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window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":4182013,"created_at":"2013-08-06T02:37:12.148-07:00","from_world_paper_id":118988303,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T22:58:59.160-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Abraham and Qur'anic Views on Images","grobid_abstract":"The question of Islam and its aversion to images has caused modern scholars to search for a theological basis in Islam's traditional sources. Much work has been done on the various hadiths that indicate that graven images are forbidden and particular verses in the Qur'an that allude to an aversion to them. However, little work has been done to understand this issue through the qur'anic parables and exegesis. This paper explores the issue of Islam and image through qur'anic exegesis, in particular, the story of Abraham as a youth breaking the idols in his polytheistic town. By tracing the commentary of some of the major exegetes of the Qur'an, such as al-Ṫ abarī, al-Rāzī, Ibn Kathīr and Sayyid Quṫ b, this article considers how Islam has viewed images and how that view has either fluctuated or remained constant over time.","publication_date":"2005,,","publication_name":"Islam and Christian-muslim Relations","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"32629168"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Abraham as an Iconoclast: Understanding the destruction of ‘images’ through Qur'anic exegesis","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3890117]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":32629168,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Abraham as an Iconoclast: Understanding the destruction of ‘images’ through Qur'anic exegesis”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/32629168/mini_magick20190413-7074-1qvhgju.png?1555217136" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Abraham as an Iconoclast: Understanding the destruction of ‘images’ through Qur'anic exegesis</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3890117" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/YounusMirza"><img alt="Profile image of Younus Y . Mirza" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3890117/1439329/2583587/s65_younus.mirza.jpg" />Younus Y . Mirza</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2005, Islam and Christian-muslim Relations</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">16 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 4182013; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=4182013"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The question of Islam and its aversion to images has caused modern scholars to search for a theological basis in Islam's traditional sources. Much work has been done on the various hadiths that indicate that graven images are forbidden and particular verses in the Qur'an that allude to an aversion to them. However, little work has been done to understand this issue through the qur'anic parables and exegesis. This paper explores the issue of Islam and image through qur'anic exegesis, in particular, the story of Abraham as a youth breaking the idols in his polytheistic town. By tracing the commentary of some of the major exegetes of the Qur'an, such as al-Ṫ abarī, al-Rāzī, Ibn Kathīr and Sayyid Quṫ b, this article considers how Islam has viewed images and how that view has either fluctuated or remained constant over time.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":32629168,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4182013/Abraham_as_an_Iconoclast_Understanding_the_destruction_of_images_through_Quranic_exegesis"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":32629168,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4182013/Abraham_as_an_Iconoclast_Understanding_the_destruction_of_images_through_Quranic_exegesis"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="4182013" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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However, literature from the Second Temple period, texts of Rabbinic Judaism, targumim (Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible), the Quran, and other documents abound with narratives based on a common plot that recount how Abraham came to know the one God, confronted the idolatry that had continued until the generation of his father, and broke down the practice through various schemes. This paper presents translations of passages taken from the Book of Jubilees, the Apocalypse of Abraham, Genesis Rabba, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, and the Quran that relate the tradition of "Abraham the iconoclast, " believed to have been highly popular at the time of the writing of the respective texts. The passages are then analyzed to extract a common plot, identify different focal points, and compare in terms of Abraham's relationship with his father, Terah. From this comparative reading, the following observations can be made: the focus is placed on the importance of knowing one God in the Book of Jubilees, and on confrontation with idolatry in the Apocalypse of Abraham; various narrative components appear evenly with similar frequency in Genesis Rabba and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, possibly to maintain conformity as exegeses; in the Quran, the focus is on Abraham's role of introducing the monotheistic notion to local residents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abraham the iconoclast : different interpretations in the literature of the second temple period, the texts of rabbinic Judaism, and the Quran","attachmentId":99652631,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98249017/Abraham_the_iconoclast_different_interpretations_in_the_literature_of_the_second_temple_period_the_texts_of_rabbinic_Judaism_and_the_Quran","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98249017/Abraham_the_iconoclast_different_interpretations_in_the_literature_of_the_second_temple_period_the_texts_of_rabbinic_Judaism_and_the_Quran"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="53668175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53668175/_2021_Images_and_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_ca_600_850_">(2021) "Images and Iconoclasm in Islam, ca. 600-850"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="501824" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/ChristianSahner">Christian Sahner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PROOFS of an essay on early Muslim attitudes towards figural art as well as incidences of iconoclasm. Explores evidence from the Quran, numismatics, Umayyad religious architecture, the iconoclastic edict of Yazid II, iconoclastic mosaics from Palestine, and other topics. A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm, Mike Humphreys, ed., Leiden: Brill, 2021, 497-537 https://brill.com/view/title/34427</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(2021) \"Images and Iconoclasm in Islam, ca. 600-850\"","attachmentId":70404654,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53668175/_2021_Images_and_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_ca_600_850_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53668175/_2021_Images_and_Iconoclasm_in_Islam_ca_600_850_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="49062176" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49062176/DEPICTING_ABRAHAM_S_SACRIFICE_CASE_STUDY_QISAS_AL_ANBIYA_S_BOOK_STORIES_OF_THE_PROPHETS_AND_CHRISTIAN_IMAGES">DEPICTING ABRAHAM’S SACRIFICE. CASE STUDY: QISAS AL-ANBIYA’S BOOK [STORIES OF THE PROPHETS] AND CHRISTIAN IMAGES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39647292" href="https://independent.academia.edu/samadparvin">samad parvin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Brukenthal. Acta Mvsei, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The story of Ismail’s Sacrifice by the Prophet Abraham, taken from the Quran and biblical verses, has been interpreted in many ways by narrators, performers, Christian and Muslim storytellers, and has also been represented by the visual artists in countless images. ‘Qisas al Anbiya’ was one of the books that illustrated this story during the Safavian period. The main purpose of this article is to examine the interpretations, images and implications specific to Islamic and Christian artists, in relation to their different attitudes, education and historical roots, and finally to determine the relevant visual representations and conduct a comparative study of them.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DEPICTING ABRAHAM’S SACRIFICE. CASE STUDY: QISAS AL-ANBIYA’S BOOK [STORIES OF THE PROPHETS] AND CHRISTIAN IMAGES","attachmentId":67453545,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49062176/DEPICTING_ABRAHAM_S_SACRIFICE_CASE_STUDY_QISAS_AL_ANBIYA_S_BOOK_STORIES_OF_THE_PROPHETS_AND_CHRISTIAN_IMAGES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49062176/DEPICTING_ABRAHAM_S_SACRIFICE_CASE_STUDY_QISAS_AL_ANBIYA_S_BOOK_STORIES_OF_THE_PROPHETS_AND_CHRISTIAN_IMAGES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="52608716" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52608716/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_">Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus’ ‘Three Treatises on the Divine Images’</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4184365" href="https://qmul.academia.edu/AnnaChrysostomides">Anna Chrysostomides</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Ecclesiastical History</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">John of Damascus (c. 655–745) is a striking figure in church history as a defender of icon veneration and as a Church Father who maintained Byzantine Orthodoxy despite living under Muslim rule. His life amongst Muslims and his association with the Umayyad Melkite Christian community, the Christian Church which attempted to maintain an adherence to Byzantine Orthodoxy after the Arab conquest, is often associated with his defence of icons. However, most scholarship claims that his Three treatises on the divine images were written solely against Byzantine iconoclasm. This article provides a close reading of his Treatises focusing on themes which overlap with contemporary Jewish and Muslim debates on figurative images, arguing that John wrote his Treatises in an attempt to create a seminal Melkite theology on icons for both Byzantine and Umayyad Christians faced with iconoclastic arguments from all three Abrahamic faiths.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus’ ‘Three Treatises on the Divine Images’","attachmentId":69792527,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52608716/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52608716/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13600217" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13600217/_Images_of_Abraham_in_the_Writings_of_Jalal_ad_Din_Rumi_Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society_106_4_Dec_1986_633_640">“Images of Abraham in the Writings of Jalal ad-Din Rumi,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106:4 (Dec. 1986) 633-640</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13171609" href="https://slu.academia.edu/JohnRenard">John Renard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Images of Abraham in the Writings of Jalal ad-Din Rumi,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106:4 (Dec. 1986) 633-640","attachmentId":38085361,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13600217/_Images_of_Abraham_in_the_Writings_of_Jalal_ad_Din_Rumi_Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society_106_4_Dec_1986_633_640","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13600217/_Images_of_Abraham_in_the_Writings_of_Jalal_ad_Din_Rumi_Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society_106_4_Dec_1986_633_640"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="83433496" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83433496/Beyond_Image_Ban_and_Aniconism_Reconfiguring_Ancient_Israelite_and_Early_Jewish_Religion_s_in_a_Visual_and_Material_Religion_Perspective">Beyond ‘Image Ban’ and ‘Aniconism’: Reconfiguring Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish Religion\s in a Visual and Material Religion Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="157888220" href="https://independent.academia.edu/cesariofilhomichalski">cesario filho michalski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Figurations and Sensations of the Unseen in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Prohibitions against the production and worship of images representing one's own or other deities (oft en referred to in the singular as 'image ban' or Bilderverbot)-as much as their seeming corollary, the so-called aniconic worship of a single supreme deityare commonly held to be distinctive characteristics of ancient Israelite and Judahite, Jewish and Islamic religion. Th e two aspects (the normative rejection of a given ritual practice and the realization of its opposite as alternative practice) are oft en considered as two faces of a coin. Yet the relation between the two is much more complicated. Th e terms image ban and aniconism are problematic and both certainly need to be properly defi ned and qualifi ed. 1 Scholars such as Tryggve Mettinger (1995 , 2006), Brian Doak (2015), Milette Gaifman (2012) and others have recently off ered important contributions to that end, focusing on fi rst-millennium-bce Israel, Phoenicia and Greece. Th e present chapter aims at continuing this conversation while putting it into a wider horizon, both disciplinary and theoretical. Neither programmatic prohibitions of cultic images nor de facto abstention from producing and using them in cultic rituals or imageless rituals are exclusive to early West Semitic traditions, Judaism and Islam (see the essays collected in Gaifman and Aktor 2017); 2 however, they distinguish these traditions from many others past and present. Moreover, both scholars and the wider public associate these traditions with the concept of monotheism. To be sure, none of the traditions studied by Mettinger, Gaifman and Doak should be considered monotheistic in any way. But the history of Western Asiatic and Mediterranean religion\s since late antiquity seems indeed to privilege an elective affi nity of sorts between the belief in a single, invisible, transcendent deity on the one hand ('monotheism') and the injunction not to represent that deity in a cultic image on the other hand. Monotheistic theologies have 102 Figurations and Sensations of the Unseen in Judaism, Christianity and Islam Th at Christianity as such (in toto) should range alongside Judaism and Islam in a discussion of imageless worship is therefore all but obvious. If it does so, nevertheless, this is largely due to the weight of Protestant assumptions in the contemporary discourse on ' Abrahamic religions'. If Protestant religious reformers of the sixteenth century claimed to recover the original purity of early Christian ritual from its distortion by Papist idolatry, they also considered reading, listening to and explaining scripture (Sola Scriptura) to be the most important element in the worship of the true God. It is along similar lines of thought that modern scholars of religion classify Protestant Christianity, particularly the Reformed and Calvinist traditions, among the 'aniconic' and even iconoclastic, thus ranging them close to Judaism and Islam in their rejection of cultic images and the valuation of scripture as the sole (or most eminent) medium through which the faithful may encounter God. Abraham From a historical, non-theological point of view, many aspects of the development of image-related ritual and theological discourse (that is, iconophile and iconolatrous positions) in early, medieval and early modern Byzantine, Catholic and Oriental Christianities may be regarded as creative receptions, perpetuations and reinterpretations of pre-Christian ('pagan') traditions and ritual practices. One would be hard-pressed to range these traditions among the anti-iconists. Early Islam originated in the late-antique Middle East as a kind of reformation movement directed against both domestic 'idolatry' and various forms of Jewish and Christian religion. Invoking Abrahamic descent (d î n Ibrahim) and the tradition remembering Abraham smashing idols worshipped by the society he had been born into served Muhammad to claim ritual and genealogical precedence over Jewish and Christian claims to true religion; a similar argumentative strategy had already served Paul to claim religious superiority for early Christian versus Torah-obedient Jewish faith. Should we then consider the matrix described above to represent something distinctively ' Abrahamic' in the fi rst place? Or does that label only serve as a convenient pretext for lumping together three religions which, aft er all, diff er considerably, internally and among each other, in their interpretation of a putative 'image ban' , 'aniconism' and the pre-eminence of the revealed word? From the point of view of a historian of religion\s, the label ' Abrahamic' is problematic if it obscures the many diff erences among the streams, sub-streams and confl uents of the three traditions. Th eir many entanglements, and the variety of practices with regard to images particularly within the Christian traditions, cannot easily be homogenized in a simple genealogical model as implied by the ' Abrahamic' metaphor. Historians of religion\s should therefore critically assess rather than step in and follow this ' Abrahamic' genealogical discourse, which is of very recent conjuncture and, in my view, of little analytical use. Biblical tradition concerning Abraham (most prominently, Genesis 12-25) does not relate Abraham to specifi cally 'aniconic' forms of worship, nor to any kind of 'image ban' (the latter is brought much later into the biblical narrative, when Moses and Israel meet Yahweh at Mount Sinai, Exodus 20). It was Jewish Midrash which</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Beyond ‘Image Ban’ and ‘Aniconism’: Reconfiguring Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish Religion\\s in a Visual and Material Religion Perspective","attachmentId":88776804,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83433496/Beyond_Image_Ban_and_Aniconism_Reconfiguring_Ancient_Israelite_and_Early_Jewish_Religion_s_in_a_Visual_and_Material_Religion_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83433496/Beyond_Image_Ban_and_Aniconism_Reconfiguring_Ancient_Israelite_and_Early_Jewish_Religion_s_in_a_Visual_and_Material_Religion_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="255616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/255616/_The_Gods_of_My_Father_Terah_Abraham_the_Iconoclast_and_the_Polemics_with_the_Divine_Body_Traditions_in_the_Apocalypse_of_Abraham">‘The Gods of My Father Terah’: Abraham the Iconoclast and the Polemics with the Divine Body Traditions in the Apocalypse of Abraham</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211731" href="https://marquette.academia.edu/andreiorlov">Andrei Orlov</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"‘The Gods of My Father Terah’: Abraham the Iconoclast and the Polemics with the Divine Body Traditions in the Apocalypse of Abraham","attachmentId":1059711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/255616/_The_Gods_of_My_Father_Terah_Abraham_the_Iconoclast_and_the_Polemics_with_the_Divine_Body_Traditions_in_the_Apocalypse_of_Abraham","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/255616/_The_Gods_of_My_Father_Terah_Abraham_the_Iconoclast_and_the_Polemics_with_the_Divine_Body_Traditions_in_the_Apocalypse_of_Abraham"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="60143458" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60143458/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_by_ANNA_CHRYSOSTOMIDES">Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus' 'Three Treatises on the Divine Images' by ANNA CHRYSOSTOMIDES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="206817701" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosephDiaz81">Joseph Diaz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">John of Damascus (c. -) is a striking figure in church history as a defender of icon veneration and as a Church Father who maintained Byzantine Orthodoxy despite living under Muslim rule. His life amongst Muslims and his association with the Umayyad Melkite Christian community, the Christian Church which attempted to maintain an adherence to Byzantine Orthodoxy after the Arab conquest, is often associated with his defence of icons. However, most scholarship claims that his Three treatises on the divine images were written solely against Byzantine iconoclasm. This article provides a close reading of his Treatises focusing on themes which overlap with contemporary Jewish and Muslim debates on figurative images, arguing that John wrote his Treatises in an attempt to create a seminal Melkite theology on icons for both Byzantine and Umayyad Christians faced with iconoclastic arguments from all three Abrahamic faiths. DOP = Dumbarton Oaks Papers; PG = Patrologia Graeca  An exception is the work of Sidney Griffith, who associates John of Damascus' Three treatises on the divine images far more with Umayyad policy and a Muslim milieu: 'Images, Islam and Christian icons: a moment in the Christian/Muslim encounter in early Islamic times', in Pierre Canivet and Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais (eds), La Syrie de Byzance a l'Islam VIIe-VIIIe siècles, Damascus , -; 'Christians, Muslims, and the Jnl of Ecclesiastical History, .</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Creating a Theology of Icons in Umayyad Palestine: John of Damascus' 'Three Treatises on the Divine Images' by ANNA CHRYSOSTOMIDES","attachmentId":73714271,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60143458/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_by_ANNA_CHRYSOSTOMIDES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60143458/Creating_a_Theology_of_Icons_in_Umayyad_Palestine_John_of_Damascus_Three_Treatises_on_the_Divine_Images_by_ANNA_CHRYSOSTOMIDES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="93787089" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93787089/Refiguring_Abraham_On_the_Prophetological_Reframing_of_the_Biblical_Patriarch_in_S%C5%ABrat_al_Anbiy%C4%81%CA%BE_Pre_Pub_Draft_">Refiguring Abraham: On the Prophetological Reframing of the Biblical Patriarch in Sūrat al-Anbiyāʾ (Pre-Pub Draft)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53499138" href="https://nd.academia.edu/JacobKildoo">Jacob Kildoo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay illustrates the Qur'ān's theologically creative conversation with Late Antique literature through an analysis of the text's depiction of Abraham in sūra 21. After a short overview of modern scholarly engagement with the Qur'ān's 'biblical subtext' and some subsequent methodological remarks, I examine the ancient and Late Antique Jewish background to the qur'ānic story of Abraham in Terah's idol shop. Here, I elucidate the theological and exegetical concerns prompting these haggadic speculations about the patriarch's life. In a word, Jewish exegetes employed this story as a way of demonstrating the distinct righteousness of Israel's lineal forebear. Then, through comparative analysis, I show that the Qur'ān takes up and redeploys this motif in the service of articulating its own prophetology, thereby subverting the earlier genealogical framing of this story. Notably, this repackaging of the Abraham-Terah narrative serves a polemical goal. In the last resort, the Qur'ān is keen to show that its own followers-not Jews or Christians-are the proper inheritors of Abraham.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Refiguring Abraham: On the Prophetological Reframing of the Biblical Patriarch in Sūrat al-Anbiyāʾ (Pre-Pub Draft)","attachmentId":98628054,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93787089/Refiguring_Abraham_On_the_Prophetological_Reframing_of_the_Biblical_Patriarch_in_S%C5%ABrat_al_Anbiy%C4%81%CA%BE_Pre_Pub_Draft_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93787089/Refiguring_Abraham_On_the_Prophetological_Reframing_of_the_Biblical_Patriarch_in_S%C5%ABrat_al_Anbiy%C4%81%CA%BE_Pre_Pub_Draft_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="14615712" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14615712/_Abraham_in_Islamic_and_Jewish_Exegesis_Religion_Compass_2011_">"Abraham in Islamic and Jewish Exegesis," Religion Compass (2011)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1646697" href="https://stonehill.academia.edu/SLowin">Shari Lowin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Jewish and Muslim exegetical narratives on the shared forefathers (known as midrash aggadah and tafs ır ⁄ h : adīth=qis : as : al-anbiy a ' ⁄ isr a'iliyy at) have long been recognized as a meeting point of Judaism and Islam. Early studies of the forefathers, Abraham in particular, strove to 'prove' that much of what appeared in the Islamic exegetical materials derived from the traditions that predated Islam, mainly Judaism. More recent scholarship has abandoned such a reductionist approach for a more moderated view. Studies of the Jewish and Muslim exegetical material on Abraham show that while scholars continue to trace the historical development of the Muslim exegetical narratives, they also look to uncover the inner meaning of the narratives themselves. This article traces the shift from the purely reductionist treatment of the Muslim and Jewish exegetical narratives to the more nuanced approach, especially as it applies to Abraham. Four categories of Abrahamic motifs are singled out here: Abraham and his sacrifice of his son, Abraham and his relationship with Sarah, Abraham and his later visit to Ishmael, and narratives relating to Abraham's birth and early life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Abraham in Islamic and Jewish Exegesis,\" Religion Compass (2011)","attachmentId":38368249,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14615712/_Abraham_in_Islamic_and_Jewish_Exegesis_Religion_Compass_2011_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14615712/_Abraham_in_Islamic_and_Jewish_Exegesis_Religion_Compass_2011_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":32629168,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":32629168,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_32629168" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="44703823" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44703823/Towards_an_Abrahamic_Religion_Developments_in_Later_Meccan_Suras_Part_II_Abraham_Local_Heritage_and_Developments_in_Liturgy_and_Ethics">Towards an Abrahamic Religion: Developments in Later Meccan Suras. 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