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id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Removing <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ag3PO4_Oscillation_Scheme.png" class="extiw" title="c:File:Ag3PO4 Oscillation Scheme.png">Ag3PO4_Oscillation_Scheme.png</a>, it has been deleted from Commons by <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:T%C3%BArelio" class="extiw" title="c:User:Túrelio">Túrelio</a> because: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/COM:OTRS" class="extiw" title="c:COM:OTRS">No permission</a> since 21 September 2018.</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&diff=prev&oldid=861555731" title="Collective motion" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&oldid=1258883711" title="Collective motion">Latest revision as of 04:23, 22 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&action=edit" title="Collective motion">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-22T04:23:10Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&action=edit&undoafter=861555731&undo=1258883711" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:SanjanaKmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:SanjanaKmani (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1258883711"><bdi>SanjanaKmani</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SanjanaKmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:SanjanaKmani (page does not exist)">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/SanjanaKmani" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/SanjanaKmani">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>2</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">I have updated some recent research on active droplets and how they can show collective motion.</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(36 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Spontaneous ordered movement of independent agents}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Collective motion''' is defined as the spontaneous [[emergence]] of ordered movement in a system consisting of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a large number of</del> [[Self-propelled particles|self-propelled agents]]. It can be observed in everyday life, for example in [[flocks of birds]], [[Shoaling and schooling|schools of fish]], herds of animals and also in crowds and car traffic. It also appears at the microscopic level: in colonies of bacteria, motility assays and artificial [[self-propelled particles]].<ref>Palacci<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Jeremie<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Sacanna<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Stefano<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Steinberg<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Asher Preska<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Pine<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> David J.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Chaikin<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Paul M. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2013<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-02-22).</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Living Crystals of Light-Activated Colloidal Surfers<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">".</del> Science 339 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>6122<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">):</del> 936–940<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{doi</del>|10.1126/science.1230020<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{ISSN</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0036-8075}}</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{PMID</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">23371555</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></ref><ref>Theurkauff<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> I.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Cottin-Bizonne<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> C.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Palacci<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> J.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Ybert<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> C.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Bocquet<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> L. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2012<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Dynamic clustering in active colloidal suspensions with chemical signaling<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Physical Review Letters<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 108<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>26<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),</del> 268303.</ref><ref>Buttinoni<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> I.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Bialké<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> J.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Kümmel<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> F.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Löwen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> H.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Bechinger<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> C.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Speck<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> T. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2013<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Dynamical clustering and phase separation in suspensions of self-propelled colloidal particles<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Physical <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">review</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">letters,</del> 110<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>23<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),</del> 238301.</ref> The scientific community is trying to understand the [[Universality (dynamical systems)|universality]] of this phenomenon. In particular it is intensively investigated in [[statistical physics]] and in the field of [[active matter]]. Experiments on animals,<ref>Feder<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Toni <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(October</del> 2007<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Statistical physics is for the birds<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">".</del> Physics Today 60 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>10<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">):</del> 28–30<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{doi</del>|10.1063/1.2800090}}</ref> biological and synthesized [[self-propelled particles]], simulations<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Onset of Collective and Cohesive Motion<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url = http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.025702</del>|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2004-01-15|pages = 025702|volume = 92|issue = 2|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.025702|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del> = Guillaume|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del> = Grégoire|first2 = Hugues|last2 = Chaté|arxiv = cond-mat/0401208 |bibcode = 2004PhRvL..92b5702G }}</ref> and theories<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Long-Range Order in a Two-Dimensional Dynamical $\mathrm{XY}$ Model: How Birds Fly Together<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url = http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4326</del>|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 1995-12-04|pages = 4326–4329|volume = 75|issue = 23|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4326|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del> = John|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del> = Toner|first2 = Yuhai|last2 = Tu|bibcode = 1995PhRvL..75.4326T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Modeling collective motion: variations on the Vicsek model<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjb/e2008-00275-9</del>|journal = The European Physical Journal B|date = 2008-07-11|issn = 1434-6028|pages = 451–456|volume = 64|issue = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3-4</del>|doi = 10.1140/epjb/e2008-00275-9|language = en|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del> = H.|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del> = Chaté|first2 = F.|last2 = Ginelli|first3 = G.|last3 = Grégoire|first4 = F.|last4 = Peruani|first5 = F.|last5 = Raynaud|bibcode = 2008EPJB...64..451C }}</ref> are conducted in parallel to study these phenomena. One of the most famous models that describes such behavior is the [[Vicsek model]] introduced by [[Tamás Vicsek]] et al. in 1995.<ref>Vicsek<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> T.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Czirok<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Ben-Jacob<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> E.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Cohen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> I.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Shochet<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> O. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>1995<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</del>Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">".</del> Physical Review Letters 75 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>6<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">):</del> 1226–1229. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">arXiv:</del>cond-mat/0611743<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Bibcode</del>|1995PhRvL..75.1226V<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{doi</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1226}}.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{PMID|10060237</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Collective motion''' is defined as the spontaneous [[emergence]] of ordered movement in a system consisting of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">many</ins> [[Self-propelled particles|self-propelled agents]]. It can be observed in everyday life, for example in [[flocks of birds]], [[Shoaling and schooling|schools of fish]], herds of animals and also in crowds and car traffic. It also appears at the microscopic level: in colonies of bacteria, motility assays and artificial [[self-propelled particles]].<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Palacci<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> Jeremie<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Sacanna<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> Stefano<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Steinberg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> Asher Preska<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Pine<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> David J.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last5 =</ins> Chaikin<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> Paul M. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2013 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| title = </ins>Living Crystals of Light-Activated Colloidal Surfers<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Science<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 339 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| issue = </ins>6122<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| pages =</ins> 936–940 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> doi = </ins>10.1126/science.1230020 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> pmid = 23371555 | bibcode = 2013Sci...339.</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">936P</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> s2cid = 1974474 </ins>}}</ref><ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Theurkauff<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> I.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Cottin-Bizonne<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> C.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Palacci<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> J.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Ybert<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> C. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last5 =</ins> Bocquet<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> L. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2012<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Dynamic clustering in active colloidal suspensions with chemical signaling<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Physical Review Letters<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 108<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = </ins>26<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| page =</ins> 268303<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1103/physrevlett.108.268303 | pmid = 23005020 | arxiv = 1202.6264 | bibcode = 2012PhRvL.108z8303T | s2cid = 4890068 }}</ins></ref><ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Buttinoni<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> I.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Bialké<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> J.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Kümmel<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> F.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|author4-link=Hartmut</ins> Löwen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last4 = Löwen | first4 =</ins> H.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last5 =</ins> Bechinger<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> C. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last6 =</ins> Speck<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first6 =</ins> T. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2013<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Dynamical clustering and phase separation in suspensions of self-propelled colloidal particles<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Physical <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Review</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Letters | volume =</ins> 110<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = </ins>23<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| page =</ins> 238301<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1103/physrevlett.110.238301 | pmid = 25167534 | arxiv = 1305.4185 | bibcode = 2013PhRvL.110w8301B | s2cid = 17127522 }}</ins></ref> The scientific community is trying to understand the [[Universality (dynamical systems)|universality]] of this phenomenon. In particular it is intensively investigated in [[statistical physics]] and in the field of [[active matter]]. Experiments on animals,<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Feder<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> Toni <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year =</ins> 2007 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| title = </ins>Statistical physics is for the birds<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Physics Today<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 60 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| issue = </ins>10<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| pages =</ins> 28–30 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> doi = </ins>10.1063/1.2800090<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | bibcode = 2007PhT....60j..28F | doi-access = free </ins>}}</ref> biological and synthesized [[self-propelled particles]], simulations<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Onset of Collective and Cohesive Motion|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2004-01-15|pages = 025702|volume = 92|issue = 2|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.025702|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmid = 14753946|first1</ins> = Guillaume|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins> = Grégoire|first2 = Hugues|last2 = Chaté|arxiv = cond-mat/0401208 |bibcode = 2004PhRvL..92b5702G <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|s2cid = 37159324</ins>}}</ref> and theories<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Long-Range Order in a Two-Dimensional Dynamical $\mathrm{XY}$ Model: How Birds Fly Together|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 1995-12-04|pages = 4326–4329|volume = 75|issue = 23|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4326|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmid = 10059876|first1</ins> = John|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins> = Toner|first2 = Yuhai|last2 = Tu|bibcode = 1995PhRvL..75.4326T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Modeling collective motion: variations on the Vicsek model|journal = The European Physical Journal B|date = 2008-07-11|issn = 1434-6028|pages = 451–456|volume = 64|issue = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3–4</ins>|doi = 10.1140/epjb/e2008-00275-9|language = en|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins> = H.|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins> = Chaté|first2 = F.|last2 = Ginelli|first3 = G.|last3 = Grégoire|first4 = F.|last4 = Peruani|first5 = F.|last5 = Raynaud|bibcode = 2008EPJB...64..451C<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |s2cid = 49363896| url=https://hal.science/hal-01053505/file/ark%20_67375_VQC-0PQ0L27B-M.pdf</ins> }}</ref> are conducted in parallel to study these phenomena. One of the most famous models that describes such behavior is the [[Vicsek model]] introduced by [[Tamás Vicsek]] et al. in 1995.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Vicsek<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> T.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Czirok<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> A.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Ben-Jacob<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> E.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Cohen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> I.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last5 =</ins> Shochet<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> O. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>1995 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| title = </ins>Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Physical Review Letters<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 75 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| issue = </ins>6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| pages =</ins> 1226–1229<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1103/PhysRevLett.75.1226 | pmid = 10060237 | arxiv =</ins> cond-mat/0611743 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> bibcode = </ins>1995PhRvL..75.1226V | <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s2cid = 15918052 </ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Collective behavior of Self-propelled particles==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Collective behavior of Self-propelled particles==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Source:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collective Behaviour of Artificial Microswimmers in Response to Environmental Conditions|last=Altemose|first=A; Sen, A.|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2018|isbn=9781788011662|pages=250–283}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Just like biological systems in nature, [[self-propelled particles]] also respond to external gradients and show collective behavior. Micromotors or [[nanomotor]]s can interact with self-generated gradients and exhibit schooling and exclusion behavior.<ref>Wang<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> W.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Duan<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> W.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Ahmed<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> S.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Mallouk<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> T.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2013<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Small power: Autonomous nano- and micromotors propelled by self-generated gradients<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NanoToday,</del> 8<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>5<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),</del> 531.</ref> For example, Ibele, ''et al.'' demonstrated that silver chloride micromotors, in the presence of UV light, interact with each other at high concentrations and form schools.<ref>Ibele<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> M.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Mallouk<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> T.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2009<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Schooling behavior of light-powered autonomous micromotors in water<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Angewandte Chemie International Edition<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 48<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>18<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3308</del>.</ref> Similar behavior can also be observed with titanium dioxide microparticles.<ref>Hong<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Y.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Diaz<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> M.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Córdova‐Figueroa,</del> U.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2010<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Light‐Driven</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Titanium‐Dioxide‐Based</del> Reversible Microfireworks and Micromotor/Micropump Systems<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Advanced Functional Materials<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 20<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>10<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),</del> 1568.</ref> Silver orthophosphate microparticles exhibit transitions between schooling and exclusion behaviors in response to ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light.<ref>Duan<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> W.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Liu<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> R.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2013<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Transition between collective behaviors of micromotors in response to different stimuli<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Journal of American Chemical Society<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 135<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1280</del>.</ref><ref>Altemose<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Sánchez-Farrán<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> M. A.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Duan<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> W.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Schulz<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> S.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Borhan<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Crespi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> V. H.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2017<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Chemically-controlled spatiotemporal oscillations of colloidal assemblies<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Angewandte Chemie International Edition<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{doi</del>|10.1002/anie.201703239}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></ref> This behavior can be used to design a NOR gate since different combinations of the two different stimuli (ammonia and UV light) generate different outputs. Oscillations between schooling and exclusion behaviors are also tunable via changes in hydrogen peroxide concentration.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Just like biological systems in nature, [[self-propelled particles]] also respond to external gradients and show collective behavior. Micromotors or [[nanomotor]]s can interact with self-generated gradients and exhibit schooling and exclusion behavior.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Wang<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> W.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Duan<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> W.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Ahmed<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> S.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Mallouk<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> T. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last5 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2013<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Small power: Autonomous nano- and micromotors propelled by self-generated gradients <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| journal = Nano Today | volume =</ins> 8<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = </ins>5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| page =</ins> 531<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1016/j.nantod.2013.08.009 }}</ins></ref> For example, Ibele, ''et al.'' demonstrated that silver chloride micromotors, in the presence of UV light, interact with each other at high concentrations and form schools.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Ibele<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> M.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Mallouk<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> T. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last3 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2009<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Schooling behavior of light-powered autonomous micromotors in water<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Angewandte Chemie International Edition<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 48<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = </ins>18<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pages = 3308–12 | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1002/anie.200804704 | pmid = 19338004 }}</ins></ref> Similar behavior can also be observed with titanium dioxide microparticles.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Hong<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> Y.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Diaz<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> M. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last3 = Córdova-Figueroa | first3 =</ins> U. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last4 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2010 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title = Light-Driven Titanium-Dioxide-Based</ins> Reversible Microfireworks and Micromotor/Micropump Systems<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Advanced Functional Materials<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 20<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = </ins>10<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| page =</ins> 1568<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1002/adfm.201000063 | s2cid = 51990054 }}</ins></ref> Silver orthophosphate microparticles exhibit transitions between schooling and exclusion behaviors in response to ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Duan<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> W.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Liu<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> R. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last3 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2013<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Transition between collective behaviors of micromotors in response to different stimuli<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Journal of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> American Chemical Society<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 135 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| issue = 4| pages = 1280–3 | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1021/ja3120357 | pmid = 23301622 }}</ins></ref><ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Altemose<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> A.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Sánchez-Farrán<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> M. A.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Duan<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> W.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Schulz<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> S.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last5 =</ins> Borhan<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> A.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last6 =</ins> Crespi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first6 =</ins> V. H. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last7 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first7 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2017<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Chemically-controlled spatiotemporal oscillations of colloidal assemblies<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Angewandte Chemie International Edition |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> volume = 56| issue = 27| pages = 7817–7821| doi = </ins>10.1002/anie.201703239<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | pmid = 28493638 | doi-access = free </ins>}}</ref> This behavior can be used to design a NOR gate since different combinations of the two different stimuli (ammonia and UV light) generate different outputs. Oscillations between schooling and exclusion behaviors are also tunable via changes in hydrogen peroxide concentration.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The fluid flows generated by these oscillations are strong enough to transport microscale cargo and can even direct the assembly of close-packed colloidal crystal systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Altemose|first1=Alicia|last2=Harris|first2=Aaron J.|last3=Sen|first3=Ayusman|date=2020|title=Autonomous Formation and Annealing of Colloidal Crystals Induced by Light-Powered Oscillations of Active Particles|journal=ChemSystemsChem|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=e1900021|doi=10.1002/syst.201900021|issn=2570-4206|doi-access=free}}</ref> Motile emulsions are also known to exhibit emergent, collective behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlsson |first=Christian |last2=Gao |first2=Tong |date=2024 |title=Active Droplet Driven By Collective Chemotaxis |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2024/SM/D4SM00717D |journal=Soft Matter |language=en |doi=10.1039/D4SM00717D |issn=1744-683X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yutong |last2=Kailasham |first2=R. |last3=Moerman |first3=Pepijn G. |last4=Khair |first4=Aditya S. |last5=Zarzar |first5=Lauren D. |date=2024-11-07 |title=Self‐Organized Patterns in Non‐Reciprocal Active Droplet Systems |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202409382 |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |doi=10.1002/anie.202409382 |issn=1433-7851}}</ref> For example, oil and surfactant combinations can be altered in oil-in-water emulsions, to switch between attractive and repulsive interactions between the droplets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wentworth |first=Ciera M. |last2=Castonguay |first2=Alexander C. |last3=Moerman |first3=Pepijn G. |last4=Meredith |first4=Caleb H. |last5=Balaj |first5=Rebecca V. |last6=Cheon |first6=Seong Ik |last7=Zarzar |first7=Lauren D. |date=2022-08-08 |title=Chemically Tuning Attractive and Repulsive Interactions between Solubilizing Oil Droplets |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202204510 |journal=Angewandte Chemie |language=en |volume=134 |issue=32 |doi=10.1002/ange.202204510 |issn=0044-8249}}</ref> These interactions between the droplets can facilitate formation of dynamic, self-organized patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yutong |last2=Kailasham |first2=R. |last3=Moerman |first3=Pepijn G. |last4=Khair |first4=Aditya S. |last5=Zarzar |first5=Lauren D. |date=2024-11-07 |title=Self‐Organized Patterns in Non‐Reciprocal Active Droplet Systems |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202409382 |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |doi=10.1002/anie.202409382 |issn=1433-7851}}</ref> </ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Micromotors and nanomotors can also move preferentially in the direction of externally applied chemical gradients, a phenomenon defined as [[chemotaxis]]. Chemotaxis has been observed in self-propelled Au-Pt nanorods, which diffuse towards the source of hydrogen peroxide, when placed in a gradient of the chemical.<ref>Hong<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Y.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Blackmann<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> NMK<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.,</del> Kopp<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> ND.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Velegol<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> D. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2007<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Chemotaxis of nonbiological colloidal rods<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Physical Review Letters<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 99<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 178103.</ref> Silica microparticles with Grubbs catalyst tethered to them, also move towards higher monomer concentrations.<ref>Ravlick<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> RA.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Sengupta<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> S.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> McFadden<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> T.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Zhang<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> H.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2011<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> A Polymerization-Powered Motor<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Angewandte Chemie International Edition<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 50<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>40<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9374</del>.</ref> Enzymes also behave as [[nanomotor]]s and migrate towards regions of higher substrate concentration.<ref>Sengupta<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> S.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Dey<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> KK.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Muddana<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> HS.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Tabouillot<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> T.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Ibele<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> M.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Butler<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> PJ.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Sen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2013<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> Enzyme Molecules as Nanomotors<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Journal of American Chemical Society<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> 135<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>4<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1406</del>.</ref> One interesting use of enzyme [[nanomotor]] chemotaxis is the separation of active and inactive enzymes in microfluidic channels.<ref>{{Cite journal|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Dey|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=Krishna Kanti|last2=Das|first2=Sambeeta|last3=Poyton|first3=Matthew F.|last4=Sengupta|first4=Samudra|last5=Butler|first5=Peter J.|last6=Cremer|first6=Paul S.|last7=Sen|first7=Ayusman|date=2014|title=Chemotactic Separation of Enzymes<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nn504418u</del>|journal=ACS Nano|language=EN|volume=8|issue=12|pages=11941–11949|doi=10.1021/nn504418u|issn=1936-0851|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">via</del>=}}</ref> Another is the exploration of [[metabolon]] formation by studying the coordinated movement of the first four enzymes of the glycolysis cascade: hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase.<ref>{{Cite journal|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Zhao|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=Xi|last2=Palacci|first2=Henri|last3=Yadav|first3=Vinita|last4=Spiering|first4=Michelle M.|last5=Gilson|first5=Michael K.|last6=Butler|first6=Peter J.|last7=Hess|first7=Henry|last8=Benkovic|first8=Stephen J.|last9=Sen|first9=Ayusman|date=2018|title=Substrate-driven chemotactic assembly in an enzyme cascade|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nchem.2905</del>|journal=Nature <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chemistry</del>|language=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">En</del>|volume=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10</del>|issue=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</del>|pages=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">311–317</del>|doi=10.1038/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nchem</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2905</del>|issn=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1755</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4330</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">via</del>=}}</ref> In general, chemotaxis of biological and synthesized [[self-propelled particles]] provides a way of directing motion at the microscale and can be used for drug delivery, sensing, [[lab-on-a-chip]] devices and other applications. </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Micromotors and nanomotors can also move preferentially in the direction of externally applied chemical gradients, a phenomenon defined as [[chemotaxis]]. Chemotaxis has been observed in self-propelled Au-Pt nanorods, which diffuse towards the source of hydrogen peroxide, when placed in a gradient of the chemical.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Hong<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> Y.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Blackmann<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> NMK<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Kopp<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> ND.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last5 =</ins> Velegol<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> D. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2007<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Chemotaxis of nonbiological colloidal rods<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Physical Review Letters<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 99<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = 17| page =</ins> 178103<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1103/physrevlett.99.178103 | pmid = 17995374 | bibcode = 2007PhRvL..99q8103H }}</ins></ref> Silica microparticles with Grubbs catalyst tethered to them, also move towards higher monomer concentrations.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Ravlick<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> RA.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Sengupta<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> S.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> McFadden<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> T.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Zhang<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> H. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last5 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2011<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> A Polymerization-Powered Motor<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Angewandte Chemie International Edition<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 50<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = </ins>40<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pages = 9374–7 | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1002/anie.201103565 | pmid = 21948434 | s2cid = 6325323 }}</ins></ref> Enzymes also behave as [[nanomotor]]s and migrate towards regions of higher substrate concentration<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is known as enzyme chemotaxis</ins>.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1 = </ins>Sengupta<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> S.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Dey<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> KK.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Muddana<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> HS.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Tabouillot<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> T.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last5 =</ins> Ibele<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> M.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last6 =</ins> Butler<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first6 =</ins> PJ. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last7 =</ins> Sen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first7 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2013<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title =</ins> Enzyme Molecules as Nanomotors<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | journal =</ins> Journal of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> American Chemical Society<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | volume =</ins> 135<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue = </ins>4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pages = 1406–14 | doi = 10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1021/ja3091615 | pmid = 23308365 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohajerani|first1=Farzad|last2=Zhao|first2=Xi|last3=Somasundar|first3=Ambika|last4=Velegol|first4=Darrell|last5=Sen|first5=Ayusman|date=2018-10-30|title=A Theory of Enzyme Chemotaxis: From Experiments to Modeling|journal=Biochemistry|volume=57|issue=43|pages=6256–6263|doi=10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00801|pmid=30251529|issn=0006-2960|arxiv=1809.02530|s2cid=52816076}}</ins></ref> One interesting use of enzyme [[nanomotor]] chemotaxis is the separation of active and inactive enzymes in microfluidic channels.<ref>{{Cite journal|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Dey|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=Krishna Kanti|last2=Das|first2=Sambeeta|last3=Poyton|first3=Matthew F.|last4=Sengupta|first4=Samudra|last5=Butler|first5=Peter J.|last6=Cremer|first6=Paul S.|last7=Sen|first7=Ayusman|date=2014|title=Chemotactic Separation of Enzymes|journal=ACS Nano|language=EN|volume=8|issue=12|pages=11941–11949|doi=10.1021/nn504418u<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|pmid=25243599</ins>|issn=1936-0851|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doi-access</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">free</ins>}}</ref> Another is the exploration of [[metabolon]] formation by studying the coordinated movement of the first four enzymes of the glycolysis cascade: hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase.<ref>{{Cite journal|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Zhao|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=Xi|last2=Palacci|first2=Henri|last3=Yadav|first3=Vinita|last4=Spiering|first4=Michelle M.|last5=Gilson|first5=Michael K.|last6=Butler|first6=Peter J.|last7=Hess|first7=Henry|last8=Benkovic|first8=Stephen J.|last9=Sen|first9=Ayusman|date=2018|title=Substrate-driven chemotactic assembly in an enzyme cascade<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|journal=Nature Chemistry|language=En|volume=10|issue=3|pages=311–317|doi=10.1038/nchem.2905|pmid=29461522|bibcode=2018NatCh..10..311Z|issn=1755-4330}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sM-IDwAAQBAJ&q=info:dQi1QnJFIqEJ:scholar.google.com&pg=PA45|title=Metabolons and Supramolecular Enzyme Assemblies|date=2019-02-19|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128170755|language=en}}</ref> More recently, enzyme-coated particles and enzyme-coated liposomes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Somasundar |first1=Ambika |last2=Ghosh |first2=Subhadip |last3=Mohajerani |first3=Farzad |last4=Massenburg |first4=Lynnicia N. |last5=Yang |first5=Tinglu |last6=Cremer |first6=Paul S. |last7=Velegol |first7=Darrell |last8=Sen |first8=Ayusman |date=December 2019 |title=Positive and negative chemotaxis of enzyme-coated liposome motors </ins>|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s41565-019-0578-8 </ins>|journal=Nature <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nanotechnology </ins>|language=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">en </ins>|volume=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">14 </ins>|issue=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12 </ins>|pages=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1129–1134 </ins>|doi=10.1038/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s41565-019-0578-8 |pmid=31740796 |bibcode=2019NatNa</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.14.1129S |s2cid=208168622 </ins>|issn=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1748</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3395}}</ref> have shown similar behavior in gradients of reactants in microfluidic channels.<ref>{{Cite journal</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dey|first1=Krishna K.|last2=Zhao|first2=Xi|last3=Tansi|first3=Benjamin M.|last4=Méndez-Ortiz|first4=Wilfredo J.|last5=Córdova-Figueroa|first5=Ubaldo M.|last6=Golestanian|first6=Ramin|last7=Sen|first7=Ayusman|date=2015-11-30|title=Micromotors Powered by Enzyme Catalysis|journal=Nano Letters|volume=15|issue=12|pages=8311–8315|doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03935|pmid=26587897|bibcode=2015NanoL..15.8311D|issn=1530-6984</ins>}}</ref> In general, chemotaxis of biological and synthesized [[self-propelled particles]] provides a way of directing motion at the microscale and can be used for drug delivery, sensing, [[lab-on-a-chip]] devices and other applications.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>{{Cite</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Xi|last2=Gentile|first2=Kayla|last3=Mohajerani|first3=Farzad|last4=Sen|first4=Ayusman|date=2018-10-16|title=Powering Motion with Enzymes|journal=Accounts of Chemical Research|volume=51|issue=10|pages=2373–2381|doi=10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00286|pmid=30256612|s2cid=52845451|issn=0001-4842}}</ref></ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==See also==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==See also==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Collective animal behavior]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Collective animal behavior]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Collective cell migration]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Collective cell migration]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Microswimmer]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Notes==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Notes==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 19:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Further references==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Further references==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Bricard<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Caussin<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> J. B.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Desreumaux<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> N.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Dauchot<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> O.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Bartolo<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> D. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2013<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v503/n7474/full/nature12673.html <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Emergence</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">macroscopic</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">directed</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">motion</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">populations</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">motile</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">colloids".]</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Nature'',</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''503''' (</del>7474<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">):</del> 95–98<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{doi</del>|10.1038/nature12673}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{cite journal | last1 =</ins> Bricard<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> A.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2 =</ins> Caussin<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> J. B.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3 =</ins> Desreumaux<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first3 =</ins> N.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4 =</ins> Dauchot<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first4 =</ins> O. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last5 =</ins> Bartolo<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first5 =</ins> D. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2013 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| title = Emergence of macroscopic directed motion in populations of motile colloids | url = </ins>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v503/n7474/full/nature12673.html <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nature</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">volume</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">503</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">issue</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins> 7474<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| pages =</ins> 95–98 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> doi = </ins>10.1038/nature12673<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | pmid = 24201282 | arxiv = 1311.2017 | bibcode = 2013Natur.503...95B | s2cid = 1174081 </ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Vicsek<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> T.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</del> Zafeiris<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> A. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>2012<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">).</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157312000968 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Collective</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">motion."]</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>Physics Reports<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'',</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>517<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>3<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">):</del> 71–140<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{doi</del>|10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{cite journal | last1 =</ins> Vicsek<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first1 =</ins> T. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last2 =</ins> Zafeiris<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | first2 =</ins> A. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year = </ins>2012 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| title = Collective motion | url = </ins>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157312000968 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal =</ins> Physics Reports <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| volume = </ins>517 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| issue = </ins>3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| pages =</ins> 71–140 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> doi = </ins>10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | arxiv = 1010.5017 | bibcode = 2012PhR...517...71V | s2cid = 119109873 </ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==External links==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==External links==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 04:23, 22 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spontaneous ordered movement of independent agents</div> <p><b>Collective motion</b> is defined as the spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a> of ordered movement in a system consisting of many <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">self-propelled agents</a>. It can be observed in everyday life, for example in <a href="/wiki/Flocks_of_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocks of birds">flocks of birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">schools of fish</a>, herds of animals and also in crowds and car traffic. It also appears at the microscopic level: in colonies of bacteria, motility assays and artificial <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">self-propelled particles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific community is trying to understand the <a href="/wiki/Universality_(dynamical_systems)" title="Universality (dynamical systems)">universality</a> of this phenomenon. In particular it is intensively investigated in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical physics">statistical physics</a> and in the field of <a href="/wiki/Active_matter" title="Active matter">active matter</a>. Experiments on animals,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biological and synthesized <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">self-propelled particles</a>, simulations<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and theories<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are conducted in parallel to study these phenomena. One of the most famous models that describes such behavior is the <a href="/wiki/Vicsek_model" title="Vicsek model">Vicsek model</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Vicsek" title="Tamás Vicsek">Tamás Vicsek</a> et al. in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collective_behavior_of_Self-propelled_particles">Collective behavior of Self-propelled particles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Collective behavior of Self-propelled particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just like biological systems in nature, <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">self-propelled particles</a> also respond to external gradients and show collective behavior. Micromotors or <a href="/wiki/Nanomotor" title="Nanomotor">nanomotors</a> can interact with self-generated gradients and exhibit schooling and exclusion behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Ibele, <i>et al.</i> demonstrated that silver chloride micromotors, in the presence of UV light, interact with each other at high concentrations and form schools.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar behavior can also be observed with titanium dioxide microparticles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver orthophosphate microparticles exhibit transitions between schooling and exclusion behaviors in response to ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This behavior can be used to design a NOR gate since different combinations of the two different stimuli (ammonia and UV light) generate different outputs. Oscillations between schooling and exclusion behaviors are also tunable via changes in hydrogen peroxide concentration. The fluid flows generated by these oscillations are strong enough to transport microscale cargo and can even direct the assembly of close-packed colloidal crystal systems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motile emulsions are also known to exhibit emergent, collective behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, oil and surfactant combinations can be altered in oil-in-water emulsions, to switch between attractive and repulsive interactions between the droplets.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These interactions between the droplets can facilitate formation of dynamic, self-organized patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Micromotors and nanomotors can also move preferentially in the direction of externally applied chemical gradients, a phenomenon defined as <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a>. Chemotaxis has been observed in self-propelled Au-Pt nanorods, which diffuse towards the source of hydrogen peroxide, when placed in a gradient of the chemical.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silica microparticles with Grubbs catalyst tethered to them, also move towards higher monomer concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enzymes also behave as <a href="/wiki/Nanomotor" title="Nanomotor">nanomotors</a> and migrate towards regions of higher substrate concentration, which is known as enzyme chemotaxis.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One interesting use of enzyme <a href="/wiki/Nanomotor" title="Nanomotor">nanomotor</a> chemotaxis is the separation of active and inactive enzymes in microfluidic channels.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is the exploration of <a href="/wiki/Metabolon" title="Metabolon">metabolon</a> formation by studying the coordinated movement of the first four enzymes of the glycolysis cascade: hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, enzyme-coated particles and enzyme-coated liposomes<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have shown similar behavior in gradients of reactants in microfluidic channels.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, chemotaxis of biological and synthesized <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">self-propelled particles</a> provides a way of directing motion at the microscale and can be used for drug delivery, sensing, <a href="/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip" title="Lab-on-a-chip">lab-on-a-chip</a> devices and other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria_collective_motion" title="Bacteria collective motion">Bacteria collective motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">Collective animal behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_cell_migration" title="Collective cell migration">Collective cell migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microswimmer" title="Microswimmer">Microswimmer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPalacciSacannaSteinbergPine2013" class="citation journal cs1">Palacci, Jeremie; Sacanna, Stefano; Steinberg, Asher Preska; Pine, David J.; Chaikin, Paul M. 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B.; Desreumaux, N.; Dauchot, O.; Bartolo, D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v503/n7474/full/nature12673.html">"Emergence of macroscopic directed motion in populations of motile colloids"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>503</b> (7474): 95–98. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.2017">1311.2017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503...95B">2013Natur.503...95B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12673">10.1038/nature12673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24201282">24201282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1174081">1174081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+macroscopic+directed+motion+in+populations+of+motile+colloids&rft.volume=503&rft.issue=7474&rft.pages=95-98&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1174081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.503...95B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1311.2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24201282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12673&rft.aulast=Bricard&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Caussin%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Desreumaux%2C+N.&rft.au=Dauchot%2C+O.&rft.au=Bartolo%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv503%2Fn7474%2Ffull%2Fnature12673.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicsekZafeiris2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vicsek, T.; Zafeiris, A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157312000968">"Collective motion"</a>. <i>Physics Reports</i>. <b>517</b> (3): 71–140. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.5017">1010.5017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhR...517...71V">2012PhR...517...71V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physrep.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119109873">119109873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Reports&rft.atitle=Collective+motion&rft.volume=517&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=71-140&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1010.5017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119109873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physrep.2012.03.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhR...517...71V&rft.aulast=Vicsek&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Zafeiris%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0370157312000968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_motion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/13/collective-motion-starlings-sardines-physics">Physicists come together to explore mechanics of collective motion</a> <i>The Guardian</i>, 13 January 2014.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking_of_escaping_ants" title="Symmetry breaking of escaping ants">symmetry breaking of escaping ants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">bait ball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarming behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming (honey bee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_motility" title="Swarming motility">Swarming motility</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/140px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/210px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/280px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2561" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_migration" title="Altitudinal migration">altitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking" title="Animal migration tracking">tracking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildlife_tracking_technology" title="History of wildlife tracking technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">coded wire tag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_migration_flyways" title="Category:Bird migration flyways">flyways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_migration_(birds)" title="Reverse migration (birds)">reverse migration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">Cell migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">sardine run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homing_(biology)" title="Homing (biology)">Homing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">Insect migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">butterflies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Models" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization algorithm">Ant colony optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(simulation)" title="Swarm (simulation)">Swarm (simulation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Collective motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_matter" title="Active matter">Active matter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Collective motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_of_self-propelled_particles" title="Clustering of self-propelled particles">clustering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicsek_model" title="Vicsek model">Vicsek model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIO-LGCA" title="BIO-LGCA">BIO-LGCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbrion" title="Symbrion">Symbrion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralised_system" title="Decentralised system">Decentralised system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">Group size measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism 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