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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Input-output gain of a detector system</div> <p><b>Responsivity</b> is a measure of the input–output <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a> of a detector system. In the specific case of a <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a>, it measures the electrical output per optical input. </p><p>A photodetector's responsivity is usually expressed in units of <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> per <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> of incident <a href="/wiki/Radiant_flux" title="Radiant flux">radiant power</a>. For a system that responds <a href="/wiki/Linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear">linearly</a> to its input, there is a unique responsivity. For <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">nonlinear systems</a>, the responsivity is the <a href="/wiki/Derivative" title="Derivative">local slope</a>. Many common photodetectors respond linearly as a function of the incident power. </p><p>Responsivity is a function of the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the incident <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">radiation</a> and of the sensor's properties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bandgap" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandgap">bandgap</a> of the material of which the photodetector is made.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One simple expression for the responsivity <i>R</i> of a photodetector in which an optical signal is converted into an electric current (known as a <a href="/wiki/Photocurrent" title="Photocurrent">photocurrent</a>) is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=\eta {\frac {q}{hf}}\approx \eta {\frac {\lambda _{(\mu m)}}{1.23985(\mu m\times W/A)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>η</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>q</mi> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>η</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mn>1.23985</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=\eta {\frac {q}{hf}}\approx \eta {\frac {\lambda _{(\mu m)}}{1.23985(\mu m\times W/A)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e0357a5d6bd0d8814a9164ac6805e9d34032eb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:35.644ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=\eta {\frac {q}{hf}}\approx \eta {\frac {\lambda _{(\mu m)}}{1.23985(\mu m\times W/A)}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>η</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" /></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_efficiency" title="Quantum efficiency">quantum efficiency</a> (the conversion efficiency of photons to electrons) of the detector for a given wavelength, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" /></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Electron_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron charge">electron charge</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" /></span> is the frequency of the optical signal, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" /></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expression is also given in terms of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" /></span>, the wavelength of the optical signal, and has the unit of amperes per watt (A/W). </p><p>The term responsivity is also used to summarize input–output relationship in non-electrical systems. For example, a neuroscientist may measure how neurons in the visual pathway respond to light. In this case, responsivity summarizes the change in the neural response per unit signal strength. The responsivity in these applications can have a variety of units. The signal strength typically is controlled by varying either intensity (intensity-response function) or contrast (contrast-response function). The neural response measure depends on the part of the nervous system under study. For example, at the level of the retinal cones, the response might be in photocurrent. In the central nervous system the response is usually spikes per second. In functional neuroimaging, the response measure is usually BOLD contrast. The responsivity units reflect the relevant stimulus and physiological units. </p><p>When describing an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, the more common term is <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a>. </p><p><i>Deprecated synonym</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)" title="Sensitivity (electronics)">sensitivity</a>.</b> A system's sensitivity is the inverse of the stimulus level required to produce a threshold response, with the threshold typically chosen just above the noise level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsivity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noise-equivalent_power" title="Noise-equivalent power">Noise-equivalent power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsiveness" title="Responsiveness">Responsiveness</a>, a related concept from <a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">interaction design</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">HCI</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_detectivity" title="Specific detectivity">Specific detectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">Spectral sensitivity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsivity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaschotta" class="citation web cs1">Paschotta, Dr. Rüdiger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp-photonics.com/responsivity.html">"Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - responsivity, photodetectors, photodiodes, sensitivity"</a>. <i>www.rp-photonics.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rp-photonics.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Laser+Physics+and+Technology+-+responsivity%2C+photodetectors%2C+photodiodes%2C+sensitivity&rft.aulast=Paschotta&rft.aufirst=Dr.+R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp-photonics.com%2Fresponsivity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Busch,_Marianna_A._Busch1990" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Busch, Marianna A. Busch (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9H0W1J-Rku4C&dq=responsivity&pg=PA371"><i>Multielement Detection Systems for Spectrochemical Analysis</i></a>. Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-81974-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-81974-3"><bdi>0-471-81974-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multielement+Detection+Systems+for+Spectrochemical+Analysis&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-471-81974-3&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Busch%2C+Marianna+A.+Busch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9H0W1J-Rku4C%26dq%3Dresponsivity%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation FS1037C MS188"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm"><i>Federal Standard 1037C</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>5 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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