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Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بيب كود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيب كود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="বিবকোড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিবকোড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="बिबकोड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिबकोड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_kodo" title="Bibliografia kodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bibliografia kodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%AF" title="بیبکد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیبکد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비브코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="बिबकोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिबकोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ബിബ്‌കോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിബ്‌കോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="बिबकोड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बिबकोड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بيب كود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيب كود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1" title="ਬਿਬਕੋਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਬਕੋਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="بب کوڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بب کوڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="బిబ్‌కోడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బిబ్‌కోడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94" title="บิบโค้ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บิบโค้ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="بب کوڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بب کوڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Bibcode" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25754#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode (identifier)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems</div> <p>The <b>bibcode</b> (also known as the <b>refcode</b>) is a compact identifier used by several astronomical data systems to uniquely specify literature references. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally developed to be used in <a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NASA/IPAC_Extragalactic_Database" title="NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database">NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database</a> (NED), but it became a de facto standard and is now used more widely, for example, by the NASA <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a>, which coined and prefers the term "bibcode".<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The code has a fixed length of 19 characters and has the form </p> <dl><dd><code>YYYYJJJJJVVVVMPPPPA</code></dd></dl> <p>where <code>YYYY</code> is the four-digit year of the reference and <code>JJJJJ</code> is a code indicating where the reference was published. In the case of a journal reference, <code>VVVV</code> is the volume number, <code>M</code> indicates the section of the journal where the reference was published (e.g., <code>L</code> for a letters section), <code>PPPP</code> gives the starting page number, and <code>A</code> is the first letter of the last name of the first author. Periods (<code>.</code>) are used to fill unused fields and to pad fields out to their fixed length if too short; padding is done on the right for the publication code and on the left for the volume number and page number.<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Page numbers greater than 9999 are continued in the <code>M</code> column. The 6-digit article ID numbers (in lieu of page numbers) used by the Physical Review publications since the late 1990s are treated as follows: The first two digits of the article ID, corresponding to the issue number, are converted to a lower-case letter (01 = a, etc.) and inserted into column <code>M</code>. The remaining four digits are used in the page field.<sup id="cite_ref-b_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some examples of bibcodes are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bibcode </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974AJ.....79..819H">1974AJ.....79..819H</a></code> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeintz1974" class="citation journal cs1">Heintz, W. D. (1974). "Astrometric study of four visual binaries". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a></i>. <b>79</b>: 819–825. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974AJ.....79..819H">1974AJ.....79..819H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F111614">10.1086/111614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Astrometric+study+of+four+visual+binaries&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=819-825&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F111614&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974AJ.....79..819H&rft.aulast=Heintz&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibcode" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924MNRAS..84..308E">1924MNRAS..84..308E</a></code> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddington1924" class="citation journal cs1">Eddington, A. S. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F84.5.308">"On the relation between the masses and luminosities of the stars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>84</b> (5): 308–332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924MNRAS..84..308E">1924MNRAS..84..308E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F84.5.308">10.1093/mnras/84.5.308</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+relation+between+the+masses+and+luminosities+of+the+stars&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=308-332&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F84.5.308&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924MNRAS..84..308E&rft.aulast=Eddington&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F84.5.308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibcode" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApJ...161L..77K">1970ApJ...161L..77K</a></code> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempSwedlundLandstreetAngel1970" class="citation journal cs1">Kemp, J. C.; Swedlund, J. B.; Landstreet, J. D.; Angel, J. R. P. (1970). "Discovery of circularly polarized light from a white dwarf". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></i>. <b>161</b>: L77–L79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApJ...161L..77K">1970ApJ...161L..77K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F180574">10.1086/180574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+circularly+polarized+light+from+a+white+dwarf&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=L77-L79&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F180574&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970ApJ...161L..77K&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Swedlund%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Landstreet%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Angel%2C+J.+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibcode" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..93o0801M">2004PhRvL..93o0801M</a></code> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeKellerbauerBeckBlaum2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, M.; Kellerbauer, A.; Beck, D.; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/798313/files/PhysRevLett.93.150801.pdf">"The Mass of <sup>22</sup>Mg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>93</b> (15): 150801. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..93o0801M">2004PhRvL..93o0801M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.93.150801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.150801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15524861">15524861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=The+Mass+of+%3Csup%3E22%3C%2Fsup%3EMg&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=150801&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15524861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.93.150801&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhRvL..93o0801M&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Kellerbauer%2C+A.&rft.au=Beck%2C+D.&rft.au=Blaum%2C+K.&rft.au=Bollen%2C+G.&rft.au=Carrel%2C+F.&rft.au=Delahaye%2C+P.&rft.au=Dilling%2C+J.&rft.au=George%2C+S.&rft.au=Gu%C3%A9naut%2C+C.&rft.au=Herfurth%2C+F.&rft.au=Herlert%2C+A.&rft.au=Kluge%2C+H.-J.&rft.au=K%C3%B6ster%2C+U.&rft.au=Lunney%2C+D.&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+S.&rft.au=Schweikhard%2C+L.&rft.au=Yazidjian%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F798313%2Ffiles%2FPhysRevLett.93.150801.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibcode" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">Digital object identifier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._SchmitzG._HelouP._DuboisC._LaGue1995" class="citation book cs1">M. Schmitz; G. Helou; P. Dubois; C. LaGue; B.F. Madore; H. G. Corwin Jr. & S. Lesteven (1995). "NED and SIMBAD Conventions for Bibliographic Reference Coding". In Daniel Egret & Miguel A. Albrecht (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode/refcode-paper.html"><i>Information & On-Line Data in Astronomy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-3659-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-3659-3"><bdi>0-7923-3659-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607153038/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode/refcode-paper.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NED+and+SIMBAD+Conventions+for+Bibliographic+Reference+Coding&rft.btitle=Information+%26+On-Line+Data+in+Astronomy&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7923-3659-3&rft.au=M.+Schmitz&rft.au=G.+Helou&rft.au=P.+Dubois&rft.au=C.+LaGue&rft.au=B.F.+Madore&rft.au=H.+G.+Corwin+Jr.&rft.au=S.+Lesteven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsweb.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Frefcode%2Frefcode-paper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibcode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/help_pages/data.html">"The ADS Data, help page"</a>. 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