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(PDF) (2017): "The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723" | Christian Sahner - Academia.edu
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This edict is often interpreted as a precursor of Byzantine iconoclasm and as a forerunner of the Islamic doctrine of" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/501824/242628/11943708/s200_christian.sahner.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/32379307/_2017_The_First_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_A_New_History_of_the_Edict_of_Yaz%C4%ABd_II_AH_104_AD_723_" /> <meta property="og:title" content="(2017): "The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723"" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This article offers a revised history of the iconoclastic edict of the Umayyad caliph Yazīd II, which was promulgated in 104/723. This edict is often interpreted as a precursor of Byzantine iconoclasm and as a forerunner of the Islamic doctrine of" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://oxford.academia.edu/ChristianSahner" /> <meta name="description" content="This article offers a revised history of the iconoclastic edict of the Umayyad caliph Yazīd II, which was promulgated in 104/723. This edict is often interpreted as a precursor of Byzantine iconoclasm and as a forerunner of the Islamic doctrine of" /> <title>(PDF) (2017): "The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723" | Christian Sahner - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/32379307/_2017_The_First_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_A_New_History_of_the_Edict_of_Yaz%C4%ABd_II_AH_104_AD_723_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9a8e9ca111ca412c76c8fd2767868304f6fa3970'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732769287000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732769287000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article offers a revised history of the iconoclastic edict of the Umayyad caliph Yazīd II, which was promulgated in 104/723. This edict is often interpreted as a precursor of Byzantine iconoclasm and as a forerunner of the Islamic doctrine of images. Yet this focus on later developments has obscured the law\u0026amp;#39;s original purpose and meaning. This essay attempts to examine the issue anew by analyzing the written and archaeological evidence for the edict. In addition to presenting new sources and a revised dating, it situates Yazīd\u0026amp;#39;s actions in the context of early dhimmī legislation; apocalyptic anxieties at the Umayyad court; concerns about social mixing between Muslims and Christians; the caliph\u0026amp;#39;s sphere of activity in Transjordan; the emergence of a prohibition on images in Islamic thought; and the practice of Muslim prayer in churches.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Christian Sahner"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2017-04-11","dateModified":"2019-05-19","datePublished":"2017-01-01","headline":"(2017): \"The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723\"","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Art History","Islamic Art","Byzantine Studies","Late Antiquity","Islamic Studies","Byzantine History","Islamic History","Umayyads (Islamic History)"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Der Islam","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/32379307/_2017_The_First_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_A_New_History_of_the_Edict_of_Yaz%C4%ABd_II_AH_104_AD_723_","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"oxford"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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This edict is often interpreted as a precursor of Byzantine iconoclasm and as a forerunner of the Islamic doctrine of images. Yet this focus on later developments has obscured the law's original purpose and meaning. This essay attempts to examine the issue anew by analyzing the written and archaeological evidence for the edict. In addition to presenting new sources and a revised dating, it situates Yazīd's actions in the context of early dhimmī legislation; apocalyptic anxieties at the Umayyad court; concerns about social mixing between Muslims and Christians; the caliph's sphere of activity in Transjordan; the emergence of a prohibition on images in Islamic thought; and the practice of Muslim prayer in churches.","publication_date":"2017,,","publication_name":"Der Islam"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"(2017): \"The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723\"","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [501824]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":52582042,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “(2017): "The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723"”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/52582042/mini_magick20180818-9793-1xwh26h.png?1534589063" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">(2017): "The First Iconoclasm in Islam: A New History of the Edict of Yazīd II (AH 104/AD 723"</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="501824" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/ChristianSahner"><img alt="Profile image of Christian Sahner" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/501824/242628/11943708/s65_christian.sahner.jpg" />Christian Sahner</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2017, Der Islam</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">52 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 32379307; 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} }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article offers a revised history of the iconoclastic edict of the Umayyad caliph Yazīd II, which was promulgated in 104/723. This edict is often interpreted as a precursor of Byzantine iconoclasm and as a forerunner of the Islamic doctrine of images. Yet this focus on later developments has obscured the law's original purpose and meaning. This essay attempts to examine the issue anew by analyzing the written and archaeological evidence for the edict. In addition to presenting new sources and a revised dating, it situates Yazīd's actions in the context of early dhimmī legislation; apocalyptic anxieties at the Umayyad court; concerns about social mixing between Muslims and Christians; the caliph's sphere of activity in Transjordan; the emergence of a prohibition on images in Islamic thought; and the practice of Muslim prayer in churches.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":52582042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/32379307/_2017_The_First_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_A_New_History_of_the_Edict_of_Yaz%C4%ABd_II_AH_104_AD_723_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":52582042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/32379307/_2017_The_First_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_A_New_History_of_the_Edict_of_Yaz%C4%ABd_II_AH_104_AD_723_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="52582042" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/32379307/_2017_The_First_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_A_New_History_of_the_Edict_of_Yaz%C4%ABd_II_AH_104_AD_723_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="53668175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53668175/_2021_Images_and_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_ca_600_850_">(2021) "Images and Iconoclasm in Islam, ca. 600-850"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="501824" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/ChristianSahner">Christian Sahner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PROOFS of an essay on early Muslim attitudes towards figural art as well as incidences of iconoclasm. Explores evidence from the Quran, numismatics, Umayyad religious architecture, the iconoclastic edict of Yazid II, iconoclastic mosaics from Palestine, and other topics. A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm, Mike Humphreys, ed., Leiden: Brill, 2021, 497-537 https://brill.com/view/title/34427</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(2021) \"Images and Iconoclasm in Islam, ca. 600-850\"","attachmentId":70404654,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53668175/_2021_Images_and_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_ca_600_850_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53668175/_2021_Images_and_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_ca_600_850_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="39951134" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39951134/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Vasiliev_The_Iconoclastic_Edict_of_the_Caliph_Yazid_II_721_A_D">Alexander Alexandrovich Vasiliev, The Iconoclastic Edict of the Caliph Yazid II, 721, A.D.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26328362" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdrianaMariavanBreukelen">Adriana Maria van Breukelen</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Alexander Alexandrovich Vasiliev, The Iconoclastic Edict of the Caliph Yazid II, 721, A.D.","attachmentId":60138850,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39951134/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Vasiliev_The_Iconoclastic_Edict_of_the_Caliph_Yazid_II_721_A_D","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39951134/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Vasiliev_The_Iconoclastic_Edict_of_the_Caliph_Yazid_II_721_A_D"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="22872410" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22872410/Politicizing_the_Religious_Or_How_the_Umayyads_Co_opted_Classical_Iconography">Politicizing the Religious: Or How the Umayyads Co-opted Classical Iconography</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44023778" href="https://mit.academia.edu/NasserRabbat">Nasser Rabbat</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Politicizing the Religious: Or How the Umayyads Co-opted Classical Iconography","attachmentId":43414543,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22872410/Politicizing_the_Religious_Or_How_the_Umayyads_Co_opted_Classical_Iconography","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22872410/Politicizing_the_Religious_Or_How_the_Umayyads_Co_opted_Classical_Iconography"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="11903401" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11903401/_Revisting_Iconoclasm_Figural_Imagery_as_an_Instrument_of_State_Politics_in_Byzantium_and_Early_Islam_March_2014_Graduate_Student_Conference_on_Byzantine_Studies_Mary_Jaharis_Center_for_Byzantine_Art_and_Culture">“Revisting Iconoclasm: Figural Imagery as an Instrument of State Politics in Byzantium and Early Islam,” March 2014 Graduate Student Conference on Byzantine Studies, Mary Jaharis Center for Byzantine Art and Culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6649798" href="https://princeton.academia.edu/EricMedawar">Eric Medawar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Scholars have offered a number of explanations for the emergence of Byzantine iconoclasm, including medieval class struggle, reaction to the excessive use of figural art in the church, and administrative responses to the martial victories of the Arab forces under the direction of the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs. One of the more controversial theories concerning the origin of Byzantine iconoclasm suggests that early Islam inoculated Byzantium with aniconic sentiment by forcing Byzantine Christians to consider the association of iconolatry with idolatry. The origins of Byzantine iconoclasm nevertheless remain obscure, and, as Peter Brown observed (1973), “the Iconoclast controversy is in the grip of a crisis of over-explanation.” In contrast, the aniconism of Islam during its formative stages remains an almost uncontested fact, and closer scrutiny of the phenomenon is lacking in the scholarly literature on the subject. Despite the early report of Muḥammad cleansing the Kaʿbah of idols, however, figurative representation appears in descriptions of mosques (Wāsiṭ), in the capitals forming the miḥrāb of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and other sacred structures dating from the pre-Marwanid period. This paper will revisit the issue of figural representation in Byzantine Christianity and early Islam, but from a different angle, by focusing on caliphate-imperial relations (ca. 692-723) as a catalyst for both Byzantine iconoclasm and Islamic aniconism. My contention is that, beginning with Justinian II’s institution of gold solidi bearing the bust of Christ, a series of tit-for-tat exchanges occurred between Byzantine emperors and Umayyad caliphs that culminated in a “contest of images” which discouraged figurative representation in religious settings. In time, the Edict of Yazīd (722/723) and Council of Hieria (754) attempted to ratify the state-sponsored aniconism of the Marwanid caliphs and iconoclasm of the Byzantine emperors, respectively. Thus, the aniconic monuments of the Marwanid era, such as the Dome of the Rock (692/698?) and Great Mosque of Damascus (712) can be compared with the iconoclastic program of Leo III and Constantine V (e.g., the aniconic miliaresion coin struck in 720, et al). Relying on data gathered from Umayyad and Byzantine numismatics, Arabic papyrology, pre-Marwanid mosaics and sacred architecture, imperial correspondence, ḥadīth studies, and other documentary evidence, this paper seeks to demonstrate that official attitudes of the period (ca. 692-723) toward figurative representation firmly served as instruments of imperial politics. While shedding light on their origins, this paper will also attempt to establish a connection between Byzantine iconoclasm and the aniconism of early Islam.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Revisting Iconoclasm: Figural Imagery as an Instrument of State Politics in Byzantium and Early Islam,” March 2014 Graduate Student Conference on Byzantine Studies, Mary Jaharis Center for Byzantine Art and Culture","attachmentId":37277973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11903401/_Revisting_Iconoclasm_Figural_Imagery_as_an_Instrument_of_State_Politics_in_Byzantium_and_Early_Islam_March_2014_Graduate_Student_Conference_on_Byzantine_Studies_Mary_Jaharis_Center_for_Byzantine_Art_and_Culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11903401/_Revisting_Iconoclasm_Figural_Imagery_as_an_Instrument_of_State_Politics_in_Byzantium_and_Early_Islam_March_2014_Graduate_Student_Conference_on_Byzantine_Studies_Mary_Jaharis_Center_for_Byzantine_Art_and_Culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="52608716" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52608716/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_">Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus’ ‘Three Treatises on the Divine Images’</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4184365" href="https://qmul.academia.edu/AnnaChrysostomides">Anna Chrysostomides</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Ecclesiastical History</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">John of Damascus (c. 655–745) is a striking figure in church history as a defender of icon veneration and as a Church Father who maintained Byzantine Orthodoxy despite living under Muslim rule. His life amongst Muslims and his association with the Umayyad Melkite Christian community, the Christian Church which attempted to maintain an adherence to Byzantine Orthodoxy after the Arab conquest, is often associated with his defence of icons. However, most scholarship claims that his Three treatises on the divine images were written solely against Byzantine iconoclasm. This article provides a close reading of his Treatises focusing on themes which overlap with contemporary Jewish and Muslim debates on figurative images, arguing that John wrote his Treatises in an attempt to create a seminal Melkite theology on icons for both Byzantine and Umayyad Christians faced with iconoclastic arguments from all three Abrahamic faiths.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus’ ‘Three Treatises on the Divine Images’","attachmentId":69792526,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52608716/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52608716/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="60143458" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60143458/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_by_ANNA_CHRYSOSTOMIDES">Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus' 'Three Treatises on the Divine Images' by ANNA CHRYSOSTOMIDES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="206817701" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosephDiaz81">Joseph Diaz</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus' 'Three Treatises on the Divine Images' by ANNA CHRYSOSTOMIDES","attachmentId":73714271,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60143458/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_by_ANNA_CHRYSOSTOMIDES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60143458/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_by_ANNA_CHRYSOSTOMIDES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="44723589" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44723589/Christian_Art_and_Visual_Culture_in_Umayyad_Bilad_al_Sham_in_A_Marsham_ed_The_Umayyad_World_London_and_New_York_2020_pp_464_485">Christian Art and Visual Culture in Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, in A. Marsham (ed), The Umayyad World, London and New York 2020, pp. 464-485</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="935125" href="https://univie.academia.edu/BasemaHAMARNEH">Basema HAMARNEH</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Christian Art and Visual Culture in Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, in A. Marsham (ed), The Umayyad World, London and New York 2020, pp. 464-485","attachmentId":97375065,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44723589/Christian_Art_and_Visual_Culture_in_Umayyad_Bilad_al_Sham_in_A_Marsham_ed_The_Umayyad_World_London_and_New_York_2020_pp_464_485","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44723589/Christian_Art_and_Visual_Culture_in_Umayyad_Bilad_al_Sham_in_A_Marsham_ed_The_Umayyad_World_London_and_New_York_2020_pp_464_485"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="120408839" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120408839/A_new_wave_of_iconoclasm_The_destruction_of_holy_places_in_the_contemporary_Islamic_world">A new wave of iconoclasm? The destruction of holy places in the contemporary Islamic world</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9182228" href="https://unito.academia.edu/LucaPatrizi">Luca Patrizi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Constructing and Contesting Holy Places in Medieval Islam and Beyond, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A new wave of iconoclasm? The destruction of holy places in the contemporary Islamic world","attachmentId":115567698,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120408839/A_new_wave_of_iconoclasm_The_destruction_of_holy_places_in_the_contemporary_Islamic_world","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120408839/A_new_wave_of_iconoclasm_The_destruction_of_holy_places_in_the_contemporary_Islamic_world"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="14393223" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14393223/Christology_and_Prophetology_in_the_early_Umayyad_Arab_Empire">Christology and Prophetology in the early Umayyad Arab Empire</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8305457" href="https://utah.academia.edu/PvonSivers">Peter von Sivers</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Christology and Prophetology in the early Umayyad Arab Empire","attachmentId":38293361,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14393223/Christology_and_Prophetology_in_the_early_Umayyad_Arab_Empire","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14393223/Christology_and_Prophetology_in_the_early_Umayyad_Arab_Empire"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="4182013" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4182013/Abraham_as_an_Iconoclast_Understanding_the_destruction_of_images_through_Quranic_exegesis">Abraham as an Iconoclast: Understanding the destruction of ‘images’ through Qur'anic exegesis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3890117" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/YounusMirza">Younus Y . Mirza</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Islam and Christian-muslim Relations, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abraham as an Iconoclast: Understanding the destruction of ‘images’ through Qur'anic exegesis","attachmentId":32629168,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4182013/Abraham_as_an_Iconoclast_Understanding_the_destruction_of_images_through_Quranic_exegesis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4182013/Abraham_as_an_Iconoclast_Understanding_the_destruction_of_images_through_Quranic_exegesis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":52582042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":52582042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_52582042" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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