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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 German plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drafting_the_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drafting_the_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Drafting the offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting_the_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Operation names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_German_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_German_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Initial German assault </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_German_assault-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Initial German assault subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_German_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Units_involved_in_initial_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_involved_in_initial_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Units involved in initial assault </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units_involved_in_initial_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_on_the_northern_shoulder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_the_northern_shoulder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Attack on the northern shoulder </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attack_on_the_northern_shoulder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attack on the northern shoulder subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_the_northern_shoulder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Best_German_divisions_assigned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Best_German_divisions_assigned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Best German divisions assigned </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Best_German_divisions_assigned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_forces_held_up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_forces_held_up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 German forces held up </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_forces_held_up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malmedy_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malmedy_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Malmedy massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malmedy_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kampfgruppe_Peiper_deflected_southeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kampfgruppe_Peiper_deflected_southeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kampfgruppe_Peiper_deflected_southeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wereth_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wereth_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Wereth 11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wereth_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germans_advance_west" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans_advance_west"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Germans advance west </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans_advance_west-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_advance_halted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_advance_halted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 German advance halted </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_advance_halted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Outcome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Stösser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Stösser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Operation Stösser </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Stösser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chenogne_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chenogne_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Chenogne massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chenogne_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_in_the_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_in_the_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Attack in the center </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attack_in_the_center-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attack in the center subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attack_in_the_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_for_St._Vith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_for_St._Vith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Battle for St. Vith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_for_St._Vith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meuse_River_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meuse_River_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Meuse River bridges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meuse_River_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Greif_and_Operation_Währung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Greif_and_Operation_Währung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Operation Greif and Operation Währung </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Greif_and_Operation_Währung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_in_the_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_in_the_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Attack in the south </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attack_in_the_south-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attack in the south subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attack_in_the_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Bastogne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Bastogne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Siege of Bastogne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Bastogne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_counterstrikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_counterstrikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Allied counterstrikes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_counterstrikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_supporting_efforts_across_the_Western_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_supporting_efforts_across_the_Western_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 German supporting efforts across the Western Front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_supporting_efforts_across_the_Western_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_counter-offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_counter-offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Allied counter-offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_counter-offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Force_comparisons_by_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Force_comparisons_by_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Force comparisons by date </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Force_comparisons_by_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_and_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_and_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Strategy and leadership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategy_and_leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strategy and leadership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strategy_and_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hitler's_chosen_few" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hitler's_chosen_few"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Hitler's chosen few </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hitler's_chosen_few-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_high-command_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_high-command_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Allied high-command controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_high-command_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montgomery's_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montgomery's_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Montgomery's actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montgomery's_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Allied </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Result </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Result-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Media attention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bletchley_Park_post-mortem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bletchley_Park_post-mortem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bletchley Park post-mortem </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bletchley_Park_post-mortem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bletchley Park post-mortem subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bletchley_Park_post-mortem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missed_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missed_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Missed indicators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missed_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SHAEF_failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SHAEF_failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 SHAEF failures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SHAEF_failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_credit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_credit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Battle credit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_credit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of the Bulge</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenne-offensief" title="Ardenne-offensief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ardenne-offensief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="معركة الثغرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة الثغرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_%C9%99m%C9%99liyyat%C4%B1_(1944)" title="Arden əməliyyatı (1944) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arden əməliyyatı (1944)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="آردن دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آردن دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арденска офанзива – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арденска офанзива" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenska_ofanziva" title="Ardenska ofanziva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ardenska ofanziva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensiva_de_les_Ardenes" title="Ofensiva de les Ardenes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ofensiva de les Ardenes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_v_Arden%C3%A1ch" title="Bitva v Ardenách – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva v Ardenách" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenneroffensiven" title="Ardenneroffensiven – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ardenneroffensiven" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennenoffensive" title="Ardennenoffensive – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ardennenoffensive" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennide_vastupealetung" title="Ardennide vastupealetung – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ardennide vastupealetung" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Μάχη των Αρδεννών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη των Αρδεννών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_las_Ardenas" title="Batalla de las Ardenas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de las Ardenas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Ardenoj" title="Batalo de Ardenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Ardenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenetako_Gudua" title="Ardenetako Gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ardenetako Gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="نبرد آردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد آردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Ardennes" title="Bataille des Ardennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille des Ardennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardinnenoffinsyf" title="Ardinnenoffinsyf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ardinnenoffinsyf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_na_Boilsce" title="Cath na Boilsce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath na Boilsce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_das_Ardenas_(1944)" title="Batalla das Ardenas (1944) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla das Ardenas (1944)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="벌지 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벌지 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արդենների ռազմագործողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արդենների ռազմագործողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="बल्ज़ की लड़ाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बल्ज़ की लड़ाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_u_Ardenima_1944." title="Bitka u Ardenima 1944. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka u Ardenima 1944." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Bulge" title="Pertempuran Bulge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Bulge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennas%C3%B3knin" title="Ardennasóknin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ardennasóknin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensiva_delle_Ardenne" title="Offensiva delle Ardenne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Offensiva delle Ardenne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="הקרב על הבליטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקרב על הבליטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1945)" title="არდენის ოპერაცია (1945) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არდენის ოპერაცია (1945)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennenoffensiv" title="Ardennenoffensiv – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ardennenoffensiv" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenneki_offenz%C3%ADva" title="Ardenneki offenzíva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ardenneki offenzíva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="बॅटल ऑफ द बल्ज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॅटल ऑफ द बल्ज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Bulge" title="Pertempuran Bulge – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Bulge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_de_Ardennen" title="Slag om de Ardennen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om de Ardennen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="バルジの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルジの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(1944%E2%80%941945)" title="Арденнан тӀелатар (1944—1945) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Арденнан тӀелатар (1944—1945)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenneroffensiven" title="Ardenneroffensiven – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ardenneroffensiven" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennaroffensiven" title="Ardennaroffensiven – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ardennaroffensiven" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_deis_Ardenas" title="Batalha deis Ardenas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha deis Ardenas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensywa_w_Ardenach" title="Ofensywa w Ardenach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ofensywa w Ardenach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_das_Ardenas" title="Batalha das Ardenas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha das Ardenas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensiva_din_Ardeni" title="Ofensiva din Ardeni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ofensiva din Ardeni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1944%E2%80%941945)" title="Арденнская операция (1944—1945) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арденнская операция (1944—1945)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taua_o_le_Bulge" title="Taua o le Bulge – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Taua o le Bulge" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Bulge" title="Beteja e Bulge – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Bulge" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of the Bulge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_o_Ardeny" title="Bitka o Ardeny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka o Ardeny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenska_ofenziva_(1944)" title="Ardenska ofenziva (1944) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ardenska ofenziva (1944)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арденска битка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арденска битка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenska_ofanziva" title="Ardenska ofanziva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ardenska ofanziva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennien_taistelu" title="Ardennien taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ardennien taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenneroffensiven" title="Ardenneroffensiven – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ardenneroffensiven" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="பல்ஜ் சண்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்ஜ் சண்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1" title="ยุทธการตอกลิ่ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการตอกลิ่ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardenler_Taarruzu" title="Ardenler Taarruzu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ardenler Taarruzu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Арденнська операція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арденнська операція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Ardennes_(Th%E1%BA%BF_chi%E1%BA%BFn_th%E1%BB%A9_hai)" title="Trận Ardennes (Thế chiến thứ hai) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Ardennes (Thế chiến thứ hai)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofinsive_Von_Rundstedt" title="Ofinsive Von Rundstedt – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ofinsive Von Rundstedt" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%87%BA%E9%83%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="突出部之役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="突出部之役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%87%BA%E9%83%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="突出部之役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="突出部之役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Bulge&params=50_0_15_N_5_43_12_E_">50°0′15″N 5°43′12″E / 50.00417°N 5.72000°E / 50.00417; 5.72000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">World War II battle, 1944–1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ardennes Offensive" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Ardennes_Offensive_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardennes Offensive (video game)">Ardennes Offensive (video game)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation)">Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Bulge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front of World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg/300px-117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="284" /></a> American soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/117th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="117th Infantry Regiment (United States)">117th Infantry Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Military_Department" title="Tennessee Military Department">Tennessee National Guard</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="30th Infantry Division (United States)">30th Infantry Division</a>, move past a destroyed American <a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M5A1 "Stuart" tank</a> on their march to recapture the town of <a href="/wiki/St._Vith" title="St. Vith">St. Vith</a> during the Battle of the Bulge, January 1945.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201953-1">[1]</a> (1 month, 1 week and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">The <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Bulge&params=50_0_15_N_5_43_12_E_">50°0′15″N 5°43′12″E / 50.00417°N 5.72000°E / 50.00417; 5.72000</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">S.H.A.E.F.</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army Group">12th Army Group</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Hodges" title="Courtney Hodges">Courtney Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_T._Gerow" title="Leonard T. Gerow">Leonard T. Gerow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">J. Lawton Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew B. Ridgway">Matthew B. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Third United States Army">Third Army</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Millikin" title="John Millikin">John Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Troy_H._Middleton" title="Troy H. Middleton">Troy H. Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manton_S._Eddy" title="Manton S. Eddy">Manton S. Eddy</a></li> <li>Allied Air Forces:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Harris,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet">Arthur Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Panzer_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Panzer Army">Northern Sector</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Priess" title="Hermann Priess">Hermann Priess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Willi_Bittrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Willi Bittrich">Willi Bittrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hitzfeld" title="Otto Hitzfeld">Otto Hitzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Panzer_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Panzer Army">Central Sector</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel" title="Hasso von Manteuffel">Hasso von Manteuffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Decker" title="Karl Decker">Karl Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Freiherr_von_L%C3%BCttwitz" title="Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz">Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kr%C3%BCger_(Wehrmacht_general)" title="Walter Krüger (Wehrmacht general)">Walter Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lucht" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Lucht">Walter Lucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">Southern Sector</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Brandenberger" title="Erich Brandenberger">Erich Brandenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_von_Rothkirch" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin von Rothkirch">Edwin von Rothkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Beyer_(general)" title="Franz Beyer (general)">Franz Beyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_United_States_Army_Group" title="Twelfth United States Army Group">12th Army Group</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First Army</a> (under 21st Army Group 20 December – 16 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Third United States Army">Third Army</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Allied_Airborne_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Allied Airborne Army">1st Allied Airborne Army</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">5th Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Panzer_Army" title="6th Panzer Army">6th Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">7th Army</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist">16 December:<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> <ul><li>228,741 men</li> <li>483 tanks</li> <li>499 tank destroyers and assault guns<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a></li> <li>1,921 other <a href="/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored fighting vehicle">armored fighting vehicles</a> (AFVs)</li> <li>971 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>6 infantry divisions</li> <li>2 armored divisions</li></ul> 24 December: <ul><li>c. 541,000 men</li> <li>1,616 tanks</li> <li>1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns</li> <li>5,352 other AFVs</li> <li>2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>15 infantry divisions</li> <li>6 armored divisions</li> <li>1 armored brigade</li></ul> 2 January: <ul><li>c. 705,000 men</li> <li>2,409 tanks</li> <li>1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns</li> <li>7,769 other AFVs</li> <li>3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>22 infantry divisions</li> <li>8 armored divisions</li> <li>2 armored brigades</li></ul> 16 January: <ul><li>700,520 men</li> <li>2,428 tanks</li> <li>1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns</li> <li>7,079 other AFVs</li> <li>3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>22 infantry divisions</li> <li>8 armored divisions</li> <li>2 armored brigades<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendices_E,_F-4">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist">16 December: <ul><li>406,342 men</li> <li>557 tanks</li> <li>667 tank destroyers and assault guns</li> <li>1,261 other AFVs</li> <li>4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>13 infantry divisions<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a></li> <li>7 armored divisions</li> <li>1 armored brigade<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994480-6">[3]</a></li></ul> 24 December: <ul><li>c. 449,000 men</li> <li>423 tanks</li> <li>608 tank destroyers and assault guns</li> <li>1,496 other AFVs</li> <li>4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>16 infantry divisions</li> <li>8 armored divisions</li> <li>3 armored brigades</li></ul> 2 January: <ul><li>c. 401,000 men</li> <li>287 tanks</li> <li>462 tank destroyers and assault guns</li> <li>1,090 other AFVs</li> <li>3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>15 infantry divisions</li> <li>8 armored divisions</li> <li>3 armored brigades</li></ul> 16 January: <ul><li>383,016 men</li> <li>216 tanks</li> <li>414 tank destroyers and assault guns</li> <li>907 other AFVs</li> <li>3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces</li> <li>16 infantry divisions</li> <li>8 armored divisions</li> <li>2 armored brigades<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendices_E,_F-4">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> American: <ul><li>81,000 casualties (8,407 killed, 46,170 wounded and 20,905 missing)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984618-7">[4]</a></li> <li>800 tanks destroyed<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a></li> <li>c. 1,000 aircraft lost, over 647 in December<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2001632-9">[6]</a> and 353 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Operation Bodenplatte</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991339-10">[7]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> British: <ul><li>1,408<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2009195-11">[8]</a>–1,462+<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994470-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[d]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> German: <ul><li>63,000~<a href="#cite_note-Heeresarzt1944-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heeresarzt1945-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[e]</a> to 75,000+<a href="#cite_note-DMSi_ACSDB_report-17">[12]</a> casualties</li></ul> (U.S. Estimate: 103,900<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954396-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[f]</a> casualties) <ul><li>527–554<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014426including_20_[[Tiger_II]]_tanks,_194_[[Panther_tank]]s,_158_[[Panzer_IV]]_tanks_and_182_assault_guns_and_tank_destroyers-20">[14]</a> tanks, tank destroyers and assault guns lost</li> <li>c. 800 aircraft lost, at least 500 in December and 280 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Operation Bodenplatte</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991339-10">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Approximately 3,000 civilians killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijvers2005339-21">[15]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Template:Campaignbox Battle of the Bulge"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battle of the Bulge"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battle of the Bulge"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_the_Bulge2082" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of the Bulge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Prelude</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vianden" title="Battle of Vianden">Vianden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kesternich" title="Battle of Kesternich">Kesternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heartbreak_Crossroads" title="Battle of Heartbreak Crossroads">Wahlerscheid</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Initial German assault</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losheim_Gap" title="Battle of Losheim Gap">Losheim Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clervaux" title="Battle of Clervaux">Clervaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lanzerath_Ridge" title="Battle of Lanzerath Ridge">Lanzerath Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_St%C3%B6sser" title="Operation Stösser">Stösser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Greif" title="Operation Greif">Greif</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Allied defense and counteroffensive</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge" title="Battle of Elsenborn Ridge">Elsenborn Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Vith" title="Battle of St. Vith">St. Vith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bastogne" title="Siege of Bastogne">Bastogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bure" title="Battle of Bure">Bure</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>German counterattack</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Massacres</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malmedy_massacre" title="Malmedy massacre">Malmedy massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenogne_massacre" title="Chenogne massacre">Chenogne massacre</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Background</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_forces_for_the_Ardennes_Offensive" title="Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive">German forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge_order_of_battle" title="Battle of the Bulge order of battle">Order of battle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front(1944–1945)2329" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front(1944–1945)2329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (1944–1945)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Channel Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusilade" title="Operation Fusilade">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Reichswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II7469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Forth" title="Battle of the River Forth">River Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">The Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wikinger" title="Operation Wikinger">Wikinger</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuster_Line" title="Schuster Line">Schuster Line</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht" title="Battle of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mill" title="Battle of Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland" title="Battle of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg" title="Battle of the Grebbeberg">The Grebbeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam Blitz</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_%C3%89ben-%C3%89mael" title="Battle of Fort Ében-Émael">Fort Ében-Émael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_David" title="Operation David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1940)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">La Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres–Comines Canal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)" title="Battle of Saumur (1940)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne" title="Battle of Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dynamo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)" title="Siege of Lille (1940)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">1st Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlertag" title="Adlertag">Adlertag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">Battle of Britain Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Sea Lion</a></li></ul> 1941–1943 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil">Donnerkeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Commando Raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1944–1945 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Baby Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#The_final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">2nd Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic Pockets</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade">Grenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster" title="Operation Blockbuster">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack" title="Operation Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Remagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne_(1945)" title="Battle of Cologne (1945)">Cologne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Gisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undertone" title="Operation Undertone">Undertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Plunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paderborn_(1945)" title="Battle of Paderborn (1945)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_pocket" title="Ruhr pocket">Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Baum" title="Task Force Baum">TF Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt" title="Battle of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1945)" title="Battle of Würzburg (1945)">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassel_(1945)" title="Battle of Kassel (1945)">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilbronn_(1945)" title="Battle of Heilbronn (1945)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> Strategic campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic Bombing Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of Atlantic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wacht_am_Rhein_map_(Opaque).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg/300px-Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="485" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg/450px-Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg/600px-Wacht_am_Rhein_map_%28Opaque%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption> Map showing the swelling of "the Bulge" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">salient</a> during 16–25 December 1944. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Front line, 16 December</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Front line, 20 December</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Front line, 25 December</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Allied movements</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  German movements</div> </figcaption></figure></div></div> The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaign</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, taking place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945.<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> It was launched through the densely forested <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> region between <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">port of Antwerp</a> and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircle</a> and destroy each of the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>' favor. The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence based on the favorable defensive terrain and faulty intelligence about Wehrmacht intentions, poor <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> due to bad weather, and a preoccupation with Allied offensive plans elsewhere. American forces were using this region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, and the lines were thinly held by fatigued troops and inexperienced replacement units. The Germans also took advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' superior air forces for an extended period. American resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge" title="Battle of Elsenborn Ridge">Elsenborn Ridge</a>, and in the south, around <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a>, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west which they had counted on for success. This congestion and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Notre-Dame, south east of <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>, being stopped by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Armored Division (United States)">U.S. 2nd Armored Division</a> on 24 December 1944.<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> Improved weather conditions from around 24 December permitted air attacks on German forces and <a href="/wiki/Supply_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply line">supply lines</a>. On 26 December the lead element of Patton's U.S. Third Army reached Bastogne from the south ending the siege. Although the offensive was effectively broken by 27 December, when the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts with only partial success, the battle continued for another month before the front line was effectively restored to its position prior to the attack. The Germans committed over 410,000 men, just over 1,400 tanks and <a href="/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored fighting vehicles">armored fighting vehicles</a>, 2,600 artillery pieces, and over 1,000 combat aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson199418-24">[18]</a> Between 63,000 and 104,000 of these men were <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">wounded in action</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">captured</a>. The battle severely depleted Germany's armored forces, which remained largely unreplaced throughout the remainder of the war. German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> personnel, and later also Luftwaffe aircraft (in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">concluding stages of the engagement</a>) also sustained heavy losses. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were effectively out of men and equipment, and the survivors retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>. Allied forces eventually came to more than 700,000 men; from these there were from 77,000 to more than 83,000 casualties, including at least 8,600 killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553MacDonald1998618Miles2004-25">[19]</a> The "Bulge" was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199752-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstoryofworldwari00millpage358_358]-28">[22]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_with_most_United_States_military_fatalities#Campaigns" title="List of battles with most United States military fatalities">third-deadliest campaign in American history</a>. It was one of the most important battles of the war, as it marked the last major offensive attempted by the Axis powers on the Western front. After this defeat, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi forces</a> could only retreat for the remainder of the war. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">breakout from Normandy</a> at the end of July 1944 and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">landings in southern France</a> on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced towards Germany more quickly than anticipated. The speed of the advance of the Allies caused several <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a> issues: <ul><li>Troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat and rapid movement</li> <li>Supply lines were stretched extremely thin</li> <li>Supplies were dangerously depleted.</li></ul> By December 1944, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Allied Commander</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>) and his staff decided to hold the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> region primarily as a rest area for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._First_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. First Army">U.S. First Army</a>, with limited Allied operational objectives in the area. The Allies defended the Ardennes line very thinly, due to the favorable defensive terrain (a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network) and because they had intelligence that the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> was using the area across the German border as a rest-and-refit area for its own troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabianich19473-29">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_supply_issues">Allied supply issues</h3></div> The Allies faced major supply issues, due to the rate of their advance coupled with the initial lack of deep-water ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088–1089-30">[24]</a> Over-the-beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas, and <a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">direct landing ships</a> on the beaches, were unable to meet operational needs. The only deep-water port the Allies had captured was <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg</a> on the northern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin peninsula</a> and west of the original invasion beaches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088–1089-30">[24]</a> but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken. It took many months to rebuild its cargo-handling capability. The Allies captured the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">port of Antwerp</a> intact in the first days of September, but it was not operational until 28 November. The estuary of the <a href="/wiki/Schelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Schelde">Schelde</a> river that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901086-31">[25]</a> These limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>, commander of the Anglo-Canadian <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>, over whether Montgomery or <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_United_States_Army_Group" title="Twelfth United States Army Group">U.S. 12th Army Group</a>, in the south would get priority access to supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan199568-32">[26]</a> German forces <a href="/wiki/Channel_Ports#World_War_II" title="Channel Ports">remained in control</a> of several major ports on the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> coast into the autumn, while <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk remained under siege</a> until the end of the war in May 1945.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> The Allies' efforts to <a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">destroy the French railway system</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> were successful. This destruction hampered the German response to the invasion, but it proved equally hampering to the Allies, as it took time to repair the rail network's tracks and bridges. A trucking system nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Red_Ball_Express" title="Red Ball Express">Red Ball Express</a> brought supplies to front-line troops, but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October, the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and supply availability at the front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088–1089-30">[24]</a> Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans, while Eisenhower preferred a broad-front strategy. He gave some priority to Montgomery's northern forces. This had the short-term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long-term goal of capturing the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr area</a>, the biggest industrial area of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088–1089-30">[24]</a> With the Allies stalled, German <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> ('Field Marshal') <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defensive force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901088–1089-30">[24]</a> Field Marshal Montgomery's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> had achieved only some of its objectives, while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before. In October, the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a>, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October, the supply situation had eased somewhat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_plans">German plans</h3></div> Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles, the German situation remained dire. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine Campaign">Lorraine Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Battle of Aachen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">fighting in the Hürtgen Forest</a>, the strategic situation in the west had changed little. The Allies were <a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">slowly pushing towards Germany</a>, but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. There were 96 Allied divisions at or near the front, with an estimated ten more divisions on the way from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641-34">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> first outlined his planned counter-offensive to his generals on 16 September 1944. The goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with Generalfeldmarschall <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a> by the end of the first day, get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day, reach the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> between <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and Dinant by the third day, and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641–64-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Luttichau2000456–458-36">[30]</a> Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions "for planning purposes."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six armored divisions from the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> strategic reserve.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, the Soviets' <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a> during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Center">Army Group Center</a> (Heeresgruppe Mitte). By November, it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901085-37">[31]</a> Meanwhile, the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies. The converse was equally damaging; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed, and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry_in_Romania" title="Petrochemical industry in Romania">Romanian oil fields</a> starved Germany of oil and gasoline. This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944 <a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">Jassy-Kishinev Offensive</a>. One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland. This drastically reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air. Additionally, their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intercepts. Nevertheless, some 40–50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces, and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message (Jägeraufmarsch, literally, 'Fighter Deployment') implied preparation for an offensive operation. Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region, as well as orders that movements should be made on time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1994122–123-38">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting_the_offensive">Drafting the offensive</h3></div> Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive. Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies, whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army, would have some chances of success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1964-39">[33]</a> Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901091-40">[34]</a> Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>, new <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> designs and <a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">super-heavy tanks</a>) and permit the concentration of forces in the east. After the war ended, this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic, given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41">[35]</a> Hitler's plan called for a <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> attack through the weakly defended Ardennes, mirroring the successful German offensive there during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> in 1940, and aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.-British lines and capturing Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196417-42">[36]</a> The plan banked on unfavorable weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would minimize the Allied air advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901090-43">[37]</a> Hitler originally set the offensive for late November, before the anticipated start of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Russian winter offensive</a>. The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known, and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity. If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196419-44">[38]</a> Several senior German military officers, including Generalfeldmarschalls Model and von Rundstedt, expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious, given Germany's scarce resources in late 1944. At the same time, they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture (as had been the case since Normandy) would only delay defeat, not avert it. They thus developed alternative, less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse River">Meuse River</a> (in German and Dutch: Maas); Model's being <a href="/wiki/Operation_Herbstnebel_(Northwest_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Herbstnebel (Northwest Europe)">Unternehmen Herbstnebel</a> ('Operation Autumn Mist') and von Rundstedt's <a href="/wiki/Fall_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Martin">Fall Martin</a> ('Plan Martin'). The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint "small solution" to Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-46">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[h]</a> When they offered their alternative plans, Hitler would not listen. Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler's operational plan, he saw from the very first that "all, absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196424-49">[41]</a> Model, commander of German Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B), and von Rundstedt, overall commander of the German <a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">Army Command in the West</a> (OB West), were put in charge of carrying out the operation. The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands. German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitlock2010-50">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_names">Operation names</h3></div> The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ('Operation Watch on the Rhine'), after the German patriotic hymn <a href="/wiki/Die_Wacht_am_Rhein" title="Die Wacht am Rhein">Die Wacht am Rhein</a>, a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front. The Germans also referred to it as Ardennenoffensive ('Ardennes Offensive') and Rundstedt-Offensive, both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The French (and Belgian) name for the operation is Bataille des Ardennes, 'Battle of the Ardennes'. The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it. The phrase 'Battle of the Bulge' was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo19954-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2006-52">[44]</a> While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language, the official Ardennes-Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region, and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply 'Battle of the Bulge'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_forces_for_the_Ardennes_Offensive" title="Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive">Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge_order_of_battle" title="Battle of the Bulge order of battle">Battle of the Bulge order of battle</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_II" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter II">Planning the Counteroffensive</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_III" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter III">Troops and Terrain</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_IV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter IV">Preparations</a></div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is a popular impression that the chief trouble in the Ardennes is the lack of good roads. As anyone on the ground will agree, the Ardennes has a fairly good road system. It is not the lack of roads as much as the lack of almost anything else on which to move that matters.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Theodore Draper<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper194684Chapter_VI-53">[45]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The OKW decided by mid-September, at Hitler's insistence, that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself. The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult, though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast. Four armies were selected for the operation. Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted. The lead role in the attack was given to the <a href="/wiki/6th_Panzer_Army" title="6th Panzer Army">6th Panzer Army</a>, commanded by SS Oberstgruppenführer <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a>. It included the most experienced formation of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>: the <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a>. It also contained the <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a>. They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive, Antwerp,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641–64-35">[29]</a> starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront, nearest the important road network hub of <a href="/wiki/Monschau" title="Monschau">Monschau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196486-54">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">Fifth Panzer Army</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel" title="Hasso von Manteuffel">Hasso von Manteuffel</a> was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels. The <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">Seventh Army</a>, under General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Brandenberger" title="Erich Brandenberger">Erich Brandenberger</a>, was assigned to the southernmost sector, near the Luxembourgish city of <a href="/wiki/Echternach" title="Echternach">Echternach</a>, with the task of protecting the flank. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no large-scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png/350px-German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png/525px-German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png/700px-German_Wacht_Am_Rhein_Offensive_Plan.png 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>The German plan</figcaption></figure> In an indirect, secondary role, the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="15th Army (Wehrmacht)">Fifteenth Army</a>, under General <a href="/wiki/Gustav-Adolf_von_Zangen" title="Gustav-Adolf von Zangen">Gustav-Adolf von Zangen</a>, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions. For the offensive to be successful, four criteria were deemed critical: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1994118-55">[47]</a> the progress had to be rapid—the Meuse River, halfway to Antwerp, had to be reached by day 4; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel. The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one third to one half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions. The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen <a href="/wiki/Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">panzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadier" title="Panzergrenadier">Panzergrenadier</a> divisions forming the <a href="/wiki/Armored_spearhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored spearhead">armored spearhead</a> and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded. By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage, and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Volksgrenadier" title="Volksgrenadier">Volksgrenadier</a> ('People's Grenadier') units formed from a mix of battle-hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young, too old or too frail to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were precarious—those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel, and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November until 16 December.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement. During the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">liberation of France</a>, the extensive network of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions. Once they reached the German border, this source dried up. In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>, and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code-breakers headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, to give the intelligence known as Ultra. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a>, and a special <a href="/wiki/Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">radio silence</a> order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198440-56">[48]</a> The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a> to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation. German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196421-57">[49]</a> For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector, relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war. What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what the Germans wanted them to believe-–that preparations were being carried out only for defensive, not offensive, operations. The Allies relied too much on Ultra, not human reconnaissance. In fact, because of the Germans' efforts, the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> in the northern Rhineland, possibly to defend against British attack. This was done by increasing the number of <a href="/wiki/Flak" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak">flak</a> (Flugabwehrkanonen, i.e., anti-aircraft cannons) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area. All of this meant that the attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. Remarkably, the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Koch" title="Oscar Koch">Oscar Koch</a>, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Strong" title="Kenneth Strong">Kenneth Strong</a> all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area. These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougherty2002-58">[50]</a> Strong had informed <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Bedell Smith</a> in December of his suspicions. Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the commander of the 12th Army Group, of the danger. Bradley's response was succinct: "Let them come."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954362–366-59">[51]</a> Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill 400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy's rear, but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell2012-60">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, considerations of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">economy of force</a> led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="99th Infantry Division (United States)">99th</a> and <a href="/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="106th Infantry Division (United States)">106th "Golden Lions" Divisions</a>), and battle-hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate (the <a href="/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="28th Infantry Division (United States)">28th Infantry Division</a>). Two major <a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a> were planned for the offensive. By October it was decided that <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a>, the German SS-commando who <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">had rescued</a> the former Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Greif" title="Operation Greif">Operation Greif</a>. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear <a href="/wiki/Dog_tag_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog tag (identifier)">dog tags</a> taken from corpses and prisoners of war. Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River. By late November another ambitious special operation was added: Col. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_der_Heydte" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August von der Heydte">Friedrich August von der Heydte</a> was to lead a <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallschirmjäger (Nazi Germany)">Fallschirmjäger</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">Kampfgruppe</a> (paratrooper combat group) in <a href="/wiki/Operation_St%C3%B6sser" title="Operation Stösser">Operation Stösser</a>, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near <a href="/wiki/Malmedy" title="Malmedy">Malmedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198486–89-61">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland199916,_19-62">[54]</a> German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">upcoming Soviet offensive</a>, aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin. It was hoped that Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing. After the <a href="/wiki/20_July_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="20 July Plot">20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler</a>, and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945, Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Wolfsschanze" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfsschanze">Wolfsschanze</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front. After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler traveled on his <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrersonderzug" title="Führersonderzug">Führersonderzug</a> ('Special Train of the Führer') to <a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a> on 11 December, taking up residence in the <a href="/wiki/Adlerhorst" title="Adlerhorst">Adlerhorst</a> (eyrie) command complex, co-located with OB West's base at Kransberg Castle. Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg, Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries. Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near <a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg</a>, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December, traveling there in an SS-operated bus convoy. With the castle acting as overflow accommodation, the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst's Haus 2 command bunker, including Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a>, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, Gen. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Blumentritt" title="Günther Blumentritt">Blumentritt</a>, von Manteuffel and Dietrich. In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Freiherr_von_der_Heydte" title="Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte">Friedrich von der Heydte</a>, who was put in charge of Operation Stösser, von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt: "It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2004132-63">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_German_assault">Initial German assault</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battleground_15_Dec_1944.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/The_Battleground_15_Dec_1944.svg/220px-The_Battleground_15_Dec_1944.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/The_Battleground_15_Dec_1944.svg/330px-The_Battleground_15_Dec_1944.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/The_Battleground_15_Dec_1944.svg/440px-The_Battleground_15_Dec_1944.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944</figcaption></figure> On 16 December 1944 at 05:30, the Germans began the assault with a massive, 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuarrie1999-64">[56]</a> across a 130-kilometer (80 mi) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army. The Americans' initial impression was that this was the anticipated, localized counterattack resulting from the Allies' <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge#Battle_of_Heartbreak_Crossroads" title="Battle of Elsenborn Ridge">recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector</a> to the north, where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line. Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area. While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance. Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units. Nearly 10 hours into the assault, one of the German <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Rex_bombing" title="Cinema Rex bombing">destroyed the Cine Rex</a> cinema in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, killing 567 people, the highest death toll from a single rocket attack during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingKutta1998281-65">[57]</a> In the center, von Manteuffel's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Vith" title="St. Vith">St. Vith</a>, both road junctions of great strategic importance. In the south, Brandenberger's Seventh Army pushed towards <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units_involved_in_initial_assault">Units involved in initial assault</h3></div> Forces deployed North to South Northern Sector: Monschau to Krewinkel <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> U.S. Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/102nd_Cavalry_Regiment" title="102nd Cavalry Regiment">102nd Cavalry Group</a>, Mechanized</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Regiment (United States)">9th Infantry Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_(full_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/14px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/21px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/28px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="734" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/395th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="395th Infantry Regiment (United States)">395th Infantry Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/14px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/21px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/28px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1176" /></a> <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="99th Infantry Division (United States)">99th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="23rd Infantry Regiment (United States)">23rd Infantry Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_(full_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/14px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/21px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/28px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="734" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="38th Infantry Regiment (United States)">38th Infantry Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_(full_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/14px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/21px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg/28px-2nd_Infantry_Division_SSI_%28full_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="734" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li>393rd Infantry Regiment / <a href="/wiki/File:US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/14px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/21px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/28px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1176" /></a> <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="99th Infantry Division (United States)">99th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>Combat Command B / <a href="/wiki/File:9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/14px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/21px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/28px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1001" /></a> <a href="/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="9th Armored Division (United States)">9th Armored Division</a></li> <li>394th Infantry Regiment / <a href="/wiki/File:US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/14px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/21px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg/28px-US_99th_Infantry_Division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1176" /></a> <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="99th Infantry Division (United States)">99th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">14th Cavalry Group</a>, Mechanized</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> German Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_Panzer_Army" title="6th Panzer Army">Sixth Panzer Army</a> (Dietrich) <ul><li>LXVII Corps (Hitzfeld) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/326th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="326th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">326th Volksgrenadier Division</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[i]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="I SS Panzer Corps">I SS Panzer Corps</a> (Prieß) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/277th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="277th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">277th Volksgrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[j]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">12th Volksgrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[k]</a> (Including Kampfgruppe Peiper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Parachute Division (Germany)">3rd Fallschirmjäger Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Brigade_150" title="Panzer Brigade 150">150th Panzer Brigade</a> (Skorzeny)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Central Sector: Roth to Gemünd <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> U.S. Forces <ul><li>Surrounded and captured on the <a href="/wiki/Schnee_Eifel" title="Schnee Eifel">Schnee Eifel</a>: <ul><li>422nd Infantry Regiment / <a href="/wiki/File:106th_infantry_Division.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/14px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/21px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/28px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="106th Infantry Division (United States)">106th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>423rd Infantry Regiment<a href="#cite_note-70">[l]</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:106th_infantry_Division.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/14px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/21px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/28px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="106th Infantry Division (United States)">106th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></li> <li>392nd Engineer General Service Regiment</li> <li>424th Infantry Regiment / <a href="/wiki/File:106th_infantry_Division.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/14px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/21px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/106th_infantry_Division.jpg/28px-106th_infantry_Division.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="106th Infantry Division (United States)">106th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/112th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="112th Infantry Regiment (United States)">112th Infantry Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_(1918-2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/14px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/21px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/28px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="547" /></a> <a href="/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="28th Infantry Division (United States)">28th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>Combat Command R / <a href="/wiki/File:9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/14px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/21px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/28px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1001" /></a> <a href="/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="9th Armored Division (United States)">9th Armored Division</a></li> <li>110th Infantry Regiment / <a href="/wiki/File:28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_(1918-2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/14px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/21px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/28px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="547" /></a> <a href="/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="28th Infantry Division (United States)">28th Infantry Division</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> German Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">Fifth Panzer Army</a> (von Manteuffel) <ul><li>LXVI Corps (Lucht) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">18th Volksgrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="62nd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">62nd Volksgrenadier Division</a></li></ul></li> <li>LVIII Panzer Corps (Kruger) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">116th Panzer Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/560th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="560th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">560th Volksgrenadier Division</a></li></ul></li> <li>XLVII Panzer Corps (Lüttwitz) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">2nd Panzer Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">26th Volksgrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Lehr_Division" title="Panzer Lehr Division">Panzer Lehr Division</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Southern Sector: Hochscheid to Mompach <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> U.S. Forces <ul><li>109th Infantry Regiment / <a href="/wiki/File:28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_(1918-2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/14px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/21px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg/28px-28th_Infantry_Division_SSI_%281918-2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="547" /></a> <a href="/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="28th Infantry Division (United States)">28th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>Combat Command A / <a href="/wiki/File:9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/14px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/21px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg/28px-9th_US_Armored_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1001" /></a> <a href="/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="9th Armored Division (United States)">9th Armored Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="12th Infantry Regiment (United States)">12th Infantry Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/14px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/21px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/28px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="715" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th Infantry Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/14px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/21px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg/28px-4th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="715" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> German Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">Seventh Army</a> (Brandenberger) <ul><li>LXXXV Corps (Kniess) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Parachute Division (Germany)">5th Fallschirmjäger Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/352nd_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="352nd Volksgrenadier Division (Germany)">352nd Volksgrenadier Division</a></li></ul></li> <li>LXXX Corps (Beyer) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/276th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="276th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">276th Volksgrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/212th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="212th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">212th Volksgrenadier Division</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_on_the_northern_shoulder">Attack on the northern shoulder</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge" title="Battle of Elsenborn Ridge">Battle of Elsenborn Ridge</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_V" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter V">The Sixth Panzer Army Attack</a></div></div></div> </div> While the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bastogne" title="Siege of Bastogne">Siege of Bastogne</a> is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped,<a href="#cite_note-71">[59]</a> the battle for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge" title="Battle of Elsenborn Ridge">Elsenborn Ridge</a> was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge. Untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division prevented the best equipped armored units of the German army from advancing and forced them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984410-72">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641–64-35">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Best_German_divisions_assigned">Best German divisions assigned</h3></div> The attack on Monschau, Höfen, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCllingen" title="Büllingen">Krinkelt-Rocherath</a>, and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler. The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive, Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641–64-35">[29]</a> The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen-SS, including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavanagh20048-73">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200469-74">[62]</a> SS-<a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">Obersturmbannführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Peiper" title="Joachim Peiper">Joachim Peiper</a> led Kampfgruppe Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles, which was charged with leading the main effort. Its newest and most powerful tank, the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a> heavy tank, consumed 2 US gallons of fuel per mile (470 litres per 100 km), and the Germans only had enough fuel for an estimated 90 to 100 miles (140 to 160 km) of travel, not nearly enough to reach Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196473-75">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_forces_held_up">German forces held up</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg/350px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg/525px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg/700px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_6th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.</figcaption></figure> The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions. Kampfgruppe Peiper, at the head of Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army, had been designated to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, a key route through the <a href="/wiki/Losheim_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Losheim Gap">Losheim Gap</a>, but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196483-76">[64]</a> Peiper's forces were rerouted through <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lanzerath_Ridge" title="Battle of Lanzerath Ridge">Lanzerath</a>. To preserve the quantity of armor available, the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Parachute Division (Germany)">3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division</a>, had been ordered to clear the village first. A single 18-man <a href="/wiki/ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISTAR">Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon</a> from the <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)#Most_decorated_platoon_of_World_War_II" title="99th Infantry Division (United States)">99th Infantry Division</a> along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset, about 16:00, causing 92 casualties among the Germans. This created a bottleneck in the German advance. Kampfgruppe Peiper did not begin its advance until nearly 16:00, more than 16 hours behind schedule and didn't reach <a href="/wiki/Hosingen" title="Hosingen">Bockholtz Station</a> until the early morning of 17 December. Their intention was to control the twin villages of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCllingen" title="Büllingen">Rocherath-Krinkelt</a> which would clear a path to the high ground of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge" title="Battle of Elsenborn Ridge">Elsenborn Ridge</a>. Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper's armored task force. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malmedy_massacres">Malmedy massacres</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malmedy_massacre" title="Malmedy massacre">Malmedy massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malmedy_Massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Malmedy_Massacre.jpg/220px-Malmedy_Massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Malmedy_Massacre.jpg/330px-Malmedy_Massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Malmedy_Massacre.jpg/440px-Malmedy_Massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>Scene of the <a href="/wiki/Malmedy_massacre" title="Malmedy massacre">Malmedy massacre</a></figcaption></figure> At 4:30 a.m. on 17 December 1944, the 1st SS Panzer Division was approximately 16 hours behind schedule when the convoys departed the village of Lanzerath enroute west to the town of Honsfeld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200334-40-77">[65]</a> After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper detoured from his assigned route to seize a small fuel depot in Büllingen, where the Waffen-SS infantry summarily executed dozens of U.S. POWs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196478MacDonald1984203–209-78">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReview_and_Recommendation,_War_Crimes_(1947)4-22-79">[67]</a> Afterwards, Peiper advanced to the west, towards the River Meuse and captured Ligneuville, bypassing the towns of Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval, and Thirimont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196478&#32;-80">[68]</a> The terrain and poor quality of the roads made the advance of Kampfgruppe Peiper difficult; at the exit to the village of Thirimont, the armored spearhead was unable to travel the road directly to Ligneuville, and Peiper deviated from the planned route, and rather than turn to the left, the armored spearhead turned to the right, and advanced towards the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Baugnez" title="Baugnez">Baugnez</a>, which is equidistant from the city of Malmedy and Ligneuville and <a href="/wiki/Waimes" title="Waimes">Waimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196478MacDonald1984203–209-78">[66]</a> At 12:30 p.m. on 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, when they encountered elements of the <a href="/wiki/285th_Field_Artillery_Observation_Battalion" title="285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion">285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Armored Division (United States)">U.S. 7th Armored Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196475–106-81">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984-82">[70]</a> After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered. They were disarmed and, with some other Americans captured earlier (approximately 150 men), sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard. About fifteen minutes after Peiper's advance guard passed through, the main body under the command of SS-<a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">Sturmbannführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_P%C3%B6tschke" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Pötschke">Werner Pötschke</a> arrived. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. As soon as the firing began, the prisoners panicked. Most were shot where they stood, though some managed to flee. Accounts of the killing vary, but at least 84 of the <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of War">POWs</a> were murdered. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984-82">[70]</a> Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper, including Peiper and SS general Dietrich, were tried for the incident at the <a href="/wiki/Malmedy_massacre_trial" title="Malmedy massacre trial">Malmedy massacre trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1999382-83">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kampfgruppe_Peiper_deflected_southeast">Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast</h3></div> Driving to the south-east of Elsenborn, Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfeld, where they encountered one of the 99th Division's rest centers, clogged with confused American troops. They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/394th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="394th Infantry Regiment (United States)">394th Infantry Regiment</a>. They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984210-84">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole196475–106-81">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Judge1-85">[73]</a> Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersko1998-86">[74]</a> Peiper advanced north-west towards Büllingen, keeping to the plan to move west, unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuarrie199931-87">[75]</a> Instead, intent on driving west, Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen, choosing a route designated Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuarrie1999-64">[56]</a> To the north, the <a href="/wiki/277th_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="277th Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">277th Volksgrenadier Division</a> attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Divisions</a>. The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry (Panzergrenadier and Volksgrenadier) divisions, took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wereth_11">Wereth 11</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/333rd_Artillery_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="333rd Artillery Battalion (United States)">333rd Artillery Battalion (United States)</a></div> Another, smaller, massacre was committed in <a href="/wiki/Wereth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wereth">Wereth</a>, Belgium, approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vith" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Vith">Saint-Vith</a> on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st SS Panzer Division">1st SS Panzer Division</a> belonging to Schnellgruppe <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Knittel" title="Gustav Knittel">Knittel</a>. Some of the injuries sustained before death included bayonet wounds to the head, broken legs, and their fingers cut off. The perpetrators were never punished for this crime.<a href="#cite_note-88">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[77]</a> In 2001, a group of people began working on a tribute to the eleven black American soldiers to remember their sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germans_advance_west">Germans advance west</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg/220px-GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg/330px-GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg/440px-GERMAN_TROOPS_ADVANCING_PAST_ABANDONED_AMERICAN_EQUIPMENT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5575" data-file-height="4363" /></a><figcaption>German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment</figcaption></figure> By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and Kampfgruppe Peiper arrived in front of <a href="/wiki/Stavelot" title="Stavelot">Stavelot</a>. Peiper's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> region to Stavelot, while the same advance required nine hours in 1940.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004106-91">[79]</a> Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine. Following this, 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American defensive fire. After a fierce tank battle the next day, the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge. Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time, Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at <a href="/wiki/Trois-Ponts" title="Trois-Ponts">Trois-Ponts</a>, leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot. When they reached it at 11:30 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004107-92">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1999103,_104-93">[81]</a> Peiper detoured north towards the villages of <a href="/wiki/La_Gleize" title="La Gleize">La Gleize</a> and Cheneux. At Cheneux, the advance guard was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five halftracks, blocking the narrow road. The group began moving again at dusk at 16:00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18:00. Of the two bridges remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and <a href="/wiki/Stoumont" title="Stoumont">Stoumont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004108-94">[82]</a> He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a>. To Peiper's south, the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stalled. SS-Oberführer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke" title="Wilhelm Mohnke">Mohnke</a> ordered Schnellgruppe Knittel, which had been designated to follow Hansen, to instead move forward to support Peiper. SS-Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19:00 against American forces trying to retake the town. Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize, and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004108-94">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_advance_halted">German advance halted</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_tank_destroyers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/American_tank_destroyers.jpg/220px-American_tank_destroyers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/American_tank_destroyers.jpg/330px-American_tank_destroyers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/American_tank_destroyers.jpg/440px-American_tank_destroyers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3" class="mw-redirect" title="90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3">M3 90mm gun</a>-armed American M36 tank destroyers move forward to stem German spearhead near Werbomont, Belgium, 20 December 1944.</figcaption></figure> At dawn on 19 December, Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but, after a two-hour tank battle, Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10:30. Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004109-95">[83]</a> Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. Assessing his own situation, he determined that his Kampfgruppe did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance. He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while, until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge. On the same evening the U.S. <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin">James Gavin</a> arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper's planned route of advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004109-95">[83]</a> German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful. Kampfgruppe Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route. Schnellgruppe Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot. Kampfgruppe Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Priess" title="Hermann Priess">Hermann Priess</a>, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to increase its efforts to back Peiper's battle group, but Priess was unable to break through.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004111-96">[84]</a> Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/119th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="119th Infantry Regiment (United States)">119th Infantry Regiment</a>, 30th Infantry Division, attacked the dispersed units of Kampfgruppe Peiper on the morning of 21 December. They failed and were forced to withdraw, and a number were captured, including battalion commander Maj. <a href="/wiki/Hal_D._McCown" title="Hal D. McCown">Hal D. McCown</a>. Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east, and he withdrew, leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Froidcourt_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Froidcourt Castle (page does not exist)">Froidcourt Castle</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Froidcourt" class="extiw" title="fr:Château de Froidcourt">fr</a>]. As he withdrew from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house-to-house fighting. The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December, and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong, parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwmeester2004112-97">[85]</a> In La Gleize, Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief. When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines, he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the Kampfgruppe were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984461,_463-98">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outcome">Outcome</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg/220px-Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg/330px-Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg/440px-Captured_German_Panther_tank_crewman_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge.</figcaption></figure> The U.S. 99th Infantry Division, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one. The division lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern sector opposite the 99th, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns.<a href="#cite_note-dean-99">[87]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_S._D._Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. D. Eisenhower">John S. D. Eisenhower</a> wrote, "... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1969224-100">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a> The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964259–260-102">[90]</a> After more than 10 days of intense battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but were unable to dislodge them from the ridge, where elements of the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First U.S. Army">First U.S. Army</a> prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Stösser">Operation Stösser</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_St%C3%B6sser" title="Operation Stösser">Operation Stösser</a></div> Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the <a href="/wiki/High_Fens" title="High Fens">High Fens</a> (French: Hautes Fagnes; German: Hohes Venn; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Hoge Venen) area. The objective was the "<a href="/wiki/Baraque_Michel" title="Baraque Michel">Baraque Michel</a>" crossroads. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a> Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, considered by Germans to be a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199488-103">[91]</a> It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault. He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack. Instead, he was provided with a Kampfgruppe of 800 men. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Parachute Corps (Germany)">II Parachute Corps</a> was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments. In loyalty to their commander, 150 men from Heydte's own unit, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="6th Parachute Division (Germany)">6th Parachute Regiment</a>, went against orders and joined him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2004130-104">[92]</a> They had little time to establish any <a href="/wiki/Unit_cohesion" title="Unit cohesion">unit cohesion</a> or train together. The parachute drop was a complete failure. Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops. Too small and too weak to counter the Allies, they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, they withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2004137-105">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chenogne_massacre">Chenogne massacre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chenogne_massacre" title="Chenogne massacre">Chenogne massacre</a></div> Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, having previously received orders to take no prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijvers2005303f-106">[94]</a> American soldiers executed approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of <a href="/wiki/Chenogne" title="Chenogne">Chenogne</a> (8 km from Bastogne).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorge1986147-107">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_in_the_center">Attack in the center</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_XVII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter XVII">St. Vith is lost</a></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg/350px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg/525px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg/700px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_5th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel" title="Hasso von Manteuffel">Hasso von Manteuffel</a> led the Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route.</figcaption></figure> The Germans fared better in the center (the 32 km (20 mi) Schnee Eifel sector) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north, but still possessed a marked numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions. They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division in a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a> and forced their surrender, a tribute to the way Manteuffel's new tactics had been applied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970653-108">[96]</a> The official U.S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand [men] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand. The amount lost in arms and equipment, of course, was very substantial. The Schnee Eifel battle, therefore, represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944–45 in the European theater."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964170-109">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_for_St._Vith">Battle for St. Vith</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Vith" title="Battle of St. Vith">Battle of St. Vith</a></div> In the center, the town of St. Vith, a vital road junction, presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders, led by the 7th Armored Division, included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division, with elements of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="9th Armored Division (United States)">9th Armored Division</a> and 28th U.S. Infantry Division. These units, which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck (7th Armored) and <a href="/wiki/Alan_W._Jones" title="Alan W. Jones">Alan W. Jones</a> (106th Infantry), successfully resisted the German attacks, significantly slowing the German advance. At Montgomery's orders, St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area, presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance. By 23 December, as the Germans shattered their flanks, the defenders' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the <a href="/wiki/Salm_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Salm River">Salm River</a>. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964407-110">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meuse_River_bridges">Meuse River bridges</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg/220px-British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg/330px-British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg/440px-British_Sherman_Firefly_Namur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Sherman "Firefly"</a> tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944</figcaption></figure> To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet, Dinant and Namur, Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December. This led to a hastily assembled force including rear-echelon troops, military police and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">Army Air Force</a> personnel. The <a href="/wiki/29th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="29th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">British 29th Armoured Brigade</a> of <a href="/wiki/11th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">British 11th Armoured Division</a>, which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping, was told to take back their tanks and head to the area. <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">British XXX Corps</a> was significantly reinforced for this effort. Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st (Highland)</a> and <a href="/wiki/53rd_(Welsh)_Infantry_Division" title="53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division">53rd (Welsh) Infantry</a> Divisions, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">British 6th Airborne Division</a>, the 29th and <a href="/wiki/33rd_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="33rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">33rd Armoured Brigades</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/34th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="34th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">34th Tank Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a> Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties, the German advance in the center gained considerable ground. The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division (Elite Armored Demonstration Division) came up from the south, leaving Bastogne to other units. The <a href="/wiki/Ourthe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ourthe River">Ourthe River</a> was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and <a href="/wiki/Marche-en-Famenne" title="Marche-en-Famenne">Marche-en-Famenne</a>. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche-en-Famenne was strongly defended by the American <a href="/wiki/84th_Division_(United_States)" title="84th Division (United States)">84th Division</a>. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Freiherr_von_L%C3%BCttwitz" title="Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz">von Lüttwitz</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/XLVII_Panzer_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="XLVII Panzer Corps (Germany)">XXXXVII Panzer-Korps</a>, ordered the division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse, leaving only a blocking force at Marche-en-Famenne. Although advancing only in a narrow corridor, 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway, leading to jubilation in Berlin. Headquarters now freed up the <a href="/wiki/9th_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Panzer Division">9th Panzer Division</a> for Fifth Panzer Army, which was deployed at Marche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200476–83-112">[100]</a> On 22/23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy-Notre-Dame, only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant. The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties, as constant flanking attacks threatened the division. On 24 December, German forces made their furthest penetration west. The Panzer Lehr Division took the town of <a href="/wiki/Celles,_Houyet" title="Celles, Houyet">Celles</a>, while a bit farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy-Notre-Dame. A hastily assembled British blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German Battlegroup Böhm from approaching the Dinant bridge. The 29th Armoured Brigade ambushed the Germans knocking out three Panthers and a number of vehicles in and around Foy-Notre-Dame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1964568-113">[101]</a> By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped, as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200476–83-112">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Greif_and_Operation_Währung">Operation Greif and Operation Währung</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Greif" title="Operation Greif">Operation Greif</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ardennes:_Battle_of_the_Bulge/Chapter_XI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter XI">The 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation Greif</a></div></div></div> </div> For Operation Greif ("<a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a>"), Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English-speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse, their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities, and rumors spread quickly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41">[35]</a> Even General George Patton was alarmed and, on 17 December, described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as "Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell, cutting wires, turning road signs around, spooking whole divisions, and shoving a bulge into our defenses." Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment. <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">American MPs</a> at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know, like the identity of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a>'s girlfriend, baseball scores, or the capital of a particular U.S. state—though many could not remember or did not know. General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a> as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2010171-114">[102]</a> The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they continued their goal of spreading <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>; when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901090-43">[37]</a> Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters. Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as spies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200658-115">[103]</a> This was the standard practice of every army at the time, as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald20001951-116">[104]</a> Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate <a href="/wiki/Ruse_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruse of war">ruse of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolis2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailslawarmedconflict00solipagen465_432]-117">[105]</a> Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate, and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunal</a> in 1947 at the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau Trials">Dachau Trials</a> for allegedly violating the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a> stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif but was acquitted. He later moved to Spain and South America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901092-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_in_the_south">Attack in the south</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg/350px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg/525px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg/700px-Battle_of_the_Bulge_7th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erich_Brandenberger" title="Erich Brandenberger">Erich Brandenberger</a> led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route.</figcaption></figure> Further south on Manteuffel's front, the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the <a href="/wiki/River_Our" class="mw-redirect" title="River Our">River Our</a>, then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne. The more experienced U.S. 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division. The <a href="/wiki/112th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="112th Infantry Regiment (United States)">112th Infantry Regiment</a> (the most northerly of the 28th Division's regiments), holding a continuous front east of the Our, kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around <a href="/wiki/Ouren" title="Ouren">Ouren</a> for two days, before withdrawing progressively westwards. The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse, as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed. Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days. The 110th's situation was by far the worst, as it was responsible for an 18-kilometer (11 mi) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve. Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting, and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days. The struggle for the villages and American strong points, plus transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> (reinforced by elements from the 9th and <a href="/wiki/10th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="10th Armored Division (United States)">10th Armored Divisions</a>) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December. The fierce defense of Bastogne, in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves, made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions. The panzer columns swung past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads. Twenty years after the battle, General McAuliffe praised the men of the 10th Armored "Tiger" Division saying, "It's always seemed regrettable to me, that Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division didn't get the credit it deserved in the battle of Bastogne. All of the newspaper and radio talk was about the paratroopers. Actually, the 10th Armored Division was in there December 18th, a day before we were, and had some very hard fighting before we ever got into it, and I sincerely believe that we would never have been able to get into Bastogne if it had not been for the defensive fighting of the three elements of the 10th Armored Division who were first into Bastogne and protected the town from invasion by the Germans."<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a> In the extreme south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._VIII_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. VIII Corps">U.S. VIII Corps</a> after an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi); that front was then firmly held. Only the <a href="/wiki/5th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Parachute Division (Germany)">5th Parachute Division</a> of Brandenberger's command was able to thrust forward 19 km (12 mi) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role. Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack, and they ordered vast reinforcements to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge, near Elsenborn Ridge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Bastogne">Siege of Bastogne</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bastogne" title="Siege of Bastogne">Siege of Bastogne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589,_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28589%2C_Kriegsgefangene_amerikanische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of War">POWs</a> on 22 December 1944</figcaption></figure> Senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in <a href="/wiki/Verdun-sur-Meuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdun-sur-Meuse">Verdun</a> on 19 December. By this time, the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard-topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region was under severe threat. Bastogne had previously been the site of the <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VIII Corps (United States)">VIII Corps</a> headquarters. Two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Panzer Division">2nd Panzer Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panzer-Lehr-Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer-Lehr-Division">Panzer-Lehr-Division</a> of XLVII Panzer Corps, as well as the Corps' infantry (<a href="/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="26th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">26th Volksgrenadier Division</a>), coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the town proper, but these defensive positions were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality. Moreover, the sole corridor that was open (to the southeast) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted, and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later, given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Gen. Eisenhower, realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive, told his generals, "The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster. There will be only cheerful faces at this table." Patton, realizing what Eisenhower implied, responded, "Hell, let's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris. Then, we'll really cut 'em off and chew 'em up." Eisenhower, after saying he was not that optimistic, asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army, located in northeastern France, north to counterattack. To the disbelief of the other generals present, Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours. Unknown to the other officers present, before he left, Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength. By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take, the movement was already underway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1998208-119">[107]</a> On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's <a href="/wiki/12th_Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army Group">12th Army Group</a> and placed them under Montgomery's <a href="/wiki/British_21st_Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="British 21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984422-120">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg/170px-German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg/255px-German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg/340px-German_soldier_Ardennes_1944.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption>A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944</figcaption></figure> By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division, the all African American <a href="/wiki/969th_Artillery_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="969th Artillery Battalion (United States)">969th Artillery Battalion</a>, and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days.<a href="#cite_note-MarshallBastogne-121">[109]</a> Despite determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Lüttwitz,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1988177-122">[110]</a> requested Bastogne's surrender.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> When Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_McAuliffe" title="Anthony McAuliffe">Anthony McAuliffe</a>, acting commander of the 101st, was told of the German demand to surrender, in frustration he responded, "Nuts!" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand. One officer, Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kinnard" title="Harry Kinnard">Harry Kinnard</a>, noted that McAuliffe's initial reply would be "tough to beat." Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper, which was typed up and delivered to the Germans, the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops: "NUTS!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1992c._"Bastogne"-124">[112]</a> That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies.<a href="#cite_note-125">[m]</a> Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer-Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only Panzer-Lehr division's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier-Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received one Panzergrenadier Regiment from the <a href="/wiki/15th_Panzergrenadier_Division" title="15th Panzergrenadier Division">15th Panzergrenadier Division</a> on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day. Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division, supplemented by the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division, broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne.<a href="#cite_note-MarshallBastogne-121">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_counterstrikes">Allied counterstrikes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infantry_near_Bastogne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Infantry_near_Bastogne.png/170px-Infantry_near_Bastogne.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Infantry_near_Bastogne.png/255px-Infantry_near_Bastogne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Infantry_near_Bastogne.png/340px-Infantry_near_Bastogne.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>American Infantry fighting their way toward <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a>, December 1944</figcaption></figure> On 23 December the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear, and <a href="/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt" class="mw-redirect" title="P-47 Thunderbolt">P-47 Thunderbolts</a> started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping much-needed supplies—medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition. A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by <a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">military glider</a> and began operating in a tool room.<a href="#cite_note-126">[113]</a> By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse. Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming critical. Up to this point the German losses had been light, notably in armor, with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, Manteuffel recommended to Hitler's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the Westwall (literally 'Western Rampart'). Hitler rejected this. Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response, throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Armored Division (United States)">2nd Armored Division</a> attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse, while the units from the <a href="/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="4th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">4th Cavalry Group</a> kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy. As a result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off. The Panzer-Lehr division tried to relieve them, but was only partially successful, as the perimeter held. For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened. On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts, again only with partial success, as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands. Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200484–86-127">[114]</a> In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the lead element, <a href="/wiki/U.S._37th_Armor_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 37th Armor Regiment">Company D, 37th Tank Battalion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._4th_Armored_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 4th Armored Division">4th Armored Division</a>, reached Bastogne, ending the siege. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_supporting_efforts_across_the_Western_Front">German supporting efforts across the Western Front</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Operation Bodenplatte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nordwind">Operation Nordwind</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg/220px-Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg/330px-Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg/440px-Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>P-47s destroyed at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield during Operation Bodenplatte</figcaption></figure> On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the Luftwaffe launched <a href="/wiki/Unternehmen_Bodenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Unternehmen Bodenplatte">Unternehmen Bodenplatte</a> (Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>/missile attacks and using <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximity fuse">proximity fused</a> shells, but also by <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named <a href="/wiki/Zutendaal_Air_Base" title="Zutendaal Air Base">Y-29</a>, losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes. While the Allies recovered from their losses within days, the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1995769-128">[115]</a> On the same day, German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_G" title="Army Group G">Army Group G</a> (Heeresgruppe G) and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Oberrhein_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Oberrhein (Germany)">Army Group Upper Rhine</a> (Heeresgruppe Oberrhein) launched a major offensive against the thinly-stretched, 110 kilometers (70 mi) line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as Unternehmen Nordwind (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nordwind">Operation North Wind</a>), and separate from the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits. By 15 January, Seventh Army's <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(United_States)" title="VI Corps (United States)">VI Corps</a> was fighting on three sides in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553-129">[116]</a> Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeSmith1993527-130">[117]</a> First, Third, and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553-129">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[n]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_counter-offensive">Allied counter-offensive</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of the Bulge">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+the+Bulge%22">"Battle of the Bulge"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+the+Bulge%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+the+Bulge%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+the+Bulge%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+the+Bulge%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+the+Bulge%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P41(map).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P41%28map%29.jpg/220px-P41%28map%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P41%28map%29.jpg/330px-P41%28map%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P41%28map%29.jpg/440px-P41%28map%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 January</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg/220px-Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg/330px-Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg/440px-Allied_counter-offensive_Ardennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption>Map: Allied Offensive against Ardennes salient</figcaption></figure> While the German offensive toward the Meuse had ground to a halt by the end of December, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two forces planned to meet at <a href="/wiki/Houffalize" title="Houffalize">Houffalize</a> to reduce the bulge, and push east back toward the offensive start line. The temperature during that January was extremely low, which required weapons to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing. The offensive went forward regardless. Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off German troops at the tip of the salient, trapping them in a pocket. Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January. In addition, a series of renewed German attempts to re-encircle and seize Bastogne using units moved to the southern shoulder of the salient from the north, put Patton in a desperate fight for the initiative, with the German maintaining offensive operations in sectors north and east of Bastogne until 7 January, and resulting in heavier fighting than during the 21–26 December siege of Bastogne itself; in addition, Patton's Third Army would have to clear out the "Harlange Pocket" east of Bastogne on the Belgian-Luxembourg border.<a href="#cite_note-christerberg-133">[119]</a> One of these fierce actions around Bastogne occurred on 2 January, the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions of the 6th Armored Division near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2004274-134">[120]</a> At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km (25 mi). American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer or a little over half a mile per day. On 7/8 January 1945, Hitler agreed to gradually withdraw forces from the tip of the Ardennes salient to east of Houffalize to avoid being cut off, but the Germans continued to resist in the salient and were only gradually pushed back otherwise. Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks, with Third Army and First Army linking up on 16 January with the capture of Houffalize. Sixth Panzer Army left the Ardennes and ceded its sector to the Fifth Panzer Army on 22 January, while St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January, and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014379-135">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Army_CMH,_''Battle_of_the_Bulge''-136">[122]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:After_holding_a_woodland_position_all_night_near_Wiltz,_Luxembourg,_against_German_counter_attack,_three_men_of_B_Company,_101st_Engineers,_emerge_for_a_rest._-_NARA_-_531349.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Americans of the 101st Engineers near Wiltz, Luxembourg, January 1945"><img alt="Americans of the 101st Engineers near Wiltz, Luxembourg, January 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/After_holding_a_woodland_position_all_night_near_Wiltz%2C_Luxembourg%2C_against_German_counter_attack%2C_three_men_of_B_Company%2C_101st_Engineers%2C_emerge_for_a_rest._-_NARA_-_531349.gif/200px-thumbnail.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/After_holding_a_woodland_position_all_night_near_Wiltz%2C_Luxembourg%2C_against_German_counter_attack%2C_three_men_of_B_Company%2C_101st_Engineers%2C_emerge_for_a_rest._-_NARA_-_531349.gif/300px-thumbnail.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/After_holding_a_woodland_position_all_night_near_Wiltz%2C_Luxembourg%2C_against_German_counter_attack%2C_three_men_of_B_Company%2C_101st_Engineers%2C_emerge_for_a_rest._-_NARA_-_531349.gif/400px-thumbnail.gif 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2394" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Americans of the <a href="/wiki/101st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="101st Engineer Battalion (United States)">101st Engineers</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wiltz" title="Wiltz">Wiltz</a>, Luxembourg, January 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945"><img alt="U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg/200px-6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg/300px-6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg/400px-6th_Armored_Division_in_Belgium_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="434" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="M8 armored car on patrol from U.S. 11th Armored Division, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division of U.S. First Army west of Houffalize, Belgium. 16 January 1945."><img alt="M8 armored car on patrol from U.S. 11th Armored Division, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division of U.S. First Army west of Houffalize, Belgium. 16 January 1945." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg/200px-First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg/300px-First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg/400px-First-Third-Armies-linkup-Houffalize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="496" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">M8 armored car on patrol from U.S. <a href="/wiki/11th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="11th Armored Division (United States)">11th Armored Division</a>, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/84th_Division_(United_States)" title="84th Division (United States)">84th Infantry Division</a> of U.S. First Army west of <a href="/wiki/Houffalize" title="Houffalize">Houffalize</a>, Belgium. 16 January 1945.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Force_comparisons_by_date">Force comparisons by date</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">Force </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4" style="background: #E6EEFF;">Allied<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendices_E,_F-4">[2]</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4" style="background: #FFE6E6;">Axis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson199418-24">[18]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: right;">Date </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #E6EEFF;">16 Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #E6EEFF;">24 Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #E6EEFF;">2 Jan </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #E6EEFF;">16 Jan </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #FFE6E6;">16 Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #FFE6E6;">24 Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #FFE6E6;">2 Jan </th> <th scope="col" style="background: #FFE6E6;">16 Jan </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Men </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">228,741 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">~541,000 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">~705,000 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">700,520 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">406,342 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">~449,000 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">~401,000 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">383,016 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Tanks </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">483 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">1,616 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">2,409 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">2,428 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">557 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">423 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">287 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">216 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[o]</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">499 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">1,713 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">1,970 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">1,912 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">667 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">608 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">462 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">414 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Other <a href="/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored fighting vehicle">AFVs</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">1,921 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">5,352 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">7,769 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">7,079 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">1,261 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">1,496 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">1,090 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">907 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> pieces </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">971 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">2,408 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">3,305 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">3,181 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">4,224 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">4,131 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">3,396 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">3,256 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Armored <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">2 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">6 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">8 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">8 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">8 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">8 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Armored <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;"> </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">1 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">2 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Infantry divisions </th> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">6 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">15 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">22 </td> <td style="background: #E6EEFF;">22 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">13 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">16 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">15 </td> <td style="background: #FFE6E6;">16 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>Initial and Final manpower commitments for all units in Ardennes Campaign<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendix_E-138">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[p]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">American </th> <th scope="col">British </th> <th scope="col">German </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Initial </th> <td style="background-color: #E6EEFF;">687,498</td> <td style="background-color: #d5ffaf;">111,904</td> <td style="background-color: #FFE6E6;">498,622 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Final </th> <td style="background-color: #E6EEFF;">680,706</td> <td style="background-color: #d5ffaf;">111,100</td> <td style="background-color: #FFE6E6;">425,941 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy_and_leadership">Strategy and leadership</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hitler's_chosen_few">Hitler's chosen few</h3></div> The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler. He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands, and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance. Planning for the "Watch on the Rhine" offensive emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force. Due to the use of landline communications within Germany, motorized runners carrying orders, and draconian threats from Hitler, the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by Ultra codebreakers and achieved complete surprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198477–79-140">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477,_Ardennenoffensive,_Lagebesprechnung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28477%2C_Ardennenoffensive%2C_Lagebesprechnung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>German field commanders plan the advance</figcaption></figure> After officers of the regular German Army attempted to assassinate him, Hitler had increasingly trusted only the Nazi Party SS and its armed branch, the Waffen-SS. He entrusted them with carrying out his decisive counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald198421–22-141">[125]</a> But following the Allied Normandy invasion, the SS armored units had suffered significant leadership casualties. This included SS-Brigadeführer (Brigadier general) <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Meyer" title="Kurt Meyer">Kurt Meyer</a>, commander of the 12th SS Panzer (Armor) Division, captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200610-142">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005308-143">[127]</a> Thus Hitler gave responsibility for the key right flank of the assault to the best SS troops and a few Volksgrenadier units under the command of "Sepp" (Joseph) Dietrich, a fanatical political disciple of Hitler, and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> in Germany. The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Army had a distinctly political nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19641–64-35">[29]</a> Despite their loyalty, none of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp. Even Dietrich believed the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare and that the inexperienced and badly equipped Volksgrenadier soldiers would clog the roads the tanks needed for their rapid advance. In fact, their horse-drawn artillery and rocket units became a significant obstacle to the armored units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstor1992113-144">[128]</a> Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private, Dietrich generally stayed out of planning the offensive. Model and Manteuffel, technical experts from the eastern front, told Hitler that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best goal their offensive could hope to achieve. Their ideas shared the same fate as Dietrich's objections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1969224-100">[88]</a> The German staff planning and organization of the attack was well done. Most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected. They were for the most part well organized and supplied for the attack, although they were counting on capturing American gasoline dumps to fuel their vehicles. As the battle ensued, on the northern shoulder of the offensive, Dietrich stopped the armored assault on the twin villages after two days and changed the axis of their advance southward through the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach. The headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge lacked needed support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1969224-100">[88]</a> Dietrich's decision unknowingly played into American hands, as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_high-command_controversy">Allied high-command controversy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg/170px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg/255px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg/340px-Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg/170px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg/255px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg/340px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower_as_General_of_the_Army_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Allied Commander</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Bradley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/General_Bradley.jpg/170px-General_Bradley.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/General_Bradley.jpg/255px-General_Bradley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/General_Bradley.jpg/340px-General_Bradley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></figcaption></figure> One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was Eisenhower's commitment to a broad front advance. This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Brooke">Alan Brooke</a>, as well as Field Marshal Montgomery, who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front under his command, with the other allied armies in reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower196991-145">[129]</a> Eisenhower based his decision on various military and political realities. The <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation zones</a> in Germany had been agreed upon in February 1944, and a faster Allied advance in the autumn of 1944 would not have altered this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigley199532–43-146">[130]</a> The Soviet Union would have also benefited from a rapid German collapse, and its participation in the war against Japan was greatly desired. There were reservations about whether the Allied logistical system possessed the required flexibility to support the narrow-front strategy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Creveld1977230-147">[131]</a> the reality of terrain and logistics argued strongly against it, and the consequences if the narrow front advance had failed would have been very severe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndidora2002177-148">[132]</a> Montgomery's Chief of Staff, Major-General Francis de Guingand, stated in his post-war account that he had opposed Montgomery's narrow front strategy on political and administrative grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Guingand1947410–413-149">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montgomery's_actions">Montgomery's actions</h3></div> Montgomery differed from the U.S. command in how to respond to the German attack and his public statements to that effect caused tension in the American high command. Major-General <a href="/wiki/Freddie_de_Guingand" title="Freddie de Guingand">Freddie de Guingand</a>, Chief of Staff of Montgomery's 21st Army Group, rose to the occasion, and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrabee1987489–490-150">[134]</a> As the Ardennes crisis developed, the U.S. First Army (<a href="/wiki/Courtney_Hodges" title="Courtney Hodges">Hodges</a>) and U.S. Ninth Army (<a href="/wiki/William_Hood_Simpson" title="William Hood Simpson">Simpson</a>) on the northern shoulder of the German penetration lost communications with adjacent armies, as well as with Bradley's headquarters in Luxembourg City to the south of the "bulge".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005194-151">[135]</a> Consequently, at 10:30 a.m. on 20 December, Eisenhower transferred the command of the U.S. First and Ninth Armies temporarily from Bradley to Montgomery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958276–277-152">[136]</a> Command of the U.S. First Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954378–395-153">[137]</a> and command of the U.S. Ninth Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 4 April 1945. Montgomery wrote about the situation he found on 20 December: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The First Army was fighting desperately. Having given orders to <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Dempsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Crerar" title="Harry Crerar">Crerar</a>, who arrived for a conference at 11 am, I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army, where I had instructed Simpson to meet me. I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized. Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions. Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began, and they had no directive on which to work. The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created. Slowly but surely the situation was held, and then finally restored. Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley, with the Third Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958276-154">[138]</a></blockquote> Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th, the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become public information until SHAEF announced that the change in command had "absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting2007198-155">[139]</a> The announcement resulted in headlines in British newspapers and Stars and Stripes, which for the first time mentioned British contributions to the fighting. Montgomery requested permission from Churchill to give a press conference to explain the situation. Though some of his staff were concerned at how the press conference would affect Montgomery's image, it was cleared by <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">CIGS</a> Alan Brooke, who was possibly the only person from whom Montgomery would accept advice. On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order of 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1945-156">[140]</a> Montgomery started with giving credit to the "courage and good fighting quality" of the American troops, characterizing a typical American as a "very brave fighting man who has that tenacity in battle which makes a great soldier", and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork, and praised Eisenhower, stating, "Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars. On our team, the captain is General Ike." Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had "employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow." He stated that he (i.e., the German) was "headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off ... The battle has been the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley195158-157">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1995204–205-158">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958311–314-159">[143]</a> Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the overall impression given by Montgomery, at least in the ears of the American military leadership, was that he had taken the lion's share of credit for the success of the campaign and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans.<a href="#cite_note-thisday-160">[144]</a> His comments were interpreted as self-promoting, particularly his claim that when the situation "began to deteriorate," Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north. Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes (for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight), and that it belittled the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. In the context of Patton's and Montgomery's well-known antipathy, Montgomery's failure to mention the contribution of any American general besides Eisenhower was seen as insulting. Indeed, Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1983382–385-161">[145]</a> Focusing exclusively on his own generalship, Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January. He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front. According to Churchill, the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses, and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation. Morelock states that Monty was preoccupied with being allowed to lead a "single thrust offensive" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive "as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelock201565-162">[146]</a> Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery, who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander, arrogant, and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans. However, on 18 January 1945 Churchill stated to Parliament "the United States troops have done almost all the fighting". He ended with "Care must be taken in telling our proud tale not to claim for the British Army an undue share of what is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever famous American victory."<a href="#cite_note-163">[147]</a> Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote: "Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time, but what I said was skillfully distorted by the enemy." <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> correspondent <a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Chester Wilmot</a> explained that "my dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless, re-written to give it an anti-American bias, and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio, which was then in <a href="/wiki/Goebbels" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels">Goebbels</a>' hands. Monitored at Bradley's HQ, this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1972611footnote_1-164">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1958281-165">[149]</a> Montgomery later said, "Distorted or not, I think now that I should never have held that press conference. So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong. I should therefore have said nothing." Eisenhower commented in his own memoirs: "I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were. They believed he had belittled them—and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1972611-166">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery2010296-167">[151]</a> Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower, encouraged by his British deputy <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a>, had decided to sack Montgomery. Intervention by Montgomery's and Eisenhower's <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Staff">Chiefs of Staff</a>, Guingand, and Walter Smith, moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the war Manteuffel, who commanded the 5th Panzer Army in the Ardennes, was imprisoned awaiting trial for war crimes. During this period he was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a>, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to "rewrite the historical record".<a href="#cite_note-168">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[155]</a> After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2004318-172">[156]</a></blockquote> However, American historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a>, writing in 1997, maintained that "Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick-Adams2015644-173">[157]</a> Ambrose wrote that: "Far from directing the victory, Montgomery had gotten in everyone's way, and had botched the counter-attack."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1999111-174">[158]</a> Bradley blamed Montgomery's "stagnating conservatism" for his failure to counterattack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelock201592-175">[159]</a> In contrast, historian Professor John Buckley, writing in 2013, noted how Montgomery "must take considerable credit" for stabilising the position, due to his "efficient and disciplined system of controlling or gripping subordinates".<a href="#cite_note-176">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastogne_JPG01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bastogne_JPG01.jpg/220px-Bastogne_JPG01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bastogne_JPG01.jpg/330px-Bastogne_JPG01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bastogne_JPG01.jpg/440px-Bastogne_JPG01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mardasson_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardasson Memorial">Mardasson Memorial</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied">Allied</h3></div> The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces during World War II. A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,482 casualties (8,407 killed, 46,170 wounded and 20,905 missing); British XXX Corps losses to 17 January 1945 were recorded as 1,408 (200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954396-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo199553MacDonald1998618Miles2004-25">[19]</a> T.N. Dupuy, David Bongard, and Richard Anderson list battle casualties for XXX Corps combat units as 1,462, including 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing to 16 January 1945 inclusive. Casualties among American divisions (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 62,439 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 6,238 killed, 32,712 wounded, and 23,399 missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994466–471-177">[161]</a> Historian Charles B. MacDonald lists 81,000 American casualties, 41,315 during the defensive phase and 39,672 during the drive to flatten the "Bulge" through 28 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald199353-178">[162]</a> An official report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">United States Department of the Army</a> lists 105,102 casualties for the entire "Ardennes-Alsace" campaign, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded, and 26,612 captured or missing; this number incorporates losses not just for the Battle of the Bulge but also all losses suffered during the period by units with the "Ardennes-Alsace" battle credit<a href="#cite_note-179">[163]</a> (the entirety of U.S. First, Third and Seventh Armies), which includes losses suffered during the German offensive in Alsace, Operation Nordwind as well as forces engaged in the Saar and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine campaigns</a>, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest during that time period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Army_Statistical_and_Accounting_Branch1953[httpsarchiveorgdetailsArmyBattleCasualtiesAndNonbattleDeathsInWorldWarIiPt3Of4pagen21mode2up_92]-180">[164]</a> For the period of December 1944 – January 1945 on the entire western front, Forrest Pogue gives a total of 28,178 U.S. military personnel captured, including shot down airmen.<a href="#cite_note-181">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3></div> The German High Command estimated that they lost between 81,834 and 98,024 men on the Western Front between 16 December 1944 and 25 January 1945; the accepted figure was 81,834, of which 12,652 were killed, 38,600 were wounded, and 30,582 were missing.<a href="#cite_note-182">[166]</a> Allied estimates on German casualties range from 81,000 to 103,900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo1995-183">[167]</a> Some authors have estimated German casualties as high as 125,000:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014425-184">[168]</a> <ul><li>T.N. Dupuy's estimates based on fragmentary German records and oral testimony<a href="#cite_note-DMSi_ACSDB_report-17">[12]</a> suggests casualties among divisions and brigades alone (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 74,459 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 11,048 killed, 34,168 wounded, and 29,243 missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994474–477-185">[169]</a></li> <li>German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014424-186">[170]</a></li> <li>The German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Heeresarzt1944-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heeresarzt1945-15">[11]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>'s official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010157-187">[171]</a></li></ul> Christer Bergström lists between 527 and 554 losses to all causes among German tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns during the campaign, of which 324 were lost in combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2014426-188">[172]</a> Of the German write-offs, 16–20 were Tigers, 191–194 Panthers, 141–158 Panzer IVs, and 179–182 were tank destroyers and assault guns. Hermann Jung gave figures for 600 German tanks across the entire western front from 16 December 1944, to 1 February 1945.<a href="#cite_note-189">[173]</a> Other sources place German losses in the range of 600–800: Magna E. Bauer's review of OKW records suggests 324 losses in December (77 Panzer IVs, 132 Panthers, 13 Tigers, and 102 assault guns) and even more in January. American losses over the same period were similarly heavy, totaling from 733 tanks and tank destroyers (exclusive of other types and losses suffered by British XXX Corps)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991292–293-190">[174]</a> to 800 in tanks alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick-Adams2015649-191">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result">Result</h2></div> Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes, they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western Front. While the German command did not reach its goals, the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied invasion of Germany by several weeks. The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945, after the wet season rains and severe frosts, but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-192">[176]</a> The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle. By the beginning of February 1945, the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery, they fought <a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a> (also known as the Battle of the Reichswald); east of Aachen they fought <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest#Second_phase" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">the second phase of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest</a>; in the center, under Hodges; and in the south, under Patton.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The German losses in the battle were especially critical: their last reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been shattered, and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[178]</a> In response to the early success of the offensive, on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2002101-195">[179]</a> On 12 January, the Soviets began the massive Vistula–Oder Offensive, originally planned for 20 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Senarclens198839-196">[180]</a> It had been brought forward from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month, and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive (and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies (5th and 6th) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2015331-197">[181]</a> Churchill was elated at Stalin's offer of help,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolroyd-Doveton2013367-198">[182]</a> thanking Stalin for the thrilling news.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1953244-199">[183]</a> During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions, or in segregated units. Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge, Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenson1972127-200">[184]</a> This was an important step toward a desegregated United States military. More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungYoung2010534-201">[185]</a> A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2008561-202">[186]</a> The Germans officially referred to the offensive by the codename Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein 'Operation Watch on the Rhine', while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase "Battle of the Bulge" was coined by contemporary press to describe the <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">bulge</a> in German front lines on wartime news maps,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECirillo19954Stanton2006-203">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[q]</a> and it became the most widely used name for the battle. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi198048-206">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs2011122–123-207">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_attention">Media attention</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_(Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg/220px-Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg/330px-Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg/440px-Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_43_%28Battle_of_the_Bulge_diorama%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the <a href="/wiki/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum" title="Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum">Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondents</a>. The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town, the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider, along with the fast action of General Patton's Third U.S. Army, all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public's imagination; there were no correspondents in the area of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Vith" title="Battle of St. Vith">Saint-Vith</a>, Elsenborn, or Monschau-Höfen.<a href="#cite_note-nyssen-208">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bletchley_Park_post-mortem">Bletchley Park post-mortem</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missed_indicators">Missed indicators</h3></div> At Bletchley Park, <a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">F. L. Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Calvocoressi" title="Peter Calvocoressi">Peter Calvocoressi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hut_3" title="Hut 3">Hut 3</a> were tasked by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Nye" title="Archibald Nye">General Nye</a> (as part of the enquiry set up by the Chiefs of Staff) with writing a report on the lessons to be learned from the handling of pre-battle Ultra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnan1995121-209">[192]</a> The report concluded that "the costly reverse might have been avoided if Ultra had been more carefully considered".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley199311-210">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi200161–64-211">[194]</a> "Ultra intelligence was plentiful and informative" though "not wholly free from ambiguity", "but it was misread and misused".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2011179ff-212">[195]</a> Lucas and Calvocoressi noted that "intelligence staffs had been too apt to assume that Ultra would tell them everything".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnan1995121-209">[192]</a> Among the signs misread were the formation of the new 6th Panzer Army in the build-up area (west bank of the Rhine about Cologne); the new 'Star' (signals control-network) noted by the 'Fusion Room' traffic-analysts, linking "all the armoured divisions [assembling in the build-up area], including some transferred from the Russian front";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson201166–67-213">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi200161–64-211">[194]</a> the daily aerial reconnaissance of the lightly defended target area by new <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_234" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 234">Arado Ar 234</a> jets "as a matter of greatest urgency"; the marked increase in railway traffic in the build-up area; the movement of 1,000 trucks from the Italian front to the build-up area; disproportionate anxiety about tiny hitches in troop movements, suggesting a tight timetable;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2011179ff-212">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressi200161–64-211">[194]</a> the quadrupling of Luftwaffe fighter forces in the West;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2011179ff-212">[195]</a> and decrypts of Japanese diplomatic signals from Berlin to Tokyo, mentioning "the coming offensive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011270–272-214">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1994270–272-215">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SHAEF_failures">SHAEF failures</h3></div> For its part, Hut 3 had grown "shy of going beyond its job of amending and explaining German messages. Drawing broad conclusions was for the intelligence staff at SHAEF, who had information from all sources," including aerial reconnaissance.<a href="#cite_note-217">[r]</a> Lucas and Calvocoressi added that "it would be interesting to know how much reconnaissance was flown over the Eiffel sector on the U.S. First Army Front".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnan1995121-209">[192]</a> E. J. N. Rose, head Air Adviser in Hut 3, read the paper at the time and described it in 1998 as "an extremely good report" that "showed the failure of intelligence at SHAEF and at the Air Ministry".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011270–272-214">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward199324-218">[200]</a> Lucas and Calvocoressi "expected heads to roll at Eisenhower's HQ, but they did no more than wobble".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush2010-219">[201]</a> Five copies of a report by the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> – Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944, derived from ULTRA material, submitted to DMI – were issued on 28 December 1944. Copy No. 2 is held by the <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a> as file HW 13/45.<a href="#cite_note-220">[202]</a> It sets out the various indications of an impending offensive that were received, then offers conclusions about the wisdom conferred by hindsight; the dangers of becoming wedded to a fixed view of the enemy's likely intentions; over-reliance on "Source" (i.e. ULTRA); and improvements in German security. It also stresses the role played by poor Allied security: "The Germans have this time prevented us from knowing enough about them; but we have not prevented them knowing far too much about us".<a href="#cite_note-221">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_credit">Battle credit</h2></div> After the war ended, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes-Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe.<a href="#cite_note-222">[204]</a> The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place, as well as units further south in the Alsace sector, including those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north, engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes, and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garfagnana" title="Battle of Garfagnana">Battle of Garfagnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Includes complete headquarters and attachment strength for First Army, V Corps, and VIII Corps, and the complete strength of the 78th, 99th, 106th, 28th, and 4th Infantry Divisions and 7th & 9th Armored Divisions. Due to the accounting method employed in "Hitler's Last Gamble," this does not strictly reflect the extent of the forces in contact with each other on 16 December; accuracy is considerably improved for the later periods. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Includes two parachute divisions </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Ellis and Warhurst cite 200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing; Dupuy, Bongard, and Anderson provide higher figures of 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing among line combat units from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> 10,749 dead; 34,225 wounded; 22,487 captured<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2001632-9">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Pogue cites Allied estimates in excess of 24,000 killed and 16,000 prisoners. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The Ardennes offensive was also named Rundstedt-Offensive, but von Rundstedt strongly objected "to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the 'Rundstedt-Offensive'. This is a complete misnomer. I had nothing to do with it. It came to me as an order complete to the last detail. Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting 'not to be altered'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonsky1994194-45">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Wacht am Rhein was renamed Herbstnebel after the operation was given the go-ahead in early December, although its original name remains much better known.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Only two battalions </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Hitler Jugend </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Private <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>, later a noted author, was captured while serving in this unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2015186-69">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nuts" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nuts">Nuts</a> can mean several things in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> slang. In this case it signified rejection, and was explained to the Germans as meaning "Go to Hell!" </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> A footnote in the U.S. Army's official history volume "Riviera to the Rhine" makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties: "As elsewhere, casualty figures are only rough estimates, and the figures presented are based on the postwar 'Seventh Army Operational Report, Alsace Campaign and Battle Participation, 1 June 1945' (copy CMH), which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period, plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite, and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war. But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 (773 killed, 4,838 wounded, 3,657 missing, and 5,448 nonbattle casualties); and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas, The Medical Department: The War Against Germany, draft CMH MS (1988), pp. 54–55, a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series, reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 'sick and injured' during the period. Many of these may have been returned to their units, and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeSmith1993527footnote_14-131">[118]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> "Initial" is the sum total of all unit rosters of the respective combatants at the point at which those units entered the battle, while "Final" reflects the state of those units on 16 January 1945. For the strength of the opposing sides at any one time, see table above. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> David Eggenberger cites the official name as Ardennes-Alsace campaign, and describes this battle as the "Second Battle of the Ardennes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEggenberger1985-204">[188]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Calvocoressi to <a href="/wiki/Neil_Leslie_Webster" title="Neil Leslie Webster">Neil Leslie Webster</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson201167-216">[199]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201953-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201953_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2019">Jones 2019</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendices_E,_F-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendices_E,_F_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendices_E,_F_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994appendices_E,_F_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupuyBongardAnderson1994">Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994</a>, appendices E, F. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994480-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994480_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupuyBongardAnderson1994">Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994</a>, p. 480. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984618-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1984618_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1984">MacDonald 1984</a>, p. 618. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaddick-Adams2014" class="citation book cs1">Caddick-Adams, Peter (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Snow_and_Steel/L6siBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933516-9"><bdi>978-0-19-933516-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snow+and+Steel%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Bulge%2C+1944-45&rft.pages=649&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933516-9&rft.aulast=Caddick-Adams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSnow_and_Steel%2FL6siBQAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2001632-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2001632_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2001632_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2001">Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001</a>, p. 632. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991339-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1991339_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1991339_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1991">Parker 1991</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2009195-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisWarhurst2009195_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllisWarhurst2009">Ellis & Warhurst 2009</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994470-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuyBongardAnderson1994470_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupuyBongardAnderson1994">Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994</a>, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-Heeresarzt1944-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heeresarzt1944_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heeresarzt1944_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525020822/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec44.html">"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944"</a>. 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class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAstor1992" class="citation cs2">Astor, Gerald (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blooddimmedtideb00gera">A Blood Dimmed Tide, The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It</a>, Donald I. 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(ed.), Encyclopedia of World War II, vol. I, pp. 69–73, retrieved 19 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ardennes%2C+Battle+of+the+%28Battle+of+the+Bulge%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbWFgjW6KX8C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1999" class="citation cs2">Baxter, Colin F (1999), Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887–1976: A Selected Bibliography, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313291197" title="Special:BookSources/9780313291197"><bdi>9780313291197</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Bernard+Law+Montgomery%2C+1887%E2%80%931976%3A+A+Selected+Bibliography&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313291197&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Colin+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2015), Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble, London: Viking, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91864-5"><bdi>978-0-670-91864-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ardennes+1944%3A+Hitler%27s+Last+Gamble&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-670-91864-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2011" class="citation cs2">Bennett, Ralph (2011), Ultra in the West, Hutchinson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571253746" title="Special:BookSources/9780571253746"><bdi>9780571253746</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultra+in+the+West&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780571253746&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett1994" class="citation cs2">Bennett, Ralph (1994), Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the War with Germany, 1939-1945, Sinclair-Stephenson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712665218" title="Special:BookSources/0712665218"><bdi>0712665218</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Battle%3A+Intelligence+in+the+War+with+Germany%2C+1939-1945&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stephenson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0712665218&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergström2014" class="citation cs2">Bergström, Christer (2014), The Ardennes: Hitler's Winter Offensive 1944–1945, Havertown: Casemate Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-277-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-277-4"><bdi>978-1-61200-277-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ardennes%3A+Hitler%27s+Winter+Offensive+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-277-4&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlumenson1972" class="citation cs2">Blumenson, Martin (1972), Eisenhower, New York: Ballantine Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Blumenson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2001), <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45</a> [The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5], Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg (in German), vol. 7, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-05507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-05507-1"><bdi>978-3-421-05507-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Deutsche+Reich+in+der+Defensive+Strategischer+Luftkrieg+in+Europa%2C+Krieg+im+Westen+und+in+Ostasien+1943+bis+1944%2F45&rft.series=Das+Deutsche+Reich+und+die+Zweite+Weltkrieg&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-421-05507-1&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBouwmeester2004" class="citation cs2">Bouwmeester, Maj. Han (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll2/id/181/rec/4">Beginning of the End: The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper</a> (PDF), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Royal Netherlands Army, Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, retrieved 7 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+of+the+End%3A+The+Leadership+of+SS+Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer+Jochen+Peiper&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Army%2C+Free+University+of+Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bouwmeester&rft.aufirst=Maj.+Han&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2Fp4013coll2%2Fid%2F181%2Frec%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradley1951" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley, Omar N.</a> (30 April 1951), "The War America Fought: Sweep to Victory", Life, vol. 30, no. 18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=The+War+America+Fought%3A+Sweep+to+Victory&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=18&rft.date=1951-04-30&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Omar+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradley1983" class="citation cs2">Bradley, Omar (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalslifeaut00brad">A General's Life: An Autobiography</a>, The University of Michigan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-41023-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-41023-0"><bdi>978-0-671-41023-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General%27s+Life%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-671-41023-0&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralslifeaut00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs, Asa</a> (2011), Secret Days: Code-breaking in Bletchley Park, London: Frontline Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-615-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-615-6"><bdi>978-1-84832-615-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Days%3A+Code-breaking+in+Bletchley+Park&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-615-6&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBush2010" class="citation cs2">Bush, Johnathan A. (20 February 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-calvocoressi-political-writer-who-served-at-bletchley-park-and-assisted-at-the-nuremberg-trials-1905181.html">"Peter Calvocoressi: Political writer who served at Bletchley Park and assisted at the Nuremberg trials"</a>, Obituary, The Independent, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-calvocoressi-political-writer-who-served-at-bletchley-park-and-assisted-at-the-nuremberg-trials-1905181.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2015, retrieved 8 August 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Peter+Calvocoressi%3A+Political+writer+who+served+at+Bletchley+Park+and+assisted+at+the+Nuremberg+trials&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Johnathan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fpeter-calvocoressi-political-writer-who-served-at-bletchley-park-and-assisted-at-the-nuremberg-trials-1905181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaddick-Adams2015" class="citation cs2">Caddick-Adams, Peter (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hD7KBQAAQBAJ&q=counter">Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944–45</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19933-514-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19933-514-5"><bdi>978-0-19933-514-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snow+and+Steel%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Bulge%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19933-514-5&rft.aulast=Caddick-Adams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhD7KBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcounter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvocoressi1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calvocoressi" title="Peter Calvocoressi">Calvocoressi, Peter</a> (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/topsecretultra00calv/">Top Secret Ultra</a>, London: Cassell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-30546-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-30546-4"><bdi>0-304-30546-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+Secret+Ultra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-304-30546-4&rft.aulast=Calvocoressi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftopsecretultra00calv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvocoressi2001" class="citation cs2">Calvocoressi, Peter (2001), Top Secret Ultra (Revised ed.), Cleobury Mortimer, England: M & M Baldwin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+Secret+Ultra&rft.place=Cleobury+Mortimer%2C+England&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=M+%26+M+Baldwin&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Calvocoressi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCavanagh2004" class="citation cs2">Cavanagh, William C. 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(2004), The Battle East of Elsenborn, Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-126-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-126-3"><bdi>1-84415-126-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+East+of+Elsenborn&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84415-126-3&rft.aulast=Cavanagh&rft.aufirst=William+C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1953" class="citation cs2">Churchill, Winston (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphtragedy00chur/">Triumph and Tragedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War</a>, vol. 6, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/53-12165">53-12165</a>, retrieved 19 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=The+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F53-12165&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphtragedy00chur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCirillo1995" class="citation cs2">Cirillo, Roger (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/ardennes/aral.htm">Ardennes-Alsace</a>, The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Center of Military History">U.S. Army Center of Military History</a>, CMH Pub 72-26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206183021/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/ardennes/aral.htm">archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2008, retrieved 16 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ardennes-Alsace&rft.series=The+U.S.+Army+Campaigns+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cirillo&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fardennes%2Faral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkeSmith1993" class="citation cs2">Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993), "Chapter XXXVIII: The Battle of Alsace", Riviera to the Rhine, United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Center of Military History">U.S. Army Center of Military History</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-034746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-034746-7"><bdi>978-0-16-034746-7</bdi></a>, CMH Pub. 7-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXXVIII%3A+The+Battle+of+Alsace&rft.btitle=Riviera+to+the+Rhine&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+The+European+Theater+of+Operations&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-16-034746-7&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2008" class="citation cs2">Clodfelter, Michl ea (2008), "Twentieth Century (1900–1945)", The Toll of World War II, U.S. Statistics, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007 (Third ed.), Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3319-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3319-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-3319-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Toll+of+World+War+II%2C+U.S.+Statistics&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1494%E2%80%932007&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3319-3&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Michl+ea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCole1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Cole" title="Hugh M. Cole">Cole, Hugh M.</a> (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-8-1/CMH_Pub_7-8-1.pdf">The Ardennes:Battle of the Bulge</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Chief_of_Military_History_Department_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army">Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65060001">65060001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ardennes%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65060001&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Hugh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F007%2F7-8-1%2FCMH_Pub_7-8-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Guingand1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Freddie_de_Guingand" title="Freddie de Guingand">De Guingand, Francis</a> (1947), Operation Victory, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503437701">503437701</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Victory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503437701&rft.aulast=De+Guingand&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelaforce2004" class="citation cs2">Delaforce, Patrick (2004), The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Final Gamble, Pearson Higher Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-4062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-4062-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-4062-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+Hitler%27s+Final+Gamble&rft.pub=Pearson+Higher+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-4062-0&rft.aulast=Delaforce&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Senarclens1988" class="citation cs2">de Senarclens, Pierre (1988), Yalta, Transaction, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-152-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-152-9"><bdi>0-88738-152-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yalta&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88738-152-9&rft.aulast=de+Senarclens&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2002" class="citation cs2">Dougherty, Kevin (April–June 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/2002_04.pdf">"Oscar Koch: An Unsung Hero Behind Patton's Victories"</a> (PDF), Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 28 (1): 64–66</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Intelligence+Professional+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Oscar+Koch%3A+An+Unsung+Hero+Behind+Patton%27s+Victories&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2002-04%2F2002-06&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fagency%2Farmy%2Fmipb%2F2002_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDraper1946" class="citation cs2">Draper, Theodore (1946), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/84thInfDivBattleOfGermany/">84th Infantry Division in the Battle of Germany, November 1944 – May 1945</a>, New York: The Viking Press, retrieved 20 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=84th+Infantry+Division+in+the+Battle+of+Germany%2C+November+1944+%E2%80%93+May+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F84thInfDivBattleOfGermany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDupuyBongardAnderson1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_N._Dupuy" title="Trevor N. 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Jr. (1994), Hitler's Last Gamble: The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945, HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016627-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016627-4"><bdi>0-06-016627-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Last+Gamble%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Bulge%2C+December+1944+%E2%80%93+January+1945&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-06-016627-4&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Trevor+N.&rft.au=Bongard%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Richard+C.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEggenberger1985" class="citation cs2">Eggenberger, David (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofba00egge">An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present</a>, Dover Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24913-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-24913-1"><bdi>0-486-24913-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Battles%3A+Accounts+of+Over+1560+Battles+from+1479+B.C.+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-486-24913-1&rft.aulast=Eggenberger&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofba00egge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1969" class="citation cs2">Eisenhower, John S.D. 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(1947), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318155306/https://www.benning.army.mil/monographs/content/wwii/STUP2/FabianichKeith%20P.%20MAJ.pdf">The Operations of the 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry (99th Infantry Division) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive, 10 November – 24 December 1944 (Ardennes Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations Officer)</a> (PDF) (Monograph), Fort Benning, Georgia: U.S. Army Infantry School, p. 3, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benning.army.mil/monographs/content/wwii/STUP2/FabianichKeith%20P.%20MAJ.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Operations+of+the+3rd+Battalion%2C+395th+Infantry+%2899th+Infantry+Division%29+Prior+to+and+During+the+German+Counter-Offensive%2C+10+November+%E2%80%93+24+December+1944+%28Ardennes+Campaign%29+%28Personal+Experience+of+a+Company+Commander+and+Battalion+Operations+Officer%29&rft.place=Fort+Benning%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Infantry+School&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Fabianich&rft.aufirst=Keith+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benning.army.mil%2Fmonographs%2Fcontent%2Fwwii%2FSTUP2%2FFabianichKeith%2520P.%2520MAJ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1945" class="citation cs2">Gallagher, Wes (8 January 1945), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19450108&id=x6FhAAAAIBAJ&pg=5911,1918615">"Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage, Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive"</a>, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, retrieved 12 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Montgomery+Says+Doughboy+Courage%2C+Fighting+Ability+Halted+Nazi+Drive&rft.date=1945-01-08&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1129%26dat%3D19450108%26id%3Dx6FhAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5911%2C1918615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinDillonWenger1994" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994), Nuts!: The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs, Potomac Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-881069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-881069-0"><bdi>978-0-02-881069-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuts%21%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+The+Story+and+Photographs&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-02-881069-0&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft.au=Wenger%2C+J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham2007" class="citation cs2">Graham, Roger D; Colonel, USAF-Retired (2007), The Nimrods, AuthorHouse, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467830966" title="Special:BookSources/9781467830966"><bdi>9781467830966</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nimrods&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781467830966&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Roger+D%3B+Colonel%2C+USAF-Retired&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield1989" class="citation cs2">Greenfield, Kent Roberts, ed. (1989) [First printed 1951], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/012/12-3/CMH_Pub_12-3.pdf">The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas</a> (PDF), United States Army in World War II: Pictorial Record (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Center of Military History">U.S. Army Center of Military History</a>, CMH Pub. 12-3, retrieved 20 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Against+Germany%3A+Europe+and+Adjacent+Areas&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+Pictorial+Record&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F012%2F12-3%2FCMH_Pub_12-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHersko1998" class="citation cs2">Hersko, Ralph E. (November 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/battle-of-the-bulge-us-troops-fight-at-elsenburn-ridge.htm">"Battle of the Bulge: U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenborn Ridge"</a>, World War II, HistoryNet, retrieved 20 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+War+II&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+U.S.+Troops+Fight+at+Elsenborn+Ridge&rft.date=1998-11&rft.aulast=Hersko&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fbattle-of-the-bulge-us-troops-fight-at-elsenburn-ridge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinsleyStrip1993" class="citation cs2">Hinsley, F. H.; Strip, Alan, eds. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codebreakersinsi00hins/">Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park</a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820327-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820327-6"><bdi>0-19-820327-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 20 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codebreakers%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+Bletchley+Park&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-820327-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcodebreakersinsi00hins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Hinsley, F. H., "Introduction: The Influence of Ultra in the Second World War", in <a href="#CITEREFHinsleyStrip1993">Hinsley & Strip 1993</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Millward, William, "Chapter 1: Life in and out of Hut 3", in <a href="#CITEREFHinsleyStrip1993">Hinsley & Strip 1993</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolroyd-Doveton2013" class="citation cs2">Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013), Maxim Litvinov: A Biography, Woodland Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maxim+Litvinov%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Woodland+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Holroyd-Doveton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJablonsky1994" class="citation cs2">Jablonsky, David (1994), Churchill and Hitler: Essays on the Political-Military Direction of Total War, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4119-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4119-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-4119-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+Hitler%3A+Essays+on+the+Political-Military+Direction+of+Total+War&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4119-5&rft.aulast=Jablonsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation cs2">Jones, Jeffrey Frank, ed. 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MacDonald">MacDonald, Charles B.</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timefortrumpetsu00macd">A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge</a>, Bantam Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-34226-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-34226-6"><bdi>0-553-34226-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+For+Trumpets%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-553-34226-6&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimefortrumpetsu00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1993" class="citation cs2">MacDonald, Charles B. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404145139/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Last/USA-E-Last-2.html#fn53">The Last Offensive</a>, Center of Military History, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1018406550">1018406550</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Last/USA-E-Last-2.html#fn53">the original</a> on 4 April 2023, retrieved 29 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Offensive&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1018406550&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-E-Last%2FUSA-E-Last-2.html%23fn53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1998" class="citation cs2">MacDonald, Charles B. 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A.</a> (1988) [Originally published 1946], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-fm.htm">Bastogne: The First Eight Days</a>, U.S. Army in Action Series (Facsimile reprint ed.), <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Center of Military History">U.S. Army Center of Military History</a>, CMH Pub 22-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204013505/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Bastogne/bast-fm.htm">archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2008, retrieved 6 December 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastogne%3A+The+First+Eight+Days&rft.series=U.S.+Army+in+Action+Series&rft.edition=Facsimile+reprint&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=S.+L.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FBastogne%2Fbast-fm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2005" class="citation cs2">Meyer, Kurt (2005), Grenadiers, The Story of Waffen-SS General Kurt "Panzer" Meyer, Stackpole Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3197-3"><bdi>978-0-8117-3197-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grenadiers%2C+The+Story+of+Waffen-SS+General+Kurt+%22Panzer%22+Meyer&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3197-3&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles2004" class="citation cs2">Miles, Donna (14 December 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925074858/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=24591">Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later</a>, United States Department of Defense, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=24591">the original</a> on 25 September 2015, retrieved 12 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge+Remembered+60+Years+Later&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2004-12-14&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D24591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2002" class="citation cs2">Miller, Donald L. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofworldwari00mill/">The Story of World War II</a>, Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1198-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-1198-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 19 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1198-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofworldwari00mill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2000" class="citation cs2">McDonald, Gabrielle, ed. (2000), Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-1135-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-1135-2"><bdi>90-411-1135-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Substantive+and+Procedural+Aspects+of+International+Criminal+Law%3A+The+Experience+of+International+and+National+Courts&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-411-1135-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Samuel W.</a> (2006), Panzers in Winter: Hitler's Army and the Battle of the Bulge, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97115-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97115-5"><bdi>0-275-97115-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzers+in+Winter%3A+Hitler%27s+Army+and+the+Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-97115-5&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1958" class="citation cs2">Montgomery, Bernard Law (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsoffieldma000248mbp">The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery</a>, Cleveland; New York: The World Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58-9414">58-9414</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Field+Marshal+Montgomery&rft.place=Cleveland%3B+New+York&rft.pub=The+World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58-9414&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsoffieldma000248mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2010" class="citation cs2">Montgomery, Brian (2010), A Field Marshal in the Family, Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848844254" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848844254"><bdi>978-1848844254</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Marshal+in+the+Family&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1848844254&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorelock2015" class="citation cs2">Morelock, Jerry D. (2015), Generals of the Bulge: Leadership in the U.S. Army's Greatest Battle, Stackpole Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811711999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811711999"><bdi>978-0811711999</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+of+the+Bulge%3A+Leadership+in+the+U.S.+Army%27s+Greatest+Battle&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0811711999&rft.aulast=Morelock&rft.aufirst=Jerry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton2006" class="citation cs2">Newton, Steven H. (2006), Hitler's Commander: Field Marshal Walter Model – Hitler's Favorite General, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81399-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81399-8"><bdi>0-306-81399-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Commander%3A+Field+Marshal+Walter+Model+%E2%80%93+Hitler%27s+Favorite+General&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-306-81399-8&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Steven+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2012" class="citation cs2">O'Donnell, Patrick K. (2012), Dog Company: The Boys of Pointe du Hoc – The Rangers Who Accomplished D-Day's Toughest Mission and Led the Way across Europe, Boston: Da Capo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82029-8"><bdi>978-0-306-82029-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dog+Company%3A+The+Boys+of+Pointe+du+Hoc+%E2%80%93+The+Rangers+Who+Accomplished+D-Day%27s+Toughest+Mission+and+Led+the+Way+across+Europe&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82029-8&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Patrick+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1991" class="citation cs2">Parker, Danny S. (1991), Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945, Combined Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938289-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-938289-04-7"><bdi>0-938289-04-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+Hitler%27s+Ardennes+Offensive%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Combined+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-938289-04-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker2004" class="citation cs2">Parker, Danny S. (2004) [1991], Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945 (New with photos ed.), Da Capo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7"><bdi>978-0-306-81391-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+Hitler%27s+Ardennes+Offensive%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.edition=New+with+photos&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81391-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1994" class="citation cs2">Parker, Danny S. (1994), To Win the Winter Sky: The Air War over the Ardennes 1944–1945, Combined Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938289-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-938289-35-7"><bdi>0-938289-35-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Win+the+Winter+Sky%3A+The+Air+War+over+the+Ardennes+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Combined+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-938289-35-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearson2011" class="citation cs2">Pearson, Joss, ed. (2011), Neil Webster's Cribs for Victory: The Untold Story of Bletchley Park's Secret Room, Polperro Heritage Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559541-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9559541-8-4"><bdi>978-0-9559541-8-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neil+Webster%27s+Cribs+for+Victory%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Bletchley+Park%27s+Secret+Room&rft.pub=Polperro+Heritage+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9559541-8-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPogue1954" class="citation cs2">Pogue, Forrest C. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+War+II%3A+The+War+Against+Germany+and+Italy&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Army+in+a+Global+Era%2C+1917%E2%80%932008&rft.series=American+Military+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F030%2F30-22%2FCMH_Pub_30-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToland1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (author)">Toland, John</a> (1999), Battle: The Story of the Bulge, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531035218/https://www.army.mil/botb/">archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021, retrieved 20 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army.mil&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.au=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Fbotb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army_Statistical_and_Accounting_Branch1953" class="citation report cs2">U.S. Army Statistical and Accounting Branch (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArmyBattleCasualtiesAndNonbattleDeathsInWorldWarIiPt1Of4/">Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II: Final report, 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946</a> (Report), Department of the Army, retrieved 20 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Army+Battle+Casualties+and+Nonbattle+Deaths+in+World+War+II%3A+Final+report%2C+7+December+1941+%E2%80%93+31+December+1946&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1953&rft.au=U.S.+Army+Statistical+and+Accounting+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArmyBattleCasualtiesAndNonbattleDeathsInWorldWarIiPt1Of4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Creveld1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Van Creveld, Martin</a> (1977), Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29793-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29793-1"><bdi>0-521-29793-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185298453">185298453</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplying+War%3A+Logistics+from+Wallenstein+to+Patton&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185298453&rft.isbn=0-521-29793-1&rft.aulast=Van+Creveld&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeterans_of_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge1995" class="citation cs2">Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fldMWJ6Kwg8C">Battle of the Bulge</a>, Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56311-013-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56311-013-X"><bdi>1-56311-013-X</bdi></a>, retrieved 19 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft.place=Paducah%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56311-013-X&rft.au=Veterans+of+the+Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfldMWJ6Kwg8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Luttichau2000" class="citation cs2">von Luttichau, Charles V. (2000) [1960], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">"Chapter 20: The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes"</a>, in Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">Command Decisions</a> (Reissue ed.), <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Center of Military History">U.S. Army Center of Military History</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/59-60007">59-60007</a>, CMH Pub 70-7, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_20.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2007, retrieved 18 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+20%3A+The+German+Counteroffensive+in+the+Ardennes&rft.btitle=Command+Decisions&rft.edition=Reissue&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F59-60007&rft.aulast=von+Luttichau&rft.aufirst=Charles+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2F70-7_20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1995" class="citation journal cs2"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Weigley" title="Russell Weigley">Weigley, Russell</a> (Summer 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-8.pdf">"Fighting with Allies: The Debate Fifty Years On"</a> (PDF), Joint Forces Quarterly: 38–45, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-0692">1070-0692</a>, retrieved 28 February 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joint+Forces+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Fighting+with+Allies%3A+The+Debate+Fifty+Years+On&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=1070-0692&rft.aulast=Weigley&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndupress.ndu.edu%2Fportals%2F68%2FDocuments%2Fjfq%2Fjfq-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (1964), "Hitler's Image of the United States", The American Historical Review, 69 (4): 1006–1021, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1842933">10.2307/1842933</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842933">1842933</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Image+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1006-%3C%2Fspan%3E1021&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1842933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1842933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhiting2007" class="citation cs2">Whiting, Charles (9 October 2007), Battle Of Hurtgen Forest, Da Capo Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Of+Hurtgen+Forest&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock2010" class="citation magazine cs2">Whitlock, Flint (Fall 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2018/12/22/operation-nordwind-the-other-battle-of-the-bulge/">"Operation Nordwind: The "Other" Battle of the Bulge"</a>, World War II Quarterly, retrieved 19 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Operation+Nordwind%3A+The+%22Other%22+Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Whitlock&rft.aufirst=Flint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2F2018%2F12%2F22%2Foperation-nordwind-the-other-battle-of-the-bulge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilmot1972" class="citation cs2">Wilmot, Chester (1972) [First printed 1952], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleforeurop00wilm/">The Struggle for Europe</a> (Reprint ed.), Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Europe&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Wilmot&rft.aufirst=Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleforeurop00wilm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungYoung2010" class="citation cs2">Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K., eds. (2010), World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35652-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35652-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+and+the+Postwar+Years+in+America%3A+A+Historical+and+Cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35652-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven</a> (2004), Battle of the Bulge 1944, Oxford: Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-810-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-810-3"><bdi>1-84176-810-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge+1944&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84176-810-3&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReview_and_Recommendation,_War_Crimes_(1947)" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133325/http://www.icwc.de/attachments?lang=de&barcode=06-024">Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes</a>, Philipps University of Marburg, 20 October 1947, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://137.248.11.66/attachments?lang=de&barcode=06-024">the original</a> on 29 September 2007, retrieved 7 March 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+and+Recommendation+of+the+Deputy+Judge+Advocate+for+War+Crimes&rft.pub=Philipps+University+of+Marburg&rft.date=1947-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F137.248.11.66%2Fattachments%3Flang%3Dde%26barcode%3D06-024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsHurt2022" class="citation cs2">Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022), A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II, Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1636241043" title="Special:BookSources/978-1636241043"><bdi>978-1636241043</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Machine+Gunner%27s+War%3A+From+Normandy+to+Victory+with+the+1st+Infantry+Division+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Philadelphia+%26+Oxford&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1636241043&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Ernest+A.&rft.au=Hurt%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurriss2001" class="citation cs2">Burriss, T. Moffat (2001), Strike and Hold: A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II, Brassey's, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-348-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-348-0"><bdi>978-1-57488-348-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strike+and+Hold%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+82nd+Airborne+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-348-0&rft.aulast=Burriss&rft.aufirst=T.+Moffat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter1989" class="citation cs2">Carter, William R. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216162410/http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj89/win89/carter.html">Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge</a>, Airpower Journal, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj89/win89/carter.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2013, retrieved 9 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+in+the+Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft.pub=Airpower+Journal&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.au.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Fapj%2Fapj89%2Fwin89%2Fcarter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollinsKing2013" class="citation cs2">Collins, Michael; King, Martin (2013), The Tigers of Bastogne: Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge, Casemate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-181-4"><bdi>978-1-61200-181-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tigers+of+Bastogne%3A+Voices+of+the+10th+Armored+Division+in+the+Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-181-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=King%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan2011" class="citation cs2">Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brothersrivalsvi0000jord">Brothers, Rivals, Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe</a>, NAL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23212-0"><bdi>978-0-451-23212-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers%2C+Rivals%2C+Victors%3A+Eisenhower%2C+Patton%2C+Bradley%2C+and+the+Partnership+That+Drove+the+Allied+Conquest+in+Europe&rft.pub=NAL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-451-23212-0&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrothersrivalsvi0000jord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Kershaw" title="Alex Kershaw">Kershaw, Alex</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longestwinterbat00kers_0">The Longest Winter</a>, Da Capo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81304-1"><bdi>0-306-81304-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Winter&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-306-81304-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongestwinterbat00kers_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._MacDonald" title="Charles B. MacDonald">MacDonald, Charles B.</a> (1999), Company Commander, Burford Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58080-038-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58080-038-6"><bdi>1-58080-038-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Company+Commander&rft.pub=Burford+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-58080-038-6&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._MacDonald" title="Charles B. MacDonald">MacDonald, Charles B.</a> (1994), The Last Offensive, Alpine Fine Arts Collection, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56852-001-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56852-001-8"><bdi>1-56852-001-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Offensive&rft.pub=Alpine+Fine+Arts+Collection&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56852-001-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2013" class="citation cs2">MacDougall, Robert (2013), Leaders in Dangerous Times: Douglas Macarthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower, Trafford Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490712314" title="Special:BookSources/9781490712314"><bdi>9781490712314</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+in+Dangerous+Times%3A+Douglas+Macarthur+and+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781490712314&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1999" class="citation cs2">Parker, Danny S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofbulgeger0000unse">The Battle of the Bulge, The German View: Perspectives from Hitler's High Command</a>, London: Greenhill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-354-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-354-4"><bdi>1-85367-354-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Bulge%2C+The+German+View%3A+Perspectives+from+Hitler%27s+High+Command&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85367-354-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofbulgeger0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuarrie2000" class="citation cs2">Quarrie, Bruce (2000), The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee, Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-857-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-857-0"><bdi>978-1-85532-857-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ardennes+Offensive+V+Panzer+Armee&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-857-0&rft.aulast=Quarrie&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuarrie2001" class="citation cs2">Quarrie, Bruce (2001), The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee, Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-913-3"><bdi>978-1-85532-913-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ardennes+Offensive+I+Armee+%26+VII+Armee&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-913-3&rft.aulast=Quarrie&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Ryan, Cornelius</a> (1995) [1974], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgetoofar00ryan_0">A Bridge Too Far</a>, New York: Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80330-2"><bdi>978-0-684-80330-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bridge+Too+Far&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80330-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbridgetoofar00ryan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2000" class="citation cs2">Shaw, Antony (2000), World War II Day by Day, Osceola: MBI Pub. Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1"><bdi>978-0-7603-0939-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Day+by+Day&rft.place=Osceola&rft.pub=MBI+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0939-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkorzeny1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny, Otto</a> (1997), Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of "The Most Dangerous Man in Europe", Greenhill Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-291-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-291-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skorzeny%27s+Special+Missions%3A+The+Memoirs+of+%22The+Most+Dangerous+Man+in+Europe%22&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-291-0&rft.aulast=Skorzeny&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker-Jones2022" class="citation cs2">Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2022), Hitler's Winter: The German Battle of the Bulge, Oxford, UK: Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4739-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-4739-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Winter%3A+The+German+Battle+of+the+Bulge&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-4739-3&rft.aulast=Tucker-Jones&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilmes1999" class="citation cs2">Wilmes, David (1999), The Long Road: From Oran to Pilsen: the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II, European Theater of Operations, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885851-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885851-13-0"><bdi>978-1-885851-13-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Road%3A+From+Oran+to+Pilsen%3A+the+Oral+Histories+of+Veterans+of+World+War+II%2C+European+Theater+of+Operations&rft.pub=SVC+Northern+Appalachian+Studies&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-885851-13-0&rft.aulast=Wilmes&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWissolik2005" class="citation cs2">Wissolik, Richard David (2005), They Say There Was a War, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885851-51-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885851-51-2"><bdi>978-1-885851-51-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Say+There+Was+a+War&rft.pub=SVC+Northern+Appalachian+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-885851-51-2&rft.aulast=Wissolik&rft.aufirst=Richard+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWissolik2007" class="citation cs2">Wissolik, Richard David (2007), An Honor to Serve: Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885851-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885851-20-8"><bdi>978-1-885851-20-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Honor+to+Serve%3A+Oral+Histories+United+States+Veterans+World+War+II&rft.pub=SVC+Northern+Appalachian+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-885851-20-8&rft.aulast=Wissolik&rft.aufirst=Richard+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven</a> (2008), Panther vs. Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944, Oxford: Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-292-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-292-9"><bdi>978-1-84603-292-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panther+vs.+Sherman%3A+Battle+of+the+Bulge+1944&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-292-9&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Bulge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" class="extiw" title="c:Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/botb">Battle of the Bulge</a> – Official webpage of the United States Army.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46222">The Battle of the Bulge: Battlebook</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">U.S. Army Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulge1944.com/battle-of-the-bulge-museums/">Battle of the Bulge Museums</a> – a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France984" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France984" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 - March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie#Extradition,_trial_and_death" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25139" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7712" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/15px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/23px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/30px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tank_battles1423" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tank_battles" title="Template:Tank battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tank_battles" title="Template talk:Tank battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tank_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tank battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tank_battles1423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tank battles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai (1917)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Lubelski" title="Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski">Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Battle of Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Battle of Sedan (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Battle of Brody (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm">Operation Winter Storm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka" title="Battle of Prokhorovka">Battle of Prokhorovka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Radzymin_(1944)" title="Battle of Radzymin (1944)">Battle of Radzymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Studzianki" title="Battle of Studzianki">Battle of Studzianki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Battle of the Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of the Bulge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">Operation Grand Slam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asal_Uttar" title="Battle of Asal Uttar">Battle of Asal Uttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phillora" title="Battle of Phillora">Battle of Phillora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Battle of Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Battle of Basantar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Badr_(1973)" title="Operation Badr (1973)">Operation Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tears" title="Valley of Tears">Valley of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chinese_Farm" title="Battle of the Chinese Farm">Battle of the Chinese Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></th><td 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