected cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Pallada_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Pallada (1899)">Pallada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> These attacks developed into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</a> the next morning. A series of indecisive naval engagements followed, in which Admiral Tōgō was unable to attack the Russian fleet successfully as it was protected by the shore batteries of the harbour, and the Russians were reluctant to leave the harbour for the open seas, especially after the death of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Osipovich_Makarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Osipovich Makarov">Stepan Osipovich Makarov</a> from a naval mine on 13 April 1904. Although the actual Battle of Port Arthur was indecisive, the initial attacks had a devastating psychological effect on Russia, which had been confident about the prospect of war. The Japanese had seized the initiative while the Russians waited in port.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2002-72">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] These engagements provided cover for a Japanese landing near <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> in Korea. From Incheon the Japanese occupied Hanseong and then the rest of Korea. After the Japanese occupation of Hanseong, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gojong" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gojong">Emperor Gojong</a> sent a detachment of 17,000 soldiers to support Russia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the end of April, the Japanese Imperial Army under <a href="/wiki/Kuroki_Tamemoto" title="Kuroki Tamemoto">Kuroki Tamemoto</a> was ready to cross the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> into Russian-occupied Manchuria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockade_of_Port_Arthur">Blockade of Port Arthur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Blockade of Port Arthur">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battlefields_in_the_Russo_Japanese_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Battlefields_in_the_Russo_Japanese_War.jpg/220px-Battlefields_in_the_Russo_Japanese_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Battlefields_in_the_Russo_Japanese_War.jpg/330px-Battlefields_in_the_Russo_Japanese_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Battlefields_in_the_Russo_Japanese_War.jpg/440px-Battlefields_in_the_Russo_Japanese_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Battlefields in the Russo-Japanese War</figcaption></figure> The Japanese attempted to deny the Russians use of Port Arthur. During the night of 13–14 February, the Japanese attempted to block the entrance to Port Arthur by sinking several concrete-filled steamers in the deep water channel to the port,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETikowara/Grant190748–50-73">[73]</a> but they sank too deep to be effective. A similar attempt to block the harbour entrance during the night of 3–4 May also failed. In March, the charismatic Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a> had taken command of the First Russian Pacific Squadron with the intention of breaking out of the Port Arthur blockade. On 12 April 1904, two Russian <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> battleships, the flagship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Petropavlovsk_(1894)" title="Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1894)">Petropavlovsk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Pobeda" title="Russian battleship Pobeda">Pobeda</a>, slipped out of port but struck Japanese mines off Port Arthur. The Petropavlovsk sank almost immediately, while the Pobeda had to be towed back to port for extensive repairs. On 15 April 1904, the Russian government made overtures threatening to seize the British <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondents</a> who were taking the ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Haimun" title="SS Haimun">SS Haimun</a> into war zones to report for the London-based <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a> newspaper, citing concerns about the possibility of the British giving away Russian positions to the Japanese fleet. The Russians quickly learned, and soon employed, the Japanese tactic of offensive minelaying. On 15 May 1904, two Japanese battleships, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yashima" title="Japanese battleship Yashima">Yashima</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hatsuse" title="Japanese battleship Hatsuse">Hatsuse</a>, were lured into a recently laid Russian minefield off Port Arthur, each striking at least two mines. The Hatsuse sank within minutes, taking 450 sailors with her, while the Yashima sank while under tow towards Korea for repairs. On 23 June 1904, a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">breakout attempt</a> by the Russian squadron, now under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilgelm_Vitgeft" title="Wilgelm Vitgeft">Wilgelm Vitgeft</a>, failed. By the end of the month, Japanese artillery were firing shells into the harbour. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Port_Arthur">Siege of Port Arthur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Siege of Port Arthur">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">Siege of Port Arthur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/220px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/330px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/440px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">siege of Port Arthur</a></figcaption></figure> The siege of Port Arthur commenced in April 1904.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Japanese troops tried numerous frontal assaults on the fortified hilltops overlooking the harbour, which were defeated with Japanese casualties in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> With the aid of several batteries of 11-inch (280 mm) <a href="/wiki/28_cm_howitzer_L/10" title="28 cm howitzer L/10">L/10 howitzers</a>, the Japanese were eventually able to capture the key hilltop bastion in December 1904. With a spotter at the end of a phone line located at this vantage point, the long-range artillery was able to shell the Russian fleet, which was unable to retaliate against the land-based artillery invisible over the other side of hilltop, and was unable or unwilling to sail out against the blockading fleet. Four Russian battleships and two cruisers were sunk in succession, with the fifth and last battleship being forced to scuttle a few weeks later. Thus, all <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> of the Russian fleet in the Pacific were sunk. This is probably the only example in military history when such a scale of devastation was achieved by land-based artillery against major warships. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/220px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/330px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/440px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Japanese assault on the entrenched Russian forces, 1904</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, attempts to relieve the besieged city by land also failed, and, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang" title="Battle of Liaoyang">Battle of Liaoyang</a> in late August, the northern Russian force that might have been able to relieve Port Arthur retreated to Mukden (<a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>). Major General <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Stessel" title="Anatoly Stessel">Anatoly Stessel</a>, commander of the Port Arthur garrison, believed that the purpose of defending the city was lost after the fleet had been destroyed. In general, the Russian defenders were suffering disproportionate casualties each time the Japanese attacked. In particular, several large underground <a href="/wiki/Mining_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining (military)">mines</a> were exploded in late December, resulting in the costly capture of a few more pieces of the defensive line. Stessel, therefore, decided to surrender to the surprised Japanese generals on 2 January 1905. He made his decision without consulting either the other military staff present, or the Tsar and military command, all of whom disagreed with the decision. Stessel was convicted by a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> in 1908 and sentenced to death on account of an incompetent defense and for disobeying orders. He was later pardoned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo–Japanese_intelligence_co-operation">Anglo–Japanese intelligence co-operation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anglo–Japanese intelligence co-operation">edit</a>]</div> Even before the war, British and Japanese intelligence had co-operated against Russia due to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200442-76">[76]</a> During the war, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a> stations in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> and China often intercepted and read wireless and telegraph cable traffic relating to the war, which was shared with the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200455-77">[77]</a> In their turn, the Japanese shared information about Russia with the British with one British official writing of the "perfect quality" of Japanese intelligence. In particular, British and Japanese intelligence gathered much evidence that Germany was supporting Russia in the war as part of a bid to disturb the balance of power in Europe, which led to British officials increasingly perceiving Germany as a threat to the international order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200452–54-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Yalu_River">Battle of Yalu River</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battle of Yalu River">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to the Japanese strategy of rapidly gaining ground to control Manchuria, Russian strategy focused on fighting delaying actions to gain time for reinforcements to arrive via the long Trans-Siberian Railway, which was incomplete near <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> at the time. On 1 May 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yalu_River_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yalu River (1904)">Battle of Yalu River</a> became the first major land battle of the war; Japanese troops stormed a Russian position led by General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Zasulich" title="Mikhail Zasulich">Mikhail Zasulich</a> after crossing the river. The defeat of the Russian Eastern Detachment removed the perception that the Japanese would be an easy enemy, that the war would be short, and that Russia would be the overwhelming victor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton198865-79">[79]</a> This was also the first battle in decades to be an Asian victory over a European power and marked Russia's inability to match Japan's military prowess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton198886-80">[80]</a> Japanese troops proceeded to land at several points on the Manchurian coast, and in a series of engagements, drove the Russians back towards Port Arthur. The subsequent battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanshan" title="Battle of Nanshan">Battle of Nanshan</a> on 25 May 1904, were marked by heavy Japanese losses largely from attacking entrenched Russian positions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea">Battle of the Yellow Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Battle of the Yellow Sea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Battle of the Yellow Sea</a></div> With the death of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Stepan Makarov</a> during the siege of Port Arthur in April 1904, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilgelm_Vitgeft" title="Wilgelm Vitgeft">Wilgelm Vitgeft</a> was appointed commander of the battle fleet and was ordered to make a <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sortie</a> from Port Arthur and deploy his force to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. Flying his flag in the French-built pre-dreadnought <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Tsesarevich" title="Russian battleship Tsesarevich">Tsesarevich</a>, Vitgeft proceeded to lead his six battleships, four <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, and 14 <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat_destroyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo boat destroyers">torpedo boat destroyers</a> into the Yellow Sea in the early morning of 10 August 1904. Waiting for him was Admiral Tōgō and his fleet of four battleships, 10 cruisers, and 18 torpedo boat destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk2009-81">[81]</a> At approximately 12:15, the battleship fleets obtained visual contact with each other, and at 13:00 with Tōgō <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_T" title="Crossing the T">crossing Vitgeft's T</a>, they commenced main battery fire at a range of about eight miles, the longest ever conducted up to that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk200950-82">[82]</a> For about thirty minutes the battleships pounded one another until they had closed to less than four miles and began to bring their secondary batteries into play. At 18:30, a hit from one of Tōgō's battleships struck Vitgeft's flagship's bridge, killing him instantly. With the Tsesarevich's helm jammed and their admiral killed in action, she turned from her battle line, causing confusion among her fleet. However, Tōgō was determined to sink the Russian flagship and continued pounding her, and it was saved only by the gallant charge of the American-built <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Retvizan" title="Russian battleship Retvizan">Russian battleship Retvizan</a>, whose captain successfully drew away Tōgō's heavy fire from the Russian flagship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk200953-83">[83]</a> Knowing of the impending battle with the battleship reinforcements arriving from Russia (the Baltic Fleet), Tōgō chose not to risk his battleships by pursuing his enemy as they turned about and headed back into Port Arthur, thus ending naval history's longest-range gunnery duel up to that time and the first modern clash of steel battleship fleets on the high seas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_Fleet_redeploys">Baltic Fleet redeploys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Baltic Fleet redeploys">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_2nd_and_3rd_Pacific_Fleet_voyage_in_1905.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Russian_2nd_and_3rd_Pacific_Fleet_voyage_in_1905.svg/220px-Russian_2nd_and_3rd_Pacific_Fleet_voyage_in_1905.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Russian_2nd_and_3rd_Pacific_Fleet_voyage_in_1905.svg/330px-Russian_2nd_and_3rd_Pacific_Fleet_voyage_in_1905.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Russian_2nd_and_3rd_Pacific_Fleet_voyage_in_1905.svg/440px-Russian_2nd_and_3rd_Pacific_Fleet_voyage_in_1905.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Route of Baltic Fleet</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the Russians were preparing to reinforce their Far East Fleet by sending the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a>, under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Zinovy_Rozhestvensky" title="Zinovy Rozhestvensky">Zinovy Rozhestvensky</a>. After a false start caused by engine problems and other mishaps, the squadron finally departed on 15 October 1904, and sailed halfway around the world from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific via the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Route" title="Cape Route">Cape Route</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in the course of a seven-month odyssey that was to attract worldwide attention. The <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" title="Dogger Bank incident">Dogger Bank incident</a> on 21 October 1904, where the Russian fleet fired on British fishing boats that they mistook for enemy torpedo boats, nearly sparked a war with the United Kingdom (an ally of Japan, but neutral, unless provoked). During the voyage, the fleet separated into a portion that went through the Suez Canal while the larger battleships went around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_civilians">Effects on civilians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Effects on civilians">edit</a>]</div> During the fighting in Manchuria, there were Russian troops that <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looted</a> and burned some Chinese villages, raped women and often killed those who resisted or did not understand what they wanted.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_84-84">[84]</a> The Russian justification for all this was that Chinese civilians, being Asian, must have been helping their fellow Asians (the Japanese) inflict defeat on the Russians, and therefore deserved to be punished. The Russian troops were gripped by the fear of the "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>", and saw all Asians, not just the Japanese, as the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_84-84">[84]</a> All of the Russian soldiers were much feared by the Chinese population of Manchuria, but it was the Cossacks whom they feared the most on the account of their brutality and insatiable desire to loot. Largely because of the more disciplined behavior of the Japanese, the Han and Manchu population of Manchuria tended to be pro-Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_84-84">[84]</a> Russian soldiers also reportedly raped Korean women, for example in the city of <a href="/wiki/Chongju" title="Chongju">Chongju</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Japanese were also prone to looting, albeit in a considerably less brutal manner than the Russians, and summarily executed any Chinese or Manchu whom they suspected of being spies. The city of Liaoyang had the misfortune to be sacked three times within three days: first by the Russians, then by the Chinese police, and finally by the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_84-84">[84]</a> The Japanese hired Chinese bandits known variously as the <a href="/wiki/Honghuzi" title="Honghuzi">honghuzi</a>, hunghutze, or khunkhuzy to engage in guerrilla warfare by attacking Russian supply columns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200284–85-69">[69]</a> Only once did the honghuzi attack Japanese forces, and that attack was apparently motivated by the honghuzi mistaking the Japanese forces for a Russian one.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_85-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a>, a prominent bandit leader and the future "Old Marshal" who would rule Manchuria as a warlord between 1916 and 1928, worked as a honghuzi for the Japanese. Manchuria was still officially part of the Chinese Empire, and the Chinese civil servants tried their best to be neutral as Russian and Japanese troops marched across Manchuria. In the parts of Manchuria occupied by the Japanese, Tokyo appointed "civil governors" who worked to improve health, sanitation and the state of the roads.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_85-86">[86]</a> These activities were also self-interested, as improved roads lessened Japanese logistics problems while improved health amongst the Chinese lessened the dangers of diseases infecting the Japanese troops. By contrast, the Russians made no effort to improve sanitation or health amongst the Chinese, and destroyed everything when they retreated. Many Chinese tended to see the Japanese as the lesser evil.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes2002_85-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1905">Campaign of 1905</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1905">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Special:EditPage/Russo-Japanese War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russo-Japanese+War%22">"Russo-Japanese War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russo-Japanese+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russo-Japanese+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russo-Japanese+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russo-Japanese+War%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russo-Japanese+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg/220px-Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg/330px-Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg/440px-Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Retreat of Russian soldiers after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Battle of Mukden</a></figcaption></figure> With the fall of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou">Port Arthur</a>, the Japanese 3rd Army could continue northward to reinforce positions south of Russian-held <a href="/wiki/Mukden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden">Mukden</a>. With the onset of the severe Manchurian winter, there had been no major land engagements since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaho" title="Battle of Shaho">Battle of Shaho</a> the previous year. The two sides camped opposite each other along 60 to 70 miles (110 km) of front lines south of Mukden. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Sandepu">Battle of Sandepu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battle of Sandepu">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandepu" title="Battle of Sandepu">Battle of Sandepu</a></div> The Russian Second Army under General <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Grippenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Grippenberg">Oskar Gripenberg</a>, between 25 and 29 January, attacked the Japanese left flank near the town of Sandepu, almost breaking through. This caught the Japanese by surprise. However, without support from other Russian units the attack stalled, Gripenberg was ordered to halt by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin" title="Aleksey Kuropatkin">Kuropatkin</a> and the battle was inconclusive. The Japanese knew that they needed to destroy the Russian army in Manchuria before Russian reinforcements arrived via the Trans-Siberian railroad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Mukden">Battle of Mukden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battle of Mukden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Battle of Mukden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukden_Japanese_Assault_French_Papier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Mukden_Japanese_Assault_French_Papier.jpg/220px-Mukden_Japanese_Assault_French_Papier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Mukden_Japanese_Assault_French_Papier.jpg/330px-Mukden_Japanese_Assault_French_Papier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Mukden_Japanese_Assault_French_Papier.jpg/440px-Mukden_Japanese_Assault_French_Papier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of a Japanese assault during the Battle of Mukden</figcaption></figure> The Battle of Mukden commenced on 20 February 1905. In the following days Japanese forces proceeded to assault the right and left flanks of Russian forces surrounding Mukden, along a 50-mile (80 km) front. Approximately half a million men were involved in the fighting. Both sides were well entrenched and were backed by hundreds of artillery pieces. After days of harsh fighting, added pressure from the flanks forced both ends of the Russian defensive line to curve backwards. Seeing they were about to be encircled, the Russians began a general retreat, fighting a series of fierce rearguard actions, which soon deteriorated in the confusion and collapse of Russian forces. On 10 March 1905, after three weeks of fighting, <a href="/wiki/General_Kuropatkin" class="mw-redirect" title="General Kuropatkin">General Kuropatkin</a> decided to withdraw to the north of Mukden. The Russians suffered an estimated 90,000 casualties in the battle. The retreating Russian Manchurian Army formations disbanded as fighting units, but the Japanese failed to destroy them completely. The Japanese themselves had suffered heavy casualties and were in no condition to pursue. Although the Battle of Mukden was a major defeat for the Russians and was the most decisive land battle ever fought by the Japanese, the final victory still depended on the navy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Battle of Tsushima">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JBMikasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JBMikasa.jpg/220px-JBMikasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JBMikasa.jpg/330px-JBMikasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/JBMikasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa" title="Japanese battleship Mikasa">Japanese battleship Mikasa</a>, the flagship of Admiral <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a> at the Battle of Tsushima</figcaption></figure> After a stopover of several weeks at the minor port of <a href="/wiki/Nossi-B%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Nossi-Bé">Nossi-Bé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, that had been reluctantly allowed by neutral France in order not to jeopardize its relations with its Russian ally, the Russian Baltic fleet proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> passing on its way through the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Strait" title="Singapore Strait">Singapore Strait</a> between 7 and 10 April 1905.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The fleet finally reached the Sea of Japan in May 1905. The logistics of such an undertaking in the age of coal power was astounding. The squadron required approximately 500,000 tons of coal to complete the journey, yet by international law, it was not allowed to coal at neutral ports, forcing the Russian authorities to acquire a large fleet of colliers to supply the fleet at sea. The weight of the ships' stores needed for such a long journey was to be another major problem.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Russian Second Pacific Squadron (the renamed Baltic Fleet) sailed 18,000 nautical miles (33,000 km) to relieve Port Arthur only to hear the demoralizing news that Port Arthur had fallen while it was still at Madagascar. Admiral Rozhestvensky's only hope now was to reach the port of Vladivostok. There were three routes to Vladivostok, with the shortest and most direct passing through <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Strait" title="Tsushima Strait">Tsushima Strait</a> between Korea and Japan. However, this was also the most dangerous route as it passed between the Japanese home islands and the Japanese naval bases in Korea. Admiral Tōgō was aware of Russian progress and understood that, with the fall of Port Arthur, the Second and Third Pacific squadrons would try to reach the only other Russian port in the Far East, Vladivostok. Battle plans were laid down and ships were repaired and refitted to intercept the Russian fleet. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a>, which had originally consisted of six battleships, was now down to four battleships and one second class battleship (two had been lost to mines), but still retained its cruisers, destroyers, and torpedo boats. The Russian Second Pacific Squadron contained eight battleships, including four new battleships of the <a href="/wiki/Borodino-class_battleship" title="Borodino-class battleship">Borodino class</a>, as well as cruisers, destroyers and other auxiliaries for a total of 38 ships. By the end of May, the Second Pacific Squadron was on the last leg of its journey to Vladivostok, taking the shorter, riskier route between Korea and Japan, and travelling at night to avoid discovery. Unfortunately for the Russians, while in compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of war">rules of war</a>, the two trailing hospital ships had continued to burn their lights,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts199022-89">[89]</a> which were spotted by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchant_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchant cruiser">armed merchant cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Shinano_Maru_(1900)" title="Shinano Maru (1900)">Shinano Maru</a>. Wireless communication was used to inform Togo's headquarters, where the Combined Fleet was immediately ordered to sortie. Still receiving reports from scouting forces, the Japanese were able to position their fleet to <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_T" title="Crossing the T">"cross the T"</a> of the Russian fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan1906455–456-90">[90]</a> The Japanese engaged the Russians in the Tsushima Straits on 27–28 May 1905. The Russian fleet was virtually annihilated, losing eight battleships, numerous smaller vessels, and more than 5,000 men, while the Japanese lost three torpedo boats and 116 men. Only three Russian vessels escaped to Vladivostok, while six others were interned in neutral ports. After the Battle of Tsushima, a combined Japanese Army and Navy operation commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kataoka_Shichir%C5%8D" title="Kataoka Shichirō">Kataoka Shichirō</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Sakhalin" title="Japanese invasion of Sakhalin">occupied Sakhalin Island</a> to force the Russians into <a href="/wiki/Suing_for_peace" title="Suing for peace">suing for peace</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_and_aftermath">Peace and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Peace and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Treaty of Portsmouth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Portsmouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905). From left to right: the Russians at far side of table are Korostovetz, Nabokov, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Witte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosen" title="Roman Rosen">Rosen</a>, Plancon; and the Japanese at near side of table are <a href="/wiki/Mineichir%C5%8D_Adachi" title="Mineichirō Adachi">Adachi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ochiai_Kentaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ochiai Kentaro (page does not exist)">Ochiai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Komura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takahira_Kogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahira Kogoro">Takahira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimaro_Sat%C5%8D" title="Aimaro Satō">Satō</a>. The large conference table is today preserved at the Museum <a href="/wiki/Meiji-mura" title="Meiji-mura">Meiji-mura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inuyama,_Aichi" title="Inuyama, Aichi">Inuyama, Aichi</a> Prefecture, Japan.</figcaption></figure> Military leaders and senior tsarist officials agreed before the war that Russia was a much stronger nation and had little to fear from the Empire of Japan. The fanatical zeal of the Japanese infantrymen astonished the Russians, who were dismayed by the apathy, backwardness, and defeatism of their own soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Russian soldiers fought fiercely but this was contrasted by the cautiousness of their officers, who sometimes chose to retreat without a good reason, and the Russian commander Kuropatkin on two occasions prohibited his subordinates from counter-attacking the Japanese. In both of the major battles in the fall of 1904 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang" title="Battle of Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaho" title="Battle of Shaho">Shaho</a>), Kuropatkin ordered a withdrawal. As a result of this leadership the Russians were always reacting to the Japanese. After the loss of Russia's main supply base and headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Mukden</a>, Kuropatkin was relieved of command, and his replacement, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Linevich" title="Nikolai Linevich">Linevich</a>, planned on going on the offensive but peace talks began before then.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Russian mobilization was initially of older reservists, with less training (some having no experience with the Mosin-Nagant rifle) and no interest in the war in the Far East. It was not until after the Battle of Mukden that new recruits and younger reservists began arriving, and by the summer of 1905 the Russian army fielded almost one million well-equipped and -trained soldiers in the Far East against an exhausted Japanese army, but the naval defeat at Tsushima made negotiations more desired.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The defeats of the Army and Navy shook Russian confidence. Throughout 1905, the Imperial Russian government was rocked by revolution. The population was against escalation of the war. The empire was certainly capable of sending more troops, but this would make little difference in the outcome due to the poor state of the economy, the embarrassing defeats of the Russian Army and Navy by the Japanese, and the relative unimportance to Russia of the disputed land, which made the war extremely unpopular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton1988109,_342-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Russia_Treaty_of_Peace_5_September_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Japan_Russia_Treaty_of_Peace_5_September_1905.jpg/220px-Japan_Russia_Treaty_of_Peace_5_September_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Japan_Russia_Treaty_of_Peace_5_September_1905.jpg/330px-Japan_Russia_Treaty_of_Peace_5_September_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Japan_Russia_Treaty_of_Peace_5_September_1905.jpg/440px-Japan_Russia_Treaty_of_Peace_5_September_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Japan-Russia Treaty of Peace, 5 September 1905</figcaption></figure> Both sides accepted the offer of United States President Theodore Roosevelt to mediate. Meetings were held in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a> leading the Russian delegation and <a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Baron Komura</a> leading the Japanese delegation. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a> was signed on 5 September 1905 at the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard" title="Portsmouth Naval Shipyard">Portsmouth Naval Shipyard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton1988272-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Witte became Russian Prime Minister the same year. After courting the Japanese, Roosevelt decided to support the Tsar's refusal to pay indemnities, a move that policymakers in Tokyo interpreted as signifying that the United States had more than a passing interest in Asian affairs. Russia recognized Korea as part of the Japanese sphere of influence<a href="#cite_note-:0-97">[97]</a> and agreed to evacuate Manchuria. Japan would annex Korea in 1910 (<a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a>), with scant protest from other powers.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> From 1910 until the end of its rule of Korea in 1945, the Japanese adopted a strategy of using the Korean Peninsula as a gateway to the Asian continent and making Korea's economy subordinate to Japanese economic interests.<a href="#cite_note-:0-97">[97]</a> Russia also signed over its 25-year leasehold rights to Port Arthur, including the naval base and the peninsula around it, and ceded the southern half of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> Island to Japan. Sakhalin would be taken back by the Soviet Union following the defeat of the Japanese in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Roosevelt earned the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his effort. <a href="/wiki/George_E._Mowry" title="George E. Mowry">George E. Mowry</a> concludes that Roosevelt handled the arbitration well, doing an "excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient, where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As Japan had won every battle on land and sea and as the Japanese people did not understand that the costs of the war had pushed their nation to the verge of bankruptcy, the Japanese public was enraged by the Treaty of Portsmouth as many Japanese had expected the war to end with Russia ceding the Russian Far East to Japan and for Russia to pay an indemnity.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon12-29-3_2014-101">[101]</a> The United States was widely blamed in Japan for the Treaty of Portsmouth with Roosevelt having allegedly "cheated" Japan out of its rightful claims at the peace conference. On 5 September 1905 the <a href="/wiki/Hibiya_incendiary_incident" title="Hibiya incendiary incident">Hibiya incendiary incident</a> – as the anti-American riots were euphemistically described – erupted in Tokyo and lasted for three days, forcing the government to declare martial law.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon12-29-3_2014-101">[101]</a> The Treaty of Portsmouth overlooked <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro's</a> participation in the war against Japan, leaving the two countries still technically belligerents until 2006, when the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">prime minister</a> dispatched the Vice-Minister of Foreign affairs (<a href="/wiki/Akiko_Yamanaka" title="Akiko Yamanaka">Akiko Yamanaka</a>) with a personal letter from him for the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Prime Minister of Montenegro</a> formally ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forces_returning_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forces_returning_2.jpg/220px-Forces_returning_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forces_returning_2.jpg/330px-Forces_returning_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forces_returning_2.jpg/440px-Forces_returning_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="8326" /></a><figcaption>Japanese propaganda <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">woodcut print</a> showing Tsar Nicholas II waking from a nightmare of the battered and wounded Russian forces returning from battle. Artist <a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_Kiyochika" title="Kobayashi Kiyochika">Kobayashi Kiyochika</a>, 1904 or 1905.</figcaption></figure> Sources do not agree on a precise number of deaths from the war because of a lack of <a href="/wiki/Body_count" title="Body count">body counts</a> for confirmation. The number of Japanese Army dead in combat or died of wounds is put at around 59,000 with around 27,000 additional casualties from disease, and between 6,000 and 12,000 wounded. Estimates of Russian Army dead range from around 34,000 to around 53,000 men with a further 9,000–19,000 dying of disease and around 75,000 captured. The total number of dead for both sides is generally stated as around 130,000 to 170,000.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">siege of Port Arthur in 1905</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">General Nogi Maresuke</a>, who led the Japanese army during the siege, felt so guilty about the loss of many Japanese soldiers that he wanted to commit <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">ritual suicide</a>, but the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> refused to allow it; instead, Maresuke mentored the future <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> and built hospitals. After Emperor Meiji died in 1912, Maresuke and his wife committed suicide, 7 years after the siege of Port Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_consequences">Political consequences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Political consequences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch-_Russian_Prestige_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Punch-_Russian_Prestige_1905.jpg/220px-Punch-_Russian_Prestige_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Punch-_Russian_Prestige_1905.jpg/330px-Punch-_Russian_Prestige_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Punch-_Russian_Prestige_1905.jpg/440px-Punch-_Russian_Prestige_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> cartoon, 1905; A cartoon in the British press of the times illustrating the Russian Empire's loss of prestige after the nation's defeat. The hour-glass represents Russia's prestige running out.</figcaption></figure> This was the first major military victory in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern era</a> of an Asian power over a European nation. Russia's defeat was met with shock in the West and across the Far East. Japan's prestige rose greatly as it came to be seen as a modern nation. Concurrently, Russia lost virtually its entire Pacific and Baltic fleets, and also much international esteem. This was particularly true in the eyes of Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> before World War I. Russia was France's and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>'s ally; its loss of prestige emboldened Germany in planning for war with France and supporting Austria-Hungary's war with Serbia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_Russia">Effects on Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Effects on Russia">edit</a>]</div> The defeat of 1905 led in the short term to Russian military reforms that allowed it to face Germany in World War I. Though there had been popular support for the war among the Russian public following the Japanese attack at Port Arthur in 1904, that popular support soon turned to discontent after suffering multiple defeats at the hands of the Japanese forces. For many Russians, the immediate shock of unexpected humiliation at the hands of Japan caused the conflict to be viewed as a metaphor for the shortcomings of the Romanov autocracy.<a href="#cite_note-Oye2005_86-105">[105]</a> This discontent added fuel to the simmering Russian Revolution of 1905, an event Nicholas II had hoped to avoid by taking intransigent negotiating stances. To quell the uprising, Nicholas II issued the <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a>, which included only limited reforms such as the Duma and failed to address the societal problems of Russia at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1974575–576-106">[106]</a> Twelve years later, that discontent would boil over into the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917. In Poland, which Russia <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned in the late 18th century</a>, and where Russian rule already caused <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish uprisings">two major uprisings</a>, the population was so restless that an army of 250,000–300,000 – larger than the one facing the Japanese – had to be stationed to put down <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">the unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Russia had mobilized thousands of Polish reservists during the war with Japan, contributing to unrest. Contemporary reports found that some Poles preferred death over fighting the Japanese for Russia.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Some political leaders of the Polish insurrection movement (in particular, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>) sent emissaries to Japan to collaborate on sabotage and intelligence gathering within the Russian Empire and even plan a Japanese-aided uprising.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_Japan">Effects on Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Effects on Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Japanese_Treaty_of_1907" title="Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907">Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_Secret_Agreements" title="Japan–Russia Secret Agreements">Japan–Russia Secret Agreements</a></div> Japan had become the rising Asian power and had proven that its military could fight the major powers in Europe with success. Most Western powers were stunned that the Japanese not only prevailed but decisively defeated Russia. In the Russo-Japanese War, Japan had also portrayed a sense of readiness in taking a more active and leading role in Asian affairs, which in turn had led to widespread nationalism throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-Oye2005_86-105">[105]</a> Although the war had ended in a victory for Japan, Japanese public opinion was shocked by the very restrained peace terms which were negotiated at the war's end.<a href="#cite_note-NYT3Sep1905-111">[111]</a> Widespread discontent spread through the populace upon the announcement of the treaty terms, causing the <a href="/wiki/Hibiya_incendiary_incident" title="Hibiya incendiary incident">Hibiya incendiary incident</a>. Riots erupted in major cities in Japan following the incident, including demonstrations in front of the US Legation in Tokyo. Two specific requirements, expected after such a costly victory, were especially lacking: territorial gains and monetary reparations to Japan. The peace accord led to feelings of distrust, as the Japanese had intended to retain all of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin Island">Sakhalin Island</a> but were forced to settle for half of it after being pressured by the United States, with President Roosevelt opting to support Nicholas II's stance on not ceding territory or paying reparations. The Japanese had wanted reparations to help families recover from lost fathers and sons as well as heavy taxation by the government to finance the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton1988342-112">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Without them, they were at a loss. The outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Treaty">Portsmouth peace negotiations</a>, mediated by the U.S., was received by the general Japanese population with disbelief on September 5 and 6 when all the major newspapers reported the content of the signed treaty in lengthy editorials. As a result, the wartime government, the <a href="/wiki/First_Katsura_Cabinet" title="First Katsura Cabinet">First Katsura Cabinet</a>, which remained in power for the longest period (1,681 days) in the history of Japanese democracy to date, declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Law">martial law</a> to suppress the riots on September 6 (one day after the signing in Portsmouth). Martial law was lifted on November 29 after more than 2,000 people were arrested, but the Cabinet resigned on December 22 after ratifying the treaty on October 10, as if taking the responsibility for a lost war.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Historical significance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UM_EPISODIO_DA_GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Depois_da_Batalha_de_Liao-Yang_-_Transporte_de_feridos_russos_pela_Cruz_Vermelha._Situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dolorosissima._Um_medico_que_enlouquece_de_t%C3%A3o_horroroso_espetaculo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UM_EPISODIO_DA_GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Depois_da_Batalha_de_Liao-Yang_-_Transporte_de_feridos_russos_pela_Cruz_Vermelha._Situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dolorosissima._Um_medico_que_enlouquece_de_t%C3%A3o_horroroso_espetaculo.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UM_EPISODIO_DA_GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Depois_da_Batalha_de_Liao-Yang_-_Transporte_de_feridos_russos_pela_Cruz_Vermelha._Situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dolorosissima._Um_medico_que_enlouquece_de_t%C3%A3o_horroroso_espetaculo.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UM_EPISODIO_DA_GUERRA_RUSSO-JAPONEZA._Depois_da_Batalha_de_Liao-Yang_-_Transporte_de_feridos_russos_pela_Cruz_Vermelha._Situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dolorosissima._Um_medico_que_enlouquece_de_t%C3%A3o_horroroso_espetaculo.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang" title="Battle of Liaoyang">Battle of Liaoyang</a>: Transport of wounded Russians by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angelo_Agostini" title="Angelo Agostini">Angelo Agostini</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Russo-Japanese War introduced a number of characteristics that came to define 20th-century politics and warfare. Many of the innovations brought by the Industrial Revolution, such as rapid-firing artillery and machine guns, as well as more accurate rifles, were first tested on a mass scale. Military operations on both sea and land showed that modern warfare had undergone a considerable change since the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg2008_7-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Most army commanders had previously envisioned using these weapon systems to dominate the battlefield on an operational and tactical level but, as events played out, the technological advances forever altered the conditions of war too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye200584-115">[115]</a> For East Asia this was the first confrontation in thirty years involving two modern armed forces. The advanced weaponry led to massive casualties. Neither Japan nor Russia had prepared for the number of deaths that would occur in this new kind of warfare, and neither had the resources to compensate for such losses. This also left its impression on society at large, with the emergence of transnational and <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organization">nongovernmental organizations</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, becoming prominent after the war. The consequent identification of common problems and challenges began the slow process that came to dominate much of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg20086-116">[116]</a> It has also been argued that the conflict had characteristics of what was later to be described as "<a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg20083-117">[117]</a> These included the mass mobilization of troops into battle and the need for so extensive a supply of equipment, armaments, and supplies that both domestic support and foreign aid were required.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg2008_7-114">[114]</a> It is also argued that domestic response in Russia to the inefficiencies of the tsarist government set in motion the eventual dissolution of the Romanov dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg2008_7-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_around_the_world">Reception around the world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Reception around the world">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%97%90_%EC%95%95%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%97%90_%EC%95%95%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD.png/220px-%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%97%90_%EC%95%95%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%97%90_%EC%95%95%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD.png/330px-%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%97%90_%EC%95%95%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%97%90_%EC%95%95%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of political satire during the Russo-Japanese War</figcaption></figure> To the Western powers, Japan's victory demonstrated the emergence of a new Asian regional power. With the Russian defeat, some scholars have argued that the war had set in motion a change in the global world order with the emergence of Japan as not only a regional power, but rather, the main Asian power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye200583-118">[118]</a> Rather more than the possibilities of diplomatic partnership were emerging, however. The US and Australian reaction to the changed balance of power brought by the war was mixed with fears of a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a> eventually shifting from China to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> American figures such as <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a> saw the victory as a challenge to western supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> This was reflected in Austria, where Baron <a href="/wiki/Christian_von_Ehrenfels" title="Christian von Ehrenfels">Christian von Ehrenfels</a> interpreted the challenge in racial as well as cultural terms, arguing that "the absolute necessity of a radical sexual reform for the continued existence of the western races of men has ... been raised from the level of discussion to the level of a scientifically proven fact". To stop the Japanese "Yellow Peril" would require drastic changes to society and sexuality in the West.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Certainly the Japanese success increased self-confidence among anti-colonial nationalists in colonised Asian countries – Vietnamese, Indonesians, Indians and Filipinos – and to those in declining countries like the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a> in immediate danger of being absorbed by the Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> It also encouraged the Chinese who, despite having been at war with the Japanese only a decade before, still considered Westerners the greater threat. As <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> commented, "We regarded that Russian defeat by Japan as the defeat of the West by the East. We regarded the Japanese victory as our own victory".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Even in far-off <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> the war was a subject of conversation when <a href="/wiki/Sven_Hedin" title="Sven Hedin">Sven Hedin</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Choekyi_Nyima,_9th_Panchen_Lama" title="Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> in February 1907.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> While for <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, then only an aspiring politician in British India, "Japan's victory lessened the feeling of inferiority from which most of us suffered. A great European power had been defeated, thus Asia could still defeat Europe as it had done in the past."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellsWilson199924-126">[126]</a> And in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> too, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> embraced Japan as a role model.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Like many Asians, many African Americans welcomed the Japanese victory as a blow against global white supremacy. Whether left or right, moderate or radical, black politicians and activists saw Japan as a role model that showed that the white man should not underestimate non-white nations. Joseph Bryant, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_Magazine" title="The Colored American Magazine">The Colored American Magazine</a>, claimed that the Japanese victory marked "the beginning of a new era" and predicted that Japan's rise would mean the death of "absolute Aryan domination of the world" and that in the next century Asians, not Europeans, would lead civilization.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In Europe, subject populations were similarly encouraged. <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>, set in Dublin in 1904, contains hopeful Irish allusions as to the outcome of the war.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> And in partitioned Poland the artist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer" title="Józef Mehoffer">Józef Mehoffer</a> chose 1905 to paint his "Europa Jubilans" (Europe rejoicing), which portrays an aproned maid taking her ease on a sofa against a background of Eastern artefacts. Painted following demonstrations against the war and Russian cultural suppression, and in the year of Russia's defeat, its subtly coded message looks forward to a time when the Tsarist masters will be defeated in Europe as they had been in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The significance of the war was clear too for Socialist thinkers:<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Russo-Japanese War now gives to all an awareness that even war and peace in Europe – its destiny – is not decided between the four walls of the European concert, but outside it, in the gigantic maelstrom of world and colonial politics. And it's in this that the real meaning of the current war resides for social-democracy, even if we set aside its immediate effect: the collapse of Russian absolutism. This war brings the gaze of the international proletariat back to the great political and economic connectedness of the world, and violently dissipates in our ranks the particularism, the pettiness of ideas that form in any period of political calm.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, In the Storm, Le Socialiste, May 1–8, 1904 (translator: Mitch Abidor)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_results">Military results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Military results">edit</a>]</div> Russia had lost two of its three fleets. Only its <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> remained, the result of the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> which had prevented the fleet from leaving the Black Sea through the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, since Turkey and Britain would not waive the relevant clauses.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Berlin treaty superseded the <a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London Straits Convention</a> of 1841, which had been favourable to Russia. Japan became the sixth-most powerful naval force by combined tonnage, while the Russian Navy declined to one barely stronger than that of Austria–Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The actual costs of the war were large enough to affect the Russian economy and, despite grain exports, the nation developed an external <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> deficit. The cost of military re-equipment and re-expansion after 1905 pushed the economy further into deficit, although the size of the deficit was obscured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003844-134">[134]</a> The Japanese were on the offensive for most of the war and used massed infantry assaults against defensive positions, which would later become the standard of all European armies during World War I. The battles of the Russo-Japanese War, in which machine guns and artillery took a heavy toll on Russian and Japanese troops, were a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999179,_229,_230-135">[135]</a> A German military advisor sent to Japan, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Meckel" title="Jakob Meckel">Jakob Meckel</a>, had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military training, tactics, strategy, and organization. His reforms were credited with Japan's overwhelming victory over China in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> of 1894–1895. However, his over-reliance on infantry in <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> campaigns also led to a large number of Japanese casualties. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dadao_map_1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dadao_map_1939.svg/260px-Dadao_map_1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dadao_map_1939.svg/390px-Dadao_map_1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dadao_map_1939.svg/520px-Dadao_map_1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a>'s territorial expansion</figcaption></figure> Military and economic exhaustion affected both countries. Japanese historians regard this war as a turning point for Japan, and a key to understanding the reasons why Japan may have failed militarily and politically later. After the war, acrimony was felt at every level of Japanese society, and it became the consensus within Japan that their nation had been treated as the defeated power during the peace conference.<a href="#cite_note-NYT3Sep1905-111">[111]</a> As time went on, this feeling, coupled with the sense of "arrogance" at becoming a <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Power</a>, grew and added to growing Japanese hostility towards the West, and fuelled Japan's military and imperial ambitions. Furthermore, Japan's substantiated interests in Korea and Liaodong led to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>, which became an autonomous and increasingly powerful regional force. Only five years after the war, Japan de jure annexed Korea as part of its colonial empire. Two decades after that, the Kwantung Army staged an incident that led to the invasion of Manchuria in the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a>; the Kwantung Army eventually came to be heavily involved in the state's politics and administration, leading to a series of localized conflicts with Chinese regional warlords that finally extended into the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937. As a result, most Chinese historians consider the Russo-Japanese War as a key development in Japan's spiral into <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militarism</a> in the 1920s–30s. Following the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>, Japan's erstwhile British ally presented a lock of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Admiral Nelson's</a> hair to the Imperial Japanese Navy, judging its performance then as on a par with Britain's victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a> in 1805. It is still on display at Kyouiku Sankoukan, a public museum maintained by the Japan Self-Defence Force. Nevertheless, there was a consequent shift in British strategic thinking, resulting in enlargement of its naval docks at <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand; <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> and Sydney, Australia; <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>; Singapore and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>. The naval war confirmed the direction of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a>'s thinking in tactical terms even as it undermined its strategic grasp of a changing world. Tactical orthodoxy, for example, assumed that a naval battle would imitate the conditions of stationary combat and that ships would engage in one long line sailing on parallel courses; but more flexible tactical thinking would now be required as a firing ship and its target manoeuvred independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003384,_386,_388-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_attachés_and_observers">Military attachés and observers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Military attachés and observers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9s_and_observers_in_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War">Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Kuroki_and_his_Staffs,_Foreign_Officiers_and_Correspondents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/General_Kuroki_and_his_Staffs%2C_Foreign_Officiers_and_Correspondents.jpg/260px-General_Kuroki_and_his_Staffs%2C_Foreign_Officiers_and_Correspondents.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/General_Kuroki_and_his_Staffs%2C_Foreign_Officiers_and_Correspondents.jpg/390px-General_Kuroki_and_his_Staffs%2C_Foreign_Officiers_and_Correspondents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/General_Kuroki_and_his_Staffs%2C_Foreign_Officiers_and_Correspondents.jpg/520px-General_Kuroki_and_his_Staffs%2C_Foreign_Officiers_and_Correspondents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Japanese general, Kuroki, and his staff, including foreign officers and war correspondents after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaho" title="Battle of Shaho">Battle of Shaho</a> (1904)</figcaption></figure> Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Most were able to report on events from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded journalist">embedded</a> positions within the land and naval forces of both Russia and Japan. These military attachés and other observers prepared first-hand accounts of the war and analytical papers. In-depth observer narratives of the war and more narrowly focused professional journal articles were written soon after the war; these post-war reports conclusively illustrated the battlefield destructiveness of this conflict. This was the first time the tactics of entrenched positions for infantry defended with machine guns and artillery became vitally important. Both would become dominant factors in World War I. Even though entrenched positions had already been a significant part of both the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, it is now apparent that the high casualty counts, and the tactical lessons readily available to observer nations, were completely disregarded in preparations for war in Europe, and during much of the course of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In 1904–1905, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Standish_Monteith_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton">Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton</a> was the military attaché of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> serving with the Imperial Japanese Army in Manchuria. As one of the several military attachés from Western countries, he was the first to arrive in Japan after the start of the war.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> He therefore would be recognized as the dean of multi-national attachés and observers in this conflict, although out-ranked by British <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Gustavus_Nicholson,_1st_Baron_Nicholson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gustavus Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson">William Gustavus Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson</a>, who was later to become chief of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial General Staff">Imperial General Staff</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_currency_(1894%E2%80%931918)#Russo-Japanese_War_(1904)" title="Japanese military currency (1894–1918)">Japanese military currency (1894–1918) § Russo-Japanese War (1904)</a></div> Despite its <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserves</a> of 106.3 million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling#Gold_standard" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>, Russia's pre-war financial situation was not enviable. The country had large budget deficits year after year, and was largely dependent on borrowed money.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman83_59-139">[139]</a> Russia's war effort was funded primarily by France, in a series of loans totalling 800 million <a href="/wiki/French_franc#Latin_Monetary_Union" title="French franc">francs</a> (£30.4 million); another loan in the amount of 600 million francs was agreed upon, but later cancelled. These loans were extended within a climate of mass bribing of the French press (made necessary by Russia's precarious economic and social situation and poor military performance). Although initially reluctant to participate in the war, the French government and major banks were co-operative since it became clear that Russian and French economic interests were tied. In addition to French money, Russia secured a loan in the amount of 500 million <a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">marks</a> (£24.5 million) from Germany, who also financed Japan's war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman83_59-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunter93_146-140">[140]</a> Japan's pre-war gold reserves were a modest £11.7 million; a major portion of the total cost of the war was covered by money borrowed from the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Canada, and the United States. During his canvassing expedition in London, the Japanese vice-governor of the Bank of Japan <a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Korekiyo" title="Takahashi Korekiyo">Takahashi Korekiyo</a> met <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Schiff" title="Jacob Schiff">Jacob Schiff</a>, an American banker and head of <a href="/wiki/Kuhn,_Loeb_%26_Co." title="Kuhn, Loeb & Co.">Kuhn, Loeb & Co.</a> Schiff, in response to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russia's anti-Jewish pogroms</a> and sympathetic to Japan's cause, extended a critical series of loans to the Empire of Japan, in the amount of 200 million US dollars (£41.2 million). He also raised loans from the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg20085-143">[143]</a> Japan's total war expenditure was 2,150 million yen, of which 38%, or 820 million yen, was raised overseas.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter93_146-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_battles">List of battles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: List of battles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of the Russo-Japanese War">Battles of the Russo-Japanese War</a></div> <ul><li>8 February 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battle</a>, inconclusive</li> <li>9 February 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay" title="Battle of Chemulpo Bay">Battle of Chemulpo Bay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battle</a>, Japanese victory</li> <li>30 April – 1 May 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yalu_River_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yalu River (1904)">Battle of Yalu River</a>, Japanese victory</li> <li>25–26 May 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanshan" title="Battle of Nanshan">Battle of Nanshan</a>: Japanese victory</li> <li>14–15 June 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Te-li-Ssu" title="Battle of Te-li-Ssu">Battle of Te-li-Ssu</a>: Japanese victory</li> <li>17 July 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Motien_Pass" title="Battle of Motien Pass">Battle of Motien Pass</a>: Japanese victory</li> <li>24 July 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashihchiao" title="Battle of Tashihchiao">Battle of Tashihchiao</a>: Japanese victory</li> <li>31 July 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hsimucheng" title="Battle of Hsimucheng">Battle of Hsimucheng</a>: Japanese victory</li> <li>10 August 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Battle of the Yellow Sea</a>,: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battle</a>, Japanese victory</li> <li>14 August 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Ulsan" title="Battle off Ulsan">Battle off Ulsan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battle</a>, Japanese victory</li> <li>20 August 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsakov" title="Battle of Korsakov">Battle of Korsakov</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battle</a>, Japanese victory</li> <li>19 August 1904 – 2 January 1905: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">Siege of Port Arthur</a>, Japanese victory</li> <li>25 August – 3 September 1904: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang" title="Battle of Liaoyang">Battle of Liaoyang</a>: Japanese victory</li> <li>5–17 October 1904 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaho" title="Battle of Shaho">Battle of Shaho</a>: Inconclusive</li> <li>26–27 January 1905: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandepu" title="Battle of Sandepu">Battle of Sandepu</a>: Inconclusive</li> <li>21 February – 10 March 1905: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Battle of Mukden</a>: Japanese victory</li> <li>27–28 May 1905: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battle</a>, Japanese victory</li> <li>7–31 July 1905: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Sakhalin" title="Japanese invasion of Sakhalin">Invasion of Sakhalin</a>: Japanese victory</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cultural legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Liaoyang,_woodblock_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Battle_of_Liaoyang%2C_woodblock_print.jpg/260px-Battle_of_Liaoyang%2C_woodblock_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Battle_of_Liaoyang%2C_woodblock_print.jpg/390px-Battle_of_Liaoyang%2C_woodblock_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Battle_of_Liaoyang%2C_woodblock_print.jpg/520px-Battle_of_Liaoyang%2C_woodblock_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Getsuzō's woodblock print of "The Battle of Liaoyang", 1904</figcaption></figure> The Russo-Japanese War was covered by dozens of foreign journalists who sent back sketches that were turned into <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithographs</a> and other reproducible forms. Propaganda images were circulated by both sides, often in the form of postcards and based on insulting racial stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> These were produced not only by the combatants but by those from European countries who supported one or the other side or had a commercial or colonial stake in the area. War photographs were also popular, appearing in both the press and in book form.<a href="#cite_note-Dower2008-145">[145]</a> In Russia, the war was covered by anonymous satirical graphic <a href="/wiki/Lubok#Russo-Japanese_War_lubok" title="Lubok">luboks</a> for sale in markets, recording the war for the domestic audience. Around 300 were made before their creation was banned by the Russian government. Their Japanese equivalents were <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">woodblock prints</a>. These had been common during the Sino-Japanese war a decade earlier and celebrations of the new conflict tended to repeat the same imagery and situations. But by this time in Japan postcards had become the most common form of communication and they soon replaced prints as a medium for topographical imagery and war reportage. In some ways, however, they were still dependent on the print for their pictorial conventions, not least in issuing the cards in series that assembled into a composite scene or design, either as <a href="/wiki/Diptychs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptychs">diptychs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptychs</a> or even more ambitious formats. However, captioning swiftly moved from the calligraphic side inscription to a printed title below, and not just in Japanese but in English and other European languages. There was a lively sense that these images served not only as mementoes but also as propaganda statements.<a href="#cite_note-Dower2008-145">[145]</a> War artists were to be found on the Russian side and even figured among the casualties. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a> went down with the Petropavlovsk, Admiral Makarov's flagship, when it was sunk by mines. However, his last work, a picture of a council of war presided over by the admiral, was recovered almost undamaged.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Another artist, <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Samokysh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykola Samokysh">Mykola Samokysh</a>, first came to notice for his reports during the war and the paintings worked up from his diary sketch-books. Other depictions appeared after the event. The two by the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">naïve</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Niko_Pirosmani" title="Niko Pirosmani">Niko Pirosmani</a> from 1906<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> must have been dependent on newspaper reports since he was not present. Then, in 1914 at the outset of World War I, Yury Repin made an episode during the Battle of Yalu River the subject of a broad heroic canvas.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> On either side, there were lyrics lamenting the necessity of fighting in a foreign land, far from home. One of the earliest of several Russian songs still performed today was the waltz "Amur's Waves" (Amurskie volny), which evokes the melancholy of standing watch on the motherland far east frontier.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Two others grew out of incidents during the war. "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Hills_of_Manchuria" title="On the Hills of Manchuria">On the Hills of Manchuria</a>" (Na sopkah Manchzhurii; 1906)<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> is another waltz composed by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Shatrov" title="Ilya Shatrov">Ilya Shatrov</a>, a decorated military musician whose regiment suffered badly in the Battle of Mukden. Originally only the music was published, and the words by <a href="/wiki/Skitalets" class="mw-redirect" title="Skitalets">Stepan Petrov</a> were added later. The second song, "Variag", commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemulpo_Bay" title="Battle of Chemulpo Bay">Battle of Chemulpo Bay</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Varyag_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Varyag (1899)">that cruiser</a> and the gunboat Korietz steamed out to confront an encircling Japanese squadron rather than surrender. That act of heroism was first celebrated in a German song by Rudolf Greintz in 1907, which was quickly translated into Russian and sung to a martial accompaniment.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> These lyrics mourned the fallen lying in their graves and threatened revenge.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a> also reacted to the war by composing the satirical opera <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Cockerel" title="The Golden Cockerel">The Golden Cockerel</a>, completed in 1907. Although it was ostensibly based on a verse fairy tale by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> written in 1834, the authorities quickly realised its true target and immediately banned it from performance. The opera was premiered in 1909, after Rimsky-Korsakov's death, and even then with modifications required by the censors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> Some Japanese poetry dealing with the war has remained popular more than a century later. General <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a>'s "Outside the Goldland Fortress" was learned by generations of schoolchildren and valued for its bleak stoicism.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The army surgeon <a href="/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai" title="Mori Ōgai">Mori Ōgai</a> kept a verse diary which tackled such themes as racism, strategic mistakes, and the ambiguities of victory, which has gained appreciation with historical hindsight.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In the present day there is also a growing appreciation of <a href="/wiki/Yosano_Akiko" title="Yosano Akiko">Yosano Akiko</a>'s parting poem to her brother as he left for the war, which includes the critical lines: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Never let them kill you, brother! His Imperial Majesty would not come out to fight ... How could He possibly make them believe that it is honourable to die?<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </div></blockquote> Even the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> himself entered the poetic lists, writing in answer to all the lamentations about death in a foreign land that the patriotic soul returns to the homeland.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> European treatments were similarly varied. Jane H. Oakley attempted an epic treatment of the conflict in 86 cantos.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The French poet <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Blaise Cendrars</a> was later to represent himself as on a Russian train on its way to Manchuria at the time in his <a href="/wiki/La_prose_du_Transsib%C3%A9rien_et_de_la_Petite_Jehanne_de_France" title="La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France">La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France</a> (1913) and energetically evoked the results of the war along the way: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> I saw the silent trains the black trains returning from the Far East and passing like phantoms ... At Talga 100,000 wounded were dying for lack of care I visited the hospitals of Krasnoyarsk And at Khilok we encountered a long convoy of soldiers who had lost their minds In the pesthouses I saw gaping gashes wounds bleeding full blast And amputated limbs danced about or soared through the raucous air<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </div></blockquote> Much later, the Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dunn" title="Douglas Dunn">Douglas Dunn</a> devoted an <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_poem" title="Epistolary poem">epistolary poem</a> in verse to the naval war in The Donkey's Ears: Politovsky's Letters Home (2000). This follows the voyage of the Russian Imperial Navy flagship Kniaz to its sinking at the Battle of Tsushima.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> Fictional coverage of the war in English began even before it was over. An early example was <a href="/wiki/Allen_Upward" title="Allen Upward">Allen Upward</a>'s The International Spy. Set in both Russia and Japan, it ends with the Dogger Bank incident involving the Baltic Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The political thinking displayed there is typical of the time. There is great admiration for the Japanese, who were British allies. Russia is in turmoil, but the main impetus towards war is not imperialism as such but commercial forces. "Every student of modern history has remarked the fact that all recent wars have been promoted by great combinations of capitalists. The causes which formerly led to war between nation and nation have ceased to operate" (p. 40). The true villain plotting in the background, however, is the German Emperor, seeking to destabilise the European balance of power in his country's favour. Towards the end of the novel, the narrator steals a German submarine and successfully foils a plot to involve the British in the war. The submarine motif reappeared in <a href="/wiki/George_Griffith" title="George Griffith">George Griffith</a>'s science fiction novel, The Stolen Submarine (1904), although in this case it is a French super-submarine which its developer sells to the Russians for use against the Japanese in another tale of international intrigue.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Though most English-language fiction of the period took the Japanese side, the Rev. W. W. Walker's Canadian novella, Alter Ego, is an exception. It features a Canadian volunteer in the Russian army who, on his return, agrees to talk about his experiences to an isolated upcountry community and relates his part in the Battle of Mukden.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Though this incident only occupies two of the book's six chapters, it is used to illustrate the main message there, that war is "anti-Christian and barbarous, except in a defensive sense" (Ch. 3). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIKASAPAINTING.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MIKASAPAINTING.jpg/220px-MIKASAPAINTING.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MIKASAPAINTING.jpg/330px-MIKASAPAINTING.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MIKASAPAINTING.jpg/440px-MIKASAPAINTING.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Heihachir%C5%8D_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Heihachirō Tōgō">Heihachirō Tōgō</a> on the bridge of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa" title="Japanese battleship Mikasa">Japanese battleship Mikasa</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> Various aspects of the war were also common in contemporary children's fiction. Categorised as <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Own" title="Boys' Own">Boys' Own</a> adventure stories, they offer few insights into the conflict, being generally based on news articles and sharing without any reflection in the contemporary culture of imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Among these, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Strang" title="Herbert Strang">Herbert Strang</a> was responsible for two novels: Kobo told from the Japanese side,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and Brown of Moukden viewed from the Russian side.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Three more were written by the prolific American author, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stratemeyer" title="Edward Stratemeyer">Edward Stratemeyer</a>: Under the Mikado's Flag,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> At the Fall of Port Arthur,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and Under Togo for Japan, or Three Young Americans on Land and Sea (1906). Two other English-language stories begin with the action at Port Arthur and follow the events thereafter: A Soldier of Japan: a tale of the Russo-Japanese War by Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sadleir_Brereton" title="Frederick Sadleir Brereton">Frederick Sadleir Brereton</a>, and The North Pacific<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> by Willis Boyd Allen (1855–1938). Two more also involve young men fighting in the Japanese navy: Americans in For the Mikado<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Munroe" title="Kirk Munroe">Kirk Munroe</a>, and a temporarily disgraced English officer in Under the Ensign of the Rising Sun<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> by Harry Collingwood, the pen-name of William Joseph Cosens Lancaster (1851–1922), whose speciality was <a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">naval fiction</a>. Another literary genre affected by the outcome of the war was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_literature" title="Invasion literature">invasion literature</a>, either fuelled by racialist fears or generated by the international power struggle. <a href="/wiki/Shunr%C5%8D_Oshikawa" title="Shunrō Oshikawa">Shunrō Oshikawa</a>'s novel The Submarine Battleship (Kaitei Gunkan) was published in 1900 before the actual fighting began but shared the imperial tensions that produced it. It is the story of an armoured ram-armed submarine involved in a Russo-Japanese conflict.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Three other novels appeared in 1908 and are thought of as significant now because of their prophetic dimension. American author Arthur Wellesley Kipling (1885–1947) prefaced his The New Dominion – A Tale of Tomorrow's Wars with a note counselling future vigilance. The scenario there is an attack by German and Japanese allies which the US and British navies victoriously fend off.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In Germany itself an air attack on the American fleet is described by Ferdinand Heinrich Grautoff (1871–1935), writing under the name Parabellum, in his novel Banzai!. Published in Berlin in 1908, it was translated into English the following year.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> An Australian author using the pseudonym Charles H. Kirmess first serialised his The Commonwealth Crisis and then revised it for book publication as The Australian Crisis in 1909. It is set in 1912 and told from the standpoint of 1922, following a military invasion of Australia's Northern Territory and colonisation by Japanese settlers.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Most Russian fictional accounts of the war had a documentary element. <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Novikov-Priboy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Novikov-Priboy">Alexey Novikov-Priboy</a> served in the Baltic Fleet and wrote about the conflict on his return, but his early work was suppressed. It was not until the changed political climate under Soviet rule that he began writing his historical epic Tsushima, based on his own experiences on board the battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Oryol" title="Russian battleship Oryol">Oryol</a> as well as on testimonies of fellow sailors and government archives. The first part was published in 1932, the second in 1935, and the whole novel was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">Stalin Prize</a>. It describes the heroism of Russian sailors and certain officers whose defeat, in accordance with the new Soviet thinking, was due to the criminal negligence of the Imperial Naval command. A German novel by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Thiess" title="Frank Thiess">Frank Thiess</a>, originally published as Tsushima in 1936 (and later translated as The Voyage of Forgotten Men), covered the same journey round the world to defeat. Later there appeared a first-hand account of the siege of Port Arthur by Alexander Stepanov (1892–1965). He had been present there as the 12-year-old son of a battery commander and his novel, Port Arthur: a historical narrative (1944), is based on his own diaries and his father's notes. The work is considered one of the best historical novels of the Soviet period.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> A later novel in which the war appears is <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pikul" title="Valentin Pikul">Valentin Pikul</a>'s The Three Ages of Okini-San (1981). Centred on the life of Vladimir Kokovtsov, who rose through the ranks to admiral of the Russian fleet, it covers the period from the Russo-Japanese War through to the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolutions</a>. A much later Russian genre novel uses the period of the war as background. This is <a href="/wiki/Boris_Akunin" title="Boris Akunin">Boris Akunin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Chariot" title="The Diamond Chariot">The Diamond Chariot</a> (2003), in the first part of which the detective <a href="/wiki/Erast_Fandorin" title="Erast Fandorin">Erast Fandorin</a> is charged with protecting the Trans-Siberian Railway from Japanese sabotage. The main historical novel dealing with the war from the Japanese side is <a href="/wiki/Shiba_Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiba Ryōtarō">Shiba Ryōtarō</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saka_no_Ue_no_Kumo" title="Saka no Ue no Kumo">Clouds Above the Hill</a>, published serially in several volumes between 1968 and 1972, and translated in English in 2013. The closely researched story spans the decade from the Sino-Japanese War to the Russo-Japanese War and went on to become the nation's favourite book.<a href="#cite_note-:4-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films_and_TV_specials#Russo-Japanese_War_.281904.E2.80.931905.29" title="List of war films and TV specials">Film list about the Russo-Japanese War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_(film)" title="Port Arthur (film)">Port Arthur</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_%27Varyag%27" title="Cruiser 'Varyag'">Kreiser Varyag</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiro_sens%C5%8D_sh%C5%8Dri_no_hishi:_Tekich%C5%AB_%C5%8Ddan_sanbyaku-ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nichiro sensō shōri no hishi: Tekichū ōdan sanbyaku-ri (page does not exist)">Nichiro sensō shōri no hishi: Tekichū ōdan sanbyaku-ri</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meiji_tenn%C3%B4_to_nichiro_daisenso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meiji tennô to nichiro daisenso (page does not exist)">Meiji tennô to nichiro daisenso</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Japan_Sea_(film)" title="Battle of the Japan Sea (film)">Battle of the Japan Sea</a> (1969, 佐藤勝: 日本海大海戦, Nihonkai-Daikaisen) depicts the naval battles of the war, the attacks on the Port Arthur highlands, and the subterfuge and diplomacy of Japanese agents in Sweden. Admiral Togo is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Mifune" title="Toshiro Mifune">Toshiro Mifune</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_Tsushima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Battle of Tsushima (page does not exist)">The Battle of Tsushima</a> (1975) <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a>, depiction of the naval Battle of Tsushima</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="The Battle of Port Arthur">The Battle of Port Arthur</a> (1980, sometimes referred as 203 Kochi), depiction of the Siege of Port Arthur<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_Anthem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle Anthem (page does not exist)">Battle Anthem</a> (1983, 日本海大海戦・海ゆかば, Nihonkai-Daikasen: Umi Yukaba) <a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Mifune" title="Toshiro Mifune">Toshiro Mifune</a> reprises his role as Admiral Togo from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Japan_Sea_(film)" title="Battle of the Japan Sea (film)">Battle of the Japan Sea</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reilly,_Ace_of_Spies" title="Reilly, Ace of Spies">Reilly, Ace of Spies</a> (1983). Russian-born British spy <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly" title="Sidney Reilly">Sidney Reilly</a>'s role in providing intelligence that <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly#Tsarist_Russia_and_the_Far_East" title="Sidney Reilly">allowed</a> the Japanese surprise attack that started the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">Siege of Port Arthur</a> is dramatised in the second episode of this TV series.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_no_Ue_no_Kumo_(TV_series)" title="Saka no Ue no Kumo (TV series)">Saka no Ue no Kumo</a>, of which the third series dealt with the war period (December 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Kamuy" title="Golden Kamuy">Golden Kamuy</a> (2018), an anime adaptation of the manga of the same name. The story takes place just after the Russo-Japanese War, and features many flashbacks and references to it. Several of its principal characters are veteran Japanese army men who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">Siege of Port Arthur</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Sakura" title="The Prisoner of Sakura">The Prisoner of Sakura</a> (2019, ソローキンの見た桜, Sorokin no mita saka, В плену у сакуры, V plenu u sakury), a joint Japan-Russia co-production, which was based on the true story of a prison camp in <a href="/wiki/Matsuyama" title="Matsuyama">Matsuyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture" title="Ehime Prefecture">Ehime Prefecture</a>, during the war. The movie is centered around the romance between a Russian officer, a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>, and a Japanese nurse who find themselves on opposing sides of the war.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Foreign policy of the Russian Empire">Foreign policy of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneko_Kentar%C5%8D" title="Kaneko Kentarō">Kaneko Kentarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">Outline of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_warships_sunk_during_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="List of warships sunk during the Russo-Japanese War">List of warships sunk during the Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Rosen">Baron Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperialism_in_Asia_and_the_Russo-Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War">Russian Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Japan–Montenegro relations">Japan-Montenegro relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan-Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Montenegro–Russia relations">Montenegro-Russia relations</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MitchellSmith31_6-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MitchellSmith31_6_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MitchellSmith31_6_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMitchellSmith1931" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, T. J.; Smith, G. M. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14739880">14739880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casualties+and+Medical+Statistics+of+the+Great+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14739880&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese2019197-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese2019197_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReese2019">Reese 2019</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-DumasV-P23-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DumasV-P23_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DumasV-P23_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumasVedel-Petersen1923" class="citation book cs1">Dumas, S.; Vedel-Petersen, K.O. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lossesoflifecaus00samu">Losses of Life Caused By War</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lossesoflifecaus00samu/page/57">57</a>–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losses+of+Life+Caused+By+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Vedel-Petersen%2C+K.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flossesoflifecaus00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAotTC-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAotTC_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAotTC_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_White" class="citation web cs1">Matthew White. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#RJW">"Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century – Russo-Japanese War"</a>. Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910100407/http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#RJW">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.atitle=Mid-Range+Wars+and+Atrocities+of+the+Twentieth+Century+%E2%80%93+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.au=Matthew+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c100k.htm%23RJW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2006" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FTULKfqt-QC">The Two Koreas and the Great Powers</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45543-5"><bdi>978-1-139-45543-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627012857/https://books.google.com/books?id=_FTULKfqt-QC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021. <q>... imperial Japan was at the forefront of hegemonic wars in a quest to extend the Japanese hegemony over Korea to the entire Asia-Pacific region – the Sino–Japanese War of 1894–95 to gain dominance in Korea, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5 for mastery over Manchuria and Korea ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Koreas+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45543-5&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FTULKfqt-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg20082-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg20082_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2008">Steinberg 2008</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serio-comic_war_map_for_1877.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Serio-comic war map for 1877.jpg">Serio-comic war map for the year 1877</a>" by Frederick W. Rose (publisher not identified). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorry197915–16-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorry197915–16_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorry1979">Storry 1979</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorry197916-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorry197916_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorry1979">Storry 1979</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Storry1979_17-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_17_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_17_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_17_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_17_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_17_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_17_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_17_10-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorry1979">Storry 1979</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorry197918–19-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorry197918–19_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorry1979">Storry 1979</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Storry1979_20-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_20_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_20_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storry1979_20_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorry1979">Storry 1979</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/japan_euro_growth_1800.jpg">"The Growth of European and Japanese Dominions in Asia since 1801"</a> (Map). University of Texas – Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection. Cartography by Velhagen & Klasings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109030720/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/japan_euro_growth_1800.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Texas+%E2%80%93+Perry%E2%80%93Casta%C3%B1eda+Library+Map+Collection&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+European+and+Japanese+Dominions+in+Asia+since+1801&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fhistorical%2Fshepherd%2Fjapan_euro_growth_1800.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hwang2010_1323-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hwang2010_1323_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hwang2010_1323_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hwang2010_1323_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hwang2010_1323_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHwang2010">Hwang 2010</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hwang2010_137-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hwang2010_137_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hwang2010_137_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hwang2010_137_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHwang2010">Hwang 2010</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes20028-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes20028_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJukes2002">Jukes 2002</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jukes2002_9-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jukes2002_9_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jukes2002_9_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jukes2002_9_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jukes2002_9_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJukes2002">Jukes 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton198819–20-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnaughton198819–20_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnaughton1988">Connaughton 1988</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=hk&levelId=hk_018_0010_0490&types=o">"한국사데이터베이스"</a>. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=db.history.go.kr&rft.atitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2Flevel.do%3FitemId%3Dhk%26levelId%3Dhk_018_0010_0490%26types%3Do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnoki2016" class="citation book cs1">Unoki, Ko (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi3uCwAAQBAJ">International Relations and the Origins of the Pacific War</a>. Springer. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57202-8"><bdi>978-1-137-57202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations+and+the+Origins+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-57202-8&rft.aulast=Unoki&rft.aufirst=Ko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHi3uCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine2003317-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaine2003317_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaine2003">Paine 2003</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200211-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes200211_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJukes2002">Jukes 2002</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton19887–8-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnaughton19887–8_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnaughton1988">Connaughton 1988</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine2003320-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaine2003320_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaine2003">Paine 2003</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatō200796-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatō200796_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatō2007">Katō 2007</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENish1985ch._8-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENish1985ch._8_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNish1985">Nish 1985</a>, ch. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-McLean2003_121-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2003_121_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2003_121_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2003_121_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2003_121_27-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLean2003">McLean 2003</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiebi-vonHase2003_165-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiebi-vonHase2003_165_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiebi-vonHase2003_165_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiebi-vonHase2003_165_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiebi-von_Hase2003">Fiebi-von Hase 2003</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014182-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2014182_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRöhl2014">Röhl 2014</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014183-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2014183_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRöhl2014">Röhl 2014</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhl2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">Röhl, John C. G.</a> (2008). "Uncle and nephew: Edward VII and the 'encirclement' of Germany". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUxkAgAAQBAJ">Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941</a>. Translated by de Bellaigue, Sheila; Bridge, Roy (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press (published 2014). pp. 252–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521844314" title="Special:BookSources/9780521844314"><bdi>9780521844314</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001022242/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUxkAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020. <q>As war between Russia and Japan drew nearer in the winter of 1903–4, London and Paris intensified their efforts to come to an understanding, both governments being anxious to avoid being dragged into the coming conflict between their respective allies. [...] When the French premier, Maurice Rouvier, declared that his country's alliance with Russia did not extend to East Asia but only to Europe, Wilhelm greeted this announcement jubilantly [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uncle+and+nephew%3A+Edward+VII+and+the+%27encirclement%27+of+Germany&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+II%3A+Into+the+Abyss+of+War+and+Exile%2C+1900%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=252-253&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521844314&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=John+C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUxkAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014252–253-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2014252–253_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRöhl2014">Röhl 2014</a>, pp. 252–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiebi-von_Hase2003163-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiebi-von_Hase2003163_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiebi-von_Hase2003">Fiebi-von Hase 2003</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiebi-von_Hase2003163–164-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiebi-von_Hase2003163–164_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiebi-von_Hase2003">Fiebi-von Hase 2003</a>, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLean2003127–128-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLean2003127–128_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLean2003">McLean 2003</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatō2007102-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatō2007102_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatō2007102_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatō2007">Katō 2007</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baron Komura to Mr. Kurino. 3 August 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baron+Komura+to+Mr.+Kurino&rft.date=1903-08-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFCorrespondence_Regarding_Negotiations1904">Correspondence Regarding Negotiations 1904</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/correspondencere00japarich#page/7/mode/1up">7–9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baron Komura to Mr. Kurino. 5 October 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baron+Komura+to+Mr.+Kurino&rft.date=1903-10-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFCorrespondence_Regarding_Negotiations1904">Correspondence Regarding Negotiations 1904</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/correspondencere00japarich#page/22/mode/1up">22–24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Katō2007_978-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_978_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_978_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_978_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_978_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatō2007">Katō 2007</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-Katō2007_101-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_101_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_101_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_101_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katō2007_101_40-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatō2007">Katō 2007</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-KodaNWCR2005-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KodaNWCR2005_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KodaNWCR2005_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoda2005" class="citation journal cs1">Koda, Yoji (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-840737501">"The Russo-Japanese War: Primary Causes of Japanese Success"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College_Review" title="Naval War College Review">Naval War College Review</a>. 58 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War%3A+Primary+Causes+of+Japanese+Success&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Koda&rft.aufirst=Yoji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P3-840737501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014164-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2014164_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRöhl2014">Röhl 2014</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2014263-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2014263_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2014263_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRöhl2014">Röhl 2014</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-Röhl2014_269-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl2014_269_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl2014_269_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl2014_269_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRöhl2014">Röhl 2014</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsthus1981411-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsthus1981411_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsthus1981">Esthus 1981</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolf1976" class="citation book cs1">Tolf, Robert W. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3DmsQLtWq1wC">The Russian Rockfellers</a>. Hoover Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-6583-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-6583-1"><bdi>0-8179-6583-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101200552/https://books.google.com/books?id=3DmsQLtWq1wC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Rockfellers&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8179-6583-1&rft.aulast=Tolf&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3DmsQLtWq1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsthus1981397-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsthus1981397_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsthus1981">Esthus 1981</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baron Komura to Mr. Kurino. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baron+Komura+to+Mr.+Kurino&rft.date=1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFCorrespondence_Regarding_Negotiations1904">Correspondence Regarding Negotiations 1904</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/correspondencere00japarich#page/38/mode/1up">38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye200542-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye200542_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye2005">Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 2005</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200216–20-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes200216–20_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJukes2002">Jukes 2002</a>, pp. 16–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200221-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes200221_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJukes2002">Jukes 2002</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2004" class="citation book cs1">Connaughton, R. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">Rising sun and tumbling bear : Russia's war with Japan</a>. R. M. Connaughton. London: Cassell. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9"><bdi>0-304-36657-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">56444019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+sun+and+tumbling+bear+%3A+Russia%27s+war+with+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56444019&rft.isbn=0-304-36657-9&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56444019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2004" class="citation book cs1">Connaughton, R. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">Rising sun and tumbling bear : Russia's war with Japan</a>. R. M. Connaughton. London: Cassell. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9"><bdi>0-304-36657-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">56444019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+sun+and+tumbling+bear+%3A+Russia%27s+war+with+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56444019&rft.isbn=0-304-36657-9&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56444019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlender2007" class="citation book cs1">Olender, Piotr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1319074558">Russo-Japanese naval war, 1905</a>. Redbourn: Mushroom Model. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-74-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-74-0"><bdi>978-83-61421-74-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1319074558">1319074558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russo-Japanese+naval+war%2C+1905&rft.place=Redbourn&rft.pub=Mushroom+Model&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1319074558&rft.isbn=978-83-61421-74-0&rft.aulast=Olender&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1319074558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2004" class="citation book cs1">Connaughton, R. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">Rising sun and tumbling bear : Russia's war with Japan</a>. R. M. Connaughton. London: Cassell. pp. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9"><bdi>0-304-36657-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">56444019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+sun+and+tumbling+bear+%3A+Russia%27s+war+with+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56444019&rft.isbn=0-304-36657-9&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56444019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlender2007" class="citation book cs1">Olender, Piotr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1319074558">Russo-Japanese naval war, 1905</a>. Redbourn: Mushroom Model. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-74-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-74-0"><bdi>978-83-61421-74-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1319074558">1319074558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russo-Japanese+naval+war%2C+1905&rft.place=Redbourn&rft.pub=Mushroom+Model&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1319074558&rft.isbn=978-83-61421-74-0&rft.aulast=Olender&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1319074558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2018" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, Sydney (2018). The Russo-Japanese War (Illustrated Edition) Complete History of the Conflict: Causes of the War, Korean Campaign, Naval Operations, Battle of the Yalu, Battle for Port Arthur, Battle of the Japan Sea, Peace Treaty Tyler, Sydney. The Russo-Japanese War (Illustrated Edition): Complete History of the Conflict: Causes of the War, Korean Campaign, Naval Operations, Battle of the Yalu, ... Battle of the Japan Sea, Peace Treaty (p. 1). Madison & Adams Press. Kindle Edition. Madison and Adams Press. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+%28Illustrated+Edition%29+Complete+History+of+the+Conflict%3A+Causes+of+the+War%2C+Korean+Campaign%2C+Naval+Operations%2C+Battle+of+the+Yalu%2C+Battle+for+Port+Arthur%2C+Battle+of+the+Japan+Sea%2C+Peace+Treaty+Tyler%2C+Sydney.+The+Russo-Japanese+War+%28Illustrated+Edition%29%3A+Complete+History+of+the+Conflict%3A+Causes+of+the+War%2C+Korean+Campaign%2C+Naval+Operations%2C+Battle+of+the+Yalu%2C+...+Battle+of+the+Japan+Sea%2C+Peace+Treaty+%28p.+1%29.+Madison+%26+Adams+Press.+Kindle+Edition.&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Madison+and+Adams+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlender2007" class="citation book cs1">Olender, Piotr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1319074558">Russo-Japanese naval war, 1905</a>. Redbourn: Mushroom Model. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-74-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-74-0"><bdi>978-83-61421-74-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1319074558">1319074558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russo-Japanese+naval+war%2C+1905&rft.place=Redbourn&rft.pub=Mushroom+Model&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1319074558&rft.isbn=978-83-61421-74-0&rft.aulast=Olender&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1319074558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-59"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2004" class="citation book cs1">Connaughton, R. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">Rising sun and tumbling bear : Russia's war with Japan</a>. R. M. Connaughton. London: Cassell. pp. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36657-9"><bdi>0-304-36657-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56444019">56444019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+sun+and+tumbling+bear+%3A+Russia%27s+war+with+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56444019&rft.isbn=0-304-36657-9&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56444019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroaki_Sato" class="citation news cs1">Hiroaki Sato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/07/27/books/book-reviews/multiple-perspectives-in-novel-on-the-russo-japanese-war/#.VWzWUVJS8SV">"Multiple perspectives in novel on the Russo-Japanese War"</a>. The Japan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113023/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/07/27/books/book-reviews/multiple-perspectives-in-novel-on-the-russo-japanese-war/#.VWzWUVJS8SV">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Multiple+perspectives+in+novel+on+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.au=Hiroaki+Sato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2013%2F07%2F27%2Fbooks%2Fbook-reviews%2Fmultiple-perspectives-in-novel-on-the-russo-japanese-war%2F%23.VWzWUVJS8SV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Some scholarly researchers credit <a href="/wiki/Enjiro_Yamaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjiro Yamaza">Enjiro Yamaza</a> with drafting the text of the Japanese declaration of war – see Naval Postgraduate School (US) thesis: Na, Sang Hyung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA475769">"The Korean-Japanese Dispute over Dokdo/Takeshima," p. 62 n207</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001456/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA475769">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> December 2007, citing Byang-Ryull Kim. (2006). Ilbon Gunbu'ui Dokdo Chim Talsa (The Plunder of Dokdo by the Japanese Military), p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/korea/russo-japanese-war">"Russo-Japanese War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212063132/https://www.history.com/topics/korea/russo-japanese-war">Archived</a> 12 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV channel)">History.com</a>, 21 Aug. 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynn1929" class="citation book cs1">Gwynn, Stephen, ed. (1929). "Spring Rice to Robert H. M. Ferguson". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3317945;view=1up;seq=424">The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice: A Record</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 402–406. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110040010/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3317945;view=1up;seq=424">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2020. 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April 1"</a>. The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 6 April 1905. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119180100/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19050406-1.2.11?ST=1&AT=search&k=8+april+1905%2c+Russian&P=2&QT=8,april,1905,russian&oref=article">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2018. 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New York Times. 17 October 1905. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142228/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EFD61431E733A25754C1A9669D946497D6CF&scp=6&sq=order+of+meiji&st=p">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Text+of+Treaty%3B+Signed+by+the+Emperor+of+Japan+and+Czar+of+Russia&rft.date=1905-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9902EFD61431E733A25754C1A9669D946497D6CF%26scp%3D6%26sq%3Dorder%2Bof%2Bmeiji%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunHersh1976" class="citation book cs1">Brun, Hellen; Hersh, Jacques (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialistkoreaca0000brun/page/36">Socialist Korea: A Case Study in the Strategy of Economic Development</a>. New York and London: Monthly Review Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialistkoreaca0000brun/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85345-386-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85345-386-1"><bdi>0-85345-386-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialist+Korea%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+Strategy+of+Economic+Development&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-85345-386-1&rft.aulast=Brun&rft.aufirst=Hellen&rft.au=Hersh%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialistkoreaca0000brun%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> See review (lay-summary) in <a href="#CITEREFSteinbergMenningSchimmelpenninck_van_der_OyeWolff2005">Steinberg et al. 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrani1969" class="citation book cs1">Trani, Eugene P. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypluAAAAMAAJ">The Treaty of Portsmouth: An Adventure in American Diplomacy</a>. University of Kentucky Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813111742" title="Special:BookSources/9780813111742"><bdi>9780813111742</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029170923/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypluAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Portsmouth%3A+An+Adventure+in+American+Diplomacy&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780813111742&rft.aulast=Trani&rft.aufirst=Eugene+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowry1946" class="citation journal cs1">Mowry, George E. (November 1946). "The First Roosevelt". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Mercury" title="The American Mercury">The American Mercury</a> (November 1946): 580.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mercury&rft.atitle=The+First+Roosevelt&rft.issue=November+1946&rft.pages=580&rft.date=1946-11&rft.aulast=Mowry&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon12-29-3_2014-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon12-29-3_2014_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon12-29-3_2014_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Andrew (20 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2014/12/29/Andrew-Gordon/4150/article.html">"Social Prot est in Imperial Japan: The Hibiya Riot of 1905"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal. 12 (29/3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023819/http://apjjf.org/2014/12/29/Andrew-Gordon/4150/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Social+Prot+est+in+Imperial+Japan%3A+The+Hibiya+Riot+of+1905&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=29%2F3&rft.date=2014-07-20&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2014%2F12%2F29%2FAndrew-Gordon%2F4150%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hnn.us/roundup/entries/26860.html">"Montenegro, Japan end 100 years' war | History News Network"</a>. hnn.us. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hnn.us&rft.atitle=Montenegro%2C+Japan+end+100+years%27+war+%7C+History+News+Network&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Froundup%2Fentries%2F26860.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#RJW">"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls"</a>. necrometrics.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910100407/http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#RJW">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=necrometrics.com&rft.atitle=Twentieth+Century+Atlas+%E2%80%93+Death+Tolls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c100k.htm%23RJW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgorov2019" class="citation web cs1">Egorov, Boris (8 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/329952-4-facts-about-japan-war">"4 facts about the war in which Russia didn't win a single battle"</a>. Russia Beyond. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=4+facts+about+the+war+in+which+Russia+didn%27t+win+a+single+battle&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Egorov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F329952-4-facts-about-japan-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oye2005_86-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oye2005_86_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oye2005_86_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye2005">Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 2005</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1974575–576-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1974575–576_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarner1974">Warner 1974</a>, pp. 575–576. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher1994" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Abraham (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9J9Dt6EQHs8C&q=Lodz+1905&pg=PA157">The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2327-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2327-3"><bdi>0-8047-2327-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829192905/https://books.google.com/books?id=9J9Dt6EQHs8C&q=Lodz+1905&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1905%3A+Russia+in+Disarray&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8047-2327-3&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9J9Dt6EQHs8C%26q%3DLodz%2B1905%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTIMES1904" class="citation news cs1">TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK (18 December 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1904/12/18/archives/terrible-scenes-in-poland-men-ordered-to-the-war-kill-their.html">"TERRIBLE SCENES IN POLAND.; Men Ordered to the War Kill Their Children -- Wives Commit Suicide"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TERRIBLE+SCENES+IN+POLAND.%3B+Men+Ordered+to+the+War+Kill+Their+Children+--+Wives+Commit+Suicide.&rft.date=1904-12-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=TIMES&rft.aufirst=Special+Cable+to+THE+NEW+YORK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1904%2F12%2F18%2Farchives%2Fterrible-scenes-in-poland-men-ordered-to-the-war-kill-their.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalasz-Rutkowska2000" class="citation book cs1">Palasz-Rutkowska, Ewa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltmXn9rUGD8C&q=Poles&pg=PA126">"Major Fukushima Yasumasa and his Influence on the Japanese Perception of Poland at the Turn of the Century"</a>. In Edström, Bert (ed.). The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions. Japan Library. pp. 126–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873410-86-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-873410-86-7"><bdi>1-873410-86-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829192909/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltmXn9rUGD8C&q=Poles&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Major+Fukushima+Yasumasa+and+his+Influence+on+the+Japanese+Perception+of+Poland+at+the+Turn+of+the+Century&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+and+Europe%3A+Images+and+Perceptions&rft.pages=126-133&rft.pub=Japan+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-873410-86-7&rft.aulast=Palasz-Rutkowska&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DltmXn9rUGD8C%26q%3DPoles%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1959" class="citation journal cs1">Lerski, Jerzy J. (November 1959). "A Polish Chapter of the Russo-Japanese War". <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Japan" title="Asiatic Society of Japan">Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan</a>. Third series. VII: 69–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=A+Polish+Chapter+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=69-96&rft.date=1959-11&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT3Sep1905-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT3Sep1905_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT3Sep1905_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C01E5D8103AE733A25750C0A96F9C946497D6CF&scp=5&sq=order+of+meiji&st=p">"Japan's Present Crisis and Her Constitution"</a>. The New York Times. 3 September 1905. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412183024/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C01E5D8103AE733A25750C0A96F9C946497D6CF&scp=5&sq=order+of+meiji&st=p">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Present+Crisis+and+Her+Constitution&rft.date=1905-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C01E5D8103AE733A25750C0A96F9C946497D6CF%26scp%3D5%26sq%3Dorder%2Bof%2Bmeiji%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton1988342-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnaughton1988342_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnaughton1988">Connaughton 1988</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacar.go.jp/english/nichiro/sumitsuin.htm">"Privy Council minutes on ratification of the Russo-Japanese Peace Treaty"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119020617/https://www.jacar.go.jp/english/nichiro/sumitsuin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022. 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International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 13 (4). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>: 699. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022931309651">10.1023/A:1022931309651</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020056">20020056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141218786">141218786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+%22Yellow+Peril%22+Mystique%3A+Origins+and+Vicissitudes+of+a+Racist+Discourse&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=699&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141218786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20020056%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022931309651&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Stanford+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeale2009" class="citation journal cs1">Heale, M.J. (April 2009). "Anatomy of a Scare: Yellow Peril Politics in America, 1980–1993". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Studies" title="Journal of American Studies">Journal of American Studies</a>. 43 (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875809006033">10.1017/S0021875809006033</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40464347">40464347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145252539">145252539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+Scare%3A+Yellow+Peril+Politics+in+America%2C+1980%E2%80%931993&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145252539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40464347%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875809006033&rft.aulast=Heale&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dickinson, Edward Ross (May 2002). "Sex, Masculinity, and the 'Yellow Peril': Christian von Ehrenfels' Program for a Revision of the European Sexual Order, 1902–1910". German Studies Review. 25 (2): 263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1432992">10.2307/1432992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1432992">1432992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20373550">20373550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+Masculinity%2C+and+the+%27Yellow+Peril%27%3A+Christian+von+Ehrenfels%27+Program+for+a+Revision+of+the+European+Sexual+Order%2C+1902%E2%80%931910&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20373550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1432992%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1432992&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutschmann, Moritz (2015). Iran and Russian Imperialism: The Ideal Anarchists, 1800–1914. Routledge. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38531-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38531-8"><bdi>978-1-317-38531-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+Russian+Imperialism%3A+The+Ideal+Anarchists%2C+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-38531-8&rft.aulast=Deutschmann&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanani1961" class="citation book cs1">Banani, Amin (1961). The Modernization of Iran, 1921–1941. Stanford University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0050-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-0050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modernization+of+Iran%2C+1921%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0050-4&rft.aulast=Banani&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Sun Yat-sen's speech on Pan-Asianism at <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen%27s_speech_on_Pan-Asianism">Wikisource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318033522/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen%27s_speech_on_Pan-Asianism">Archived</a> 18 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Sven Hedin, Trans-Himalaya, Asian Educational Services reprint, New Delhi 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WypeCJwf1kgC&pg=PP1">p. 320</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319004044/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WypeCJwf1kgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1">Archived</a> 19 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellsWilson199924-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellsWilson199924_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWellsWilson1999">Wells & Wilson 1999</a>, p. 24(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_-HDAAAQBAJ&dq=Japan%27s+victory+lessoned+the+feeling+of+inferiority+from+which&pg=PA24">Google Books</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorringer2014" class="citation book cs1">Worringer, Renée (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjbFAgAAQBAJ">Ottomans Imagining Japan</a>. London: Palgrave. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-113738460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-113738460-7"><bdi>978-113738460-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030044145/https://books.google.com/books?id=kjbFAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottomans+Imagining+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-113738460-7&rft.aulast=Worringer&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjbFAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2004" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Gerald (2004). Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814736418" title="Special:BookSources/9780814736418"><bdi>9780814736418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+War%21%3A+White+Supremacy+and+the+Japanese+Attack+on+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=New+York+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780814736418&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2007" class="citation book cs1">Ito, Eishiro (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1lIGYT3X_4C&q=James+Joyce%2C+allusion+to+the+Russo-Japanese+war+in+Ulysses&pg=PA195">"United States of Asia, James Joyce and Japan"</a>. In Brown, Richard (ed.). A Companion to James Joyce. Blackwell. pp. 195–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-140511044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-140511044-0"><bdi>978-140511044-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829192901/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1lIGYT3X_4C&q=James+Joyce,+allusion+to+the+Russo-Japanese+war+in+Ulysses&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States+of+Asia%2C+James+Joyce+and+Japan&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+James+Joyce&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=978-140511044-0&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Eishiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1lIGYT3X_4C%26q%3DJames%2BJoyce%252C%2Ballusion%2Bto%2Bthe%2BRusso-Japanese%2Bwar%2Bin%2BUlysses%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Crowley, David (January 2008). "Seeing Japan, Imagining Poland: Polish art and the Russo-Japanese war". The Russian Review. 67 (1): 50–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9434.2007.00473.x">10.1111/j.1467-9434.2007.00473.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1432992">1432992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Seeing+Japan%2C+Imagining+Poland%3A+Polish+art+and+the+Russo-Japanese+war&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-69&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9434.2007.00473.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1432992%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faktografia.com/2012/07/04/seeing-japan-imagining-poland-polish-art-and-the-russo-japanese-war">Faktografia 4 July 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311161336/https://faktografia.com/2012/07/04/seeing-japan-imagining-poland-polish-art-and-the-russo-japanese-war/">Archived</a> 11 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/05/01.htm">"In the Storm (1904)"</a>. Rosa Luxemburg Internet Archive. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rosa+Luxemburg+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=In+the+Storm+%281904%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fluxemburg%2F1904%2F05%2F01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988">, translated from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxemburg1904" class="citation news cs1">Luxemburg, Rosa (1–8 May 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retronews.fr/journal/le-socialiste-1885-1923/1-mai-1904/1197/4505629/1">"Dans La Tempête"</a>. Le Socialiste. Vol. 20, no. 181 (n.s.). Paris. p. 1c.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Socialiste&rft.atitle=Dans+La+Temp%C3%AAte&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=181+%28n.s.%29&rft.pages=1c&rft.date=1904-05-01%2F1904-05-08&rft.aulast=Luxemburg&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.retronews.fr%2Fjournal%2Fle-socialiste-1885-1923%2F1-mai-1904%2F1197%2F4505629%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1953" class="citation journal cs1">Woodward, David (February 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrbuddhistory.com/uploads/1/4/9/6/14967012/the_russian_armada_1904.pdf">"The Russian Armada 1904–5"</a> (PDF). History Today. 3 (2): [pdf p. 2].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Armada+1904%E2%80%935&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=pdf+p.+2&rft.date=1953-02&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrbuddhistory.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F4%2F9%2F6%2F14967012%2Fthe_russian_armada_1904.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2001" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalwarfarewarf00sond">Naval Warfare, 1815–1914</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalwarfarewarf00sond/page/n200">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-041521478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-041521478-0"><bdi>978-041521478-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-041521478-0&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavalwarfarewarf00sond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003844-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003844_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 844. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999179,_229,_230-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1999179,_229,_230_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1999">Keegan 1999</a>, pp. 179, 229, 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003384,_386,_388-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003384,_386,_388_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 384, 386, 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisemore1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Sisemore, James D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123247/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll2&CISOPTR=113">The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned</a> (Thesis). Fort Leavenworth, KS: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Command and General Staff College">U.S. Army Command and General Staff College</a>. p. iii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=113">the original</a> on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Russo-Japanese+War%2C+Lessons+Not+Learned&rft.inst=U.S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sisemore&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.cdmhost.com%2Fcdm4%2Fitem_viewer.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Fp4013coll2%26CISOPTR%3D113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Chapman, John (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/is/IS475.pdf">"British Naval Estimation of Japan and Russia, 1894–1905"</a> (PDF). On the Periphery of the Russo-Japanese War Part 1 – Discussion Paper N. IS/2004/475. The Suntory Centre – Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines – <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics and Political Science</a>: 53 n42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709040232/http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/is/IS475.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+the+Periphery+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War+Part+1+%E2%80%93+Discussion+Paper+N.+IS%2F2004%2F475&rft.atitle=British+Naval+Estimation+of+Japan+and+Russia%2C+1894%E2%80%931905&rft.pages=53+n42&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsticerd.lse.ac.uk%2Fdps%2Fis%2FIS475.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman83_59-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman83_59_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman83_59_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1983" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, A.J. (January 1983). "German-Jewish Bankers in World Politics, The Financing of the Russo-Japanese War". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook. 28 (1): 59–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F28.1.59">10.1093/leobaeck/28.1.59</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leo+Baeck+Institute+Yearbook&rft.atitle=German-Jewish+Bankers+in+World+Politics%2C+The+Financing+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-73&rft.date=1983-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F28.1.59&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter93_146-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter93_146_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter93_146_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1993" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Jane (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obVxAAAAMAAJ&q=Foreign+Borrowing">"The Limits of Financial Power: Japanese Foreign Borrowing and the Russo-Japanese War"</a>. In Hamish Ion, A.; Errington, E.J. (eds.). Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. pp. 146, 151–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93965-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93965-6"><bdi>978-0-275-93965-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018230712/https://books.google.com/books?id=obVxAAAAMAAJ&q=Foreign+Borrowing">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Financial+Power%3A+Japanese+Foreign+Borrowing+and+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.btitle=Great+Powers+and+Little+Wars%3A+The+Limits+of+Power&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=146%2C+151-152&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93965-6&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobVxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DForeign%2BBorrowing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"British Assistance to the Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5". The Great Circle. 2 (1): 44–54. April 1980. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41562319">41562319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Circle&rft.atitle=British+Assistance+to+the+Japanese+Navy+during+the+Russo-Japanese+War+of+1904%E2%80%935&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-54&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41562319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> "Schiff, Jacob Henry". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1928–1936. pp. 430–432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg20085-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg20085_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2008">Steinberg 2008</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower,_John_W.2010" class="citation web cs1">Dower, John W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/asia_rising/ar_essay01.html">"Asia Rising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Visualizing_Cultures_(website)" title="Visualizing Cultures (website)">Visualizing Cultures</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617125002/http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/asia_rising/ar_essay01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Visualizing+Cultures&rft.atitle=Asia+Rising&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Dower%2C+John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focw.mit.edu%2Fans7870%2F21f%2F21f.027%2Fasia_rising%2Far_essay01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dower2008-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dower2008_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dower2008_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower,_John_W.2008" class="citation web cs1">Dower, John W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108071415/http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/yellow_promise_yellow_peril/yp_essay01.html">"Yellow Promise / Yellow Peril"</a>. MIT Visualizing Cultures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/yellow_promise_yellow_peril/yp_essay01.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Visualizing+Cultures&rft.atitle=Yellow+Promise+%2F+Yellow+Peril&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Dower%2C+John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focw.mit.edu%2Fans7870%2F21f%2F21f.027%2Fyellow_promise_yellow_peril%2Fyp_essay01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=36558">"State Historical Museum Opens 'The Year 1812 in the Paintings by Vasily Vereshchagin'"</a>. artdaily. 11 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307114908/http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=36558">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artdaily&rft.atitle=State+Historical+Museum+Opens+%27The+Year+1812+in+the+Paintings+by+Vasily+Vereshchagin%27&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artdaily.org%2Findex.asp%3Fint_sec%3D11%26int_new%3D36558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1905/08/30/archives/war-lasted-18-months-biggest-battle-known-engagement-at-mukden.html">"War Lasted 18 Months; Biggest Battle Known... Russian Miscalculation"</a>. New York Times. 30 August 1905. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612230632/https://www.nytimes.com/1905/08/30/archives/war-lasted-18-months-biggest-battle-known-engagement-at-mukden.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=War+Lasted+18+Months%3B+Biggest+Battle+Known...+Russian+Miscalculation&rft.date=1905-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1905%2F08%2F30%2Farchives%2Fwar-lasted-18-months-biggest-battle-known-engagement-at-mukden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> See reproductions from <a href="/wiki/WikiArt" title="WikiArt">WikiArt</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikiart.org/en/niko-pirosmani/the-russian-japanese-war-1906#supersized-artistPaintings-216177">1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617124231/http://www.wikiart.org/en/niko-pirosmani/the-russian-japanese-war-1906#supersized-artistPaintings-216177">Archived</a> 17 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikiart.org/en/niko-pirosmani/russo-japanese-war#supersized-artistPaintings-302745">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617143407/http://www.wikiart.org/en/niko-pirosmani/russo-japanese-war#supersized-artistPaintings-302745">Archived</a> 17 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Yalu_River_by_Repin.jpg">Chuliengcheng. In a glorious death eternal life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617125738/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Yalu_River_by_Repin.jpg">Archived</a> 17 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, oil on canvas by Juri Repin. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qKajPAQuYo">Amur's Waves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413072557/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qKajPAQuYo&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> 13 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> performed by the Red Army Choir under the direction of Gennady Sachenyuk (in Russian with English subtext). </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307102739/http://www.editionsorphee.com/repertoire/shatrov.html">"Ilya Shatrov: On the Hills of Manchuria, Waltz"</a>. Editions Orphée. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.editionsorphee.com/repertoire/shatrov.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Editions+Orph%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Ilya+Shatrov%3A+On+the+Hills+of+Manchuria%2C+Waltz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.editionsorphee.com%2Frepertoire%2Fshatrov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> German text in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rucont.ru/efd/11224">"Rudolf Greins. 'Auf Deck, Kameraden, All Auf Deck!'"</a> [Rudolf Greintz. 'On Deck, Comrades, All on Deck!']. РУКОНТ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117132158/https://rucont.ru/efd/11224">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A2&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Greins.+%27Auf+Deck%2C+Kameraden%2C+All+Auf+Deck%21%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frucont.ru%2Fefd%2F11224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> See also a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I60IrRMntWk">multimedia enactment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024802/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I60IrRMntWk">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the song on YouTube (in Russian). </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> See some translations at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=155598#3661604">Mudcat Café</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225332/https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=155598#3661604">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_720020&feature=iv&src_vid=fWDgs34wilk&v=6ZsK0pSbSIo">On The Hills of Manchuria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_720020&feature=iv&src_vid=fWDgs34wilk&v=6ZsK0pSbSIo">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> performed by Maxim Troshin (in Russian). </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/I60IrRMntWk">"General Maresuke Nogi (1849–1912)"</a>. War Poets Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warpoets.org/poets/general-maresuke-nogi-1849-1912">the original</a> on 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Poets+Association&rft.atitle=General+Maresuke+Nogi+%281849%E2%80%931912%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warpoets.org%2Fpoets%2Fgeneral-maresuke-nogi-1849-1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Collected works in <a href="#CITEREFWellsWilson1999">Wells & Wilson 1999</a>, reviewed by Tim Wright in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue4/tims_review.html">Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329090341/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue4/tims_review.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> n. 4 September 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanine_Beichman2006" class="citation web cs1">Janine Beichman (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609035209/http://www.asjapan.org/web.php/lectures/2006/12">"Thou Shalt Not Die: Yosano Akiko and the Russo-Japanese War"</a>. Asiatic Society of Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asjapan.org/web.php/lectures/2006/12">the original</a> on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asiatic+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Thou+Shalt+Not+Die%3A+Yosano+Akiko+and+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.au=Janine+Beichman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asjapan.org%2Fweb.php%2Flectures%2F2006%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakashi_Fujitani1996" class="citation book cs1">Takashi Fujitani (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHWE7SWePgIC&q=russo+japanese+war++%22poem%22&pg=PA126">Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan</a>. University of California Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520202375" title="Special:BookSources/9780520202375"><bdi>9780520202375</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829192908/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHWE7SWePgIC&q=russo+japanese+war++%22poem%22&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendid+Monarchy%3A+Power+and+Pageantry+in+Modern+Japan&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520202375&rft.au=Takashi+Fujitani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHWE7SWePgIC%26q%3Drusso%2Bjapanese%2Bwar%2B%2B%2522poem%2522%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1905" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Jane H. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arussojapanesew00oaklgoog">A Russo-Japanese War Poem</a>. Brighton: The Standard Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Russo-Japanese+War+Poem&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=The+Standard+Press&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Jane+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farussojapanesew00oaklgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Albert1966" class="citation book cs1">Walter Albert, ed. (1966). Selected Writings of Blaise Cendrars. New Directions. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-081121888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-081121888-7"><bdi>978-081121888-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Writings+of+Blaise+Cendrars&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=New+Directions&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-081121888-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> See the account by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Wheatley2001" class="citation journal cs1">David Wheatley (21 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n12/david-wheatley/dialect-with-army-and-navy">"Dialect with Army and Navy"</a>. The London Review of Books. 23 (12): 40–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912011555/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n12/david-wheatley/dialect-with-army-and-navy">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Dialect+with+Army+and+Navy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=40-41&rft.date=2001-06-21&rft.au=David+Wheatley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv23%2Fn12%2Fdavid-wheatley%2Fdialect-with-army-and-navy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpward1904" class="citation book cs1">Upward, Allen (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30482">The International Spy – Being the secret history of the Russo-Japanese War</a>. M.A. Donohue & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081410/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30482">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Spy+%E2%80%93+Being+the+secret+history+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=M.A.+Donohue+%26+Co&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Upward&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F30482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> E.F. and R. Bleiler (1990), Science Fiction: The Early Years, Kent State University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEZxhkG5eikC&dq=%22The+stolen+submarine%22+griffiths&pg=PA308">p. 308</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819134741/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEZxhkG5eikC&lpg=PA955&ots=M2IiJYwF8t&dq=%22The%20stolen%20submarine%22%20griffiths&pg=PA308#v=onepage&q=%22The%20stolen%20submarine%22%20griffiths&f=false">Archived</a> 19 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_W.W.1907" class="citation book cs1">Walker, W.W. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37731">Alter Ego: a Tale</a>. Toronto: William Briggs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081411/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37731">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alter+Ego%3A+a+Tale&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=William+Briggs&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F37731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621023400/http://russojapanesewar.com/boys-own.html">"The Russo-Japanese War and Boys Own Adventure Stories"</a>. The Russo-Japanese War Research Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russojapanesewar.com/boys-own.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+Research+Society&rft.atitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+and+Boys+Own+Adventure+Stories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussojapanesewar.com%2Fboys-own.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrang1905" class="citation book cs1">Strang, Herbert (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44316?msg=welcome_stranger">Kobo</a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081348/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44316?msg=welcome_stranger">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kobo&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F44316%3Fmsg%3Dwelcome_stranger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrang1906" class="citation book cs1">Strang, Herbert (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44256">Brown of Moukden</a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214721/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44256">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brown+of+Moukden&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F44256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratemeyer1904" class="citation book cs1">Stratemeyer, Edward (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn3lyv;view=1up;seq=13">Under the Mikado's Flag, or Young Soldiers of Fortune</a>. Soldiers of fortune series. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070127/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn3lyv;view=1up;seq=13">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Mikado%27s+Flag%2C+or+Young+Soldiers+of+Fortune&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Soldiers+of+fortune+series&rft.pub=Lothrop%2C+Lee+%26+Shepard+Co&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Stratemeyer&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.hn3lyv%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratemeyer1905" class="citation book cs1">Stratemeyer, Edward (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33559">At the Fall of Port Arthur, or a young American in the Japanese navy</a>. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081303/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33559">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Fall+of+Port+Arthur%2C+or+a+young+American+in+the+Japanese+navy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Lothrop%2C+Lee+%26+Shepard+Co&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Stratemeyer&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F33559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1905" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Willis B. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45413">The North Pacific – A Story of the Russo-Japanese War</a>. New York City: E.P. Dutton & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110063407/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45413">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Pacific+%E2%80%93+A+Story+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+Co&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Willis+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroe1905" class="citation book cs1">Munroe, Kirk (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formikadoorajap00munrgoog">For the Mikado or a Japanese Middy in Action</a>. Harper & brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Mikado+or+a+Japanese+Middy+in+Action&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Munroe&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformikadoorajap00munrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingwood1916" class="citation book cs1">Collingwood, Harry (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27910">Under the Ensign of the Rising Sun – A Story of the Russo-Japanese War</a>. New York City: Silver Scroll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081405/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27910">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Ensign+of+the+Rising+Sun+%E2%80%93+A+Story+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Silver+Scroll&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Collingwood&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F27910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Derek Linney, Invasion-Literature, 1871–1914, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theriddleofthesands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Invasion-Literature-1871-1914-1.pdf">p. 95</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065706/http://www.theriddleofthesands.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Invasion-Literature-1871-1914-1.pdf">Archived</a> 20 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newdominionatal00kiplgoog">"The New Dominion: A Tale of To-morrow's Wars / Arthur W. Kipling"</a>. Francis Griffiths. 29 April 1908 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Dominion%3A+A+Tale+of+To-morrow%27s+Wars+%2F+Arthur+W.+Kipling&rft.pub=Francis+Griffiths&rft.date=1908-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewdominionatal00kiplgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19498/19498-h/19498-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Banzai!, by Parabellum"</a>. www.gutenberg.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604180655/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19498/19498-h/19498-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+Banzai%21%2C+by+Parabellum.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19498%2F19498-h%2F19498-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianculture.org/the-australian-crisis/">"The Australian Crisis [novel by C. H. Kirmess, 1909]"</a>. The Institute of Australian Culture. 3 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429184402/http://www.australianculture.org/the-australian-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+Australian+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Crisis+%5Bnovel+by+C.+H.+Kirmess%2C+1909%5D&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianculture.org%2Fthe-australian-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanov1947" class="citation book cs1">Stepanov, Aleksandr N. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QMDAAAAMAAJ">Port Arthur: a historical narrative</a>. Translated by J. Fineberg. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030054920/https://books.google.com/books?id=3QMDAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Arthur%3A+a+historical+narrative&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Stepanov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3QMDAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080316/">Russo-Japanese War</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfdb.jp/en/title/8372">"The Prisoner of Sakura"</a>. jfdb.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416170303/https://jfdb.jp/en/title/8372">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jfdb.jp&rft.atitle=The+Prisoner+of+Sakura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfdb.jp%2Fen%2Ftitle%2F8372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War" title="Bibliography of the Russo-Japanese War">Bibliography of the Russo-Japanese War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrespondence_Regarding_Negotiations1904" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/correspondencere00japarich#page/n2/mode/1up">Correspondence regarding the negotiations between Japan and Russia (1903–1904) Presented to the Imperial diet. March 1904</a>. [Washington? D.C., Gibson brothers? printers. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondence+regarding+the+negotiations+between+Japan+and+Russia+%281903%E2%80%931904%29+Presented+to+the+Imperial+diet.+March+1904&rft.pub=%5BWashington%3F+D.C.%2C+Gibson+brothers%3F+printers&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcorrespondencere00japarich%23page%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2004" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, John W. M. (2004). "Russia, Germany and the Anglo-Japanese Intelligence Collaboration, 1896–1906". In Erickson, Mark; Erickson, Ljubica (eds.). Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 41–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84913-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84913-1"><bdi>0-297-84913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Germany+and+the+Anglo-Japanese+Intelligence+Collaboration%2C+1896%E2%80%931906&rft.btitle=Russia+War%2C+Peace+and+Diplomacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41-55&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-297-84913-1&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=John+W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Connaughton" title="Richard Connaughton">Connaughton, R. M.</a> (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00906-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00906-5"><bdi>0-415-00906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rising+Sun+and+the+Tumbling+Bear%E2%80%94A+Military+History+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War+1904%E2%80%935&rft.place=London&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-415-00906-5&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuus1998" class="citation book cs1">Duus, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abacusswordjapan00duus">The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92090-3"><bdi>978-0-520-92090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abacus+and+the+Sword%3A+The+Japanese+Penetration+of+Korea&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92090-3&rft.aulast=Duus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabacusswordjapan00duus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsthus1981" class="citation journal cs1">Esthus, Raymond A. (October 1981). "Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War". <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>. 40 (4): 396–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F129919">10.2307/129919</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/129919">129919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Nicholas+II+and+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=396-411&rft.date=1981-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F129919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F129919%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Esthus&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.ku.edu.tr/mbaker/public_html/Hist440/EsthusNiKIIRusso-JapWar.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727002931/http://home.ku.edu.tr/mbaker/public_html/Hist440/EsthusNiKIIRusso-JapWar.pdf">Archived</a> 27 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiebi-von_Hase2003" class="citation book cs1">Fiebi-von Hase, Ragnhild (2003). The uses of 'friendship': The 'personal regime' of Wilhelm II and Theodore Roosevelt, 1901–1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+uses+of+%27friendship%27%3A+The+%27personal+regime%27+of+Wilhelm+II+and+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+1901%E2%80%931909&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Fiebi-von+Hase%2C+Ragnhild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFMombauerDeist2003">Mombauer & Deist 2003</a>, pp. 143–75</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForczyk2009" class="citation book cs1">Forczyk, Robert (2009). Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-330-8"><bdi>978-1-84603-330-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Battleship+vs+Japanese+Battleship%2C+Yellow+Sea+1904%E2%80%9305&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-330-8&rft.aulast=Forczyk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwang2010" class="citation book cs1">Hwang, Kyung Moon (2010). A History of Korea. London: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230205468" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230205468"><bdi>978-0230205468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230205468&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Kyung+Moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes2002" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZmHCwAAQBAJ">The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905</a>. Essential Histories. Wellingborough: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-446-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-446-7"><bdi>978-1-84176-446-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031120653/https://books.google.com/books?id=YZmHCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+1904%E2%80%931905&rft.place=Wellingborough&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-446-7&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZmHCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatō2007" class="citation journal cs1">Katō, Yōko (April 2007). "What Caused the Russo-Japanese War: Korea or Manchuria?". <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Japan_Journal" title="Social Science Japan Journal">Social Science Japan Journal</a>. 10 (1): 95–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fssjj%2Fjym033">10.1093/ssjj/jym033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Japan+Journal&rft.atitle=What+Caused+the+Russo-Japanese+War%3A+Korea+or+Manchuria%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-103&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fssjj%2Fjym033&rft.aulast=Kat%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Y%C5%8Dko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1999" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar00keeg_0">The First World War</a>. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40052-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40052-4"><bdi>0-375-40052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-375-40052-4&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstworldwar00keeg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kowner, Rotem. Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War, also published as The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russo-Japanese-War-Guide-Rotem-Kowner/dp/0810868415">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052149/https://www.amazon.com/Russo-Japanese-War-Guide-Rotem-Kowner/dp/0810868415">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1906" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Mahan, Alfred T.</a> (April 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1906-04/reflections-historic-and-other-suggested-battle-sea-japan">"Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Japan Sea"</a>. US Naval Institute Proceedings. 32 (2–118). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135254/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1906-04/reflections-historic-and-other-suggested-battle-sea-japan">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Naval+Institute+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Reflections%2C+Historic+and+Other%2C+Suggested+by+the+Battle+of+the+Japan+Sea&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2%E2%80%93118&rft.date=1906-04&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1906-04%2Freflections-historic-and-other-suggested-battle-sea-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2003" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Roderick R. (2003). Dreams of a German Europe: Wilhelm II and the Treaty of Björkö of 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+a+German+Europe%3A+Wilhelm+II+and+the+Treaty+of+Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6+of+1905&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Roderick+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFMombauerDeist2003">Mombauer & Deist 2003</a>, pp. 119–41.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMombauerDeist2003" class="citation book cs1">Mombauer, Annika; Deist, Wilhelm, eds. (2003). The Kaiser – New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-052182408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-052182408-8"><bdi>978-052182408-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser+%E2%80%93+New+Research+on+Wilhelm+II%27s+Role+in+Imperial+Germany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-052182408-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlender2010" class="citation book cs1">Olender, Piotr (2010). Russo-Japanese Naval War 1904–1905: Battle of Tsushima. Vol. 2. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus s.c. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-02-3"><bdi>978-83-61421-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russo-Japanese+Naval+War+1904%E2%80%931905%3A+Battle+of+Tsushima&rft.place=Sandomierz%2C+Poland&rft.pub=Stratus+s.c.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-61421-02-3&rft.aulast=Olender&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2017" class="citation book cs1">Paine, S. C. M. (2017). The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01195-3"><bdi>978-1-107-01195-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Empire%3A+Grand+Strategy+from+the+Meiji+Restoration+to+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01195-3&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=S.+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_C._Paine" title="Sarah C. Paine">Paine, S.C.M.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gLgz65blI7cC">The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81714-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81714-5"><bdi>0-521-81714-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029233827/https://books.google.com/books?id=gLgz65blI7cC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Japanese+War+of+1894%E2%80%931895%3A+Perceptions%2C+Power%2C+and+Primacy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-81714-5&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=S.C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgLgz65blI7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhl2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">Röhl, John C.G.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUxkAgAAQBAJ">Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941</a>. Translated by Sheila de Bellaigue & Roy Bridge. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-052184431-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-052184431-4"><bdi>978-052184431-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001022242/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUxkAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+II%3A+Into+the+Abyss+of+War+and+Exile%2C+1900%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-052184431-4&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=John+C.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUxkAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye2005" class="citation book cs1">Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2005). The Immediate Origins of the War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immediate+Origins+of+the+War&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schimmelpenninck+van+der+Oye&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFSteinbergMenningSchimmelpenninck_van_der_OyeWolff2005">Steinberg et al. 2005</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2001" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Richard (2001). Building The Mosquito Fleet, The US Navy's First Torpedo Boats. South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-0508-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7385-0508-0"><bdi>0-7385-0508-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+The+Mosquito+Fleet%2C+The+US+Navy%27s+First+Torpedo+Boats&rft.place=South+Carolina&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7385-0508-0&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbergMenningSchimmelpenninck_van_der_OyeWolff2005" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, John W.; et al., eds. (2005). The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero. History of Warfare/29. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-900414284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-900414284-8"><bdi>978-900414284-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+in+Global+Perspective%3A+World+War+Zero&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=History+of+Warfare%2F29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-900414284-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Gary P. (January 2006). "The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero". The Journal of Military History. 70 (1): 250–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2006.0037">10.1353/jmh.2006.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161979005">161979005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+in+Global+Perspective%3A+World+War+Zero&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=250-251&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2006.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161979005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Gary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Steinberg, John W. (January 2008). "Was the Russo-Japanese War World War Zero?". <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>. 67 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9434.2007.00470.x">10.1111/j.1467-9434.2007.00470.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9434">1467-9434</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20620667">20620667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Was+the+Russo-Japanese+War+World+War+Zero%3F&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2008-01&rft.issn=1467-9434&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20620667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9434.2007.00470.x&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2001" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21477-3"><bdi>978-0-415-21477-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21477-3&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorry1979" class="citation book cs1">Storry, Richard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japandeclineofwe0000stor">Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, 1894–1943</a>. New York City: St. Martins' Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-033306868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-033306868-7"><bdi>978-033306868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+the+Decline+of+the+West+in+Asia%2C+1894%E2%80%931943&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=St.+Martins%27+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-033306868-7&rft.aulast=Storry&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapandeclineofwe0000stor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strachan, Hew (2003). The First World War. Vol. 1 - To Arms. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019926191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-019926191-8"><bdi>978-019926191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-019926191-8&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikowara/Grant1907" class="citation book cs1">Tikowara, Hesibo (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023037702">Before Port Arthur in a Destroyer; The Personal Diary of a Japanese Naval Officer</a>. Translated by Robert Grant. London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Port+Arthur+in+a+Destroyer%3B+The+Personal+Diary+of+a+Japanese+Naval+Officer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Tikowara&rft.aufirst=Hesibo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023037702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalder1974" class="citation book cs1">Walder, David (1974). The Short Victorious War: The Russo-Japanese Conflict, 1904-5. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060145161" title="Special:BookSources/0060145161"><bdi>0060145161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Victorious+War%3A+The+Russo-Japanese+Conflict%2C+1904-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0060145161&rft.aulast=Walder&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1974" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Denis; Warner, Peggy (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tideatsunrisehi00warn">The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905</a>. New York City: Charterhouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883270318" title="Special:BookSources/9780883270318"><bdi>9780883270318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tide+at+Sunrise%2C+A+History+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War+1904%E2%80%931905&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charterhouse&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780883270318&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Warner%2C+Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftideatsunrisehi00warn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1990" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Anthony J. (1990). The Imperial Russian Navy. London, UK: Arms and Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-912-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-912-1"><bdi>0-85368-912-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Russian+Navy&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85368-912-1&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsWilson1999" class="citation book cs1">Wells, David; Wilson, Sandra, eds. (1999). The Russo-Japanese War in Cultural Perspective, 1904-05. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-63742-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-63742-9"><bdi>0-333-63742-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+in+Cultural+Perspective%2C+1904-05&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-333-63742-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2009" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2009). The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922, Volume 1. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25300-356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25300-356-0"><bdi>978-0-25300-356-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Century+of+Sea+Power%3A+From+Port+Arthur+to+Chanak%2C+1894%E2%80%931922%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-25300-356-0&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Corbett, Sir Julian. Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. (1994) Originally classified, and in two volumes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-129-7">1-55750-129-7</a>.</li> <li>Dower, John W., Throwing off Asia III, Woodblock prints of the Russo-Japanese War, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_03/toa_essay01.html">MIT Visualizing Cultures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617124053/http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_03/toa_essay01.html">Archived</a> 17 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hall, Richard C. "The Next War: The Influence of the Russo-Japanese War on Southeastern Europe and the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 17.3 (2004): 563–577.</li> <li>Hough, Richard A. The Fleet That Had To Die. Ballantine Books. (1960).</li> <li>Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023034659">Correspondence Regarding the Negotiations between Japan and Russia (1903–1904), Presented to the Imperial Diet, March 1904</a> (Tokyo, 1904)</li> <li>Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Dieter Jung, Peter Mickel. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>, Annapolis, Maryland, 1977. Originally published in German as Die Japanischen Kriegschiffe 1869–1945 in 1970, translated into English by David Brown and Antony Preston. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X">0-87021-893-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotem_Kowner" title="Rotem Kowner">Kowner, Rotem</a>, ed. The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War (Routledge, 2007)</li> <li>Kowner, Rotem. Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. Scarecrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5">0-8108-4927-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-54582-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-54582-X">0-415-54582-X</a>.</li> <li>Matsumura Masayoshi, Ian Ruxton (trans.), Baron Kaneko and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Lulu Press 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-11751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-11751-2">978-0-557-11751-2</a></li> <li>Murray, Nicholas (2013). The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914. Dulles, Virginia, Potomac Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-553-7">978-1-59797-553-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)" title="Edmund Morris (writer)">Morris, Edmund</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Rex_(book)" title="Theodore Rex (book)">Theodore Rex</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHWGAAAACAAJ&q=theodore+rex">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529024551/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHWGAAAACAAJ&dq=theodore+rex">Archived</a> 29 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6600-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6600-8">978-0-8129-6600-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNish1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Nish" title="Ian Nish">Nish, Ian</a> (1985). The Origins of the Russo-Japanese war. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582491144" title="Special:BookSources/9780582491144"><bdi>9780582491144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Russo-Japanese+war&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780582491144&rft.aulast=Nish&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Novikov-Priboy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Novikov-Priboy">Novikov-Priboy, Aleksei</a>. Tsushima. (An account from a seaman aboard the <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Oryol" title="Russian battleship Oryol">Russian battleship Oryol</a>, which was captured at Tsushima). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. (1936).</li> <li>Okamoto, Shumpei (1970). The Japanese Oligarchy and the Russo-Japanese War. Columbia University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapastratigakis2011" class="citation book cs1">Papastratigakis, Nicholas (2011). Russian Imperialism and Naval Power: Military Strategy and the Build-Up to the Russo-Japanese War. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-691-2"><bdi>978-1-84885-691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Imperialism+and+Naval+Power%3A+Military+Strategy+and+the+Build-Up+to+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-691-2&rft.aulast=Papastratigakis&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrikeeffShukman2007" class="citation book cs1">Patrikeeff, Felix; Shukman, Harry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203964767/railways-russo-japanese-war-felix-patrikeeff-harry-shukman">Railways and the Russo-Japanese War</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203964767">10.4324/9780203964767</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-2421-20" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-2421-20"><bdi>978-0-429-2421-20</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railways+and+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203964767&rft.isbn=978-0-429-2421-20&rft.aulast=Patrikeeff&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Shukman%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203964767%2Frailways-russo-japanese-war-felix-patrikeeff-harry-shukman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pleshakov, Constantine. The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-05792-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-05792-6">0-465-05792-6</a>. (2002).</li> <li>Podalko, Petr E. "'Weak ally'or 'strong enemy?': Japan in the eyes of Russian diplomats and military agents, 1900–1907." Japan Forum 28#3 (2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemenov1908" class="citation book cs1">Semenov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9sPAAAAYAAJ">The Battle of Tsu-shima: Between the Japanese and Russian Fleets, Fought on 27 May 1905</a>. E. P. Dutton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426160330/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9sPAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Tsu-shima%3A+Between+the+Japanese+and+Russian+Fleets%2C+Fought+on+27+May+1905&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Semenov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Ivanovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9sPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemenov1909" class="citation book cs1">Semenov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfsZAAAAYAAJ">Rasplata (The Reckoning)</a>. Dutton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426160139/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfsZAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rasplata+%28The+Reckoning%29&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Semenov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Ivanovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfsZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille2016" class="citation book cs1">Stille, Mark (2016). The Imperial Japanese Navy of the Russo-Japanese War. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1121-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-1121-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1121-9&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tomitch, V. M. Warships of the Imperial Russian Navy. Volume 1, Battleships. (1968).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Illustrations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gerbig-Fabel, Marco. "Photographic artefacts of war 1904–1905: the Russo-Japanese war as transnational media event." European Review of History – Revue européenne d'histoire 15.6 (2008): 629–642.</li> <li>Saaler, Sven und Inaba Chiharu (Hg.). Der Russisch-Japanische Krieg 1904/05 im Spiegel deutscher Bilderbogen, Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien Tokyo, (2005).</li> <li>Sharf, Frederick A. and James T. Ulak, eds. A Well-Watched War: Images from the Russo-Japanese Front, 1904–1905 (Newbury, MA, 2000), the catalogue of the show at the Sackler Gallery in Washington, DC,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler1905" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, Sydney (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanrussiawaril00tyle/page/n4">The Japan-Russia war: an illustrated history of the war in the Far East</a>. Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japan-Russia+war%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+the+war+in+the+Far+East&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=P.+W.+Ziegler&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanrussiawaril00tyle%2Fpage%2Fn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Westwood, J. N. Russia against Japan, 1904–1905 : a new look at the Russo-Japanese War (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaagainstjap0000west">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Hamby, Joel E. "Striking the Balance: Strategy and Force in the Russo-Japanese War." Armed Forces & Society 30.3 (2004): 325–356.</li> <li>Seager, Robert. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man And His Letters. (1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-359-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-359-8">0-87021-359-8</a>.</li> <li>van der Oye, David Schimmelpenninck. "Rewriting the Russo-Japanese War: A Centenary Retrospective." The Russian Review 67.1 (2008): 78–87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/49091140/Rewriting_the_Russo-Japanese_War-_A_Centenary_Retrospective.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Won-soo, Kim. "Trends in the Study of the Russo-Japanese War in Korea and Future Tasks-Third-party perspective on the origins of the war." International Journal of Korean History 7 (2005): 1–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/7_01.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_War&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russo-Japanese_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Russo-Japanese_War">"Russo-Japanese War" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russo-Japanese+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Silva2016" class="citation web cs1">da Silva, Joaquín (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eiga9.altervista.org/chronology/chronology1904.html">"Chronology of Japanese Cinema: 1904"</a>. EigaNove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Japanese+Cinema%3A+1904&rft.pub=EigaNove&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.aulast=da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feiga9.altervista.org%2Fchronology%2Fchronology1904.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russojapanesewar.com/">RussoJapaneseWar.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020930012303/http://www.russojapanesewar.com/">Archived</a> 30 September 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Russo-Japanese War research society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfcollection.net/fast/rjmain.html">BFcollection.net</a>, Database of Russian Army Jewish soldiers injured, killed, or missing in action from the war.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914 m/portsmouth.html">BYU.edu</a>, Text of the Treaty of Portsmouth:.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flot.com/history/steemfleet/index.htm">Flot.com</a>, Russian Navy history of war.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfpercep/rj_mod.html">Frontiers.loc.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615062508/http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfpercep/rj_mod.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Russo-Japanese Relations in the Far East. Meeting of Frontiers (<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1230/p04s01-woap.html">CSmonitor.com</a>, Treaty of Portsmouth now seen as global turning point from the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a>, by Robert Marquand, 30 December 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Russo-Japanese_War,_The">"Russo-Japanese War, The" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work">The New Student's Reference Work </a>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russo-Japanese+War%2C+The&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Japanese+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/class/slavgen194a/na_sopkakh/index.htm">Stanford.edu</a>, Lyrics, translation and melody of the song "On the hills of Manchuria" (Na sopkah Manchzhurii).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&om=0&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=105073304682538879946.000434d5252276702c956&dg=feature">Google Map with battles of Russo-Japanese War and other important events.</a></li> <li>See more Russo-Japanese War Maps <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/browse-subject">at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kuril_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kuril_Islands" title="Template:Kuril Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kuril_Islands" title="Template talk:Kuril Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kuril_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kuril Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kuril_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antsiferov_Island" title="Antsiferov Island">Antsiferov Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlasov_Island" title="Atlasov Island">Atlasov Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awos (page does not exist)">Awos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broutona" title="Broutona">Broutona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirinkotan" title="Chirinkotan">Chirinkotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyornye_Bratya" title="Chyornye Bratya">Chyornye Bratya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekarma" title="Ekarma">Ekarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habomai_Islands" title="Habomai Islands">Habomai Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturup" title="Iturup">Iturup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoy" title="Ketoy">Ketoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharimkotan" title="Kharimkotan">Kharimkotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunashir_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunashir Island">Kunashir Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lowuschki_Rocks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowuschki Rocks (page does not exist)">Lowuschki Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makanrushi" title="Makanrushi">Makanrushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_(island)" title="Matua (island)">Matua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onekotan" title="Onekotan">Onekotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramushir" title="Paramushir">Paramushir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonsky_Island" title="Polonsky Island">Polonsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikoke" title="Raikoke">Raikoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasshua" title="Rasshua">Rasshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiashkotan" title="Shiashkotan">Shiashkotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikotan" title="Shikotan">Shikotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumshu" title="Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simushir" title="Simushir">Simushir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushishir" title="Ushishir">Ushishir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urup" title="Urup">Urup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlasov_Island" title="Atlasov Island">Alaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsonupuri" title="Atsonupuri">Atsonupuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baransky" title="Baransky">Baransky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berutarube" title="Berutarube">Berutarube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogatyr_Ridge" title="Bogatyr Ridge">Bogatyr Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikurachki" title="Chikurachki">Chikurachki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirinkotan" title="Chirinkotan">Chirinkotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirip" title="Chirip">Chirip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirpoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirpoi">Chirpoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_(volcano)" title="Demon (volcano)">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebeko" title="Ebeko">Ebeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekarma" title="Ekarma">Ekarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuss_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuss Peak">Fuss Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golets-Torny_Group" title="Golets-Torny Group">Golets-Torny Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golovnin" title="Golovnin">Golovnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryashchaya_Sopka" title="Goryashchaya Sopka">Goryashchaya Sopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny_Group" title="Grozny Group">Grozny Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivao_Group" title="Ivao Group">Ivao Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpinsky_Group" title="Karpinsky Group">Karpinsky Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketoi">Ketoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharimkotan" title="Kharimkotan">Kharimkotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolokol_Group" title="Kolokol Group">Kolokol Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuntomintar" title="Kuntomintar">Kuntomintar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Group" title="Lomonosov Group">Lomonosov Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvinaya_Past" title="Lvinaya Past">Lvinaya Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvezhya" title="Medvezhya">Medvezhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleyeva" title="Mendeleyeva">Mendeleyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milna_(volcano)" title="Milna (volcano)">Milna (volcano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemo_Peak" title="Nemo Peak">Nemo Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevo_Peak" title="Prevo Peak">Prevo Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikoke" title="Raikoke">Raikoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasshua" title="Rasshua">Rasshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudakov" title="Rudakov">Rudakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarychev_Peak" title="Sarychev Peak">Sarychev Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirinki">Shirinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinarka" title="Sinarka">Sinarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smirnov_(volcano)" title="Smirnov (volcano)">Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednii (page does not exist)">Srednii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao-Rusyr_Caldera" title="Tao-Rusyr Caldera">Tao-Rusyr Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyatya" title="Tyatya">Tyatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri_Sestry" title="Tri Sestry">Tri Sestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uratman" title="Uratman">Uratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushishur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushishur">Ushishur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernadskii_Ridge" title="Vernadskii Ridge">Vernadskii Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavaritski_Caldera" title="Zavaritski Caldera">Zavaritski Caldera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other geographical features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bussol_Strait" title="Bussol Strait">Bussol Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Muromets_Waterfall" title="Ilya Muromets Waterfall">Ilya Muromets Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasatka_Bay" title="Kasatka Bay">Kasatka Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Koritsky" title="Cape Koritsky">Cape Koritsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuril%E2%80%93Kamchatka_Trench" title="Kuril–Kamchatka Trench">Kuril–Kamchatka Trench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurilsk" title="Kurilsk">Kurilsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severo-Kurilsk" title="Severo-Kurilsk">Severo-Kurilsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhno-Kurilsk" title="Yuzhno-Kurilsk">Yuzhno-Kurilsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menashi%E2%80%93Kunashir_rebellion" title="Menashi–Kunashir rebellion">Menashi–Kunashir rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1875)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Hawaii Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Invasion of the Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Battle of Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_evacuation_of_Karafuto_and_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands">Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">Kuril Islands dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_World_Airlines_Flight_253A" title="Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A">Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Broughton" title="William Robert Broughton">William Robert Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Golovnin" title="Vasily Golovnin">Vasily Golovnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takadaya_Kahei" title="Takadaya Kahei">Takadaya Kahei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsumae_clan" title="Matsumae clan">Matsumae clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Gerritszoon_Vries" title="Maarten Gerritszoon Vries">Maarten Gerritszoon Vries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159950#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129105-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116039">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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