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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trichromacy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visi%C3%B3_tricrom%C3%A0tica" title="Visió tricromàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Visió tricromàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichromat" title="Trichromat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trichromat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikromaasia" title="Trikromaasia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trikromaasia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricromatismo" title="Tricromatismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tricromatismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C4%A5romatio" title="Triĥromatio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Triĥromatio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سه‌رنگ‌بینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سه‌رنگ‌بینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichromatisme" title="Trichromatisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trichromatisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricromatismo" title="Tricromatismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tricromatismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%83%89%ED%98%95_%EC%83%89%EA%B0%81" title="삼색형 색각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼색형 색각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikromasi" title="Trikromasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trikromasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikrom%C3%A1cia" title="Trikromácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trikromácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E8%89%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%9A" title="3色型色覚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="3色型色覚" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trichromat" redirects here. For the chemical ion species, see <a href="/wiki/Trichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromate">Trichromate</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Possessing of three independent channels for conveying color information</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tricolour_television_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tricolour_television_close_up.jpg/310px-Tricolour_television_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tricolour_television_close_up.jpg/465px-Tricolour_television_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tricolour_television_close_up.jpg/620px-Tricolour_television_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a trichromatic in-line <a href="/wiki/Shadow_mask" title="Shadow mask">shadow mask</a> <a href="/wiki/CRT_display" class="mw-redirect" title="CRT display">CRT display</a>, which creates most visible colors through combinations and different levels of the three <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a>: red, green and blue</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Trichromacy</b> or <b>trichromatism</b> is the possession of three independent channels for conveying <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> information, derived from the three different types of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisms with trichromacy are called trichromats. </p><p>The normal explanation of trichromacy is that the organism's <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> contains three types of color receptors (called <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>) with different <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectra">absorption spectra</a>. In actuality, the number of such receptor types may be greater than three, since different types may be active at different light intensities. In vertebrates with three types of cone cells, at low light intensities the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> may contribute to <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humans_and_other_animals_that_are_trichromats">Humans and other animals that are trichromats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichromacy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Humans and other animals that are trichromats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> and some other <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> have <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> trichromacy based partly on <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> inherited from early vertebrates. In fish and birds, for example, <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">four pigments</a> are used for vision. These extra cone receptor visual pigments detect energy of other <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>, sometimes including <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>. Eventually two of these pigments were lost (in <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammals">placental mammals</a>) and another was gained, resulting in trichromacy among some <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrese_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrese-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans and <a href="/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">closely related primates</a> are usually trichromats, as are some of the females of most species of <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a>, and both male and female <a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">howler monkeys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research suggests that trichromacy may also be quite general among <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted regarding trichromacy in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> marsupials suggests the medium wavelength sensitivity (MWS), cones of the <a href="/wiki/Honey_possum" title="Honey possum">honey possum</a> (<i>Tarsipes rostratus</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Fat-tailed_dunnart" title="Fat-tailed dunnart">fat-tailed dunnart</a> (<i>Sminthopsis crassicaudata</i>) are features coming from the <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a> <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinal</a> arrangement. The possibility of trichromacy in marsupials potentially has another <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary">evolutionary</a> basis than that of <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>. Further <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavioural" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural">behavioural</a> tests may verify if trichromacy is a common characteristic of marsupials.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrese_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrese-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most other mammals are currently thought to be <a href="/wiki/Dichromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromat">dichromats</a>, with only two types of cone (though limited trichromacy is possible at low light levels where the rods and cones are both active).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most studies of carnivores, as of other mammals, reveal <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromacy</a>; examples include the domestic <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferret</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">honeybees</a>) are also trichromats, being sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, blue and green instead of blue, green and red.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe2002_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research indicates that trichromacy allows animals to distinguish brightly colored fruit and young leaves from other vegetation that is not beneficial to their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that detecting skin <a href="/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">flushing</a> and thereby mood may have influenced the development of primate trichromate vision. The color red also has other effects on primate and human behavior as discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">color psychology</a> article.<sup id="cite_ref-AEP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_cones_specifically_found_in_primates">Types of cones specifically found in primates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichromacy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of cones specifically found in primates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primates are the only known placental mammalian trichromats.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The reference contains the sentence "The primates are unique among mammals in having species that possess trichromatic color vision", which fails verification since it contradicts the rest of this article which states that marsupial mammals have trichromacy and the reference doesn't constrain its claim to placental mammals (December 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Their eyes include three different kinds of cones, each containing a different <a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">photopigment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsin</a>). Their peak sensitivities lie in the blue (short-wavelength S cones), green (medium-wavelength M cones) and yellow-green (long-wavelength L cones) regions of the color spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S cones make up 5–10% of the cones and form a regular mosaic. Special <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">bipolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">ganglion</a> cells pass those signals from S cones and there is evidence that they have a separate signal pathway through the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> as well. On the other hand, the L and M cones are hard to distinguish by their shapes or other anatomical means – their opsins differ in only 15 out of 363 amino acids, so no one has yet succeeded in producing specific antibodies to them. But Mollon and Bowmaker<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did find that L cones and M cones are randomly distributed and are in equal numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_trichromatic_color_vision">Mechanism of trichromatic color vision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichromacy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanism of trichromatic color vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cones_SMJ2_E.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/200px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/300px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/400px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Normalised <a href="/wiki/Responsivity" title="Responsivity">responsivity</a> spectra of human cone cells</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metamerism_spectrum_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metamerism_spectrum_example.svg/220px-Metamerism_spectrum_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metamerism_spectrum_example.svg/330px-Metamerism_spectrum_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metamerism_spectrum_example.svg/440px-Metamerism_spectrum_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of color metamerism:<br style="margin-bottom:1ex;" />In column 1, a ball is illuminated by monochromatic light. Multiplying the spectrum by the cones' spectral sensitivity curves gives the response for each cone type.<br style="margin-bottom:1ex;" />In column 2, metamerism is used to simulate the scene with blue, green and red LEDs, giving a similar response.</figcaption></figure> <p>Trichromatic color vision is the ability of humans and some other animals to see different <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a>, mediated by interactions among three types of color-sensing <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Helmholtz_theory" title="Young–Helmholtz theory">trichromatic color theory</a></i> began in the 18th century, when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> proposed that color vision was a result of three different <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cells</a>. From the middle of the 19th century, in his <i>Treatise on Physiological Optics</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> later <a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Helmholtz_theory" title="Young–Helmholtz theory">expanded on Young's ideas</a> using color-matching experiments which showed that people with normal vision needed three wavelengths to create the normal range of colors. Physiological evidence for trichromatic theory was later given by <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Svaetichin" title="Gunnar Svaetichin">Gunnar Svaetichin</a> (1956).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the three types of cones in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a> contains a different type of <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive pigment">photosensitive pigment</a>, which is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_protein" title="Transmembrane protein">transmembrane protein</a> called <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsin</a> and a light-sensitive molecule called <a href="/wiki/11-cis_retinal" class="mw-redirect" title="11-cis retinal">11-cis retinal</a>. Each different pigment is especially sensitive to a certain <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> (that is, the pigment is most likely to produce a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> response when it is hit by a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> with the specific wavelength to which that pigment is most sensitive). The three types of cones are L, M, and S, which have pigments that respond best to light of long (especially 560 nm), medium (530 nm), and short (420 nm) wavelengths respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the likelihood of response of a given cone varies not only with the <i>wavelength</i> of the light that hits it but also with its <i>intensity</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> would not be able to discriminate different colors if it had input from only one type of cone. Thus, interaction between at least two types of cone is necessary to produce the ability to perceive color. With at least two types of cones, the brain can compare the signals from each type and determine both the intensity and color of the light. For example, moderate stimulation of a medium-wavelength cone cell could mean that it is being stimulated by very bright red (long-wavelength) light, or by not very intense yellowish-green light. But very bright red light would produce a stronger response from L cones than from M cones, while not very intense yellowish light would produce a stronger response from M cones than from other cones. Thus trichromatic color vision is accomplished by using combinations of cell responses. </p><p>It is estimated that the average human can distinguish up to ten million different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichromacy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">Monochromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentachromacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentachromacy">Pentachromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp#Eyes" title="Mantis shrimp">Mantis shrimp</a> (dodecachromats)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Evolution of color vision in primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Helmholtz_theory" title="Young–Helmholtz theory">Young–Helmholtz theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS color space</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichromacy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004164334/http://tigger.uic.edu/~hilbert/Glossary.html">"Color Glossary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tigger.uic.edu/~hilbert/Glossary.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Retinal mechanisms for chromatic and achromatic vision". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 385–404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959NYASA..74..385S">1959NYASA..74..385S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1958.tb39560.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb39560.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13627867">13627867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27130943">27130943</a>.</cite><span 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