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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraocular_muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraocular_muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Extraocular muscles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraocular_muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vision-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vision subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_of_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_of_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Field of view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_of_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dynamic range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rapid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rapid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saccadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saccadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Saccadian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saccadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fixational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vestibulo-ocular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vestibulo-ocular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Vestibulo-ocular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vestibulo-ocular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smooth_pursuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smooth_pursuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Smooth pursuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smooth_pursuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optokinetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optokinetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Optokinetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optokinetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Near response</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Near_response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Near response subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Near_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vergence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vergence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vergence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vergence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupil_constriction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupil_constriction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pupil constriction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupil_constriction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lens_accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lens_accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lens accommodation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lens_accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pigmentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pigmentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pigmentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pigmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Brown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Amber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hazel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Green</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Gray</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irritation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irritation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Irritation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irritation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disease-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disease subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macular_degeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macular_degeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Macular degeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macular_degeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human eye</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عين الإنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عين الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ГӀадамасул бер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадамасул бер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%96" title="মানব চোখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানব চোখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-g%C3%A1n" title="Jîn-gán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-gán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Човешко око – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Човешко око" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudsko_oko" title="Ljudsko oko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljudsko oko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_visual_hum%C3%A0" title="Sistema visual humà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema visual humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A9_oko" title="Lidské oko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidské oko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AF" title="ލޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_humano" title="Ojo humano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ojo humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چشم انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92il_humain" title="Œil humain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œil humain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollo_humano" title="Ollo humano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ollo humano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%88_(%EC%9D%B8%EC%B2%B4)" title="눈 (인체) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="눈 (인체)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84" title="Մարդու աչք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու աչք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव नेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव नेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudsko_oko" title="Ljudsko oko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljudsko oko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_manusia" title="Mata manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculo_human" title="Oculo human – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oculo human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iri" title="Iri – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iri" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עין אנושית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עין אנושית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soca" title="Soca – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Soca" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಾನವನ ಕಣ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವನ ಕಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87av%C3%AA_mirov" title="Çavê mirov – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çavê mirov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%8F" title="Инсаннал я – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Инсаннал я" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogaus_akis" title="Žmogaus akis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogaus akis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oio_umana" title="Oio umana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Oio umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberi_szem" title="Emberi szem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emberi szem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Човечко око – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човечко око" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="മനുഷ്യ നേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യ നേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_manusia" title="Mata manusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mata manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menselijk_oog" title="Menselijk oog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menselijk oog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="मानव आँखा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानव आँखा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="मनुयागु मिखा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनुयागु मिखा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E7%9C%BC" title="ヒトの眼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒトの眼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odam_ko%CA%BBzi" title="Odam koʻzi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odam koʻzi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਅੱਖ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਅੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olho_humano" title="Olho humano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Olho humano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiul_uman" title="Ochiul uman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ochiul uman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Глаз человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глаз человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%83" title="මිනිස් ඇස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිනිස් ඇස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="چاوی مرۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاوی مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Људско око – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Људско око" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudsko_oko" title="Ljudsko oko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljudsko oko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmissilm%C3%A4" title="Ihmissilmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmissilmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_ng_tao" title="Mata ng tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mata ng tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="மனிதக் கண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனிதக் கண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ตามนุษย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตามนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_g%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="İnsan gözü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan gözü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_g%C3%B6zi" title="Adam gözi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Adam gözi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Людське око – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людське око" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Mắt người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mắt người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9C%BC" title="人眼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人眼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9C%BC" title="人眼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人眼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_orang" title="Mata orang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sensory organ of vision</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the eyes of humans. For eyes in general, see <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eye</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eye_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eye (disambiguation)">Eye (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Human eye</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye,_anterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/250px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/375px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/500px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The eye of the right side of the face, showing its visible components - a white <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a>, a light brown <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>, and the black <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a>, in its <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a> surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">lids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eyelashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyelashes">lashes</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/250px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/375px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/500px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1. <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">vitreous body</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">ora serrata</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">ciliary muscle</a> 4. <a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">ciliary zonules</a> 5. <a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a> 6. <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> 7. <a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">anterior chamber</a> 8. <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> 9. <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> 10. <a href="/wiki/Lens_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens cortex">lens cortex</a> 11. <a href="/wiki/Lens_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens nucleus">lens nucleus</a> 12. <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" title="Ciliary processes">ciliary process</a> 13. <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a> 14. <a href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" title="Inferior oblique muscle">inferior oblique muscle</a> 15. <a href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" title="Inferior rectus muscle">inferior rectus muscle</a> 16. <a href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">medial rectus muscle</a> 17. <a href="/wiki/Retinal_arteries_and_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal arteries and veins">retinal arteries and veins</a> 18. <a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">optic disc</a> 19. <a href="/wiki/Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">dura mater</a> 20. <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery" title="Central retinal artery">central retinal artery</a> 21. <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" title="Central retinal vein">central retinal vein</a> 22. <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> 23. <a href="/wiki/Vorticose_veins" title="Vorticose veins">vorticose vein</a> 24. <a href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" title="Tenon's capsule">bulbar sheath</a> 25. <a href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">macula</a> 26. <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a> 27. <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a> 28. <a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">choroid</a> 29. <a href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" title="Superior rectus muscle">superior rectus muscle</a> 30. <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>oculus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D005123">D005123</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.007%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.007</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A15.2.00.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=113">113</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6734">6734</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma54448">54448</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024" class="extiw" title="d:Q430024">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>human eye</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">sensory organ</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> that reacts to <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">visible light</a> allowing <a href="/wiki/Eyesight" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyesight">eyesight</a>. Other functions include maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">keeping balance</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_eye_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arizona_eye_model.png/253px-Arizona_eye_model.png" decoding="async" width="253" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arizona_eye_model.png/380px-Arizona_eye_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arizona_eye_model.png/506px-Arizona_eye_model.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Arizona Eye Model. "A" is accommodation in diopters.</figcaption></figure> <p>The eye can be considered as a living <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical device</a>. It is approximately spherical in shape, with its outer layers, such as the outermost, white part of the eye (the <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a>) and one of its inner layers (the pigmented <a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">choroid</a>) keeping the eye essentially <a href="/wiki/Stray_light" title="Stray light">light tight</a> except on the eye's <a href="/wiki/Optic_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic axis">optic axis</a>. In order, along the optic axis, the optical components consist of a first lens (the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea—the clear part of the eye</a>) that accounts for most of the optical power of the eye and accomplishes most of the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focusing of light</a> from the outside world; then an <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a>) in a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris—the coloured part of the eye</a>) that controls the amount of light entering the interior of the eye; then another lens (the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">crystalline lens</a>) that accomplishes the remaining focusing of light into <a href="/wiki/Real_image" title="Real image">images</a>; and finally a light-sensitive part of the eye (the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>), where the images fall and are processed. The retina makes a connection to the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a>. The remaining components of the eye keep it in its required shape, nourish and maintain it, and protect it. </p><p>Three types of cells in the retina convert light energy into electrical energy used by the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> respond to low intensity light and contribute to perception of low-resolution, black-and-white images; <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> respond to high intensity light and contribute to perception of high-resolution, coloured images; and the recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive ganglion cell">photosensitive ganglion cells</a> respond to a full range of light intensities and contribute to adjusting the amount of light reaching the retina, to regulating and suppressing the hormone <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entraining</a> <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A detailed depiction of eye using a 3D medical illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg/260px-3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg/390px-3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg/520px-3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A detailed medical illustration of the eye</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRI_of_human_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MRI_of_human_eye.jpg/170px-MRI_of_human_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/MRI_of_human_eye.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> scan of the human eye</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have two eyes, situated on the left and the right of the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>. The eyes sit in bony cavities called the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbits</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">skull</a>. There are six <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">extraocular muscles</a> that control eye movements. The front visible part of the eye is made up of the whitish <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a>, a coloured <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pupil_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupil (eye)">pupil</a>. A thin layer called the <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a> sits on top of this. The front part is also called the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior</a> segment of the eye. </p><p>The eye is not shaped like a perfect sphere; rather it is a fused two-piece unit, composed of an <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#anterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior (front) segment and the posterior (back)</a> segment. The anterior segment is made up of the cornea, iris and lens. The cornea is transparent and more curved and is linked to the larger posterior segment, composed of the vitreous, retina, choroid and the outer white shell called the sclera. The cornea is typically about 11.5 mm (0.45 in) in diameter, and 0.5 mm (500 μm) in thickness near its centre. The posterior chamber constitutes the remaining five-sixths; its diameter is typically about 24 mm (0.94 in). An area termed the limbus connects the cornea and sclera. The iris is the pigmented circular structure concentrically surrounding the centre of the eye, the pupil, which appears to be black. The size of the pupil, which controls the amount of light entering the eye, is adjusted by the iris' <a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">dilator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">sphincter muscles</a>. </p><p>Light energy enters the eye through the cornea, through the pupil and then through the lens. The lens shape is changed for near focus (accommodation) and is controlled by the ciliary muscle. Between the two lenses (the cornea and the crystalline lens), there are four <a href="/wiki/Optical_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical surfaces">optical surfaces</a> which each <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refract</a> light as it travels along the optical path. One basic model describing the geometry of the optical system is the Arizona Eye Model.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model describes the accommodation of the eye geometrically. Photons of light falling on the light-sensitive cells of the retina (<a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cones and rods</a>) are converted into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve and interpreted as sight and vision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The size of the eye differs among adults by only one or 2 millimetres. The eyeball is generally less tall than it is wide. The sagittal vertical (height) of a human adult eye is approximately 23.7 mm (0.93 in), the transverse horizontal diameter (width) is 24.2 mm (0.95 in) and the axial anteroposterior size (depth) averages 22.0–24.8 mm (0.87–0.98 in) with no significant difference between sexes and age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-pubfacts.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubfacts.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong correlation has been found between the transverse diameter and the width of the orbit (r = 0.88).<sup id="cite_ref-pubfacts.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubfacts.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical adult eye has an anterior to posterior diameter of 24 mm (0.94 in), and a volume of 6 cubic centimetres (0.37 cu in).<sup id="cite_ref-GeneralOphthal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneralOphthal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eyeball grows rapidly, increasing from about 16–17 mm (0.63–0.67 in) diameter at birth to 22.5–23 mm (0.89–0.91 in) by three years of age. By age 12, the eye attains its full size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/250px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/375px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/500px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of the human eye. It shows a horizontal section through the right eye.</figcaption></figure> <p>The eye is made up of three coats, or layers, enclosing various anatomical structures. The outermost layer, known as the <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">fibrous tunic</a>, is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a>, which provide shape to the eye and support the deeper structures. The middle layer, known as the <a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">vascular tunic or uvea</a>, consists of the <a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">choroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">ciliary body</a>, pigmented epithelium and <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>. The innermost is the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, which gets its oxygenation from the blood vessels of the choroid (posteriorly) as well as the retinal vessels (anteriorly). </p><p>The spaces of the eye are filled with the <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">aqueous humour</a> anteriorly, between the cornea and lens, and the <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">vitreous body</a>, a jelly-like substance, behind the lens, filling the entire posterior cavity. The aqueous humour is a clear watery fluid that is contained in two areas: the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">anterior chamber</a> between the cornea and the iris, and the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Posterior chamber of eyeball">posterior chamber</a> between the iris and the lens. The lens is suspended to the ciliary body by the suspensory ligament (<a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">zonule of Zinn</a>), made up of hundreds of fine transparent fibers which transmit muscular forces to change the shape of the lens for accommodation (focusing). The vitreous body is a clear substance composed of water and proteins, which give it a jelly-like and sticky composition.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray892.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray892.png/208px-Gray892.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray892.png/312px-Gray892.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray892.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>The outer parts of the eye</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraocular_muscles">Extraocular muscles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extraocular muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Extraocular muscles</a></div> <p>Each eye has seven <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">extraocular muscles</a> located in its <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haladaj_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haladaj-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of these muscles control the <a href="/wiki/Eye_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye movements">eye movements</a>, the seventh controls the movement of the upper <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelid</a>. The six muscles are four recti muscles – the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle" title="Lateral rectus muscle">lateral rectus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">medial rectus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" title="Inferior rectus muscle">inferior rectus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" title="Superior rectus muscle">superior rectus</a>, and two oblique muscles the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" title="Inferior oblique muscle">inferior oblique</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle" title="Superior oblique muscle">superior oblique</a>. The seventh muscle is the <a href="/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle" title="Levator palpebrae superioris muscle">levator palpebrae superioris muscle</a>. When the muscles exert different tensions, a torque is exerted on the globe that causes it to turn, in almost pure rotation, with only about one millimeter of translation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the eye can be considered as undergoing rotations about a single point in the centre of the eye. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_orbit_anterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eye and orbit anatomy with motor nerves"><img alt="Eye and orbit anatomy with motor nerves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eye_orbit_anterior.jpg/120px-Eye_orbit_anterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eye_orbit_anterior.jpg/180px-Eye_orbit_anterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eye_orbit_anterior.jpg/240px-Eye_orbit_anterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eye and orbit anatomy with motor nerves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_orbit_nerves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image showing orbita with eye and nerves visible (periocular fat removed)"><img alt="Image showing orbita with eye and nerves visible (periocular fat removed)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lateral_orbit_nerves.jpg/120px-Lateral_orbit_nerves.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lateral_orbit_nerves.jpg/180px-Lateral_orbit_nerves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lateral_orbit_nerves.jpg/240px-Lateral_orbit_nerves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image showing orbita with eye and nerves visible (periocular fat removed)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_orbit_anatomy_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image showing orbita with eye and periocular fat"><img alt="Image showing orbita with eye and periocular fat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lateral_orbit_anatomy_2.jpg/120px-Lateral_orbit_anatomy_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lateral_orbit_anatomy_2.jpg/180px-Lateral_orbit_anatomy_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lateral_orbit_anatomy_2.jpg/240px-Lateral_orbit_anatomy_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image showing orbita with eye and periocular fat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal anatomy of the human eye and orbit, anterior view"><img alt="Normal anatomy of the human eye and orbit, anterior view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg/120px-Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg/180px-Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg/240px-Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="1924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Normal <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of the human eye and orbit, anterior view</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vision">Vision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">Visual acuity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eye#Visual_acuity" title="Eye">Eye § Visual acuity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis#Angular_size_of_foveal_cones" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea centralis § Angular size of foveal cones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Color_vision#Physiology_of_color_perception" title="Color vision">Color vision § Physiology of color perception</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_of_view">Field of view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Field of view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mairead_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mairead_cropped.png/220px-Mairead_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mairead_cropped.png/330px-Mairead_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mairead_cropped.png/440px-Mairead_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Side-view of the human eye, viewed approximately 90° temporal, illustrating how the iris and pupil appear rotated towards the viewer due to the optical properties of the cornea and the aqueous humour</figcaption></figure> <p>The approximate <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> of an individual human eye (measured from the fixation point, i.e., the point at which one's gaze is directed) varies by facial anatomy, but is typically 30° superior (up, limited by the brow), 45° nasal (limited by the nose), 70° inferior (down), and 100° temporal (towards the temple).<sup id="cite_ref-SavinoDanesh-Meyer2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SavinoDanesh-Meyer2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RyanSchachat2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanSchachat2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TrattlerKaiser2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrattlerKaiser2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For both eyes, combined (<a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>) visual field is approximately 100° vertical and a maximum 190° horizontal, approximately 120° of which makes up the binocular field of view (seen by both eyes) flanked by two uniocular fields (seen by only one eye) of approximately 40 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Dagnelie2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dagnelie2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dohse2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohse2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an area of 4.17 <a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">steradians</a> or 13700 <a href="/wiki/Square_degree" title="Square degree">square degrees</a> for binocular vision.<sup id="cite_ref-Deering_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deering-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When viewed at large angles from the side, the iris and pupil may still be visible by the viewer, indicating the person has peripheral vision possible at that angle.<sup id="cite_ref-SpringStiles1948_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpringStiles1948-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FedtkeManns2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedtkeManns2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MathurGehrmann2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MathurGehrmann2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 15° temporal and 1.5° below the horizontal is the <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision)">blind spot</a> created by the optic nerve nasally, which is roughly 7.5° high and 5.5° wide.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_range">Dynamic range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dynamic range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The retina has a static <a href="/wiki/Contrast_ratio" title="Contrast ratio">contrast ratio</a> of around 100:1 (about 6.5 <a href="/wiki/F-number#Stops,_f-stop_conventions,_and_exposure" title="F-number">f-stops</a>). As soon as the eye moves rapidly to acquire a target (<a href="/wiki/Saccade" title="Saccade">saccades</a>), it re-adjusts its exposure by adjusting the iris, which adjusts the size of the pupil. Initial dark adaptation takes place in approximately four seconds of profound, uninterrupted darkness; full adaptation through adjustments in retinal rod photoreceptors is 80% complete in thirty minutes. The process is nonlinear and multifaceted, so an interruption by light exposure requires restarting the dark adaptation process over again.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg/300px-Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg/450px-Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg/600px-Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The pupil of the human eye can range in size from 2 mm to over 8 mm to <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">adapt</a> to the environment</figcaption></figure><p>The human eye can detect a luminance from 10<sup>−6</sup> cd/m<sup>2</sup>, or one millionth (0.000001) of a <a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a> per square meter to 10<sup>8</sup> cd/m<sup>2</sup> or one hundred million (100,000,000) candelas per square meter.<sup id="cite_ref-IvergardHunt2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvergardHunt2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KaschkeDonnerhacke2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaschkeDonnerhacke2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BanterleArtusi2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BanterleArtusi2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (that is it has a range of 10<sup>14</sup>, or one hundred trillion 100,000,000,000,000, about 46.5 f-stops). This range does not include looking at the midday sun (10<sup>9</sup> cd/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-PodeDiouf2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PodeDiouf2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or lightning discharge. </p><p>At the low end of the range is the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold" title="Absolute threshold">absolute threshold</a> of vision for a steady light across a wide field of view, about 10<sup>−6</sup> cd/m<sup>2</sup> (0.000001 candela per square meter).<sup id="cite_ref-Davson2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davson2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-name_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper end of the range is given in terms of normal visual performance as 10<sup>8</sup> cd/m<sup>2</sup> (100,000,000 or one hundred million candelas per square meter).<sup id="cite_ref-NarisadaSchreuder2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NarisadaSchreuder2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif/220px-Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif/330px-Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif/440px-Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Dilation and constriction of the pupil</figcaption></figure> <p>The eye includes a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a> found in optical instruments such as cameras and the same physics principles can be applied. The <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> of the human eye is its <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>; the iris is the diaphragm that serves as the aperture stop. Refraction in the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> causes the effective aperture (the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a>) to differ slightly from the physical pupil diameter. The entrance pupil is typically about 4 mm in diameter, although it can range from 2 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8.3</span>) in a brightly lit place to 8 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.1</span>) in the dark. The latter value decreases slowly with age; older people's eyes sometimes dilate to not more than 5–6mm in the dark, and may be as small as 1mm in the light.<sup id="cite_ref-Timiras2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timiras2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGee2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eye_movement" title="Eye movement">Eye movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg/220px-Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg/330px-Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg/440px-Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>The light circle is the <a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">optic disc</a> where the optic nerve exits the retina</figcaption></figure> <p>The visual system in the human brain is too slow to process information if images are slipping across the retina at more than a few degrees per second.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, to be able to see while moving, the brain must compensate for the motion of the head by turning the eyes. Frontal-eyed animals have a small area of the retina with very high visual acuity, the <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea centralis</a>. It covers about 2 degrees of visual angle in people. To get a clear view of the world, the brain must turn the eyes so that the image of the object of regard falls on the fovea. Any failure to make eye movements correctly can lead to serious visual degradation. </p><p>Having two eyes allows the brain to determine the depth and distance of an object, called stereovision, and gives the sense of three-dimensionality to the vision. Both eyes must point accurately enough that the object of regard falls on corresponding points of the two retinas to stimulate stereovision; otherwise, double vision might occur. Some persons with congenitally crossed eyes tend to ignore one eye's vision, thus do not suffer double vision, and do not have stereovision. The movements of the eye are controlled by six muscles attached to each eye, and allow the eye to elevate, depress, converge, diverge and roll. These muscles are both controlled voluntarily and involuntarily to track objects and correct for simultaneous head movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid">Rapid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rapid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">Rapid eye movement sleep</a></div> <p>Rapid eye movement, REM, typically refers to the <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> stage during which the most vivid dreams occur. During this stage, the eyes move rapidly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saccadian">Saccadian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Saccadian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saccade" title="Saccade">Saccade</a></div> <p>Saccades are quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes in the same direction controlled by the frontal lobe of the brain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixational">Fixational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fixational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(visual)" title="Fixation (visual)">Fixation (visual)</a></div> <p>Even when looking intently at a single spot, the eyes drift around. This ensures that individual photosensitive cells are continually stimulated in different degrees. Without changing input, these cells would otherwise stop generating output. </p><p>Eye movements include drift, <a href="/wiki/Ocular_tremor" title="Ocular tremor">ocular tremor</a>, and microsaccades. Some irregular drifts, movements smaller than a saccade and larger than a microsaccade, subtend up to one tenth of a degree. Researchers vary in their definition of <a href="/wiki/Microsaccade" title="Microsaccade">microsaccades</a> by amplitude. Martin Rolfs<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that 'the majority of microsaccades observed in a variety of tasks have amplitudes smaller than 30 min-arc'. However, others state that the "current consensus has largely consolidated around a definition of microsaccades that includes magnitudes up to 1°."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vestibulo-ocular">Vestibulo-ocular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vestibulo-ocular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-ocular_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibulo-ocular reflex">Vestibulo-ocular reflex</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-ocular_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibulo-ocular reflex">vestibulo-ocular reflex</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflex</a> eye movement that stabilizes images on the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement in response to neural input from the vestibular system of the inner ear, thus maintaining the image in the centre of the visual field. For example, when the head moves to the right, the eyes move to the left. This applies for head movements up and down, left and right, and tilt to the right and left, all of which give input to the ocular muscles to maintain visual stability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smooth_pursuit">Smooth pursuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Smooth pursuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursuit movement">Pursuit movement</a></div> <p>Eyes can also follow a moving object around. This tracking is less accurate than the vestibulo-ocular reflex, as it requires the brain to process incoming visual information and supply <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>. Following an object moving at constant speed is relatively easy, though the eyes will often make saccades to keep up. The smooth pursuit movement can move the eye at up to 100°/s in adult humans. </p><p>It is more difficult to visually estimate speed in low light conditions or while moving, unless there is another point of reference for determining speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optokinetic">Optokinetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Optokinetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optokinetic_response" title="Optokinetic response">Optokinetic response</a></div> <p>The optokinetic reflex (or optokinetic nystagmus) stabilizes the image on the retina through visual feedback. It is induced when the entire visual scene drifts across the retina, eliciting eye rotation in the same direction and at a velocity that minimizes the motion of the image on the retina. When the gaze direction deviates too far from the forward heading, a compensatory saccade is induced to reset the gaze to the centre of the visual field.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, when looking out of the window at a moving train, the eyes can focus on a moving train for a short moment (by stabilizing it on the retina), until the train moves out of the field of vision. At this point, the eye is moved back to the point where it first saw the train (through a saccade). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Near_response">Near response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Near response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjustment to close-range vision involves three processes to focus an image on the retina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vergence_movement">Vergence movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vergence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vergence" title="Vergence">Vergence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png/220px-Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png/330px-Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png/440px-Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>The two eyes converge to point to the same object.</figcaption></figure> <p>When a creature with binocular vision looks at an object, the eyes must rotate around a vertical axis so that the projection of the image is in the centre of the retina in both eyes. To look at a nearby object, the eyes rotate 'towards each other' (<a href="/wiki/Convergence_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergence (eye)">convergence</a>), while for an object farther away they rotate 'away from each other' (<a href="/wiki/Divergence_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergence (eye)">divergence</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupil_constriction">Pupil constriction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pupil constriction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lenses cannot refract light rays at their edges as well as closer to the centre. The image produced by any lens is therefore somewhat blurry around the edges (<a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>). It can be minimized by screening out peripheral light rays and looking only at the better-focused centre. In the eye, the pupil serves this purpose by constricting while the eye is focused on nearby objects. Small apertures also give an increase in <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>, allowing a broader range of "in focus" vision. In this way the pupil has a dual purpose for near vision: to reduce spherical aberration and increase depth of field.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_A&Punity_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_A&Punity-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lens_accommodation">Lens accommodation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lens accommodation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)" title="Lens (vertebrate anatomy)">Lens (vertebrate anatomy)</a></div> <p>Changing the curvature of the lens is carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">ciliary muscles</a> surrounding the lens; this process is known as "accommodation". Accommodation narrows the inner diameter of the ciliary body, which actually relaxes the fibers of the suspensory ligament attached to the periphery of the lens, and also allows the lens to relax into a more convex, or globular, shape. A more convex lens refracts light more strongly and focuses divergent light rays from near objects onto the retina, allowing closer objects to be brought into better focus.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_A&Punity_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin_A&Punity-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine">Medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human eye contains enough complexity to warrant specialized attention and care beyond the duties of a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioner</a>. These specialists, or <a href="/wiki/Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">eye care professionals</a>, serve different functions in different countries. Eye care professionals can have overlap in their patient care privileges. For example, both an <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologist">ophthalmologist</a> (M.D.) and <a href="/wiki/Optometrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Optometrist">optometrist</a> (O.D.) are professionals who diagnose eye disease and can prescribe lenses to correct vision. Typically, only ophthalmologists are licensed to perform surgical procedures. Ophthalmologists may also specialize within a surgical area, such as <a href="/wiki/Corneal_transplantation" title="Corneal transplantation">cornea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataract_surgery" title="Cataract surgery">cataracts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refractive_surgery" title="Refractive surgery">laser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retinal_detachment" title="Retinal detachment">retina</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oculoplastics" title="Oculoplastics">oculoplastics</a>. </p><p>Eye care professionals include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocularist" title="Ocularist">Ocularists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opticianry" class="mw-redirect" title="Opticianry">Opticians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthoptics" title="Orthoptics">Orthoptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">vision therapists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pigmentation">Pigmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pigmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown">Brown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyStrangeIris.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MyStrangeIris.JPG/170px-MyStrangeIris.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MyStrangeIris.JPG/255px-MyStrangeIris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/MyStrangeIris.JPG/340px-MyStrangeIris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>A brown iris</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all mammals have brown or darkly-pigmented irises.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, brown is by far the most common eye color, with approximately 79% of people in the world having it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown eyes result from a relatively high concentration of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which causes light of both shorter and longer wavelengths to be absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye,_anterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/200px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/300px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/400px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption> A light brown iris with limbal ring</figcaption></figure> <p>In many parts of the world, it is nearly the only iris color present.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown eyes are common in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulem_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulem-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light or medium-pigmented brown eyes can also be commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and parts of Central <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Light brown eyes bordering amber and hazel coloration are common in Europe, but can also be observed in East Asia and Southeast Asia, though are uncommon in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amber">Amber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Amber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber-eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amber-eyes.jpg/220px-Amber-eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amber-eyes.jpg/330px-Amber-eyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amber-eyes.jpg/440px-Amber-eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Amber eye</figcaption></figure> <p>Amber eyes are a solid color with a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint, which may be due to the yellow pigment called <a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">lipochrome</a> (also found in green eyes).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes. Although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to have many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples, while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue. Even though amber is similar to gold, some people have russet or copper colored amber eyes that are mistaken for hazel, though hazel tends to be duller and contains green with red/gold flecks, as mentioned above. Amber eyes may also contain amounts of very light gold-ish gray. People with that eye color are common in northern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and in fewer numbers in southern Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazel">Hazel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hazel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG/170px-Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG/255px-Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG/340px-Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hazel eye</figcaption></figure> <p>Hazel eyes are due to a combination of <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefohn_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefohn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color from a brown to a green. Although hazel mostly consists of brown and green, the dominant color in the eye can either be brown/gold or green. This is why hazel eyes can be mistaken as amber and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frank_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination can sometimes produce a multicolored iris, i.e., an eye that is light brown/amber near the pupil and charcoal or dark green on the outer part of the iris (or vice versa) when observed in sunlight. </p><p>Definitions of the eye color <i>hazel</i> vary: it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with light brown or gold, as in the color of a <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a> shell.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regan_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 18% of the US population and 5% of the world population have hazel eyes. Hazel eyes are found in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, most commonly in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have also been observed to be very common among the <a href="/wiki/Low_Saxon" title="Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a> speaking populations of northern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green">Green</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Green"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green eyes are most common in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 8–10% of men and 18–21% of women in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and 6% of men and 17% of women in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> have green eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-sulem_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sulem-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a>, green eyes are most common among those of recent <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> ancestry, with about 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-sulem_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sulem-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The green color is caused by the combination of: 1) an amber or light brown pigmentation in the stroma of the iris (which has a low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleigh scattering of reflected light.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment <a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">lipochrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeneyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green eyes"><img alt="Green eyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Greeneyes.jpg/200px-Greeneyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Greeneyes.jpg/300px-Greeneyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Greeneyes.jpg/400px-Greeneyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green eyes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazel_Eyes_Ojos_Avellana_(Marron-Verde)_Caracas_Venezuela_Vicente_Quintero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green-hazel eyes"><img alt="Green-hazel eyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hazel_Eyes_Ojos_Avellana_%28Marron-Verde%29_Caracas_Venezuela_Vicente_Quintero.jpg/200px-Hazel_Eyes_Ojos_Avellana_%28Marron-Verde%29_Caracas_Venezuela_Vicente_Quintero.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hazel_Eyes_Ojos_Avellana_%28Marron-Verde%29_Caracas_Venezuela_Vicente_Quintero.jpg/300px-Hazel_Eyes_Ojos_Avellana_%28Marron-Verde%29_Caracas_Venezuela_Vicente_Quintero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hazel_Eyes_Ojos_Avellana_%28Marron-Verde%29_Caracas_Venezuela_Vicente_Quintero.jpg/400px-Hazel_Eyes_Ojos_Avellana_%28Marron-Verde%29_Caracas_Venezuela_Vicente_Quintero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green-hazel eyes</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue">Blue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye,_9_August_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye%2C_9_August_2024.jpg/220px-Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye%2C_9_August_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye%2C_9_August_2024.jpg/330px-Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye%2C_9_August_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye%2C_9_August_2024.jpg/440px-Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye%2C_9_August_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Blue eye</figcaption></figure> <p>The inheritance pattern followed by blue eyes was previously assumed to be a <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">mendelian recessive</a> trait, however, eye color inheritance is now recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Polygenic_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic trait">polygenic trait</a>, meaning that it is controlled by the interactions of several genes.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blue eyes are predominant in northern and eastern Europe, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Blue eyes are also found in southern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalli-Sforza,_L._L._1994_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalli-Sforza,_L._L._1994-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-altervista1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altervista1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 8% to 10% of the global population have blue eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2002 study found that the prevalence of blue eye color among the <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white population</a> in the United States to be 33.8% for those born from 1936 through 1951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gray">Gray</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_eye,_Northern_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray_eye%2C_Northern_Italy.jpg/220px-Gray_eye%2C_Northern_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray_eye%2C_Northern_Italy.jpg/330px-Gray_eye%2C_Northern_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray_eye%2C_Northern_Italy.jpg/440px-Gray_eye%2C_Northern_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="2947" /></a><figcaption>Gray eye Northern Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Like blue eyes, gray eyes have a dark epithelium at the back of the iris and a relatively clear stroma at the front. One possible explanation for the difference in the appearance of gray and blue eyes is that gray eyes have larger deposits of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> in the stroma, so that the light that is reflected from the epithelium undergoes <a href="/wiki/Mie_scattering" title="Mie scattering">Mie scattering</a> (which is not strongly frequency-dependent) rather than Rayleigh scattering (in which shorter wavelengths of light are scattered more). This would be analogous to the change in the color of the sky, from the blue given by the Rayleigh scattering of sunlight by small gas molecules when the sky is clear, to the gray caused by Mie scattering of large water droplets when the sky is cloudy.<sup id="cite_ref-Southworth_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southworth-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it has been suggested that gray and blue eyes might differ in the concentration of melanin at the front of the stroma.<sup id="cite_ref-Southworth_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southworth-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gray eyes can also be found among the <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shawia_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawia people">Shawia people</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a> in Northwest Africa, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>/<a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Under magnification, gray eyes exhibit small amounts of yellow and brown color in the iris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irritation">Irritation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Irritation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irritation#Eye_irritation" title="Irritation">Irritation § Eye irritation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">Lacrimal gland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bloodshot.jpg/220px-Bloodshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bloodshot.jpg/330px-Bloodshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bloodshot.jpg/440px-Bloodshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Conjunctival infection, or redness of the sclera surrounding the iris and pupil</figcaption></figure> <p>Eye irritation has been defined as "the magnitude of any stinging, scratching, burning, or other irritating sensation from the eye".<sup id="cite_ref-Mendell_OfficeWorkers_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendell_OfficeWorkers-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common problem experienced by people of all ages. Related eye symptoms and signs of irritation are discomfort, dryness, excess tearing, itchiness, grating, foreign body sensation, ocular fatigue, pain, soreness, redness, swollen eyelids, and tiredness, etc. These eye symptoms are reported with intensities from mild to severe. It has been suggested that these eye symptoms are related to different causal mechanisms, and symptoms are related to the particular ocular anatomy involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolkoff_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolkoff-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several suspected causal factors in our environment have been studied so far.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendell_OfficeWorkers_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendell_OfficeWorkers-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis is that <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air pollution</a> may cause eye and airway irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-Norn_Pollution_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norn_Pollution-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eye irritation depends somewhat on destabilization of the outer-eye tear film, i.e. the formation of dry spots on the cornea, resulting in ocular discomfort.<sup id="cite_ref-Norn_Pollution_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norn_Pollution-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lemp_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemp-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupational factors are also likely to influence the perception of eye irritation. Some of these are lighting (glare and poor contrast), gaze position, reduced blink rate, limited number of breaks from visual tasking, and a constant combination of accommodation, musculoskeletal burden, and impairment of the visual nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-Murata_CNSeffects_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murata_CNSeffects-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rossignol_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossignol-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor that may be related is work stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Apter_SickBldg_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apter_SickBldg-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_FactsandFallacies_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_FactsandFallacies-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, psychological factors have been found in multivariate analyses to be associated with an increase in eye irritation among <a href="/wiki/Visual_display_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual display unit">VDU</a> users.<sup id="cite_ref-Aronsson_VDTdiscomfort_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronsson_VDTdiscomfort-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mocci_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mocci-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other risk factors, such as chemical toxins/irritants (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Decane" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Decane">N-Decane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOCs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a>, etc.) might cause eye irritation as well. </p><p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> that are both chemically reactive and airway irritants may cause eye irritation. Personal factors (e.g. use of contact lenses, eye make-up, and certain medications) may also affect destabilization of the tear film and possibly result in more eye symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolkoff_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolkoff-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, if airborne particles alone should destabilize the tear film and cause eye irritation, their content of surface-active compounds must be high.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolkoff_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolkoff-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An integrated physiological risk model with <a href="/wiki/Blink" class="mw-redirect" title="Blink">blink</a> frequency, destabilization, and break-up of the eye tear film as inseparable phenomena may explain eye irritation among office workers in terms of occupational, climate, and eye-related physiological risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolkoff_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolkoff-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two major measures of eye irritation. One is blink frequency, which can be observed by human behavior. The other measures are break up time, tear flow, hyperemia (redness, swelling), tear fluid cytology, and epithelial damage (vital stains) etc., which are human beings' physiological reactions. Blink frequency is defined as the number of blinks per minute and it is associated with eye irritation. Blink frequencies are individual with mean frequencies of < 2–3 to 20–30 blinks/minute, and they depend on environmental factors including the use of <a href="/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens">contact lenses</a>. Dehydration, mental activities, work conditions, room temperature, relative humidity, and illumination all influence blink frequency. Break-up time (BUT) is another major measure of eye irritation and tear film stability.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is defined as the time interval (in seconds) between blinking and rupture. BUT is considered to reflect the stability of the tear film as well. In normal persons, the break-up time exceeds the interval between blinks, and, therefore, the tear film is maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolkoff_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolkoff-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that blink frequency is correlated negatively with break-up time. This phenomenon indicates that perceived eye irritation is associated with an increase in blink frequency since the cornea and conjunctiva both have sensitive nerve endings that belong to the first trigeminal branch.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sibony_PA._et_al._1998,_pp._1509-1592_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sibony_PA._et_al._1998,_pp._1509-1592-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other evaluating methods, such as hyperemia, cytology etc. have increasingly been used to assess eye irritation. </p><p>There are other factors that are related to eye irritation as well. Three major factors that influence the most are indoor air pollution, contact lenses and gender differences. Field studies have found that the prevalence of objective eye signs is often significantly altered among office workers in comparisons with random samples of the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These research results might indicate that indoor air pollution has played an important role in causing eye irritation. There are more and more people wearing contact lens now and dry eyes appear to be the most common complaint among contact lens wearers.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vajdic_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vajdic-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both contact lens wearers and spectacle wearers experience similar eye irritation symptoms, dryness, redness, and grittiness have been reported far more frequently among contact lens wearers and with greater severity than among spectacle wearers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vajdic_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vajdic-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that incidence of dry eyes increases with age,<sup id="cite_ref-Seal,_D.V._et_al._1986_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seal,_D.V._et_al._1986-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially among women.<sup id="cite_ref-McCartyDryEyeAustralia_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCartyDryEyeAustralia-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tear film stability (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tear_break-up_time" title="Tear break-up time">tear break-up time</a>) is significantly lower among women than among men. In addition, women have a higher blink frequency while reading.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentivoglio_AR._et_al._1997,_pp.1028-1034_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentivoglio_AR._et_al._1997,_pp.1028-1034-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors may contribute to gender differences. One is the use of eye make-up. Another reason could be that the women in the reported studies have done more VDU work than the men, including lower grade work. A third often-quoted explanation is related to the age-dependent decrease of tear secretion, particularly among women after 40 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-McCartyDryEyeAustralia_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCartyDryEyeAustralia-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study conducted by <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, the frequency of reported symptoms in industrial buildings was investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study's results were that eye irritation was the most frequent symptom in industrial building spaces, at 81%. Modern office work with use of office equipment has raised concerns about possible adverse health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, reports have linked mucosal, skin, and general symptoms to work with self-copying paper. Emission of various particulate and volatile substances has been suggested as specific causes. These symptoms have been related to <a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">sick building syndrome</a> (SBS), which involves symptoms such as irritation to the eyes, skin, and upper airways, headache and fatigue.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the symptoms described in SBS and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">multiple chemical sensitivity</a> (MCS) resemble the symptoms known to be elicited by airborne irritant chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A repeated measurement design was employed in the study of acute symptoms of eye and respiratory tract irritation resulting from occupational exposure to sodium borate dusts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptom assessment of the 79 exposed and 27 unexposed subjects comprised interviews before the shift began and then at regular hourly intervals for the next six hours of the shift, four days in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposures were monitored concurrently with a personal real time aerosol monitor. Two different exposure profiles, a daily average and short term (15 minute) average, were used in the analysis. Exposure-response relations were evaluated by linking incidence rates for each symptom with categories of exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acute incidence rates for nasal, eye, and <a href="/wiki/Throat_irritation" title="Throat irritation">throat irritation</a>, and coughing and breathlessness were found to be associated with increased exposure levels of both exposure indices. Steeper exposure-response slopes were seen when short term exposure concentrations were used. Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis suggest that current smokers tended to be less sensitive to the exposure to airborne sodium borate dust.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegman_DoseRelatedAcuteIrritants-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several actions can be taken to prevent eye irritation— </p> <ul><li>trying to maintain normal blinking by avoiding room temperatures that are too high; avoiding relative humidities that are too high or too low, because they reduce blink frequency or may increase water evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolkoff_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolkoff-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>trying to maintain an intact film of <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a> by the following actions:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ol><li>Blinking and short breaks may be beneficial for VDU users.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing these two actions might help maintain the tear film.</li> <li>Downward gazing is recommended to reduce ocular surface area and water evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The distance between the VDU and keyboard should be kept as short as possible to minimize evaporation from the ocular surface area by a low direction of the gaze,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>Blink training can be beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></dd></dl> <p>In addition, other measures are proper lid hygiene, avoidance of eye rubbing,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proper use of personal products and medication. Eye make-up should be used with care.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease">Disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual.svg/360px-Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual.svg/540px-Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual.svg/720px-Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:80%;">Diagram of a <a class="mw-selflink selflink">human eye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transverse_plane" title="Transverse plane">horizontal section</a> of the right eye)<br /> 1. <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a>, 2. <a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">Zonule of Zinn or Ciliary zonule</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/Posterior_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior chamber">Posterior chamber</a> and 4. <a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior chamber">Anterior chamber</a> with 5. <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a> flow; 6. <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a>, 7. <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Corneosclera or Fibrous tunic</a> with 8. <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a>, 9. <a href="/wiki/Trabecular_meshwork" title="Trabecular meshwork">Trabecular meshwork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a>. 10. <a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">Corneal limbus</a> and 11. <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">Sclera</a>; 12. <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a>, 13. <a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Uvea</a> with 14. <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a>, 15. <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a> (with a: <i>pars plicata</i> and b: <i>pars plana</i>) and 16. <a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a>); 17. <a href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">Ora serrata</a>, 18. <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous humor">Vitreous humor</a> with 19. <a href="/wiki/Hyaloid_artery" title="Hyaloid artery">Hyaloid canal/(old artery)</a>, 20. <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> with 21. <a href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">Macula or macula lutea</a>, 22. <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a> and 23. <a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a> → <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision)">blind spot</a>; 24. <a href="/wiki/Line_of_sight" title="Line of sight">Visual axis (line of sight)</a>. 25. <a href="/wiki/Optical_axis" title="Optical axis">Optical axis</a>. 26. <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic nerve</a> with 27. <a href="/wiki/Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">Dural</a> sheath, 28. <a href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" title="Tenon's capsule">Tenon's capsule or bulbar sheath</a>, 29. Tendon.<br /> 30. <a href="/wiki/Anterior_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior segment">Anterior segment</a>, 31. <a href="/wiki/Posterior_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior segment">Posterior segment</a>.<br /> 32. <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_artery" title="Ophthalmic artery">Ophthalmic artery</a>, 33. <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery" title="Central retinal artery"> Artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" title="Central retinal vein">central retinal vein</a> → 36. Blood vessels of the retina; <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_arteries" title="Ciliary arteries">Ciliary arteries</a> (34. <a href="/wiki/Short_posterior_ciliary_arteries" title="Short posterior ciliary arteries">Short posterior ones</a>, 35. <a href="/wiki/Long_posterior_ciliary_arteries" title="Long posterior ciliary arteries">Long posterior ones</a> and 37. <a href="/wiki/Anterior_ciliary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ciliary artery">Anterior ones</a>), 38. <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_artery" title="Lacrimal artery">Lacrimal artery</a>, 39. <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmic vein">Ophthalmic vein</a>, 40. <a href="/wiki/Vorticose_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorticose vein">Vorticose vein</a>.<br /> 41. <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">Ethmoid bone</a>, 42. <a href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">Medial rectus muscle</a>, 43. <a href="/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle" title="Lateral rectus muscle">Lateral rectus muscle</a>, 44. <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">Sphenoid bone</a>.</span></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">diseases</a>, disorders, and <a href="/wiki/Aging-associated_diseases" title="Aging-associated diseases">age-related</a> changes that may affect the eyes and surrounding structures. </p><p>As the eye ages, certain changes occur that can be attributed solely to the aging process. Most of these anatomic and physiologic processes follow a gradual decline. With aging, the quality of vision worsens due to reasons independent of diseases of the aging eye. While there are many changes of significance in the non-diseased eye, the most functionally important changes seem to be a reduction in pupil size and the loss of accommodation or focusing capability (<a href="/wiki/Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia">presbyopia</a>). The area of the pupil governs the amount of light that can reach the retina. The extent to which the pupil dilates decreases with age, leading to a substantial decrease in light received at the retina. In comparison to younger people, it is as though older persons are constantly wearing medium-density sunglasses. Therefore, for any detailed visually guided tasks on which performance varies with illumination, older persons require extra lighting. Certain ocular diseases can come from <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a> such as herpes and genital warts. If contact between the eye and area of infection occurs, the STI can be transmitted to the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With aging, a prominent white ring develops in the periphery of the cornea called <a href="/wiki/Arcus_senilis" title="Arcus senilis">arcus senilis</a>. Aging causes laxity, downward shift of eyelid tissues and atrophy of the orbital fat. These changes contribute to the etiology of several eyelid disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Ectropion" title="Ectropion">ectropion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entropion" title="Entropion">entropion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatochalasis" title="Dermatochalasis">dermatochalasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(eyelid)" title="Ptosis (eyelid)">ptosis</a>. The vitreous gel undergoes liquefaction (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_vitreous_detachment" title="Posterior vitreous detachment">posterior vitreous detachment</a> or PVD) and its opacities — visible as <a href="/wiki/Floater" title="Floater">floaters</a> — gradually increase in number. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">Eye care professionals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologist">ophthalmologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optometrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Optometrist">optometrists</a>, are involved in the treatment and management of ocular and vision disorders. A <a href="/wiki/Snellen_chart" title="Snellen chart">Snellen chart</a> is one type of <a href="/wiki/Eye_chart" title="Eye chart">eye chart</a> used to measure <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a>. At the conclusion of a complete <a href="/wiki/Eye_examination" title="Eye examination">eye examination</a>, the eye doctor might provide the patient with an <a href="/wiki/Eyeglass_prescription" title="Eyeglass prescription">eyeglass prescription</a> for <a href="/wiki/Corrective_lens" title="Corrective lens">corrective lenses</a>. Some disorders of the eyes for which corrective lenses are prescribed include myopia (<a href="/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">near-sightedness</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hyperopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperopia">hyperopia</a> (far-sightedness), <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">astigmatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia">presbyopia</a> (the loss of focusing range during aging). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macular_degeneration">Macular degeneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Macular degeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">Macular degeneration</a></div> <p>Macular degeneration is especially prevalent in the U.S. and affects roughly 1.75 million Americans each year.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having lower levels of lutein and zeaxanthin within the macula may be associated with an increase in the risk of age-related macular degeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutein and zeaxanthin act as <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> that protect the retina and macula from oxidative damage from high-energy light waves.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the light waves enter the eye, they excite electrons that can cause harm to the cells in the eye, but they can cause oxidative damage that may lead to macular degeneration or cataracts. Lutein and zeaxanthin bind to the electron free radical and are reduced rendering the electron safe. There are many ways to ensure a diet rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, the best of which is to eat dark green vegetables including kale, spinach, broccoli and turnip greens. Nutrition is an important aspect of the ability to achieve and maintain proper eye health. <a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">Lutein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a> are two major carotenoids, found in the macula of the eye, that are being researched to identify their role in the pathogenesis of eye disorders such as age-related <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cataracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataracts">cataracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Human eyes (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">color</a>) and the area surrounding the eye (<a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">lids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">lashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">brows</a>) have long been a key component of <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">physical attractiveness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a> plays a significant role in human nonverbal communication. A prominent <a href="/wiki/Limbal_ring" title="Limbal ring">limbal ring</a> (dark ring around the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> of the eye) is considered attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, long and full <a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">eyelashes</a> are coveted as a sign of beauty and are considered an attractive <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">facial feature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pupil size has also been shown to play an influential role in attraction and nonverbal communication, with <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">dilated (larger) pupils</a> perceived to be more attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should also be noted that dilated pupils are a response to sexual arousal and stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, women used the juice of the berries of the <a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">belladonna</a> plant in eyedrops to <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">dilate the pupils</a> and make the eyes appear more seductive.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eyelashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Long, thick, and dark eyelashes are considered an attractive facial feature as they draw attention to the eyes. Subject exhibits trichomegaly (exceptionally long lashes)"><img alt="Long, thick, and dark eyelashes are considered an attractive facial feature as they draw attention to the eyes. Subject exhibits trichomegaly (exceptionally long lashes)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Human_eyelashes.jpg/427px-Human_eyelashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Human_eyelashes.jpg/640px-Human_eyelashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Human_eyelashes.jpg/853px-Human_eyelashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3253" data-file-height="1831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Long, thick, and dark eyelashes are considered an attractive facial feature as they draw attention to the eyes. Subject exhibits <a href="/wiki/Trichomegaly" title="Trichomegaly">trichomegaly</a> (exceptionally long lashes)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye_with_limbal_ring,_anterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A thick, dark, limbal ring is seen as an attractive feature"><img alt="A thick, dark, limbal ring is seen as an attractive feature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg/427px-Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg/640px-Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg/854px-Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A thick, dark, limbal ring is seen as an attractive feature</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pupils dilate in response to sexual arousal and larger pupils are perceived to be more attractive"><img alt="Pupils dilate in response to sexual arousal and larger pupils are perceived to be more attractive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg/427px-Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg/640px-Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg/854px-Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pupils dilate in response to sexual arousal and larger pupils are perceived to be more attractive</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images">Images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_human_eye_without_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right eye without labels (horizontal section)"><img alt="Right eye without labels (horizontal section)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Diagram_of_human_eye_without_labels.svg/114px-Diagram_of_human_eye_without_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Diagram_of_human_eye_without_labels.svg/172px-Diagram_of_human_eye_without_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Diagram_of_human_eye_without_labels.svg/229px-Diagram_of_human_eye_without_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right eye without labels (horizontal section)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png/120px-Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png/180px-Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png/240px-Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0389_EyeAnatomy_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Blausen_0389_EyeAnatomy_02.png/120px-Blausen_0389_EyeAnatomy_02.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Blausen_0389_EyeAnatomy_02.png/180px-Blausen_0389_EyeAnatomy_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Blausen_0389_EyeAnatomy_02.png/240px-Blausen_0389_EyeAnatomy_02.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The structures of the eye labeled"><img alt="The structures of the eye labeled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png/120px-Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png/180px-Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png/240px-Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The structures of the eye labeled</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled"><img alt="Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg/117px-Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg/176px-Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg/235px-Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/27px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/36px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye colour">Eye colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_development" title="Eye development">Eye development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_strain" title="Eye strain">Eye strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloid_canal" title="Hyaloid canal">Hyaloid canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_recognition" title="Iris recognition">Iris recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobloch_syndrome" title="Knobloch syndrome">Knobloch syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_caruncle" title="Lacrimal caruncle">Lacrimal caruncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheum" title="Rheum">Rheum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">Spectral sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2012" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Carl (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/the-brain-our-strange-important-subconscious-light-detectors">"Our Strange, Important, Subconscious Light Detectors"</a>. Discover Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Strange%2C+Important%2C+Subconscious+Light+Detectors&rft.pub=Discover+Magazine&rft.date=2012-02&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fmind%2Fthe-brain-our-strange-important-subconscious-light-detectors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwiegerling2004" class="citation book cs1">Schwiegerling, Jim (2004). <i>Field guide to visual and ophthalmic optics</i>. SPIE FG. 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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60913-266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60913-266-8"><bdi>978-1-60913-266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour+Atlas+and+Synopsis+of+Clinical+Ophthalmology+%E2%80%93+Wills+Eye+Institute+%E2%80%93+Neuro-Ophthalmology&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60913-266-8&rft.aulast=Savino&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Danesh-Meyer%2C+Helen+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RgSZGWQZGIC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RyanSchachat2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RyanSchachat2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanSchachatWilkinsonDavid_R._Hinton2012" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Stephen J.; Schachat, Andrew P.; Wilkinson, Charles P.; David R. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-3773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-3773-4"><bdi>978-1-4557-3773-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Ophthalmology%3A+Expert+Consult+%E2%80%93+Online+and+Print&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-3773-4&rft.aulast=Trattler&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Peter+K.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Neil+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAazA_9TQnHYC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dagnelie2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dagnelie2011_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagnelie2011" class="citation book cs1">Dagnelie, Gislin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gislin_Dagnelie_Visual_Prosthetics"><i>Visual Prosthetics: Physiology, Bioengineering, Rehabilitation</i></a>. 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(May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altervista1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-altervista1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726095519/http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/08-05.htm">"Distribution of Bodily Characters. Pigmentation, the Pilous System, and Morphology of the Soft Parts"</a>. 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_eye&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523224359/http://hilzbook.com/organs/head/eye/">Eye – Hilzbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524023842/http://hilzbook.com/organs/head/eye/retina/">Retina – Hilzbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visiondirect.co.uk/the-human-eye">Interactive Tool to explore the Human Eye</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_eyes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human eyes">Human eyes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_orbit_of_the_eye" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_anatomy" title="Template:Orbital anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_anatomy" title="Template talk:Orbital anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_orbit_of_the_eye" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">eye</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">Frontal bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">Zygomatic bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxillary bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">Sphenoid bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">Ethmoid bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">Palatine bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">Lacrimal bone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Muscles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" title="Superior rectus muscle">Superior rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" title="Inferior rectus muscle">Inferior rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle" title="Lateral rectus muscle">Lateral rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">Medial rectus muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle" title="Superior oblique muscle">Superior oblique muscle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_superior_oblique" title="Trochlea of superior oblique">Trochlea of superior oblique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" title="Inferior oblique muscle">Inferior oblique muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle" title="Levator palpebrae superioris muscle">Levator palpebrae superioris muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(eyelids)" title="Tarsus (eyelids)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_palpebral_ligament" title="Medial palpebral ligament">Medial palpebral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicanthic_fold" title="Epicanthic fold">Epicanthic fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">Meibomian gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moll%27s_gland" title="Moll's gland">Ciliary glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">Eyelash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_fissure" title="Palpebral fissure">Palpebral fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canthus" title="Canthus">Canthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gland_of_Zeis" title="Gland of Zeis">Gland of Zeis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_apparatus" title="Lacrimal apparatus">Lacrimal apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_canaliculi" title="Lacrimal canaliculi">Lacrimal canaliculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_caruncle" title="Lacrimal caruncle">Lacrimal caruncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">Lacrimal gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_lacrimal_glands" title="Accessory lacrimal glands">Accessory lacrimal glands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krause%27s_glands" title="Krause's glands">Krause's glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaccio%27s_glands" title="Ciaccio's glands">Ciaccio's glands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_lake" title="Lacrimal lake">Lacrimal lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_papilla" title="Lacrimal papilla">Lacrimal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_punctum" title="Lacrimal punctum">Lacrimal punctum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_sac" title="Lacrimal sac">Lacrimal sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct" title="Nasolacrimal duct">Nasolacrimal duct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unibrow" title="Unibrow">Unibrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plica_semilunaris_of_conjunctiva" title="Plica semilunaris of conjunctiva">Plica semilunaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_septum" title="Orbital septum">Orbital septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periorbita" title="Periorbita">Periorbita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_eyeball" title="Suspensory ligament of eyeball">Suspensory ligament of eyeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" title="Tenon's capsule">Tenon's capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eye_proteins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_proteins" title="Template:Eye proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_proteins" title="Template talk:Eye proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eye_proteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eye</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Retinylidene_protein" title="Retinylidene protein">retinylidene protein</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_visual_opsin" title="Vertebrate visual opsin">visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_opsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone opsin">Cone opsins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>/<a href="/wiki/OPN1MW2" title="OPN1MW2">OPN1MW2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">OPN1SW</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Opsin#Novel_type_2_opsin_groups" title="Opsin">nonvisual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">Melanopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">OPN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">OPN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGR_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="RGR (gene)">RGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Crystallin" title="Crystallin">Crystallin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha crystallin">Alpha</a> (<a href="/wiki/CRYAA" title="CRYAA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYAB" title="CRYAB">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_gamma_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta gamma crystallin">Beta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crystallin,_beta_A1" title="Crystallin, beta A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRYBA2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRYBA2 (page does not exist)">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBA4" title="CRYBA4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB1" title="CRYBB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB2" title="CRYBB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB3" title="CRYBB3">B3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_gamma_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta gamma crystallin">Gamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/CRYGA" title="CRYGA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGB" title="CRYGB">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGC" title="CRYGC">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallin,_gamma_D" title="Crystallin, gamma D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRYGN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRYGN (page does not exist)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGS" title="CRYGS">S</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrestin" title="Arrestin">Arrestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase_activator" title="Guanylate cyclase activator">Guanylate cyclase activator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoverin" title="Recoverin">Recoverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin_kinase" title="Rhodopsin kinase">Rhodopsin kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template talk:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_systems_and_organs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_globe_of_the_human_eye" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_anatomy" title="Template:Eye anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_anatomy" title="Template talk:Eye anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_globe_of_the_human_eye" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)" title="Globe (human eye)">globe</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">human eye</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Fibrous tunic</a> <br />(outer)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">Sclera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcleral_layer" title="Episcleral layer">Episcleral layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabecular_meshwork" title="Trabecular meshwork">Trabecular meshwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">Limbus</a></li> <li><i>layers</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_layer" title="Bowman's layer">Bowman's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_cornea" title="Stroma of cornea">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua%27s_layer" title="Dua's layer">Dua's layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descemet%27s_membrane" title="Descemet's membrane">Descemet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_endothelium" title="Corneal endothelium">Endothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina"><img alt="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/300px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/400px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1208" usemap="#ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f" resource="/wiki/File:Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f"><area href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="50,21,7" alt="1: posterior segment" title="1: posterior segment" /><area href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" shape="circle" coords="38,30,7" alt="2: ora serrata" title="2: ora serrata" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" shape="circle" coords="28,40,7" alt="3: ciliary muscle" title="3: ciliary muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" shape="circle" coords="20,53,7" alt="4: ciliary zonules" title="4: ciliary zonules" /><area href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" shape="circle" coords="12,66,7" alt="5: Schlemm's canal" title="5: Schlemm's canal" /><area href="/wiki/Pupil" shape="circle" coords="9,80,7" alt="6: pupil" title="6: pupil" /><area href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="7,96,7" alt="7: anterior chamber" title="7: anterior chamber" /><area href="/wiki/Cornea" shape="circle" coords="7,111,7" alt="8: cornea" title="8: cornea" /><area href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" shape="circle" coords="9,125,7" alt="9: iris" title="9: iris" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_cortex" shape="circle" coords="15,139,7" alt="10: lens cortex" title="10: lens cortex" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_nucleus" shape="circle" coords="22,152,7" alt="11: lens nucleus" title="11: lens nucleus" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" shape="circle" coords="30,163,7" alt="12: ciliary process" title="12: ciliary process" /><area href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" shape="circle" coords="41,173,7" alt="13: conjunctiva" title="13: conjunctiva" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" shape="circle" coords="133,189,7" alt="14: inferior oblique muscule" title="14: inferior oblique muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="147,182,7" alt="15: inferior rectus muscule" title="15: inferior rectus muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="160,174,7" alt="16: medial rectus muscle" title="16: medial rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retinal_arteries_and_veins" shape="circle" coords="171,163,7" alt="17: retinal arteries and veins" title="17: retinal arteries and veins" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_disc" shape="circle" coords="180,152,7" alt="18: optic disc" title="18: optic disc" /><area href="/wiki/Dura_mater" shape="circle" coords="187,139,7" alt="19: dura mater" title="19: dura mater" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery" shape="circle" coords="191,125,7" alt="20: central retinal artery" title="20: central retinal artery" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" shape="circle" coords="188,66,7" alt="21: central retinal vein" title="21: central retinal vein" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" shape="circle" coords="182,53,7" alt="22: optic nerve" title="22: optic nerve" /><area href="/wiki/Vorticose_veins" shape="circle" coords="174,41,7" alt="23: vorticose vein" title="23: vorticose vein" /><area href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" shape="circle" coords="162,30,7" alt="24: bulbar sheath" title="24: bulbar sheath" /><area href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" shape="circle" coords="151,22,7" alt="25: macula" title="25: macula" /><area href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" shape="circle" coords="136,13,7" alt="26: fovea" title="26: fovea" /><area href="/wiki/Sclera" shape="circle" coords="121,8,7" alt="27: sclera" title="27: sclera" /><area href="/wiki/Choroid" shape="circle" coords="107,7,7" alt="28: choroid" title="28: choroid" /><area href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="93,7,7" alt="29: superior rectus muscle" title="29: superior rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retina" shape="circle" coords="79,8,7" alt="30: retina" title="30: retina" /></map><figcaption>1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Uvea / vascular <br />tunic</a> (middle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_lamina_of_choroid" title="Capillary lamina of choroid">Capillary lamina of choroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruch%27s_membrane" title="Bruch's membrane">Bruch's membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattler%27s_layer" title="Sattler's layer">Sattler's layer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" title="Ciliary processes">Ciliary processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">Ciliary muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plicata" title="Pars plicata">Pars plicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plana" title="Pars plana">Pars plana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">Iris dilator muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">Iris sphincter muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> (inner)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_limiting_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner limiting membrane">Inner limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber layer">Nerve fiber layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">Ganglion cell layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">Inner plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_nuclear_layer" title="Inner nuclear layer">Inner nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">Outer plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_nuclear_layer" title="Outer nuclear layer">Outer nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_limiting_membrane" title="External limiting membrane">External limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_of_rods_and_cones" title="Layer of rods and cones">Layer of rods and cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">Retinal pigment epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a>) → (<a href="/wiki/Retina_horizontal_cell" title="Retina horizontal cell">Horizontal cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">Bipolar cell</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Amacrine_cell" title="Amacrine cell">Amacrine cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">Retina ganglion cell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midget_cell" title="Midget cell">Midget cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasol_cell" title="Parasol cell">Parasol cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistratified_cell" title="Bistratified cell">Bistratified cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_retinal_ganglion_cells" title="Giant retinal ganglion cells">Giant retina ganglion cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">Photosensitive ganglion cell</a>) → <i>Diencephalon</i>: <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muller_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muller glia">Muller glia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">Macula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perifovea" title="Perifovea">Perifoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafovea" title="Parafovea">Parafoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foveal_avascular_zone" title="Foveal avascular zone">Foveal avascular zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveola" title="Foveola">Foveola</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_cup_(anatomical)" title="Optic cup (anatomical)">Optic cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">Ora serrata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical regions <br />of the eye</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Anterior segment of eyeball">Anterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal system">Lacrimal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tunic">Fibrous tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">Anterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Posterior chamber of eyeball">Posterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_lens" title="Capsule of lens">Capsule of lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">Zonule of Zinn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Posterior segment of eyeball">Posterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_chamber" title="Vitreous chamber">Vitreous chamber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">Vitreous body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_keratocyte" title="Corneal keratocyte">Keratocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_immune_system" title="Ocular immune system">Ocular immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography#Ophthalmology" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">Eye care professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a></li> <li><a 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