CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bible - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8d48fa24-e2be-4a94-9104-7c488854baff","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bible","wgTitle":"Bible","wgCurRevisionId":1281627482,"wgRevisionId":1281627482,"wgArticleId":3390,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use Oxford spelling from March 2024","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text","Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text","Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Pages with numeric Bible version references","Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020","CS1: long volume value","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Bible","Judeo-Christian topics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bible","wgRelevantArticleId":3390,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1845","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/1200px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="750"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/960px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bible - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bible rootpage-Bible skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bible" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bible" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bible" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bible" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Development and history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development and history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Hebrew Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Content and themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content_and_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Content and themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Content_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hebrew Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Torah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevi'im" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevi'im"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Nevi'im </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevi'im-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_Prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.1 Former Prophets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.2 Latter Prophets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ketuvim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ketuvim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Ketuvim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ketuvim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_five_scrolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_five_scrolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.1 The five scrolls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_five_scrolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.2 Other books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.3 Book order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Septuagint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Septuagint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Septuagint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Septuagint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incorporations_from_Theodotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incorporations_from_Theodotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Incorporations from Theodotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incorporations_from_Theodotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Final form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudepigraphal_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudepigraphal_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Pseudepigraphal books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudepigraphal_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_of_Enoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Enoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Book of Enoch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Enoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Christian Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Old Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canon_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canon_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Canon variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canon_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peshitta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peshitta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3.1 Peshitta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peshitta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3.2 Catholic Church canon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Orthodox_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Orthodox_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3.3 Ethiopian Orthodox canon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Orthodox_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_Apocryphal_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_Apocryphal_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 New Testament Apocryphal books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_Apocryphal_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Textual history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Politics and law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Social responsibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Literature and the arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_and_inspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_and_inspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Interpretation and inspiration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretation_and_inspiration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interpretation and inspiration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_and_inspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religious significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Versions and translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_and_historical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_and_historical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Archaeological and historical research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_and_historical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Biblical criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bible_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bible museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Illustrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bible</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 265 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-265" aria-hidden="true" > 265 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bybel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%90%E1%8D%8D_%E1%89%85%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%B5" title="መጽሐፍ ቅዱስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መጽሐፍ ቅዱስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बाइबल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बाइबल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblio%C3%BE%C4%93ce" title="Biblioþēce – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Biblioþēce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Абиблиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абиблиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="الكتاب المقدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكتاب المقدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%90_%DC%A9%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9" title="Աստուածաշունչ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աստուածաշունչ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Ayia" title="Biblia Ayia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Biblia Ayia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibla" title="Bibla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bibla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बाइबल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बाइबल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BDngue_ryru" title="Tupã ñe'ẽngue ryru – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupã ñe'ẽngue ryru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bibliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="کیتاب موقدس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیتاب موقدس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibulu" title="Bibulu – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bibulu" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="বাইবেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইবেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-keng" title="Sèng-keng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-keng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біблія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біблія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біблія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біблія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="बाइबिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बाइबिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bibliya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baebol" title="Baebol – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Baebol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="གསུང་རབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསུང་རབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biblija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibl" title="Bibl – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bibl" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Библи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Библи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Библи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Библи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bibliya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibulo" title="Baibulo – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Baibulo" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaibheri" title="Bhaibheri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhaibheri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibolo" title="Baibolo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Baibolo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Beibl" title="Y Beibl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Beibl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelen" title="Bibelen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bibelen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biibbal" title="Biibbal – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Biibbal" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwwel" title="Biwwel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Biwwel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ބައިބަލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބައިބަލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Biblija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बाइबल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बाइबल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piibel" title="Piibel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piibel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Αγία Γραφή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Γραφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9bia" title="Bébia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bébia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblio" title="Biblio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="کتاب مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblian" title="Bíblian – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bíblian" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblie" title="Biblie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Biblie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%C3%ADobla" title="An Bíobla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bíobla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vible" title="Yn Vible – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vible" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bibliya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACoball" title="Bìoball – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bìoball" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="聖經" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B2" title="બાઇબલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાઇબલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povitr_Pustok" title="Povitr Pustok – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Povitr Pustok" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblu" title="Biblu – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Biblu" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3n-k%C3%AEn" title="Sṳn-kîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳn-kîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Библь – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Библь" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%BD" title="성경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baib%C3%BBl" title="Baibûl – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Baibûl" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paipala" title="Paipala – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Paipala" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9" title="Աստվածաշունչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստվածաշունչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="बाइबिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाइबिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ho mw-list-item"><a href="https://ho.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibel" title="Baibel – Hiri Motu" lang="ho" hreflang="ho" data-title="Baibel" data-language-autonym="Hiri Motu" data-language-local-name="Hiri Motu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hiri Motu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Biblija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biblija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblo" title="Biblo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biblo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akw%E1%BB%A5kw%E1%BB%8D_Ns%E1%BB%8D" title="Akwụkwọ Nsọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Akwụkwọ Nsọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="বাইবেল – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বাইবেল" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Библи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Библи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhayibhile" title="IBhayibhile – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBhayibhile" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhayibheli" title="IBhayibheli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBhayibheli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibl%C3%ADan" title="Biblían – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Biblían" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביבליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביבליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biibili" title="Biibili – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Biibili" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೈಬಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈಬಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიბლია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიბლია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibl%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Biblëjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Biblëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibiliya" title="Bibiliya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bibiliya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibiliya" title="Bibiliya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Bibiliya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_ya_Kikristo" title="Biblia ya Kikristo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biblia ya Kikristo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bib" title="Bib – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bib" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labib" title="Labib – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Labib" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enc%C3%AEl" title="Încîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Încîl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kj mw-list-item"><a href="https://kj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombibeli" title="Ombibeli – Kuanyama" lang="kj" hreflang="kj" data-title="Ombibeli" data-language-autonym="Kwanyama" data-language-local-name="Kuanyama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kwanyama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Библи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Библи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibia" title="Bibia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bibia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ABbele" title="Bībele – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bībele" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biblija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_Ni%27amoni%27%C3%B6" title="Sura Ni'amoni'ö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Sura Ni'amoni'ö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biebel" title="Biebel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biebel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibl%C3%ADya" title="Biblíya – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Biblíya" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblii" title="Biblii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Biblii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibuli" title="Baibuli – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Baibuli" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibia" title="Bibia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bibia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बाइबल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाइबल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Библија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Библија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiboly" title="Baiboly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baiboly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="ബൈബിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൈബിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbja" title="Bibbja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bibbja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paipera" title="Paipera – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Paipera" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बायबल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बायबल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიბლია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიბლია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="الكتاب المقدس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكتاب المقدس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A0%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC" title="သၠပတ်သမ္မာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သၠပတ်သမ္မာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ng-g%C4%ADng" title="Séng-gĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Séng-gĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Библиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Библиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Библи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Библи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သမ္မာကျမ်းစာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမ္မာကျမ်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoamoxtli" title="Teoamoxtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teoamoxtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibul" title="Baibul – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Baibul" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Vola_Tabu" title="Ai Vola Tabu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ai Vola Tabu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbel_(christendom)" title="Bijbel (christendom) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bijbel (christendom)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biebel" title="Biebel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Biebel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="बाइबल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाइबल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ख्रिस्ति धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ख्रिस्ति धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="聖書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Библи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Библи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biibel" title="Biibel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biibel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelen" title="Bibelen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bibelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelen" title="Bibelen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bibelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaafa_Qulqulluu" title="Macaafa Qulqulluu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Macaafa Qulqulluu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombimbeli" title="Ombimbeli – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Ombimbeli" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oshiwambo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bibliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਾਈਬਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਈਬਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بائبل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بائبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beibel" title="Beibel – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Beibel" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بائبل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بائبل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibl" title="Baibl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baibl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A" title="ព្រះគម្ពីរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះគម្ពីរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibe" title="Bibe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bibe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibia" title="Bibia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bibia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_nua_Cemas" title="Kai nua Cemas – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Kai nua Cemas" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibel" title="Baibel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Baibel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiria" title="Pipiria – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pipiria" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibla" title="Bibla – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bibla" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuyayap_Simin" title="Apuyayap Simin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apuyayap Simin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біблія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Біблія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Биибилийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биибилийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syesiw" title="Syesiw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Syesiw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27O_le_Tusi_Pa%27ia" title="'O le Tusi Pa'ia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="'O le Tusi Pa'ia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biebel" title="Biebel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Biebel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebele" title="Bebele – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bebele" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibele" title="Bibele – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Bibele" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baebele" title="Baebele – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Baebele" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibla" title="Bibla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bibla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බයිබලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බයිබලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بائبل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بائبل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiBhayibheli" title="LiBhayibheli – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="LiBhayibheli" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biblia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveto_pismo" title="Sveto pismo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveto pismo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%97%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Вївлїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Вївлїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblijo" title="Biblijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Biblijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaabka_quduska" title="Kitaabka quduska – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kitaabka quduska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2" title="کتێبی پیرۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێبی پیرۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ibel" title="Bèibel – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bèibel" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Библија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Библија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biblija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamattu" title="Raamattu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raamattu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibeln" title="Bibeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bibliya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விவிலியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விவிலியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibibelt" title="Tibibelt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tibibelt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Библия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyso(Sinsman_Ke_Utux_Kayal)" title="Seyso(Sinsman Ke Utux Kayal) – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Seyso(Sinsman Ke Utux Kayal)" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బైబిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బైబిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="คัมภีร์ไบเบิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คัมภีร์ไบเบิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%9B%CC%88t_de_Nhialic" title="Wɛ̈t de Nhialic – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wɛ̈t de Nhialic" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%93%E1%8D%8D_%E1%89%85%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%B5" title="መጽሓፍ ቅዱስ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="መጽሓፍ ቅዱስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Китоби Муқаддас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоби Муқаддас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohitapu" title="Tohitapu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tohitapu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27he%C3%B3nem%C3%B4xe%27%C3%AAstoo%27o" title="Ma'heónemôxe'êstoo'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'heónemôxe'êstoo'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivhili" title="Bivhili – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Bivhili" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೈಬಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬೈಬಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%A2b-%C4%B1_Mukaddes" title="Kitâb-ı Mukaddes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kitâb-ı Mukaddes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpa%CC%B1m_A%CC%B1lyiat_A%CC%B1gwaza" title="Kpa̱m A̱lyiat A̱gwaza – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kpa̱m A̱lyiat A̱gwaza" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біблія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біблія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بائبل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بائبل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%89%D9%84" title="ئىنجىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىنجىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnggingh" title="Swnggingh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swnggingh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibia" title="Bibia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bibia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblii" title="Biblii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biblii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Kinh Thánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bib" title="Bib – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bib" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piibli" title="Piibli – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Piibli" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibe" title="Bibe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bibe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99)" title="聖經 (基督教) – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聖經 (基督教)" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bybel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliy%C3%A1" title="Bibliyá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bibliyá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biib%C3%ABl" title="Biibël – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Biibël" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" title="圣经 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣经" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibele" title="Bibele – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bibele" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C" title="ביבל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביבל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADb%C3%A9l%C3%AC_M%C3%ADm%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Bíbélì Mímọ́ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bíbélì Mímọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖經" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncil" title="İncil – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İncil" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biebel" title="Biebel – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Biebel" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibl%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Biblėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Biblėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖經" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikpa_Mbuban" title="Ikpa Mbuban – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ikpa Mbuban" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel" title="Bibel – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Bibel" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Mugadas" title="Kitab Mugadas – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kitab Mugadas" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bup_Kudus" title="Bup Kudus – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bup Kudus" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Bible" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%8D%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%90%EA%A0%A4_%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%94%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%9B" title="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1845#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bible" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bible">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bible">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bible" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bible" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible&oldid=1281627482" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bible&id=1281627482&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBible">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBible">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bible&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bible" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-sources mw-list-item"><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Bible" hreflang="en">Multilingual Wikisource</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Bible" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1845" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collection of religious texts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious book. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bible_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bible (disambiguation)">Bible (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Biblical_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Biblical (disambiguation)">Biblical (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Bible_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Holy Bible (disambiguation)">The Holy Bible (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible,_Lenox_Copy,_New_York_Public_Library,_2009._Pic_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/330px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/500px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/960px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>, published in the mid-15th century by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, is the first published Bible.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/250px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/500px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/40px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/60px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Bible<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious texts</a> and scriptures that are held to be <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacred</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and partly in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. The Bible is an <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) <a href="/wiki/Biblical_languages" title="Biblical languages">originally written</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>. The texts include instructions, stories, poetry, prophecies, and other genres. The collection of materials accepted as part of the Bible by a particular religious tradition or community is called a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a>. Believers generally consider it to be a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">product of divine inspiration</a>, but the way they understand what that means and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">interpret the text</a> varies. The religious texts were compiled by different religious communities into various official collections. The earliest contained the first five books of the Bible, called the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and the Pentateuch (meaning "five books") in Greek. The second-oldest part was a collection of narrative histories and prophecies (the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>). The third collection, the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>, contains psalms, proverbs, and narrative histories. "<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: תָּנָ״ךְ‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Tanaḵ) is an alternate term for the Hebrew Bible, which is composed of the first letters of the three components comprising scriptures written originally in Hebrew: the Torah ("Teaching"), the Nevi'im ("Prophets"), and the Ketuvim ("Writings"). The <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> is the medieval version of the Tanakh—written in Hebrew and Aramaic—that is considered the authoritative text of the Hebrew Bible by modern <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> is a Koine Greek translation of the Tanakh from the third and second centuries BCE; it largely overlaps with the Hebrew Bible. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began as an outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, using the Septuagint as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a> continued the Jewish tradition of writing and incorporating what it saw as inspired, authoritative religious books. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a>, which are narratives about the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, and other texts <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">quickly coalesced</a> into the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. With estimated total sales of over five billion copies, the Bible is the best-selling publication of all time. It has had a profound influence both on <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and history and on cultures around the globe. The study of it through <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a> has also indirectly impacted culture and history. The Bible is currently <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">translated or is being translated</a> into about half of the world's languages. Some view biblical texts as morally problematic, historically inaccurate, or corrupted by time; others find it a useful historical source for certain peoples and events or a <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">source of ethical teachings</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The term "Bible" can refer to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> or the Christian Bible, which contains both the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> The English word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bible" class="extiw" title="wikt:Bible">Bible</a> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: τὰ βιβλία, romanized: ta biblia, meaning "the books" (singular βιβλίον, biblion).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra20097Gravett_et_al.2008xv-3">[2]</a> The word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of "<a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a>" and came to be used as the ordinary word for "book".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009246–247-4">[3]</a> It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, "Egyptian papyrus", possibly so called from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> seaport <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> (also known as Gebal) from whence Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> was exported to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrake2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsvisualhistoryofe00brakpage29_29]-5">[4]</a> The Greek ta biblia ("the books") was "an expression <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Jews">Hellenistic Jews</a> used to describe their sacred books".<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">F. F. Bruce</a> notes that <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> appears to be the first writer (in his Homilies on Matthew, delivered between 386 and 388 CE) to use the Greek phrase ta biblia ("the books") to describe both the Old and New Testaments together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988214-7">[6]</a> Latin biblia sacra "holy books" translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια (tà biblía tà hágia, "the holy books").<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> biblia is short for biblia sacra "holy book". It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_history">Development and history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Biblical manuscript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible_from_1300_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hebrew Bible from 1300. Genesis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bible_from_1300_%2820%29.jpg/250px-Bible_from_1300_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bible_from_1300_%2820%29.jpg/330px-Bible_from_1300_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bible_from_1300_%2820%29.jpg/500px-Bible_from_1300_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5848" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> in a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/220px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/330px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/440px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12540" data-file-height="3960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Isaiah_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Isaiah Scroll">Great Isaiah Scroll</a> (1QIsaa), one of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, is the oldest complete copy of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Bible is not a single book; it is a collection of books whose complex development is not completely understood. The oldest books began as songs and stories <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">orally transmitted</a> from generation to generation. Scholars of the twenty-first century are only in the beginning stages of exploring "the interface between writing, performance, memorization, and the aural dimension" of the texts. Current indications are that writing and orality were not separate as much as ancient writing was learned in communal oral performance.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The Bible was <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">written and compiled by many people</a>, who many scholars say are mostly unknown, from a variety of disparate cultures and backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson202112Rogerson200521Riches2000ch._2-11">[10]</a> British biblical scholar John K. Riches wrote:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches20009-12">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]he biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers – political, cultural, economic, and ecological – varied enormously. There are texts which reflect a nomadic existence, texts from people with an established monarchy and Temple cult, texts from exile, texts born out of fierce oppression by foreign rulers, courtly texts, texts from wandering charismatic preachers, texts from those who give themselves the airs of sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> writers. It is a time-span which encompasses the compositions of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>. It is a period which sees the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian empire">Assyrian empire</a> (twelfth to seventh century) and of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empire">Persian empire</a> (sixth to fourth century), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>'s campaigns (336–326), the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and its domination of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> (fourth century to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, 27 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>), the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Jerusalem Temple</a> (70 CE), and the extension of Roman rule to parts of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (84 CE).</blockquote> The books of the Bible were initially written and copied by hand on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> scrolls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim20177,_47-13">[12]</a> No originals have survived. The age of the original composition of the texts is, therefore, difficult to determine and heavily debated. Using a combined linguistic and historiographical approach, Hendel and Joosten date the oldest parts of the Hebrew Bible (the Song of Deborah in Judges 5 and the Samson story of Judges 16 and 1 Samuel) to having been composed in the premonarchial early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendelJoosten2018ix,_98–99,_101,_104,_106-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, discovered in the caves of <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> in 1947, are copies that can be dated to between 250 BCE and 100 CE. They are the oldest existing copies of the books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> of any length that are not fragments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201738,_47Ulrich2013103–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Brown2010ch._3(A)HarrisPlatzner200822-15">[14]</a> The earliest manuscripts were probably written in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew</a>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> pictograph similar to other pictographs of the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200659-16">[15]</a> The exile to Babylon most likely prompted the shift to square script (Aramaic) in the fifth to third centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200660-17">[16]</a> From the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Hebrew Bible was written with spaces between words to aid reading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200661-18">[17]</a> By the eighth century CE, the Masoretes added vowel signs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201388–90-19">[18]</a> Levites or scribes maintained the texts, and some texts were always treated as more authoritative than others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200662–63-20">[19]</a> Scribes preserved and changed the texts by changing the script, updating archaic forms, and making corrections. These Hebrew texts were copied with great care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200664–65-21">[20]</a> Considered to be scriptures (<a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacred</a>, authoritative religious texts), the books were compiled by different religious communities into various <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canons</a> (official collections of scriptures).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20129-22">[21]</a> The earliest compilation, containing the first five books of the Bible and called the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (meaning "law", "instruction", or "teaching") or Pentateuch ("five books"), was accepted as <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a> by the fifth century BCE. A second collection of narrative histories and prophesies, called the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> ("prophets"), was canonized in the third century BCE. A third collection called the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> ("writings"), containing psalms, proverbs, and narrative histories, was canonized sometime between the second century BCE and the second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20129–10-23">[22]</a> These three collections were written mostly in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, with some parts in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, which together form the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> or "TaNaKh" (an <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">abbreviation</a> of "Torah", "Nevi'im", and "Ketuvim").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3></div> There are three major <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">historical versions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a> (which contains only the first five books). They are related but do not share the same paths of development. The Septuagint, or the LXX, is a translation of the Hebrew scriptures and some related texts into Koine Greek and is believed to have been carried out by approximately seventy or seventy-two scribes and elders who were <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenic Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> begun in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the late third century BCE and completed by 132 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidowd9zig7i1oCpgPA363_363]-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorivalHarlMunnich1988111-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ndq-28">[b]</a> Probably commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, King of Egypt, it addressed the need of the primarily Greek-speaking Jews of the Graeco-Roman diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidowd9zig7i1oCpgPA363_363]-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202130-29">[27]</a> Existing complete copies of the Septuagint date from the third to the fifth centuries CE, with fragments dating back to the second century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201745–46,_58Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr2010250Bandstra20098,_480Gravett_et_al.200847HarrisPlatzner200827Riches2000ch._3-30">[28]</a> Revision of its text began as far back as the first century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Dines_2004-31">[29]</a> Fragments of the Septuagint were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls; portions of its text are also found on existing papyrus from Egypt dating to the second and first centuries BCE and to the first century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Dines_2004-31">[29]</a>: 5  The <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> began developing what would become the authoritative <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Aramaic</a> text of the 24 books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> near the end of the Talmudic period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 CE), but the actual date is difficult to determine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200330–31-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkkVFOTsBOAECq22Masoretesinherited22pgPA172_172]-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5xQOEAAAQBAJpgPA29_29]-34">[32]</a> In the sixth and seventh centuries, three Jewish communities contributed systems for writing the precise letter-text, with its <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vocalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">accentuation</a> known as the mas'sora (from which we derive the term "masoretic").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200330–31-32">[30]</a> These early Masoretic scholars were based primarily in the Galilean cities of Tiberias and Jerusalem and in Babylonia (modern Iraq). Those living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Galilee (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750–950) made scribal copies of the Hebrew Bible texts without a standard text, such as the Babylonian tradition had, to work from. The canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible (called Tiberian Hebrew) that they developed, and many of the notes they made, therefore, differed from the Babylonian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016288–291-35">[33]</a> These differences were resolved into a standard text called the Masoretic text in the ninth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202175-36">[34]</a> The oldest complete copy still in existence is the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a> dating to c. 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387-37">[35]</a> The Samaritan Pentateuch is a version of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> community since antiquity, which European scholars rediscovered in the 17th century; its oldest existing copies date to c. 1100 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201746–49Ulrich201395–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Carr20108Bandstra2009482Gravett_et_al.200847–49HarrisPlatzner200823–28-38">[36]</a> Samaritans include only the Pentateuch (Torah) in their biblical canon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSBMXnB4CRpUCpgPA91_91]-39">[37]</a> They do not recognize <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible#Divine_authorship" title="Authorship of the Bible">divine authorship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration</a> in any other book in the Jewish Tanakh.<a href="#cite_note-40">[c]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua_(Samaritan)" title="Book of Joshua (Samaritan)">Samaritan Book of Joshua</a> partly based upon the Tanakh's <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> exists, but Samaritans regard it as a non-canonical secular historical chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaster1908[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideUCRAfZvwRgCpgPA166_166]-41">[38]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> form of the Hebrew Bible was produced in the seventh century. The codex is the forerunner of the modern book. Popularized by early Christians, it was made by folding a single sheet of papyrus in half, forming "pages". Assembling multiples of these folded pages together created a "book" that was more easily accessible and more portable than scrolls. In 1488, the first complete printed press version of the Hebrew Bible was produced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200331–32-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/220px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/330px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/440px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> depicted in Saint Paul Writing His <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Epistles</a>, a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1619 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_de_Boulogne" title="Valentin de Boulogne">Valentin de Boulogne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P52_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of a fragment of papyrus with writing on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/P52_verso.jpg/250px-P52_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/P52_verso.jpg/330px-P52_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/P52_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">The Rylands fragment P52 verso</a> is the oldest existing fragment of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> papyrus, including phrases from the 18th chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniClarysse2012470-43">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> During the rise of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the first century CE, new scriptures were written in Koine Greek. Christians eventually called these new scriptures the "New Testament" and began referring to the Septuagint as the "Old Testament".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201745–46Brown2010Intro._and_ch._1Carr201017Bandstra20097,_484Riches2000chs._2_and_3-44">[41]</a> The New Testament has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurry2016117-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezetkoYoung2014164-46">[43]</a> Most early Christian copyists were not trained scribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2006300-47">[44]</a> Many copies of the gospels and Paul's letters were made by individual Christians over a relatively short period of time, very soon after the originals were written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200988-48">[45]</a> There is evidence in the Synoptic Gospels, in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Early_church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early church fathers">early church fathers</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> that Christian documents were in circulation before the end of the first century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200640–41,_300–301-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowry194476,_84,_85-50">[47]</a> Paul's letters were circulated during his lifetime, and his death is thought to have occurred before 68 during Nero's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowry194485-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436-52">[49]</a> Early Christians transported these writings around the Empire, translating them into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">Old Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ethiopic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and other languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202129-53">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> explains how these multiple texts later became grouped by scholars into categories:<blockquote> During the early centuries of the church, Christian texts were copied in whatever location they were written or taken to. Since texts were copied locally, it is no surprise that different localities developed different kinds of textual tradition. That is to say, the manuscripts in Rome had many of the same errors, because they were for the most part "in-house" documents, copied from one another; they were not influenced much by manuscripts being copied in Palestine; and those in Palestine took on their own characteristics, which were not the same as those found in a place like Alexandria, Egypt. Moreover, in the early centuries of the church, some locales had better scribes than others. Modern scholars have come to recognize that the scribes in Alexandria – which was a major intellectual center in the ancient world – were particularly scrupulous, even in these early centuries, and that there, in Alexandria, a very pure form of the text of the early Christian writings was preserved, decade after decade, by dedicated and relatively skilled Christian scribes.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a></blockquote> These differing histories produced what modern scholars refer to as recognizable "text types". The four most commonly recognized are <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">Alexandrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_text-type" title="Western text-type">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_text-type" title="Caesarean text-type">Caesarean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_text-type" title="Byzantine text-type">Byzantine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2013412–420,_430–432Brown2010ch._3(A)-55">[52]</a> The list of books included in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> was established as canon by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> in 382, followed by those of <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Hippo">Hippo</a> in 393 and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage#Synod_of_397" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage">Carthage</a> in 397. Between 385 and 405 CE, the early Christian church translated its canon into <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> (the common Latin spoken by ordinary people), a translation known as the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xvHarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_371Riches2000ch._3-56">[53]</a> Since then, Catholic Christians have held <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> to standardize their biblical canon. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–63), held by the Catholic Church in response to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, authorized the Vulgate as its official Latin translation of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201740,_46,_49,_58–59Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xv,_49HarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_31–32,_371Riches2000ch._3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740,_46,_49,_58–59Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xv,_49HarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_31–32,_371Riches2000ch._3-57">[54]</a> A number of biblical canons have since evolved. Christian biblical canons range from the 73 books of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> canon and the 66-book canon of most <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations to the 81 books of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> canon, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches20007–8-58">[55]</a> Judaism has long accepted a single authoritative text, whereas Christianity has never had an official version, instead having many different manuscript traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201915-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3></div> All biblical texts were treated with reverence and care by those who copied them, yet there are transmission errors, called variants, in all biblical manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200641-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199424-61">[58]</a> A variant is any deviation between two texts. Textual critic Daniel B. Wallace explains, "Each deviation counts as one variant, regardless of how many MSS [manuscripts] attest to it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200998-62">[59]</a> Hebrew scholar <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a> says the term is not evaluative; it is a recognition that the paths of development of different texts have separated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETov200118-63">[60]</a> Medieval handwritten manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible were considered extremely precise: the most authoritative documents from which to copy other texts.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Even so, <a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">David Carr</a> asserts that Hebrew texts still contain some variants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr20115–7-65">[62]</a> The majority of all variants are accidental, such as spelling errors, but some changes were intentional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199460-66">[63]</a> In the Hebrew text, "memory variants" are generally accidental differences evidenced by such things as the shift in word order found in 1 Chronicles 17:24 and 2 Samuel 10:9 and 13. Variants also include the substitution of lexical equivalents, semantic and grammar differences, and larger scale shifts in order, with some major revisions of the Masoretic texts that must have been intentional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr20115–7,_18,_24,_29,_42,_55,_61,_145,_167-67">[64]</a> Intentional changes in New Testament texts were made to improve grammar, eliminate discrepancies, harmonize parallel passages, combine and simplify multiple variant readings into one, and for theological reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199460-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyce2013461–464,_468,_470–473-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Waltke" title="Bruce Waltke">Bruce K. Waltke</a> observes that one variant for every ten words was noted in the recent critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, leaving 90% of the Hebrew text without variation. The fourth edition of the United Bible Society's Greek New Testament notes variants affecting about 500 out of 6900 words, or about 7% of the text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200625-69">[66]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible">Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">Textual variants in the New Testament</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_and_themes">Content and themes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creation_of_Light.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Creation_of_Light.png/220px-Creation_of_Light.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Creation_of_Light.png/330px-Creation_of_Light.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Creation_of_Light.png/440px-Creation_of_Light.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Creation of Light by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>.</figcaption></figure> The narratives, laws, wisdom sayings, parables, and unique genres of the Bible provide opportunity for discussion on most topics of concern to human beings: The role of women,<a href="#cite_note-Barbara_J._MacHaffie-70">[67]</a>: 203  sex,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper20131–14,_84–86,_88-71">[68]</a> children, marriage,<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-72">[69]</a> neighbours,<a href="#cite_note-Wayne_Grudem-73">[70]</a>: 24  friends, the nature of authority and the sharing of power,<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a>: 45–48  animals, trees and nature,<a href="#cite_note-Northcott96-75">[72]</a>: xi  money and economics,<a href="#cite_note-Hargaden-76">[73]</a>: 77  work, relationships,<a href="#cite_note-Kieran_Cronin-77">[74]</a> sorrow and despair and the nature of joy, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGericke2012207-78">[75]</a> Philosopher and ethicist Jaco Gericke adds: "The meaning of good and evil, the nature of right and wrong, criteria for moral discernment, valid sources of morality, the origin and acquisition of moral beliefs, the ontological status of moral norms, moral authority, cultural pluralism, [as well as] axiological and aesthetic assumptions about the nature of value and beauty. These are all implicit in the texts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGericke2012210-79">[76]</a> However, discerning the themes of some biblical texts can be problematic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittleman20121,_2-80">[77]</a> Much of the Bible is in narrative form and in general, biblical narrative refrains from any kind of direct instruction, and in some texts the author's intent is not easy to decipher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20071–3-81">[78]</a> It is left to the reader to determine good and bad, right and wrong, and the path to understanding and practice is rarely straightforward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201914-82">[79]</a> God is sometimes portrayed as having a role in the plot, but more often there is little about God's reaction to events, and no mention at all of approval or disapproval of what the characters have done or failed to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201940-83">[80]</a> The writer makes no comment, and the reader is left to infer what they will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201940-83">[80]</a> Jewish philosophers Shalom Carmy and David Schatz explain that the Bible "often juxtaposes contradictory ideas, without explanation or apology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmySchatz200313–14-84">[81]</a> The Hebrew Bible contains assumptions about the nature of knowledge, belief, truth, interpretation, understanding and cognitive processes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGericke2012209-85">[82]</a> Ethicist <a href="/wiki/Michael_V._Fox" title="Michael V. Fox">Michael V. Fox</a> writes that the primary axiom of the book of Proverbs is that "the exercise of the human mind is the necessary and sufficient condition of right and successful behavior in all reaches of life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox200778-86">[83]</a> The Bible teaches the nature of valid arguments, the nature and power of language, and its relation to reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGericke2012210-79">[76]</a> According to Mittleman, the Bible provides patterns of moral reasoning that focus on conduct and character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20193-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittleman201217-88">[85]</a> In the biblical metaphysic, humans have free will, but it is a relative and restricted freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner2002494-89">[86]</a> Beach says that Christian voluntarism points to the will as the core of the self, and that within human nature, "the core of who we are is defined by what we love".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach198825–26-90">[87]</a> Natural law is in the Wisdom literature, the Prophets, Romans 1, Acts 17, and the book of Amos (Amos 1:3–2:5), where nations other than Israel are held accountable for their ethical decisions even though they do not know the Hebrew god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200348–50-91">[88]</a> Political theorist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a> finds politics in the Hebrew Bible in covenant, law, and prophecy, which constitute an early form of almost democratic political ethics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalzer2012200-92">[89]</a> Key elements in biblical criminal justice begin with the belief in God as the source of justice and the judge of all, including those administering justice on earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouryal2015xx-93">[90]</a> Carmy and Schatz say the Bible "depicts the character of God, presents an account of creation, posits a metaphysics of divine providence and divine intervention, suggests a basis for morality, discusses many features of human nature, and frequently poses the notorious conundrum of how God can allow evil."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmySchatz200313,_14-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible_2">Hebrew Bible</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew Bible)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/180px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/270px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/360px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah (Instruction)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im (Prophets)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim (Writings)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot (Scrolls)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh" title="Template:Tanakh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh" title="Template talk:Tanakh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The authoritative Hebrew Bible is taken from the masoretic text (called the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a>) which dates from 1008. The Hebrew Bible can therefore sometimes be referred to as the Masoretic Text.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The Hebrew Bible is also known by the name Tanakh (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>תנ"ך‎). This reflects the threefold division of the Hebrew scriptures, <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> ("Teaching"), <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> ("Prophets") and <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> ("Writings") by using the first letters of each word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger_&_Katz2010651,_footnote_1-96">[93]</a> It is not until the Babylonian Talmud (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550 BCE) that a listing of the contents of these three divisions of scripture are found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016354-97">[94]</a> The Tanakh was mainly written in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, with some small portions (Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26, Jeremiah 10:11, Daniel 2:4–7:28)<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a>, a language which had become the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for much of the Semitic world.<a href="#cite_note-Driver-99">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torah">Torah</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/250px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/500px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Torah scroll</a> recovered from <a href="/wiki/Glockengasse_Synagogue" title="Glockengasse Synagogue">Glockengasse Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_Inscription_containing_portion_of_the_Bible_in_nine_lines_of_Hebrew_text,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Samaritan_Inscription_containing_portion_of_the_Bible_in_nine_lines_of_Hebrew_text%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/250px-Samaritan_Inscription_containing_portion_of_the_Bible_in_nine_lines_of_Hebrew_text%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Samaritan_Inscription_containing_portion_of_the_Bible_in_nine_lines_of_Hebrew_text%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Samaritan_Inscription_containing_portion_of_the_Bible_in_nine_lines_of_Hebrew_text%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Samaritan_Inscription_containing_portion_of_the_Bible_in_nine_lines_of_Hebrew_text%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/500px-Samaritan_Inscription_containing_portion_of_the_Bible_in_nine_lines_of_Hebrew_text%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="4420" /></a><figcaption>Samaritan Inscription containing a portion of the Bible in nine lines of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> text, currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London</figcaption></figure> The Torah (תּוֹרָה) is also known as the "Five Books of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>" or the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>, meaning "five scroll-cases".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstone2009[[iarchive:isbn_9780393064933/page/647|647]]-100">[97]</a> Traditionally these books were considered to have been <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">dictated to Moses</a> by God himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200697-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051072-102">[99]</a> Since the 17th century, scholars have viewed the original sources as being the product of multiple anonymous authors while also allowing the possibility that Moses first assembled the separate sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahkola2007vii,_xvi,_197,_204,_216–217-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaden201213-104">[101]</a> There are a variety of hypotheses regarding when and how <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">the Torah was composed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206-105">[102]</a> but there is a general consensus that it took its final form during the reign of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (probably 450–350 BCE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206–207-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsom200426-107">[104]</a> or perhaps in the early <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (333–164 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003224_n._49-108">[105]</a> The Hebrew names of the books are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">first words</a> in the respective texts. The Torah consists of the following five books: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, Bereshith (בראשית)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, Shemot (שמות)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, Vayikra (ויקרא)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>, Bamidbar (במדבר)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, Devarim (דברים)</li></ul> The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation</a> (or ordering) of the world and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's <a href="/wiki/Biblical_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical covenant">covenant</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">biblical patriarchs</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Israel_(name)" title="Israel (name)">Israel</a>) and Jacob's children, the "<a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a>", especially <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (Hebrew Bible)">Joseph</a>. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur</a>, eventually to settle in the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt. The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. He leads the Children of Israel from slavery in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> to the renewal of their covenant with God at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a> and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation was ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossel2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAzZlANCOIRgCpgPA355_355]-109">[106]</a> The commandments in the Torah provide the basis for <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish religious law</a>. Tradition states that there are <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a> (taryag mitzvot). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></div> Nevi'im (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: נְבִיאִים, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Nəḇī'īm, "Prophets") is the second main division of the Tanakh, between the Torah and Ketuvim. It contains two sub-groups, the Former Prophets (Nevi'im Rishonim נביאים ראשונים, the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) and the Latter Prophets (Nevi'im Aharonim נביאים אחרונים, the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Twelve Minor Prophets</a>). The Nevi'im tell a story of the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Hebrew monarchy</a> and its division into two kingdoms, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, focusing on conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and other nations, and conflicts among Israelites, specifically, struggles between believers in "the LORD God"<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>) and believers in foreign gods,<a href="#cite_note-111">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[e]</a> and the criticism of unethical and unjust behaviour of Israelite elites and rulers;<a href="#cite_note-113">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[h]</a> in which prophets played a crucial and leading role. It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">neo-Babylonian Empire</a> and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Former_Prophets">Former Prophets</h5></div> The Former Prophets are the books Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings. They contain narratives that begin immediately after the death of Moses with the divine appointment of Joshua as his successor, who then leads the people of Israel into the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>, and end with the release from imprisonment of the last <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">king of Judah</a>. Treating Samuel and Kings as single books, they cover: <ul><li>Joshua's conquest of the land of Canaan (in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a>),</li> <li>the struggle of the people to possess the land (in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>),</li> <li>the people's request to God to give them a king so that they can occupy the land in the face of their enemies (in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a>)</li> <li>the possession of the land under the divinely appointed kings of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a>, ending in conquest and foreign exile (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Latter_Prophets">Latter Prophets</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophet</a></div> The Latter Prophets are <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Twelve Minor Prophets</a>, counted as a single book. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a>, Hoshea (הושע) denounces the worship of gods other than Yahweh (God), comparing Israel to a woman being unfaithful to her husband.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a>, Yo'el (יואל) includes a lament and a promise from God.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a>, Amos (עמוס) speaks of social justice, providing a basis for natural law by applying it to unbelievers and believers alike.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a>, Ovadya (עבדיה) addresses the judgment of Edom and restoration of Israel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a>, Yona (יונה) tells of a reluctant redemption of Ninevah.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a>, Mikha (מיכה) reproaches unjust leaders, defends the rights of the poor, and looks forward to world peace.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a>, Nakhum (נחום) speaks of the destruction of Nineveh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a>, Havakuk (חבקוק) upholds trust in God over Babylon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a>, Tzefanya (צפניה) pronounces coming of judgment, survival and triumph of remnant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a>, Khagay (חגי) rebuild Second Temple.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a>, Zekharya (זכריה) God blesses those who repent and are pure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a>, Malakhi (מלאכי) corrects lax religious and social behaviour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhs_psalm1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bhs_psalm1.png/220px-Bhs_psalm1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Bhs_psalm1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> text of <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalm</a> 1:1–2</figcaption></figure> Ketuvim (in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: כְּתוּבִים, romanized: Kəṯūḇīm "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh. The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under the inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Judaism" title="Holy Spirit in Judaism">Ruach HaKodesh</a> (the Holy Spirit) but with one level less authority than that of <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196320-116">[108]</a> In Masoretic manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing their internal parallelism, which was found early in the study of Hebrew poetry. "Stichs" are the lines that make up a verse "the parts of which lie parallel as to form and content".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus199333-117">[109]</a> Collectively, these three books are known as Sifrei Emet (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, איוב, משלי, תהלים yields Emet אמ"ת, which is also the Hebrew for "truth"). Hebrew cantillation is the manner of chanting ritual readings as they are written and notated in the Masoretic Text of the Bible. Psalms, Job and Proverbs form a group with a "special system" of accenting used only in these three books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus199312-118">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_five_scrolls">The five scrolls</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_(high_resolution).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_%28high_resolution%29.jpg/250px-Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_%28high_resolution%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_%28high_resolution%29.jpg/330px-Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_%28high_resolution%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_%28high_resolution%29.jpg/500px-Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_%28high_resolution%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="4004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_(Egon_Tschirch)" title="Song of Songs (Egon Tschirch)">Song of Songs (Das Hohelied Salomos), No. 11</a> by <a href="/wiki/Egon_Tschirch" title="Egon Tschirch">Egon Tschirch</a>, published in 1923</figcaption></figure> The five relatively short books of <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> are collectively known as the Hamesh Megillot. These are the latest books collected and designated as authoritative in the Jewish canon even though they were not complete until the second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan20095-119">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_books">Other books</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/220px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/330px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg/440px-Great_Isaiah_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12540" data-file-height="3960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah scroll">Isaiah scroll</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, contains almost the whole <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> and dates from the second century BCE.</figcaption></figure> The books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[i]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a> share a distinctive style that no other Hebrew literary text, biblical or extra-biblical, shares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201323-121">[112]</a> They were not written in the normal style of Hebrew of the post-exilic period. The authors of these books must have chosen to write in their own distinctive style for unknown reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201324-122">[113]</a> <ul><li>Their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.e., the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent restoration of Zion).</li> <li>The Talmudic tradition ascribes late authorship to all of them.</li> <li>Two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in the Tanakh with significant portions in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Aramaic</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Book_order">Book order</h5></div> The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most current printed editions. <ul><li>Tehillim (<a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>) תְהִלִּים is an anthology of individual Hebrew religious hymns.</li> <li>Mishlei (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a>) מִשְלֵי is a "collection of collections" on values, moral behaviour, the meaning of life and right conduct, and its basis in faith.</li> <li>Iyov (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>) אִיּוֹב is about faith, without understanding or justifying suffering.</li> <li>Shir ha-Shirim (<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>) or (Song of Solomon) שִׁיר הַשִׁירִים (<a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>) is poetry about love and sex.</li> <li>Ruth (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a>) רוּת (<a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>) tells of the Moabite woman Ruth, who decides to follow the God of the Israelites, and remains loyal to her mother-in-law, who is then rewarded.</li> <li>Eikha (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a>) איכה (<a href="/wiki/Ninth_of_Av" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth of Av">Ninth of Av</a>) [Also called Kinnot in Hebrew.] is a collection of poetic laments for the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.</li> <li>Qoheleth (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>) קהלת (<a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>) contains wisdom sayings disagreed over by scholars. Is it positive and life-affirming, or deeply pessimistic?</li> <li>Ester (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>) אֶסְתֵר (<a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>) tells of a Hebrew woman in Persia who becomes queen and thwarts a genocide of her people.</li> <li>Dani’el (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>) דָּנִיֵּאל combines prophecy and eschatology (end times) in story of God saving Daniel just as He will save Israel.</li> <li>‘Ezra (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a>–<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a>) עזרא tells of rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem after the Babylonian exile.</li> <li>Divrei ha-Yamim (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>) דברי הימים contains genealogy.</li></ul> The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a> 14b–15a) gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodkinson200853-123">[114]</a> One of the large scale differences between the Babylonian and the Tiberian biblical traditions is the order of the books. Isaiah is placed after Ezekiel in the Babylonian, while Chronicles opens the Ketuvim in the Tiberian, and closes it in the Babylonian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016300–301-124">[115]</a> The Ketuvim is the last of the three portions of the Tanakh to have been accepted as canonical. While the Torah may have been considered canon by Israel as early as the fifth century BCE and the Former and Latter Prophets were canonized by the second century BCE, the Ketuvim was not a fixed canon until the second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan20095-119">[111]</a> Evidence suggests, however, that the people of Israel were adding what would become the Ketuvim to their holy literature shortly after the canonization of the prophets. As early as 132 BCE references suggest that the Ketuvim was starting to take shape, although it lacked a formal title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196316–17-125">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Against_Apion" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a>, the writing of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Josephus</a> in 95 CE, treated the text of the Hebrew Bible as a closed canon to which "... no one has ventured either to add, or to remove, or to alter a syllable..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightfoot2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid89oz-U-JJ0sCpgPA154_154–155]-126">[117]</a> For an extended period after 95CE, the divine inspiration of Esther, <a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Songs">the Song of Songs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> was often under scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196317-127">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Septuagint">Septuagint</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocrypha</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Vaticanus_(1_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5)_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Codex_Vaticanus_%281_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5%29_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible%29.jpg/250px-Codex_Vaticanus_%281_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5%29_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Codex_Vaticanus_%281_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5%29_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible%29.jpg/330px-Codex_Vaticanus_%281_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5%29_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Codex_Vaticanus_%281_Esdras_1-55_to_2-5%29_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of a Septuagint: A column of <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> book from <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_1209" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209">Codex Vaticanus</a> c. 325–350 CE, the basis of Sir <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Charles_Lee_Brenton" title="Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton">Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> edition and <a href="/wiki/Brenton%27s_English_Translation_of_the_Septuagint" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenton's English Translation of the Septuagint">English translation</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition,_vol._1.djvu%3Fpage%3D21" title="File:KJV 1769 Oxford Edition, vol. 1.djvu?page=21"><img resource="/wiki/File:KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition,_vol._1.djvu?page=21" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-220px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-330px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-440px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption>The contents page in a complete 80 book <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>, listing "The Books of the Old Testament", "The Books called Apocrypha", and "The Books of the New Testament".</figcaption></figure> The Septuagint ("the Translation of the Seventy", also called "the LXX"), is a Koine Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible begun in the late third century BCE. As the work of translation progressed, the Septuagint expanded: the collection of prophetic writings had various <a href="/wiki/Hagiographa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographa">hagiographical</a> works incorporated into it. In addition, some newer books such as the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach</a> were added. These are among the "apocryphal" books, (books whose authenticity is doubted). The inclusion of these texts, and the claim of some mistranslations, contributed to the Septuagint being seen as a "careless" translation and its eventual rejection as a valid Jewish scriptural text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241-128">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos200021-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[j]</a> The apocrypha are Jewish literature, mostly of the Second Temple period (c. 550 BCE – 70 CE); they originated in Israel, Syria, Egypt or Persia; were originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek, and attempt to tell of biblical characters and themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016349–350-132">[122]</a> Their provenance is obscure. One older theory of where they came from asserted that an "Alexandrian" canon had been accepted among the Greek-speaking Jews living there, but that theory has since been abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlocher200482-133">[123]</a> Indications are that they were not accepted when the rest of the Hebrew canon was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlocher200482-133">[123]</a> It is clear the Apocrypha were used in New Testament times, but "they are never quoted as Scripture."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlocher200486-134">[124]</a> In modern Judaism, none of the apocryphal books are accepted as authentic and are therefore excluded from the canon. However, "the Ethiopian Jews, who are sometimes called Falashas, have an expanded canon, which includes some Apocryphal books".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDygOmktEvFMCpgPA43_43–46]-135">[125]</a> The rabbis also wanted to distinguish their tradition from the newly emerging tradition of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-ndq-28">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[k]</a> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> claimed a divine authority for the Hebrew language, in contrast to Aramaic or Greek – even though these languages were the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Jews during this period (and Aramaic would eventually be given the status of a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">sacred language</a> comparable to Hebrew).<a href="#cite_note-137">[l]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incorporations_from_Theodotion">Incorporations from Theodotion</h4></div> The Book of Daniel is preserved in the 12-chapter Masoretic Text and in two longer Greek versions, the original Septuagint version, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BCE, and the later <a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a> version from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> second century CE. Both Greek texts contain three <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">additions to Daniel</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a>; the story of <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susannah and the Elders</a>; and the story of <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a>. Theodotion's translation was so widely copied in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> church that its version of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> virtually superseded the Septuagint's. The priest <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, in his preface to Daniel (407 CE), records the rejection of the Septuagint version of that book in Christian usage: "I ... wish to emphasize to the reader the fact that it was not according to the Septuagint version but according to the version of Theodotion himself that the churches publicly read Daniel."<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a> Jerome's preface also mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a> had notations in it, indicating several major differences in content between the Theodotion Daniel and the earlier versions in Greek and Hebrew. Theodotion's Daniel is closer to the surviving Hebrew Masoretic Text version, the text which is the basis for most modern translations. Theodotion's Daniel is also the one embodied in the authorized edition of the Septuagint published by <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a> in 1587.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_form">Final form</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></div> Textual critics are now debating how to reconcile the earlier view of the Septuagint as 'careless' with content from the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran, scrolls discovered at Wadi Murabba'at, Nahal Hever, and those discovered at Masada. These scrolls are 1000–1300 years older than the Leningrad text, dated to 1008 CE, which forms the basis of the Masoretic text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199240-140">[128]</a> The scrolls have confirmed much of the Masoretic text, but they have also differed from it, and many of those differences agree with the Septuagint, the Samaritan Pentateuch or the Greek Old Testament instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241-128">[119]</a> Copies of some texts later declared apocryphal are also among the Qumran texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlocher200482-133">[123]</a> Ancient manuscripts of the book of Sirach, the "Psalms of Joshua", Tobit, and the Epistle of Jeremiah are now known to have existed in a Hebrew version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199214,_52-141">[129]</a> The Septuagint version of some biblical books, such as the Book of Daniel and Book of Esther, are longer than those in the Jewish canon. In the Septuagint, Jeremiah is shorter than in the Masoretic text, but a shortened Hebrew Jeremiah has been found at Qumran in cave 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241-128">[119]</a> The scrolls of Isaiah, Exodus, Jeremiah, Daniel and Samuel exhibit striking and important textual variants from the Masoretic text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241-128">[119]</a> The Septuagint is now seen as a careful translation of a different Hebrew form or recension (revised addition of the text) of certain books, but debate on how best to characterize these varied texts is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241-128">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudepigraphal_books">Pseudepigraphal books</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship of the Bible</a></div> Pseudepigrapha are works whose authorship is wrongly attributed. A written work can be pseudepigraphical and not be a forgery, as forgeries are intentionally deceptive. With pseudepigrapha, authorship has been mistransmitted for any one of a number of reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger19724-142">[130]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a> claims to be written by Barnabas the companion of the Apostle Paul, but both its manuscripts date from the Middle Ages. Apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works are not the same. Apocrypha includes all the writings claiming to be sacred that are outside the canon because they are not accepted as authentically being what they claim to be. Pseudepigrapha is a literary category of all writings whether they are canonical or apocryphal. They may or may not be authentic in every sense except a misunderstood authorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger19724-142">[130]</a> The term "pseudepigrapha" is commonly used to describe numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 300 BCE to 300 CE. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. (It also refers to books of the New Testament canon whose authorship is questioned.) The Old Testament pseudepigraphal works include the following:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985vii,_197–221,_223–243-143">[131]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a></li> <li>Ethiopic <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> (1 Enoch)</li> <li>Slavonic <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> (2 Enoch)</li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> (3 Enoch) (also known as "The Revelation of Metatron" or "The Book of Rabbi Ishmael the High Priest")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch">Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch</a> (2 Baruch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a> (Letter to Philocrates regarding the translating of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_and_Ascension_of_Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah">Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Apocalypse of Baruch">Greek Apocalypse of Baruch</a> (3 Baruch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_of_Enoch">Book of Enoch</h4></div> Notable pseudepigraphal works include the Books of Enoch such as <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">2 Enoch</a>, which survives only in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Slavonic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a>, surviving in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> of the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> fifth century – c. sixth century CE. These are ancient <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> religious works, traditionally ascribed to the prophet <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (Biblical figure)">Enoch</a>, the great-grandfather of the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>. The fragment of Enoch found among the Qumran scrolls attest to it being an ancient work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011259,_267-144">[132]</a> The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) are estimated to date from about 300 BCE, and the latest part (Book of Parables) was probably composed at the end of the first century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromiley2004411-145">[133]</a> Enoch is not part of the biblical canon used by most <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, apart from <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>. Most Christian denominations and traditions may accept the Books of Enoch as having some historical or theological interest or significance. Part of the Book of Enoch is quoted in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hebrews">Book of Hebrews</a> (parts of the New Testament), but Christian denominations generally regard the Books of Enoch as non-canonical.<a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> The exceptions to this view are the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011259,_267-144">[132]</a> The Ethiopian Bible is not based on the Greek Bible, and the Ethiopian Church has a slightly different understanding of canon than other Christian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011261-147">[135]</a> In Ethiopia, canon does not have the same degree of fixedness, (yet neither is it completely open).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011261-147">[135]</a> Enoch has long been seen there as inspired scripture, but being scriptural and being canon are not always seen the same. The official Ethiopian canon has 81 books, but that number is reached in different ways with various lists of different books, and the book of Enoch is sometimes included and sometimes not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011261-147">[135]</a> Current evidence confirms Enoch as canonical in both Ethiopia and in Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011259,_267-144">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Bible">Christian Bible</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/60px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/120px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/220px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a></figcaption></figure> A Christian Bible is a set of books divided into the Old and New Testament that a <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> has, at some point in their past or present, regarded as divinely inspired scripture by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2012374-148">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> primarily used the Septuagint, as it was written in Greek, the common tongue of the day, or they used the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targums</a> among <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> speakers. Modern English translations of the Old Testament section of the Christian Bible are based on the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387-37">[35]</a> The Pauline epistles and the gospels were soon added, along with other writings, as the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA31_31–32]-149">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a></div> The Old Testament has been important to the life of the Christian church from its earliest days. Bible scholar <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> says "Jesus himself was profoundly shaped by the scriptures."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright20053-150">[138]</a> Wright adds that the earliest Christians searched those same Hebrew scriptures in their effort to understand the earthly life of Jesus. They regarded the "holy writings" of the Israelites as necessary and instructive for the Christian, as seen from Paul's words to Timothy (2 Timothy 3:15), as pointing to the Messiah, and as having reached a climactic fulfilment in Jesus generating the "<a href="/wiki/New_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="New covenant">new covenant</a>" prophesied by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-151">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Old Testament of the 21st century has a 39-book canon. The number of books (although not the content) varies from the Jewish Tanakh only because of a different method of division. The term "Hebrew scriptures" is often used as being synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, since the surviving scriptures in Hebrew include only those books. However, the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books as its Old Testament (45 if Jeremiah and Lamentations are counted as one),<a href="#cite_note-152">[140]</a> and the Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize six additional books. These additions are also included in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">Syriac versions of the Bible</a> called the Peshitta and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Ethiopian Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FUP1970-153">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ewert-154">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells1911-155">[o]</a> Because the canon of Scripture is distinct for Jews, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and Western Protestants, the contents of each community's Apocrypha are unique, as is its usage of the term. For Jews, none of the apocryphal books are considered canonical. Catholics refer to this collection as "<a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a>" (second canon) and the Orthodox Church refers to them as "<a href="/wiki/Anagignoskomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagignoskomena">Anagignoskomena</a>" (that which is read).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016349-156">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[p]</a> Books included in the Catholic, Orthodox, Greek, and Slavonic Bibles are: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> (or Ecclesiasticus), <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> (also called the Baruch Chapter 6), <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to Esther">Greek Additions to Esther</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Greek Additions to Daniel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202119-158">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, and the Slavonic churches (Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia) also add:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016350-159">[143]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> (4 Esdras), which is not included in the Septuagint, does not exist in Greek, though it does exist in Latin. There is also <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> which is only accepted as canonical in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Church</a>. It is in an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it is therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202120-160">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> also includes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 151–155</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch">Apocalypse of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch#The_Letter_of_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">The Letter of Baruch</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald202143-161">[145]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Ethiopian Old Testament Canon</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a> (that only survived in Ge'ez), <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1–3 Meqabyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Greek Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a>, and Psalm 151.<a href="#cite_note-Wells1911-155">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-FUP1970-153">[m]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Revised Common Lectionary">Revised Common Lectionary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a> uses the apocryphal books liturgically, with alternative Old Testament readings available.<a href="#cite_note-163">[q]</a> Therefore, editions of the Bible intended for use in the Lutheran Church and Anglican Church include the fourteen books of the Apocrypha, many of which are the deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic Church, plus <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a>, which were in the Vulgate appendix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2000336–337-164">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Churches use most of the books of the Septuagint, while <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches usually do not. After the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a>. The Apocrypha are included under a separate heading in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible, the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[148]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="width:75%; margin:auto; clear:center; text-align:left; font-size:85%;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom; font-weight:bold;"> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">The Orthodox Old Testament<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLay20033–4-166">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[r]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">Greek-based name </td> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">Conventional English name </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Law </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Γένεσις</td> <td>Génesis</td> <td>Genesis </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἔξοδος</td> <td>Éxodos</td> <td>Exodus </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Λευϊτικόν</td> <td>Leuitikón</td> <td>Leviticus </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἀριθμοί</td> <td>Arithmoí</td> <td>Numbers </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Δευτερονόμιον</td> <td>Deuteronómion</td> <td>Deuteronomy </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">History </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἰησοῦς Nαυῆ</td> <td>Iêsous Nauê</td> <td>Joshua </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Κριταί</td> <td>Kritaí</td> <td>Judges </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ῥούθ</td> <td>Roúth</td> <td>Ruth </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Βασιλειῶν Αʹ<a href="#cite_note-168">[s]</a></td> <td>I Basileiōn</td> <td>I Samuel </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Βασιλειῶν Βʹ</td> <td>II Basileiōn</td> <td>II Samuel </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Βασιλειῶν Γʹ</td> <td>III Basileiōn</td> <td>I Kings </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Βασιλειῶν Δʹ</td> <td>IV Basileiōn</td> <td>II Kings </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Παραλειπομένων Αʹ</td> <td>I Paraleipomenon<a href="#cite_note-169">[t]</a></td> <td>I Chronicles </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Παραλειπομένων Βʹ</td> <td>II Paraleipomenon</td> <td>II Chronicles </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἔσδρας Αʹ</td> <td>I Esdras</td> <td>1 Esdras </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἔσδρας Βʹ</td> <td>II Esdras</td> <td>Ezra–Nehemiah </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Τωβίτ<a href="#cite_note-170">[u]</a></td> <td>Tōbit</td> <td>Tobit or Tobias </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἰουδίθ</td> <td>Ioudith</td> <td>Judith </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἐσθήρ</td> <td>Esther</td> <td>Esther with additions </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Αʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="I Maccabees">I Makkabaion</a></td> <td>1 Maccabees </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Βʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/II_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="II Maccabees">II Makkabaion</a></td> <td>2 Maccabees </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Γʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/III_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="III Maccabees">III Makkabaion</a></td> <td>3 Maccabees </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Wisdom </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ψαλμοί</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalmoi</a></td> <td>Psalms </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:2em">Ψαλμός ΡΝΑʹ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalmos 151</a></td> <td>Psalm 151 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Προσευχὴ Μανάσση</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Proseuchē Manassē</a></td> <td>Prayer of Manasseh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἰώβ</td> <td>Iōb</td> <td>Job </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Παροιμίαι</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Paroimiai</a></td> <td>Proverbs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἐκκλησιαστής</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ekklēsiastēs</a></td> <td>Ecclesiastes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἆσμα Ἀσμάτων</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Asma Asmatōn</a></td> <td>Song of Solomon or Canticles </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Σοφία Σαλoμῶντος</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Sophia Salomōntos</a></td> <td>Wisdom or Wisdom of Solomon </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Σοφία Ἰησοῦ Σειράχ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sophia Iēsou Seirach</a></td> <td>Sirach or Ecclesiasticus or Wisdom of Sirach </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ψαλμοί Σαλoμῶντος</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalmoi Salomōntos</a></td> <td>Psalms of Solomon<a href="#cite_note-172">[v]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Prophets </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-indent:1em">Δώδεκα</th> <th>Dōdeka (The Twelve)</th> <th>Minor Prophets </th></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ὡσηέ Αʹ</td> <td>I Osëe</td> <td>Hosea </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ἀμώς Βʹ</td> <td>II Amōs</td> <td>Amos </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Μιχαίας Γʹ</td> <td>III Michaias</td> <td>Micah </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ἰωήλ Δʹ</td> <td>IV Ioël</td> <td>Joel </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ὀβδίου Εʹ<a href="#cite_note-173">[w]</a></td> <td>V Obdiou</td> <td>Obadiah </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ἰωνᾶς Ϛ'</td> <td>VI Ionas</td> <td>Jonah </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ναούμ Ζʹ</td> <td>VII Naoum</td> <td>Nahum </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ἀμβακούμ Ηʹ</td> <td>VIII Ambakoum</td> <td>Habakkuk </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Σοφονίας Θʹ</td> <td>IX Sophonias</td> <td>Zephaniah </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ἀγγαῖος Ιʹ</td> <td>X Angaios</td> <td>Haggai </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Ζαχαρίας ΙΑʹ</td> <td>XI Zacharias</td> <td>Zachariah </td></tr> <tr style="text-indent:2em"> <td>Μαλαχίας ΙΒʹ</td> <td>XII Malachias</td> <td>Malachi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἠσαΐας</td> <td>Ēsaias</td> <td>Isaiah </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἱερεμίας</td> <td>Hieremias</td> <td>Jeremiah </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Βαρούχ</td> <td>Barouch</td> <td>Baruch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Θρῆνοι</td> <td>Thrēnoi</td> <td>Lamentations </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἐπιστολή Ιερεμίου</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Epistolē Ieremiou</a></td> <td>Letter of Jeremiah </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἰεζεκιήλ</td> <td>Iezekiêl</td> <td>Ezekiel </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Δανιήλ</td> <td>Daniêl</td> <td>Daniel with additions </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Appendix </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Δ' Παράρτημα</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IV_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="IV Maccabees">IV</a> <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">Makkabaiōn</a> Parartēma</td> <td>4 Maccabees<a href="#cite_note-174">[x]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Testament_2">New Testament</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_New_Testament" title="Language of the New Testament">Language of the New Testament</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_content" title="Category:New Testament content">Category:New Testament content</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marinus_Claesz._van_Reymerswaele_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marinus_Claesz._van_Reymerswaele_002.jpg/220px-Marinus_Claesz._van_Reymerswaele_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marinus_Claesz._van_Reymerswaele_002.jpg/330px-Marinus_Claesz._van_Reymerswaele_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marinus_Claesz._van_Reymerswaele_002.jpg/440px-Marinus_Claesz._van_Reymerswaele_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>St. Jerome in His Study, published in 1541 by <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_Reymerswaele" title="Marinus van Reymerswaele">Marinus van Reymerswaele</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> produced a fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> edition of the Bible, known as the Vulgate, that became the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s official translation.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> is the name given to the second portion of the Christian Bible. While some scholars assert that Aramaic was the original language of the New Testament,<a href="#cite_note-Erbes-175">[151]</a> the majority view says it was written in the vernacular form of Koine Greek. Still, there is reason to assert that it is a heavily Semitized Greek: its syntax is like conversational Greek, but its style is largely Semitic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace199625–29-176">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[y]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[z]</a> Koine Greek was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common language</a> of the western Roman Empire from the <a href="/wiki/Conquests_of_Alexander_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquests of Alexander the Great">Conquests of Alexander the Great</a> (335–323 BCE) until the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600) while Aramaic was the language of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, the Apostles and the ancient Near East.<a href="#cite_note-Erbes-175">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[aa]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[ab]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[ac]</a> The term "New Testament" came into use in the second century during a controversy over whether the Hebrew Bible should be included with the Christian writings as sacred scripture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19983,_4,_7-182">[153]</a> It is generally accepted that the New Testament writers were Jews who took the inspiration of the Old Testament for granted. This is probably stated earliest in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Timothy#3:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Timothy">2 Timothy 3:16</a>: "All scripture is given by inspiration of God". Scholarship on how and why ancient Jewish–Christians came to create and accept new texts as equal to the established Hebrew texts has taken three forms. First, <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">John Barton</a> writes that ancient Christians probably just continued the Jewish tradition of writing and incorporating what they believed were inspired, authoritative religious books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19982-183">[154]</a> The second approach separates those various inspired writings based on a concept of "canon" which developed in the second century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19983–8-184">[155]</a> The third involves formalizing canon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19988–11-185">[156]</a> According to Barton, these differences are only differences in terminology; the ideas are reconciled if they are seen as three stages in the formation of the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton199811,_14–19-186">[157]</a> The first stage was completed remarkably early if one accepts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_C._Sundberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert C. Sundberg (page does not exist)">Albert C. Sundberg</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_C._Sundberg" class="extiw" title="de:Albert C. Sundberg">de</a>]'s view that "canon" and "scripture" are separate things, with "scripture" having been recognized by ancient Christians long before "canon" was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19989–11,_17–18-187">[158]</a> Barton says <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Zahn" title="Theodor Zahn">Theodor Zahn</a> concluded "there was already a Christian canon by the end of the first century", but this is not the canon of later centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19983-188">[159]</a> Accordingly, Sundberg asserts that in the first centuries, there was no criterion for inclusion in the "sacred writings" beyond inspiration, and that no one in the first century had the idea of a closed canon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19989–11-189">[160]</a> The gospels were accepted by early believers as handed down from those Apostles who had known Jesus and been taught by him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA4_4]-190">[161]</a> Later biblical criticism has questioned the authorship and dating of the gospels. At the end of the second century, it is widely recognized that a Christian canon similar to its modern version was asserted by the church fathers in response to the plethora of writings claiming inspiration that contradicted <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19987-191">[162]</a> The third stage of development as the final canon occurred in the fourth century with a series of <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> that produced a list of texts of the canon of the Old Testament and the New Testament that are still used today. Most notably the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> in 393 CE and that of c. 400. Jerome <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Latin" title="Bible translations into Latin">produced a definitive Latin edition</a> of the Bible (the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>), the canon of which, at the insistence of the Pope, was in accord with the earlier Synods. This process effectively set the New Testament canon. New Testament books already had considerable authority in the late first and early second centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton199814-192">[163]</a> Even in its formative period, most of the books of the NT that were seen as scripture were already agreed upon. Linguistics scholar <a href="/wiki/Stanley_E._Porter" title="Stanley E. Porter">Stanley E. Porter</a> says "evidence from the apocryphal non-Gospel literature is the same as that for the apocryphal Gospels – in other words, that the text of the Greek New Testament was relatively well established and fixed by the time of the second and third centuries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2011198-193">[164]</a> By the time the fourth century Fathers were approving the "canon", they were doing little more than codifying what was already universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton199815-194">[165]</a> The New Testament is a collection of 27 books<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm2Lz7iwklhACpgPA439_438–439]-195">[166]</a> of 4 different <a href="/wiki/Genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Genres">genres</a> of Christian literature (<a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, one account of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Epistles</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalypse</a>). These books can be grouped into: The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> are narratives of Jesus's last three years of life, his death and resurrection. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">narrative literature</a> provides an account and history of the very early Apostolic age. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> are written to individual church groups to address problems, provide encouragement and give instruction. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></li></ul> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">pastoral epistles</a> discuss the pastoral oversight of churches, Christian living, doctrine and leadership. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a></li></ul> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a>, also called the general epistles or lesser epistles. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> encourages a lifestyle consistent with faith.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> addresses trial and suffering.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> more on suffering's purposes, Christology, ethics and eschatology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a> covers how to discern true Christians: by their ethics, their proclamation of Jesus in the flesh, and by their love.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a> warns against <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a> encourage, strengthen and warn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> condemns opponents.</li></ul> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a> (prophetical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, or the Apocalypse, predicts end time events.</li></ul> Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodox currently have the same 27-book New Testament Canon. They are ordered differently in the <a href="/wiki/Slavonic_translations_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonic translations of the Bible">Slavonic tradition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">Syriac</a> tradition and the Ethiopian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgxEONS0FFlsCpgPA103_103]-196">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canon_variations">Canon variations</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Peshitta">Peshitta</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></div> The Peshitta (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܦܫܺܝܛܬܳܐ or ܦܫܝܼܛܬܵܐ pšīṭtā) is the standard version of the Bible for churches in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac tradition</a>. The consensus within biblical scholarship, although not universal, is that the Old Testament of the Peshitta was translated into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> from <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">biblical Hebrew</a>, probably in the 2nd century CE, and that the New Testament of the Peshitta was translated from the Greek.<a href="#cite_note-197">[ad]</a> This New Testament, originally excluding certain <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">disputed books</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_John" class="mw-redirect" title="2 John">2 John</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_John" class="mw-redirect" title="3 John">3 John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>), had become a standard by the early 5th century. The five excluded books were added in the <a href="/wiki/Harklean_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Harklean Version">Harklean Version</a> (616 CE) of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Harqel" title="Thomas of Harqel">Thomas of Harqel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bromiley1995-198">[ae]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erbes-175">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Catholic_Church_canon">Catholic Church canon</h5></div> The canon of the Catholic Church was affirmed by the Council of Rome (382), the Synod of Hippo (393), the Council of Carthage (397), the Council of Carthage (419), the Council of Florence (1431–1449) and finally, as an article of faith, by the Council of Trent (1545–1563) establishing the canon consisting of 46 books in the Old Testament and 27 books in the New Testament for a total of 73 books in the Catholic Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüger1989302-199">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[af]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ethiopian_Orthodox_canon">Ethiopian Orthodox canon</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon</a></div> The canon of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> is wider than the canons used by most other Christian churches. There are 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible.<a href="#cite_note-Ethiopian-203">[171]</a> In addition to the books found in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> accepted by other Orthodox Christians, the Ethiopian Old Testament Canon uses <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a> (ancient Jewish books that only survived in <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>, but are quoted in the New Testament),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202119-158">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Greek Ezra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra">Apocalypse of Ezra</a>, 3 books of <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">Meqabyan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wells1911-155">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-FUP1970-153">[m]</a> The three books of Meqabyan are not to be confused with the books of Maccabees. The order of the books is somewhat different in that the Ethiopian Old Testament follows the Septuagint order for the Minor Prophets rather than the Jewish order.<a href="#cite_note-Ethiopian-203">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_Apocryphal_books">New Testament Apocryphal books</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon" title="Apocryphon">Apocryphon</a></div> The New Testament apocrypha are a number of writings by early professed Christians that give accounts of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> and his teachings, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">the nature of God</a>, or the teachings of his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> and of their activities. Some of these writings were cited as Scripture by some early Christians, but since the fifth century a widespread consensus emerged limiting the New Testament to the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">27 books of the modern canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2003-205">[173]</a> Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Western Protestant churches do not view the New Testament apocrypha as part of the inspired Bible.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2003-205">[173]</a> Although some <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> canons to some extent have. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a> church at times has included the <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a>, but does not always list it with the other 27 canonical New Testament books. The New Testament of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Bible">Coptic Bible</a>, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egyptian Church</a>, includes the two <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Clement" title="Epistles of Clement">Epistles of Clement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_history">Textual history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Biblical manuscript</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></div> The original <a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">autographs</a>, that is, the original Greek writings and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a> written by the original authors of the New Testament, have not survived.<a href="#cite_note-207">[175]</a> But, historically, copies of those original autographs exist and were transmitted and preserved in a number of <a href="/wiki/Bible_manuscript#Textual_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible manuscript">manuscript traditions</a>. The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">Alexandrian text-type</a> (generally <a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">minimalist</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_text-type" title="Byzantine text-type">Byzantine text-type</a> (generally <a href="/wiki/Biblical_maximalism" title="Biblical maximalism">maximalist</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Western_text-type" title="Western text-type">Western text-type</a> (occasionally wild). Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts. Very early on, Christianity replaced scrolls with <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codexes</a>, the forerunner of bound books, and by the 3rd century, collections of biblical books began being copied as a set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201747Ulrich2013103–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Brown2010ch._3(A)HarrisPlatzner200822-208">[176]</a> Since all ancient texts were written by hand, often by copying from another handwritten text, they are not exactly alike in the manner of printed works. The differences between them are considered generally minor and are called <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">textual variants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulenSoulen2001204-209">[177]</a> A variant is simply any variation between two texts. The majority of variants are accidental, but some are intentional. Intentional changes were made to improve grammar, to eliminate discrepancies, to make Liturgical changes such as the doxology of the Lord's prayer, to harmonize parallel passages or to combine and simplify multiple variant readings into one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199460-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">The Bible and violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women in the Bible</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_based_on_the_Bible" title="Category:Works based on the Bible">Category:Works based on the Bible</a></div> With a literary tradition spanning two millennia, the Bible is one of the most influential works ever written. From practices of personal hygiene to philosophy and ethics, the Bible has directly and indirectly influenced politics and law, war and peace, sexual morals, marriage and family life, letters and learning, the arts, economics, social justice, medical care and more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1-210">[178]</a> The Bible is the world's most published book, with estimated total sales of over five billion copies.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-211">[179]</a> As such, the Bible has had a profound influence, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[181]</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> was the first book printed in Europe using <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000chs._1_and_4-214">[182]</a> It has contributed to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Western law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">literature</a>, and education.<a href="#cite_note-215">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_law">Politics and law</h3></div> The Bible has been used to support and oppose political power. It has inspired revolution and "a reversal of power" because God is so often portrayed as choosing what is "weak and humble...(the stammering Moses, the infant Samuel, Saul from an insignificant family, David confronting Goliath, etc.)....to confound the mighty".<a href="#cite_note-216">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[185]</a> Biblical texts have been the catalyst for political concepts like <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scribner-218">[186]</a>: 3  These have, in turn, inspired movements ranging from <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a> in the 18th and 19th century, to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement" title="Anti-Apartheid Movement">Anti-Apartheid Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a> in Latin America. The Bible has been the source of many peace movements and efforts at reconciliation around the world .<a href="#cite_note-219">[187]</a> The roots of many modern laws can be found in the Bible's teachings on due process, fairness in criminal procedures, and equity in the application of the law.<a href="#cite_note-220">[188]</a> Judges are told not to accept bribes (Deuteronomy 16:19), are required to be impartial to native and stranger alike (Leviticus 24:22; Deuteronomy 27:19), to the needy and the powerful alike (Leviticus 19:15), and to rich and poor alike (Deuteronomy 1:16, 17; Exodus 23:2–6). The right to a fair trial, and fair punishment, are also found in the Bible (Deuteronomy 19:15; Exodus 21:23–25). Those most vulnerable in a patriarchal society – children, women, and strangers – are singled out in the Bible for special protection (Psalm 72:2, 4).<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Marshall-221">[189]</a>: 47–48  The Bible has been noted by scholars as a significant influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nationhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, first among ancient Jews and later in Christian societies. For the ancient Jews, it served as "both a national history and a source of law",<a href="#cite_note-:0-222">[190]</a> providing a framework that established shared ancestry, common history, legal codes, and cultural markers that defined Jewish <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">collective identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-222">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-223">[191]</a> It has been suggested that the practice of regular public readings of biblical texts during the Second Temple period facilitated the transmission of these identity-forming narratives across the wider Jewish public.<a href="#cite_note-:1-223">[191]</a> Several scholars argue that substantial portions of the Hebrew Bible—particularly the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic History">Deuteronomistic History</a> and the Tetrateuch—were composed specifically to establish and reinforce a distinct Israelite <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-223">[191]</a> Some scholars of nationalism, such as Adrian Hastings, contend that the model of ancient Israel presented in the Hebrew Bible provided the world with the original concept of nationhood, influencing the development of nationalism and European nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-:2-224">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_responsibility">Social responsibility</h3></div> The philosophical foundation of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> is in the Bible's teachings of natural law.<a href="#cite_note-Levent_Gönenç-225">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Kim-226">[194]</a> The prophets of the Hebrew Bible repeatedly admonish the people to practice justice, charity, and social responsibility. H. A. Lockton writes that "The Poverty and Justice Bible (The Bible Society (UK), 2008) claims there are more than 2000 verses in the Bible dealing with the justice issues of rich-poor relations, exploitation and oppression".<a href="#cite_note-227">[195]</a> Judaism practised charity and healing the sick but tended to limit these practices to their own people.<a href="#cite_note-Bullough-228">[196]</a> For Christians, the Old Testament statements are enhanced by multiple verses such as Matthew 10:8, Luke 10:9 and 9:2, and Acts 5:16 that say "heal the sick". Authors Vern and Bonnie Bullough write in The care of the sick: the emergence of modern nursing, that this is seen as an aspect of following Jesus's example, since so much of his public ministry focused on healing.<a href="#cite_note-Bullough-228">[196]</a> In the process of following this command, monasticism in the third century transformed health care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrislip20053-229">[197]</a> This produced the first hospital for the poor in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in the fourth century. The monastic <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health care system</a> was innovative in its methods, allowing the sick to remain within the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> as a special class afforded special benefits; it <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">destigmatized</a> illness, legitimized the <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviance</a> from the norm that sickness includes, and formed the basis for future modern concepts of public health care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrislip200568–69,_99-230">[198]</a> The biblical practices of feeding and clothing the poor, visiting prisoners, supporting widows and orphan children have had sweeping impact.<a href="#cite_note-Charles_Schmidt-231">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Establishments-232">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teasdale2014-233">[201]</a> The Bible's emphasis on learning has had formidable influence on believers and western society. For centuries after the fall of the western Roman Empire, all schools in Europe were Bible-based church schools, and outside of monastic settlements, almost no one had the ability to read or write. These schools eventually led to the West's first universities (created by the church) in the Middle Ages which have spread around the world in the modern day.<a href="#cite_note-auto-234">[202]</a> Protestant Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, so compulsory education for both boys and girls was introduced. Translations of the Bible into local vernacular languages have supported the development of national literatures and the invention of alphabets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016279-235">[203]</a> Biblical teachings on sexual morality changed the Roman empire, the millennium that followed, and have continued to influence society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper201314–18-236">[204]</a> Rome's concept of sexual morality was centered on social and political status, power, and <a href="/wiki/Social_reproduction" title="Social reproduction">social reproduction</a> (the transmission of social inequality to the next generation). The biblical standard was a "radical notion of individual freedom centered around a libertarian paradigm of complete sexual agency".<a href="#cite_note-Rebecca_Langlands-237">[205]</a>: 10, 38  Classicist <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Harper" title="Kyle Harper">Kyle Harper</a> describes the change biblical teaching evoked as "a revolution in the rules of behavior, but also in the very image of the human being".<a href="#cite_note-238">[206]</a>: 14–18  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_the_arts">Literature and the arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regnault,_Henri,_Salom%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Regnault%2C_Henri%2C_Salom%C3%A9.jpg/250px-Regnault%2C_Henri%2C_Salom%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Regnault%2C_Henri%2C_Salom%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Regnault%2C_Henri%2C_Salom%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Regnault%2C_Henri%2C_Salom%C3%A9.jpg/500px-Regnault%2C_Henri%2C_Salom%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(Henri_Regnault)" title="Salomé (Henri Regnault)">Salomé</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Regnault" title="Henri Regnault">Henri Regnault</a> (1870)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Films_based_on_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Films based on the Bible">Films based on the Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_based_on_the_Bible" title="Category:Operas based on the Bible">Category:Operas based on the Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Books_based_on_the_Bible" title="Category:Books based on the Bible">Category:Books based on the Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_based_on_the_Bible" title="Category:Plays based on the Bible">Category:Plays based on the Bible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_based_on_the_Bible" title="Category:Music based on the Bible">Category:Music based on the Bible</a></div> The Bible has directly and indirectly influenced literature: <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St Augustine">St Augustine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(St._Augustine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessions (St. Augustine)">Confessions</a> is widely considered the first autobiography in <a href="/wiki/Western_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Literature">Western Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilken_2003_291-239">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a>, written 1265–1274, is "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature."<a href="#cite_note-240">[208]</a> These both influenced the writings of <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s epic poetry and his <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>, and in turn, Dante's creation and sacramental theology has contributed to influencing writers such as <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[209]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[210]</a> Many masterpieces of <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a> were inspired by biblical themes: from Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a> sculptures, to Leonardo da Vinci's <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)">Last Supper</a> and Raphael's various Madonna paintings. There are hundreds of examples. Eve, the temptress who disobeys God's commandment, is probably the most widely portrayed figure in art.<a href="#cite_note-Mati_Meyer-243">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">The Renaissance</a> preferred the sensuous female nude, while the "femme fatale" Delilah from the nineteenth century onward demonstrates how the Bible and art both shape and reflect views of women.<a href="#cite_note-244">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diane_Apostolos-Cappadona-245">[213]</a> The Bible has many rituals of purification which speak of clean and unclean in both literal and metaphorical terms.<a href="#cite_note-Warsh-246">[214]</a> The biblical toilet etiquette encourages washing after all instances of defecation, hence the invention of the bidet.<a href="#cite_note-247">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">The Bible and slavery</a></div> Critics view certain biblical texts to be morally problematic. The Bible neither calls for nor condemns <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> outright, but there are verses that address dealing with it, and these verses have been used to support it, although the Bible has also been used to support abolitionism. Some have written that <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a> begins in the book of Hebrews where others locate its beginnings in the culture of the fourth century Roman empire.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_J._Vlach-249">[217]</a>: 1  The Bible has been used to support the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, sexual intolerance, the <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. In the Christian Bible, the violence of war is addressed four ways: <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resistance">non-resistance</a>; <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive war</a> which is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Clouse-250">[218]</a>: 13–37  In the Hebrew Bible, there is just war and preventive war which includes the Amalekites, Canaanites, Moabites, and the record in Exodus, Deuteronomy, Joshua, and both books of Kings.<a href="#cite_note-A.G.Hunter-251">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a>, biblical scholar, writes that people throughout history have used these biblical texts to justify violence against their enemies.<a href="#cite_note-252">[220]</a> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Glick" title="Leonard Glick">Leonard B. Glick</a> offers the modern example of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalists</a> in Israel, such as <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Aviner" title="Shlomo Aviner">Shlomo Aviner</a>, a rabbi and prominent theorist of the <a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a> movement, who considers the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> to be like biblical Canaanites, and therefore suggests that Israel "must be prepared to destroy" the Palestinians if the Palestinians do not leave the land.<a href="#cite_note-253">[221]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> is inherent in these commandments, and that they have served as inspirational examples of divine support for slaughtering national opponents.<a href="#cite_note-254">[222]</a> However, the "applicability of the term [genocide] to earlier periods of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">history</a>" is questioned by sociologists Frank Robert Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn.<a href="#cite_note-Frank_Robert_Chalk-255">[223]</a> Since most societies of the past endured and practised genocide, it was accepted at that time as "being in the nature of life" because of the "coarseness and brutality" of life; the moral condemnation associated with terms like genocide are products of modern morality.<a href="#cite_note-Frank_Robert_Chalk-255">[223]</a>: 27  The definition of what constitutes violence has broadened considerably over time.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Lynch-256">[224]</a>: 1–2  The Bible reflects how perceptions of violence changed for its authors.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Lynch-256">[224]</a>: 261  Feminist biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Trible" title="Phyllis Trible">Phyllis Trible</a>, in her book Texts of Terror, tells four Bible stories of suffering in ancient Israel where women are the victims. Tribble describes the Bible as "a mirror" that reflects humans, and human life, in all its "holiness and horror".<a href="#cite_note-257">[225]</a> John Riches, professor of divinity and biblical criticism at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, provides the following view of the diverse historical influences of the Bible: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">It has inspired some of the great monuments of human thought, literature, and art; it has equally fuelled some of the worst excesses of human savagery, self-interest, and narrow-mindedness. It has inspired men and women to acts of great service and courage, to fight for liberation and human development; and it has provided the ideological fuel for societies which have enslaved their fellow human beings and reduced them to abject poverty. ... It has, perhaps above all, provided a source of religious and moral norms which have enabled communities to hold together, to care for, and to protect one another; yet precisely this strong sense of belonging has in turn fuelled ethnic, racial, and international tension and conflict. It has, that is to say, been the source of great truth, goodness, and beauty at the same time as it has inspired lies, wickedness, and ugliness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000134-258">[226]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_and_inspiration">Interpretation and inspiration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Bibliology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Biblical inspiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Biblical infallibility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic view of the Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg/250px-Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg/330px-Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg/500px-Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A Bible is placed centrally on a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> altar, highlighting its importance</figcaption></figure> Biblical texts have always required interpretation, and this has given rise to multiple views and approaches according to the interplay between various religions and the book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20193,_14-259">[227]</a> The primary source of Jewish commentary and interpretation of the Hebrew Bible is the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. The Talmud, (which means study and learning), is a summary of ancient oral law and commentary on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20093–4-260">[228]</a> It is the primary source of Jewish Law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20094-261">[229]</a> Adin Steinsaltz writes that "if the Bible is the cornerstone of Judaism, then the Talmud is the central pillar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20093-262">[230]</a> Seen as the backbone of Jewish creativity, it is "a conglomerate of law, legend and philosophy, a blend of unique logic and shrewd pragmatism, of history and science, anecdotes and humor" all aimed toward the purpose of studying biblical Torah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20094-261">[229]</a> Christians often treat the Bible as a single book, and while <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">John Barton</a> says they are "some of the most profound texts humanity has ever produced", liberals and moderates see it as a collection of books that are not perfect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201913-263">[231]</a> Conservative and fundamentalist Christians see the Bible differently and interpret it differently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20199-264">[232]</a> Christianity interprets the Bible differently than Judaism does with Islam providing yet another view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton2019542-265">[233]</a> How inspiration works and what kind of authority it means the Bible has are different for different traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20192-266">[234]</a> The Second Epistle to Timothy claims, "All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/2+Timothy+3:16">2 Tim. 3:16</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem202063-267">[235]</a> Various related but distinguishable views on divine inspiration include: <ul><li>the view of the Bible as the inspired word of God: the belief that God, through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>, intervened and influenced the words, message, and collation of the Bible<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice196968–88-268">[236]</a></li> <li>the view that the Bible is also <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible</a>, and incapable of error in matters of faith and practice, but not necessarily in historic or scientific matters</li> <li>the view that the Bible represents the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrant word of God</a>, without error in any aspect, spoken by God and written down in its perfect form by humans</li></ul> Within these broad beliefs many schools of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> operate. "Bible scholars claim that discussions about the Bible must be put into its context within church history and then into the context of contemporary culture."<a href="#cite_note-Wright-151">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalist Christians</a> are associated with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">biblical literalism</a>, where the Bible is not only inerrant, but the meaning of the text is clear to the average reader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartkowski1996259–272-269">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Jewish antiquity</a> attests to belief in sacred texts,<a href="#cite_note-270">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-271">[239]</a> and a similar belief emerges in the earliest of Christian writings. Various texts of the Bible mention divine agency in relation to its writings.<a href="#cite_note-272">[240]</a> In their book A General Introduction to the Bible, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> and William Nix write: "The process of inspiration is a mystery of the providence of God, but the result of this process is a verbal, plenary, inerrant, and authoritative record."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisler198686-273">[241]</a> Most evangelical biblical scholars<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuck199168-274">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisler1980294-275">[243]</a> associate inspiration with only the original text; for example some American Protestants adhere to the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a> which asserted that inspiration applied only to the <a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">autographic</a> text of scripture.<a href="#cite_note-276">[244]</a> Among adherents of biblical literalism, a minority, such as followers of the <a href="/wiki/King-James-Only_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="King-James-Only Movement">King-James-Only Movement</a>, extend the claim of inerrancy only to a particular version.<a href="#cite_note-277">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quran#Significance_in_Islam" title="Quran">Quran § Significance in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita#Composition_and_significance" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita § Composition and significance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torah#Significance_in_Judaism" title="Torah">Torah § Significance in Judaism</a></div> Both Judaism and Christianity see the Bible as religiously and intellectually significant.<a href="#cite_note-Gellar-278">[246]</a> It provides insight into its time and into the composition of the texts, and it represents an important step in the development of thought.<a href="#cite_note-Gellar-278">[246]</a> It is used in communal worship, recited and memorized, provides personal guidance, a basis for counseling, church doctrine, religious culture (teaching, hymns and worship), and ethical standards.<a href="#cite_note-Gellar-278">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banbaji-279">[247]</a>: 145 <blockquote>The Bible is centrally important to both Judaism and Christianity, but not as a holy text out of which entire religious systems can somehow be read. Its contents illuminate the origins of Christianity and Judaism, and provide spiritual classics on which both faiths can draw; but they do not constrain subsequent generations in the way that a written constitution would. They are simply not that kind of thing. They are a repository of writings, both shaping and shaped by the two religions..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20194-280">[248]</a></blockquote> As a result, there are teachings and creeds in Christianity and laws in Judaism that are seen by those religions as derived from the Bible which are not directly in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20193-87">[84]</a> For the Hebrew Bible, canonization is reserved for written texts, while sacralization reaches far back into <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011-281">[249]</a>: 80  When sacred stories, such as those that form the narrative base of the first five books of the Bible, were performed, "not a syllable [could] be changed in order to ensure the magical power of the words to 'presentify' the divine".<a href="#cite_note-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011-281">[249]</a>: 80  Inflexibility protected the texts from a changing world.<a href="#cite_note-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011-281">[249]</a>: 80  When sacred oral texts began the move to written transmission, commentary began being worked in, but once the text was closed by canonization, commentary needed to remain outside. Commentary still had significance. Sacred written texts were thereafter accompanied by commentary, and such commentary was sometimes written and sometimes orally transmitted, as is the case in the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a> and the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011-281">[249]</a>: 81  Arguing that Torah has had a definitive role in developing Jewish identity from its earliest days, John J. Collins explains that regardless of genetics or land, it has long been true that one could become Jewish by observing the laws in the Torah, and that remains true in the modern day.<a href="#cite_note-282">[250]</a> The Christian religion and its sacred book are connected and influence one another, but the significance of the written text has varied throughout history. For Christianity, holiness did not reside in the written text, or in any particular language, it resided in the Christ the text witnessed to. <a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">David M. Carr</a> writes that this gave early Christianity a more 'flexible' view of the written texts.<a href="#cite_note-283">[251]</a>: 279  Wilfred Cantwell Smith points out that "in the Islamic system, the Quran fulfills a function comparable to the role... played by the person of Jesus Christ, while a closer counterpart to Christian scriptures are the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> 'Traditions'."<a href="#cite_note-Smith_71-284">[252]</a>: 133  For centuries the written text had less significance than the will of the church as represented by the Pope, since the church saw the text as having been created by the church. One cause of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> was the perceived need to reorient Christianity around its early text as authoritative.<a href="#cite_note-285">[253]</a>: 13  Some <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches still focus on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a>, which sees scripture as the only legitimate religious authority. Some denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible</a> source of Christian teaching. Others, though, advance the concept of <a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura" title="Prima scriptura">prima scriptura</a> in contrast, meaning scripture primarily or scripture mainly.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-287">[ag]</a><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey2013-288">[ah]</a> In the 21st century, attitudes towards the significance of the Bible continue to differ. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians stress the harmony and importance of both the Bible and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a> in combination. United Methodists see Scripture as the major factor in Christian doctrine, but they also emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-wels.net-286">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Muslims view the Bible</a> as reflecting the true unfolding <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>; but revelation which had been corrupted or distorted (in Arabic: <a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">tahrif</a>), and therefore necessitated correction by giving the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[ai]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> view the Bible as essential to their religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2009171-291">[256]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalists</a> view it as "one of many important religious texts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes200942-292">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions_and_translations">Versions and translations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">List of Bible translations by language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">Bible translations into English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">List of English Bible translations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/250px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/330px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/500px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Title page from the first <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> translation of the Bible, published in 1588, and translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/250px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/330px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/500px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> translation of the Bible by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, whose translation of the text into the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> was highly influential in the development of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></figcaption></figure> The original texts of the Tanakh were almost entirely written in Hebrew with about one per cent in Aramaic. The earliest translation of any Bible text is the Septuagint which translated the Hebrew into Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202175-36">[34]</a> As the first translation of any biblical literature, the translation that became the Septuagint was an unparalleled event in the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos200018-293">[258]</a> This translation was made possible by a common Mediterranean culture where Semitism had been foundational to Greek culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos200019-294">[259]</a> In the Talmud, Greek is the only language officially allowed for translation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos200021-129">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a> is the Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible believed to have been written in the second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202175-36">[34]</a> These texts attracted the work of various scholars, but a standardized text was not available before the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202175-36">[34]</a> There were different ancient versions of the Tanakh in Hebrew. These were copied and edited in three different locations producing slightly varying results. Masoretic scholars in Tiberias in ancient Palestine copied the ancient texts in Tiberian Hebrew. A copy was recovered from the "Cave of Elijah" (the synagogue of Aleppo in the Judean desert) and is therefore referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> which dates to around 920. This codex, which is over a thousand years old, was originally the oldest codex of the complete Tiberian Hebrew Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoshen-Gottstein1979145-295">[260]</a> Babylonian masoretes had also copied the early texts, and the Tiberian and Babylonian were later combined, using the Aleppo Codex and additional writings, to form the <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher" title="Aaron ben Moses ben Asher">Ben-Asher</a> <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">masoretic</a> tradition which is the standardized Hebrew Bible of today. The Aleppo Codex is no longer the oldest complete manuscript because, during riots in 1947, the Aleppo Codex was removed from its location, and about 40% of it was subsequently lost. It must now rely on additional manuscripts, and as a result, the Aleppo Codex contains the most comprehensive collection of variant readings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387-37">[35]</a> The oldest complete version of the Masoretic tradition is the Leningrad Codex from 1008. It is the source for all modern Jewish and Christian translations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202175-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoshen-Gottstein1979145-295">[260]</a> Levidas writes that, "The Koine Greek New Testament is a non-translated work; most scholars agree on this – despite disagreement on the possibility that some passages may have appeared initially in Aramaic... It is written in the Koine Greek of the first century [CE]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202163-296">[261]</a> Early Christians translated the New Testament into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">Old Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ethiopic</a>, and Latin, among other languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202129-53">[50]</a> The earliest Latin translation was the <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> text, or <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a>, which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202176-297">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2017105–106-298">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> (366–383) commissioned <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Latin Vulgate Bible</a>, in the 4th century CE (although Jerome expressed in his prologues to most deuterocanonical books that they were non-canonical).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA55_55]-299">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[265]</a> In 1546, at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, Jerome's Vulgate translation was declared by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[266]</a> The Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament, and they had no need to translate the Greek New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202176-297">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2017105–106-298">[263]</a> This contributed to the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xvHarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_371Riches2000ch._3-56">[53]</a> Many ancient translations coincide with the invention of the alphabet and the beginning of vernacular literature in those languages. According to British Academy professor N. Fernández Marcos, these early translations represent "pioneer works of enormous linguistic interest, as they represent the oldest documents we have for the study of these languages and literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos2000322–323,_346–347-302">[267]</a> Translations to English can be traced to the seventh century, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> in the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translators" title="Toledo School of Translators">Toledo School of Translators</a> in the 12th and 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> (1220–1292), an English Franciscan friar of the 13th century, and multiple writers of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202130–31-303">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffite Bible</a>, which is "one of the most significant in the development of a written standard", dates from the late Middle English period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202141-304">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">William Tyndale's translation</a> of 1525 is seen by several scholars as having influenced the form of English Christian discourse as well as impacting the development of the English language itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202141–42-305">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> translated the New Testament into German in 1522, and both Testaments with Apocrypha in 1534, thereby contributing to the multiple wars of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a>. Important biblical translations of this period include the Polish Jakub Wujek Bible (Biblia Jakuba Wujka) from 1535, and the English King James/Authorized Version (1604–1611).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202131-306">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> was the most widespread English Bible of all time, but it has largely been superseded by modern translations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201740,_46,_49,_58–59Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xv,_49HarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_31–32,_371Riches2000ch._3_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740,_46,_49,_58–59Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xv,_49HarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_31–32,_371Riches2000ch._3-57">[54]</a> Some New Testaments verses found to be later additions to the text are <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_verses_not_included_in_modern_English_translations" title="List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations">not included in modern English translations</a>, despite appearing in older English translations such as the King James Version. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Historically significant translations of the Bible in English </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th>Published<a href="#cite_note-307">[aj]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible">Wycliffe Bible</a> </td> <td>WYC </td> <td>1382 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale Bible</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[ak]</a> </td> <td>TYN </td> <td>1526<a href="#cite_note-309">[al]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a> </td> <td>GNV </td> <td>1560 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a> </td> <td>DRB </td> <td>1610<a href="#cite_note-310">[am]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> </td> <td>KJV </td> <td>1611 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Revised_Version" title="Revised Version">English Revised Version</a> </td> <td>RV </td> <td>1885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> </td> <td>RSV </td> <td>1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a> </td> <td>NAB </td> <td>1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> </td> <td>NIV </td> <td>1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a> </td> <td>NKJV </td> <td>1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> </td> <td>NRSV </td> <td>1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a> </td> <td>ESV </td> <td>2001 </td></tr></tbody></table> Some denominations have <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">additional canonical texts</a> beyond the Bible, including the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Works">Standard Works</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saints movement">Latter Day Saints movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Principle">Divine Principle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>. Nearly all modern English translations of the Old Testament are based on a single manuscript, the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a>, copied in 1008 or 1009. It is a complete example of the Masoretic Text, and its published edition is used by the majority of scholars. The <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> is the basis of the Hebrew University Bible Project in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387-37">[35]</a> Since the Reformation era, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a> have been made into the common vernacular of many languages. The Bible continues to be translated to new languages, largely by Christian organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible_Translators" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible Translators">Wycliffe Bible Translators</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Tribes_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="New Tribes Mission">New Tribes Mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bible_society" title="Bible society">Bible societies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lamin_Sanneh" title="Lamin Sanneh">Lamin Sanneh</a> writes that tracing the impact on the local cultures of translating the Bible into local vernacular language shows it has produced "the movements of indigenization and cultural liberation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016265-311">[272]</a> "The translated scripture ... has become the benchmark of awakening and renewal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016279-235">[203]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bible translations, worldwide (as of September 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-312">[273]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Statistic </th></tr> <tr> <td>7,396</td> <td>Approximate number of languages spoken in the world today </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,526</td> <td>Number of translations into new languages in progress </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,274</td> <td>Number of languages with some translated Bible portions </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,726</td> <td>Number of languages with a translation of the New Testament </td></tr> <tr> <td>756</td> <td>Number of languages with a full translation of the Bible (Protestant Canon) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,756</td> <td>Total number of languages with some Bible translation </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_and_historical_research">Archaeological and historical research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology_school" title="Biblical archaeology school">Biblical archaeology school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religiously_motivated_pseudoarchaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Religiously motivated pseudoarchaeology">Religiously motivated pseudoarchaeology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg/220px-JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg/330px-JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg/440px-JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan Stele">Tel Dan Stele</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>. Highlighted in white: the sequence <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">B</a> <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Y</a> <a href="/wiki/Tav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav (letter)">T</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">D</a> <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">W</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">D</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a> is a subsection of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> that relates to and sheds light upon the Hebrew scriptures and the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraherPettegrew201919-313">[274]</a> It is used to help determine the lifestyle and practices of people living in biblical times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraherPettegrew201911-314">[275]</a> There are a wide range of interpretations in the field of biblical archaeology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazar200385–87-315">[276]</a> One broad division includes <a href="/wiki/Biblical_maximalism" title="Biblical maximalism">biblical maximalism</a>, which generally takes the view that most of the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible is based on history although it is presented through the religious viewpoint of its time. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a>, there are "few, if any" maximalists in mainstream scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736-316">[277]</a> It is considered to be the extreme opposite of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">biblical minimalism</a> which considers the Bible to be a purely <a href="/wiki/Post-exilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-exilic">post-exilic</a> (5th century BCE and later) composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200027-317">[278]</a> According to Mary-Joan Leith, professor of religious studies, many minimalists have ignored evidence for the antiquity of the Hebrew language in the Bible, and few take archaeological evidence into consideration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20225-318">[279]</a> Most biblical scholars and archaeologists fall somewhere on a spectrum between these two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20224-319">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736-316">[277]</a> The biblical account of events of the <a href="/wiki/Exodus_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus from Egypt">Exodus from Egypt</a> in the Torah, the migration to the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>, and the period of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">Judges</a> are sources of heated ongoing debate. There is an absence of evidence for the presence of Israel in Egypt from any Egyptian source, historical or archaeological.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier199953-320">[281]</a> Yet, as William Dever points out, these biblical traditions were written long after the events they describe, and they are based in sources now lost and older oral traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever20038-321">[282]</a> The Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, ancient non–biblical texts, and archaeology support the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> beginning around 586 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20221-322">[283]</a> Excavations in southern Judah show a pattern of destruction consistent with the Neo-Assyrian devastation of Judah at the end of the eighth century BCE and 2 Kings 18:13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20226-323">[284]</a> In 1993, at Tel Dan, archaeologist Avraham Biran unearthed a fragmentary Aramaic inscription, the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan_stele" title="Tel Dan stele">Tel Dan stele</a>, dated to the late ninth or early eighth century that mentions a "king of Israel" as well as a "house of David" (bet David). This shows David could not be a late sixth-century invention, and implies that Judah's kings traced their lineage back to someone named David.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20222-324">[285]</a> However, there is no current archaeological evidence for the existence of King David and Solomon or the First Temple as far back as the tenth century BCE where the Bible places them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20222–3-325">[286]</a> In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, surveys demonstrated that Acts of the Apostles (Acts) scholarship was divided into two traditions, "a conservative (largely British) tradition which had great confidence in the historicity of Acts and a less conservative (largely German) tradition which had very little confidence in the historicity of Acts". Subsequent surveys show that little has changed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006365-326">[287]</a> Author Thomas E. Phillips writes that "In this two-century-long debate over the historicity of Acts and its underlying traditions, only one assumption seemed to be shared by all: Acts was intended to be read as history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006366-327">[288]</a> This too is now being debated by scholars as: what genre does Acts actually belong to?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006366-327">[288]</a> There is a growing consensus, however, that the question of genre is unsolvable and would not, in any case, solve the issue of historicity: "Is Acts history or fiction? In the eyes of most scholars, it is history – but not the kind of history that precludes fiction." says Phillips.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006385-328">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_criticism">Biblical criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facult%C3%A9_de_M%C3%A9decine_Purpan_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Facult%C3%A9_de_M%C3%A9decine_Purpan_01.jpg/220px-Facult%C3%A9_de_M%C3%A9decine_Purpan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Facult%C3%A9_de_M%C3%A9decine_Purpan_01.jpg/330px-Facult%C3%A9_de_M%C3%A9decine_Purpan_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Facult%C3%A9_de_M%C3%A9decine_Purpan_01.jpg/440px-Facult%C3%A9_de_M%C3%A9decine_Purpan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Astruc" title="Jean Astruc">Jean Astruc</a>, often called the "father of biblical criticism", at <a href="/wiki/Centre_hospitalier_universitaire_de_Toulouse" title="Centre hospitalier universitaire de Toulouse">Centre hospitalier universitaire de Toulouse</a></figcaption></figure> Biblical criticism refers to the analytical investigation of the Bible as a text, and addresses questions such as history, authorship, dates of composition, and authorial intention. It is not the same as <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">criticism of the Bible</a>, which is an assertion against the Bible being a source of information or ethical guidance, nor is it criticism of possible <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> errors.<a href="#cite_note-329">[290]</a> Biblical criticism made study of the Bible secularized, scholarly, and more democratic, while it also permanently altered the way people understood the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulenSoulen200122-330">[291]</a> The Bible is no longer thought of solely as a religious artefact, and its interpretation is no longer restricted to the community of believers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992129-331">[292]</a> Michael Fishbane writes, "There are those who regard the desacralization of the Bible as the fortunate condition for" the development of the modern world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992121-332">[293]</a> For many, biblical criticism "released a host of threats" to the Christian faith. For others biblical criticism "proved to be a failure, due principally to the assumption that diachronic, linear research could master any and all of the questions and problems attendant on interpretation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisville2014vii-333">[294]</a> Still others believed that biblical criticism, "shorn of its unwarranted arrogance," could be a reliable source of interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisville2014vii-333">[294]</a> Michael Fishbane compares biblical criticism to <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>, a prophet who destroyed "self-serving visions for the sake of a more honest crossing from the divine textus to the human one".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992129-331">[292]</a> Or as Rogerson says: biblical criticism has been liberating for those who want their faith "intelligently grounded and intellectually honest".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsoxfordcompaniont00hastpage298_298]-334">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible_museums">Bible museums</h2></div> <ul><li>The Dunham Bible Museum is located at <a href="/wiki/Houston_Baptist_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Baptist University">Houston Baptist University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. It is known for its collection of rare Bibles from around the world and for having many different Bibles of various languages.<a href="#cite_note-335">[296]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">Museum of the Bible</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in November 2017.<a href="#cite_note-336">[297]</a> The museum states that its intent is to "share the historical relevance and significance of the sacred scriptures in a nonsectarian way", but this has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-337">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[299]</a></li> <li>The Bible Museum in <a href="/wiki/St_Arnaud,_Victoria" title="St Arnaud, Victoria">St Arnaud, Victoria</a> in Australia opened in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-339">[300]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is closed for relocation.<a href="#cite_note-340">[301]</a></li> <li>There is a Bible Museum at <a href="/wiki/Passion_Play#United_States" title="Passion Play">The Great Passion Play</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Springs,_Arkansas" title="Eureka Springs, Arkansas">Eureka Springs, Arkansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidonBZhX0H9YkCqthegreatpassionplayarkansaseurekaspringspgPA327_327]-342">[303]</a></li> <li>The Bible Museum on the Square in <a href="/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee" title="Collierville, Tennessee">Collierville, Tennessee</a> opened in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-343">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[305]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedenharn_Museum_and_Gardens" title="Biedenharn Museum and Gardens">Biedenharn Museum and Gardens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe, Louisiana</a> includes a Bible Museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFonseca1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDGfg8QoWY_ECq22BibleMuseum22BiedenharnpgPA249_249]-345">[306]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h2></div> The grandest medieval Bibles were <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated <a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">initials</a>, borders (<a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature illustrations</a>. Up to the 12th century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a <a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">commission</a> from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a> who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>, where "separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBOjCAgAAQBAJpgPA208_208]-346">[307]</a> By the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Cloisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloisters">cloisters</a> of monks writing in the scriptorium started to employ laybrothers from the urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199245-347">[308]</a> Demand for manuscripts grew to an extent that the Monastic libraries were unable to meet with the demand, and began employing secular scribes and illuminators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199257-348">[309]</a> These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in certain instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199265-349">[310]</a> A notable example of an illuminated manuscript is the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>, produced circa the year 800 containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. The manuscript was "sent to the <a href="/wiki/Rubricator" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubricator">rubricator</a>, who added (in red or other colours) the titles, <a href="/wiki/Headlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlines">headlines</a>, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBOjCAgAAQBAJpgPA213_213]-350">[311]</a> In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent,) but by the time that the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator there was no longer any scope for innovation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199260-351">[312]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible_chartraine_-_BNF_Lat116_f193.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bible from 1150, from Scriptorium de Chartres, Christ with angels"><img alt="Bible from 1150, from Scriptorium de Chartres, Christ with angels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bible_chartraine_-_BNF_Lat116_f193.jpg/250px-Bible_chartraine_-_BNF_Lat116_f193.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bible_chartraine_-_BNF_Lat116_f193.jpg/330px-Bible_chartraine_-_BNF_Lat116_f193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bible_chartraine_-_BNF_Lat116_f193.jpg/500px-Bible_chartraine_-_BNF_Lat116_f193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="567" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bible from 1150, from Scriptorium de Chartres, Christ with angels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanche_of_Castile_and_King_Louis_IX_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blanche of Castile and Louis IX of France Bible, 13th century"><img alt="Blanche of Castile and Louis IX of France Bible, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blanche_of_Castile_and_King_Louis_IX_of_France.jpg/200px-Blanche_of_Castile_and_King_Louis_IX_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blanche_of_Castile_and_King_Louis_IX_of_France.jpg/300px-Blanche_of_Castile_and_King_Louis_IX_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blanche_of_Castile_and_King_Louis_IX_of_France.jpg/400px-Blanche_of_Castile_and_King_Louis_IX_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1681" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blanche of Castile and Louis IX of France Bible, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maciejowski_Bible_Leaf_37_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maciejowski Bible, Leaf 37, the 3rd image, Abner (in the centre in green) sends Michal back to David."><img alt="Maciejowski Bible, Leaf 37, the 3rd image, Abner (in the centre in green) sends Michal back to David." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Maciejowski_Bible_Leaf_37_3.jpg/167px-Maciejowski_Bible_Leaf_37_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Maciejowski_Bible_Leaf_37_3.jpg/250px-Maciejowski_Bible_Leaf_37_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Maciejowski_Bible_Leaf_37_3.jpg/333px-Maciejowski_Bible_Leaf_37_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="469" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maciejowski Bible, Leaf 37, the 3rd image, <a href="/wiki/Abner" title="Abner">Abner</a> (in the centre in green) sends <a href="/wiki/Michal" title="Michal">Michal</a> back to David.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jephthah%27s_daughter_laments_-_Maciejowski_Bible.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jephthah's daughter laments – Maciejowski Bible (France, c. 1250)"><img alt="Jephthah's daughter laments – Maciejowski Bible (France, c. 1250)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jephthah%27s_daughter_laments_-_Maciejowski_Bible.JPG/175px-Jephthah%27s_daughter_laments_-_Maciejowski_Bible.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jephthah%27s_daughter_laments_-_Maciejowski_Bible.JPG/263px-Jephthah%27s_daughter_laments_-_Maciejowski_Bible.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jephthah%27s_daughter_laments_-_Maciejowski_Bible.JPG/351px-Jephthah%27s_daughter_laments_-_Maciejowski_Bible.JPG 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="464" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jephthah's daughter laments – Maciejowski Bible (France, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1250)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coloured version of the Whore of Babylon illustration from Martin Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible"><img alt="Coloured version of the Whore of Babylon illustration from Martin Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg/200px-Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg/300px-Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg/400px-Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coloured version of the <a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a> illustration from Martin Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Malnazar_-_Bible_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Armenian Bible, 17th century, illuminated by Malnazar"><img alt="An Armenian Bible, 17th century, illuminated by Malnazar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malnazar_-_Bible_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/138px-Malnazar_-_Bible_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malnazar_-_Bible_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/207px-Malnazar_-_Bible_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malnazar_-_Bible_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/276px-Malnazar_-_Bible_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="4496" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Armenian Bible, 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated</a> by Malnazar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Foster_Bible_Pictures_0031-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fleeing Sodom and Gomorrah, Foster Bible, 19th century"><img alt="Fleeing Sodom and Gomorrah, Foster Bible, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0031-1.jpg/200px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0031-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0031-1.jpg/300px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0031-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0031-1.jpg/400px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0031-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fleeing Sodom and Gomorrah, Foster Bible, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jonah being swallowed by the fish, Kennicott Bible, 1476"><img alt="Jonah being swallowed by the fish, Kennicott Bible, 1476" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg/250px-Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg/330px-Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg/500px-Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="513" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jonah being swallowed by the fish, <a href="/wiki/Kennicott_Bible" title="Kennicott Bible">Kennicott Bible</a>, 1476</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Bibles</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibel_Kloster_Paleokastritsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An old Bible from a Greek monastery"><img alt="An old Bible from a Greek monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bibel_Kloster_Paleokastritsa.jpg/250px-Bibel_Kloster_Paleokastritsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bibel_Kloster_Paleokastritsa.jpg/330px-Bibel_Kloster_Paleokastritsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bibel_Kloster_Paleokastritsa.jpg/500px-Bibel_Kloster_Paleokastritsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1312" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An old Bible from a <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> monastery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Imperial Bible, or Vienna Coronation Gospels from Wien, Austria, c. 1500"><img alt="The Imperial Bible, or Vienna Coronation Gospels from Wien, Austria, c. 1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imperial_Bible.jpg/177px-Imperial_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imperial_Bible.jpg/266px-Imperial_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imperial_Bible.jpg/354px-Imperial_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1909" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Imperial Bible, or <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Coronation_Gospels" title="Vienna Coronation Gospels">Vienna Coronation Gospels</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wien" class="mw-redirect" title="Wien">Wien</a>, Austria, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennicott_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kennicott Bible in 1476"><img alt="The Kennicott Bible in 1476" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kennicott_Bible.jpg/250px-Kennicott_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kennicott_Bible.jpg/330px-Kennicott_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kennicott_Bible.jpg/500px-Kennicott_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kennicott_Bible" title="Kennicott Bible">Kennicott Bible</a> in 1476</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_religious_Baroque_Bible_-_7558.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Baroque Bible"><img alt="A Baroque Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_religious_Baroque_Bible_-_7558.jpg/200px-A_religious_Baroque_Bible_-_7558.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_religious_Baroque_Bible_-_7558.jpg/300px-A_religious_Baroque_Bible_-_7558.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_religious_Baroque_Bible_-_7558.jpg/400px-A_religious_Baroque_Bible_-_7558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> Bible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_inaugural_bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bible used by Abraham Lincoln for his oath of office during his first inaugural in 1861"><img alt="The Bible used by Abraham Lincoln for his oath of office during his first inaugural in 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lincoln_inaugural_bible.jpg/250px-Lincoln_inaugural_bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lincoln_inaugural_bible.jpg/330px-Lincoln_inaugural_bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="4350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bible" title="Lincoln Bible">Bible used by Abraham Lincoln</a> for his oath of office during his <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">first inaugural</a> in 1861</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Bible_The_Improved_Domestic_Bible_London_Schuyler_Smith_%26_Co_1880_Maps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American Civil War-era illustrated Bible"><img alt="American Civil War-era illustrated Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Holy_Bible_The_Improved_Domestic_Bible_London_Schuyler_Smith_%26_Co_1880_Maps.jpg/250px-Holy_Bible_The_Improved_Domestic_Bible_London_Schuyler_Smith_%26_Co_1880_Maps.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Holy_Bible_The_Improved_Domestic_Bible_London_Schuyler_Smith_%26_Co_1880_Maps.jpg/330px-Holy_Bible_The_Improved_Domestic_Bible_London_Schuyler_Smith_%26_Co_1880_Maps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Holy_Bible_The_Improved_Domestic_Bible_London_Schuyler_Smith_%26_Co_1880_Maps.jpg/500px-Holy_Bible_The_Improved_Domestic_Bible_London_Schuyler_Smith_%26_Co_1880_Maps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="2628" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>-era illustrated Bible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible_and_Key_Divination.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A miniature Bible"><img alt="A miniature Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bible_and_Key_Divination.jpg/250px-Bible_and_Key_Divination.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bible_and_Key_Divination.jpg/330px-Bible_and_Key_Divination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bible_and_Key_Divination.jpg/500px-Bible_and_Key_Divination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4052" data-file-height="2891" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A miniature Bible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibel-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1866 Victorian Bible"><img alt="An 1866 Victorian Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bibel-1.jpg/116px-Bibel-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bibel-1.jpg/174px-Bibel-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bibel-1.jpg/233px-Bibel-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1866 <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> Bible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bizzell_Bible_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shelves of the Bizzell Bible Collection at Bizzell Memorial Library"><img alt="Shelves of the Bizzell Bible Collection at Bizzell Memorial Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bizzell_Bible_Collection.jpg/250px-Bizzell_Bible_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bizzell_Bible_Collection.jpg/330px-Bizzell_Bible_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bizzell_Bible_Collection.jpg/500px-Bizzell_Bible_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5196" data-file-height="3462" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shelves of the Bizzell Bible Collection at <a href="/wiki/Bizzell_Memorial_Library" title="Bizzell Memorial Library">Bizzell Memorial Library</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione_(dettaglio).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo da Vinci's Annunciation (c. 1472–1475), showing the Virgin Mary reading the Bible"><img alt="Leonardo da Vinci's Annunciation (c. 1472–1475), showing the Virgin Mary reading the Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione_%28dettaglio%29.jpg/250px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione_%28dettaglio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione_%28dettaglio%29.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione_%28dettaglio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione_%28dettaglio%29.jpg/500px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione_%28dettaglio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci's</a> <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)" title="Annunciation (Leonardo)">Annunciation</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1472–1475), showing the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> reading the Bible</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/40px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/60px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional and alternative scriptures relating to Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_box" title="Bible box">Bible box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_case" title="Bible case">Bible case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_software" title="Biblical software">Biblical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Bible_(book)" title="Family Bible (book)">Family Bible (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bible_Contest" title="International Bible Contest">International Bible Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a> – schedule of ceremonial Bible readings which varies by denomination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_biblical_figures" title="List of major biblical figures">List of major biblical figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nations_mentioned_in_the_Bible" title="List of nations mentioned in the Bible">List of nations mentioned in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy_and_the_Bible" title="Theodicy and the Bible">Theodicy and the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">Typology (theology)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, 'the books' </li> <li id="cite_note-ndq-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ndq_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ndq_28-1">b</a> "[...] die griechische Bibelübersetzung, die einem innerjüdischen Bedürfnis entsprang [...] [von den] Rabbinen zuerst gerühmt (.) Später jedoch, als manche ungenaue Übertragung des hebräischen Textes in der Septuaginta und Übersetzungsfehler die Grundlage für hellenistische Irrlehren abgaben, lehte man die Septuaginta ab." <a href="#CITEREFHomolkaJacobChorin1999">Homolka, Jacob & Chorin 1999</a>, pp. 43ff, Bd.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Although a paucity of extant source material makes it impossible to be certain that the earliest Samaritans also rejected the other books of the Tanakh, the 3rd-century church father <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> confirms that the Samaritans in his day "receive[d] the books of Moses alone." <a href="#CITEREFSchaff1885">Schaff 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.vi.ix.i.l.html">Chapter XLIX</a>(Commentary on John 13:26) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> "Each king is judged either good or bad in black-and-white terms, according to whether or not he "did right" or "did evil" in the sight of the Lord. This evaluation is not reflective of the well-being of the nation, of the king's success or failure in war, or of the moral climate of the times, but rather the state of cultic worship during his reign. Those kings who shun idolatry and enact religious reforms are singled out for praise, and those who encourage pagan practices are denounced." <a href="#CITEREFSavran1987">Savran 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4hYlvzWui8C&pg=PA146">146</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "The fight against Baal was initiated by the prophets" <a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1956a">Kaufmann 1956a</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> "The immediate occasion of the rise of the new prophecy was the political and social ruin caused by the wars with Israel's northerly neighbour, Aram, which continued for more than a century. They raged intensely during the reign of Ahab, and did not end until the time of Jeroboam II (784–744). While the nation as a whole was impoverished, a few – apparently of the royal officialdom – grew wealthy as a result of the national calamity. Many of the people were compelled to sell their houses and lands, with the result that a sharp social cleavage arose: on the one hand a mass of propertyless indigents, on the other a small circle of the rich. A series of disasters struck the nation – drought, famine, plagues, death and captivity (Amos 4: 6–11), but the greatest disaster of all was the social disintegration due to the cleavage between the poor masses and the wealthy, dissolute upper class. The decay affected both Judah and Israel ... High minded men were appalled at this development. Was this the people whom YHWH had brought out of Egypt, to whom He had given the land and a law of justice and right? it seemed as if the land was about to be inherited by the rich, who would squander its substance in drunken revelry. it was this dissolution that brought the prophetic denunciations to white heat." <a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1956b">Kaufmann 1956b</a>, pp. 57–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> "What manner of man is the prophet? A student of philosophy who runs from the discourses of the great metaphysicians to the orations of the prophets may feel as if he were going from the realm of the sublime to an area of trivialities. Instead of dealing with the timeless issues of being and becoming, of matter and form, of definitions and demonstrations, he is thrown into orations about widows and orphans, about the corruption of judges and affairs of the market place. Instead of showing us a way through the elegant mansions of the mind, the prophets take us to the slums. The world is a proud place, full of beauty, but the prophets are scandalized, and rave as if the whole world were a slum. They make much ado about paltry things, lavishing excessive language upon trifling subjects. What if somewhere in ancient Palestine poor people have not been treated properly by the rich? .... Indeed, the sorts of crimes and even the amount of delinquency that fill the prophets of Israel with dismay do not go beyond that which we regard as normal, as typical ingredients of social dynamics. To us a single act of injustice – cheating in business, exploitation of the poor – is slight; to the prophets, a disaster. To us an injustice is injurious to the welfare of the people; to the prophets it is a deathblow to existence; to us an episode; to them, a catastrophe, a threat to the world." <a href="#CITEREFHeschel2001">Heschel 2001</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> "Samuel is thus a work of national self-criticism. It recognizes that Israel would not have survived, either politically or culturally, without the steadying presence of a dynastic royal house. But it makes both that house and its subjects answerable to firm standards of prophetic justice – not those of cult prophets or professional ecstatics, but of morally upright prophetic leaders in the tradition of Moses, Joshua, Deborah, Gideon, and others ..." <a href="#CITEREFRosenberg1987">Rosenberg 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4hYlvzWui8C&pg=PA141">141</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Originally, Ezra and Nehemiah were one book, which were divided in later traditions. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> According to the Jewish Encyclopedia: "The translation, which shows at times a peculiar ignorance of Hebrew usage, was evidently made from a codex which differed widely in places from the text crystallized by the Masorah."<a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia.com-130">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> "Two things, however, rendered the Septuagint unwelcome in the long run to the Jews. Its divergence from the accepted text (afterward called the Masoretic) was too evident; and it therefore could not serve as a basis for theological discussion or for homiletic interpretation. This distrust was accentuated by the fact that it had been adopted as Sacred Scripture by the new faith [Christianity] [...] In course of time it came to be the canonical Greek Bible [...] It became part of the Bible of the Christian Church."<a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia.com-130">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Mishnah Sotah (7:2–4 and 8:1), among many others, discusses the sacredness of Hebrew, as opposed to Aramaic or Greek. This is comparable to the authority claimed for the original Arabic Koran according to Islamic teaching. As a result of this teaching, translations of the Torah into Koine Greek by early Jewish Rabbis have survived as rare fragments only. </li> <li id="cite_note-FUP1970-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FUP1970_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FUP1970_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FUP1970_153-2">c</a> Even though they were not placed on the same level as the canonical books, still they were useful for instruction. ... These – and others that total fourteen or fifteen altogether – are the books known as the Apocrypha. <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1970">Williams 1970</a>, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewert-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Ewert_154-0">^</a> "English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT. Coverdale (1535) called them "Apocrypha". All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha. Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), the Geneva Bible (1560), the Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Bible (1611) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America (1782–83) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826 the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again." <a href="#CITEREFEwert2010">Ewert 2010</a>, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells1911-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells1911_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells1911_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells1911_155-2">c</a> "Fourteen books and parts of books are considered Apocryphal by Protestants. Three of these are recognized by Roman Catholics also as Apocryphal."<a href="#CITEREFWells1911">Wells 1911</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent#List" title="Canon of Trent">the Canon of Trent</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">But if anyone receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin vulgate edition; and knowingly and deliberately <a href="/wiki/Contemn" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemn">contemn</a> the traditions aforesaid; let him be <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis, Council of Trent, 8 April 1546</cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> "In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books (The Apocrypha) is listed, an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided."<a href="#cite_note-162">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> The canon of the original Old Greek LXX is disputed. This table reflects the canon of the Old Testament as used currently in Orthodoxy. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Βασιλειῶν (Basileiōn) is the genitive plural of Βασιλεῖα (Basileia). </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> That is, Things set aside from Ἔσδρας Αʹ. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Also called Τωβείτ or Τωβίθ in some sources. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Not in Orthodox Canon, but originally included in the Septuagint.<a href="#cite_note-171">[150]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Obdiou is genitive from "The vision of Obdias", which opens the book. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Originally placed after 3 Maccabees and before Psalms, but placed in an appendix of the Orthodox Canon. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "The New Testament was written in Koine Greek, the Greek of daily conversation. The fact that from the first all the New Testament writings were written in Greek is conclusively demonstrated by their citations from the Old Testament ..." <a href="#CITEREFAlandAland1995">Aland & Aland 1995</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> "How came the twenty-seven books of the New Testament to be gathered together and made authoritative Christian scripture? 1. All the New Testament books were originally written in Greek. On the face of it this may surprise us." <a href="#CITEREFHunter1972">Hunter 1972</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> "This is the language of the New Testament. By the time of Jesus the Romans had become the dominant military and political force, but the Greek language remained the 'common language' of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond, and Greek ..." <a href="#CITEREFDuffWenham2005">Duff & Wenham 2005</a>, p. xxv </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> "By far the most predominant element in the language of the New Testament is the Greek of common speech which was disseminated in the East by the Macedonian conquest, in the form which it had gradually assumed under the wider development ..." <a href="#CITEREFBlassThackeray2008">Blass & Thackeray 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akD7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> "In this short overview of the Greek language of the New Testament we will focus on those topics that are of greatest importance for the average reader, that is, those with important ..." <a href="#CITEREFAune2010">Aune 2010</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> "The Peshitta Old Testament was translated directly from the original Hebrew text, and the Peshitta New Testament directly from the original Greek" <a href="#CITEREFBrock1988">Brock 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheBibleInTheSyriacTradition/BrockTheBibleInTheSyriacTradition#page/n7/mode/2up">13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromiley1995-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley1995_198-0">^</a> "Printed editions of the Peshitta frequently contain these books in order to fill the gaps. D. Harklean Version. The Harklean version is connected with the labours of Thomas of Harqel. When thousands were fleeing Khosrou's invading armies, ..." <a href="#CITEREFBromiley1995">Bromiley 1995</a>, p. 976 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> The Council of Trent confirmed the identical list/canon of sacred scriptures already anciently approved by the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (Synod of 393), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage, 28 August 397</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence, 4 February 1442</a>;<a href="#cite_note-201">[170]</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Copts" title="Bull of Union with the Copts">Bull of Union with the Copts</a> seventh paragraph down. </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-287"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS_287-0">^</a> "The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself."<a href="#cite_note-wels.net-286">[254]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphrey2013-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphrey2013_288-0">^</a> "historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position." <a href="#CITEREFHumphrey2013">Humphrey 2013</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> "…they [from the Children of Israel] pervert words from their meanings, and have forgotten a part of what they were reminded …" <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> 5:13.<a href="#cite_note-289">[255]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> That is, the first year of a full translation (irrespective of containing the Apocrypha) having been published. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> was stopped from translating all the books of the Old Testament due to his arrest in May 1535 and subsequent execution in October 1536. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> The first complete publication of William Tyndale's New Testament took place in 1526. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> The Douay–Rheims Bible was published in multiple volumes. The last volume of the Old Testament was published in 1610. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=Bible">"Definition of Bible | Dictionary.com"</a>. www.dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015205119/http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=bible">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Bible+%7C+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra20097Gravett_et_al.2008xv-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra20097Gravett_et_al.2008xv_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandstra2009">Bandstra 2009</a>, pp. 7; <a href="#CITEREFGravett_et_al.2008">Gravett et al. 2008</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009246–247-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009246–247_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrake2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsvisualhistoryofe00brakpage29_29]-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrake2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsvisualhistoryofe00brakpage29_29]_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrake2008">Brake 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualhistoryofe00brak/page/29">29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html">"From Hebrew Bible To Christian Bible | From Jesus To Christ – The First Christians | Frontline | PBS"</a>. www.pbs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021417/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=From+Hebrew+Bible+To+Christian+Bible+%7C+From+Jesus+To+Christ+%E2%80%93+The+First+Christians+%7C+Frontline+%7C+PBS&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Freligion%2Ffirst%2Fscriptures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988214-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988214_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce 1988</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbibli%2Fon">"A Greek-English Lexicon, βιβλίον"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191118102635/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbibli%2Fon">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dbibli%252Fon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02543a.htm">"The Catholic Encyclopedia"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613102636/http://newadvent.org/cathen/02543a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02543a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Carr, David M. The formation of the Hebrew Bible: A new reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson202112Rogerson200521Riches2000ch._2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwenson202112Rogerson200521Riches2000ch._2_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwenson2021">Swenson 2021</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFRogerson2005">Rogerson 2005</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, ch. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches20009-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches20009_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim20177,_47-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim20177,_47_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, pp. 7, 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendelJoosten2018ix,_98–99,_101,_104,_106-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendelJoosten2018ix,_98–99,_101,_104,_106_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHendelJoosten2018">Hendel & Joosten 2018</a>, pp. ix, 98–99, 101, 104, 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201738,_47Ulrich2013103–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Brown2010ch._3(A)HarrisPlatzner200822-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201738,_47Ulrich2013103–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Brown2010ch._3(A)HarrisPlatzner200822_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, pp. 38, 47; <a href="#CITEREFUlrich2013">Ulrich 2013</a>, pp. 103–104; <a href="#CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013">VanderKam & Flint 2013</a>, ch. 5; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, ch. 3(A); <a href="#CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008">Harris & Platzner 2008</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200659-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200659_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200660-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200660_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200661-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200661_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201388–90-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201388–90_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013">VanderKam & Flint 2013</a>, pp. 88–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200662–63-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200662–63_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200664–65-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200664–65_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20129-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20129_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2012">Hayes 2012</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20129–10-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes20129–10_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2012">Hayes 2012</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201740_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/greek-manuscripts/articles/manuscripts-of-the-greek-old-testament%20Greek%20manuscripts">The Old Testament in Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520031054/https://www.bl.uk/greek-manuscripts/articles/manuscripts-of-the-greek-old-testament%20Greek%20manuscripts">Archived</a> 20 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Greek manuscripts. British Library. Retrieved 20 May 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidowd9zig7i1oCpgPA363_363]-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidowd9zig7i1oCpgPA363_363]_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidowd9zig7i1oCpgPA363_363]_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2010">Segal 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owd9zig7i1oC&pg=PA363">363</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorivalHarlMunnich1988111-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorivalHarlMunnich1988111_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorivalHarlMunnich1988">Dorival, Harl & Munnich 1988</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202130-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202130_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201745–46,_58Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr2010250Bandstra20098,_480Gravett_et_al.200847HarrisPlatzner200827Riches2000ch._3-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201745–46,_58Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr2010250Bandstra20098,_480Gravett_et_al.200847HarrisPlatzner200827Riches2000ch._3_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, pp. 45–46, 58; <a href="#CITEREFHayes2012">Hayes 2012</a>, ch. 1; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, Intro.; <a href="#CITEREFCarr2010">Carr 2010</a>, p. 250; <a href="#CITEREFBandstra2009">Bandstra 2009</a>, pp. 8, 480; <a href="#CITEREFGravett_et_al.2008">Gravett et al. 2008</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008">Harris & Platzner 2008</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, ch. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dines_2004-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dines_2004_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dines_2004_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDines2004" class="citation book cs1">Dines, Jennifer (2004). The Septuagint. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-60152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-60152-0"><bdi>978-0-567-60152-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Septuagint&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-60152-0&rft.aulast=Dines&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200330–31-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200330–31_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200330–31_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauserWatsonKaufman2003">Hauser, Watson & Kaufman 2003</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkkVFOTsBOAECq22Masoretesinherited22pgPA172_172]-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkkVFOTsBOAECq22Masoretesinherited22pgPA172_172]_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner1999">Wegner 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkVFOTsBOAEC&q=%22Masoretes+inherited%22&pg=PA172">172</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5xQOEAAAQBAJpgPA29_29]-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwenson2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5xQOEAAAQBAJpgPA29_29]_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwenson2021">Swenson 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xQOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016288–291-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016288–291_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2016">Phillips 2016</a>, pp. 288–291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202175-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202175_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202175_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202175_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202175_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202175_36-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint201387_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013">VanderKam & Flint 2013</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201746–49Ulrich201395–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Carr20108Bandstra2009482Gravett_et_al.200847–49HarrisPlatzner200823–28-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201746–49Ulrich201395–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Carr20108Bandstra2009482Gravett_et_al.200847–49HarrisPlatzner200823–28_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, pp. 46–49; <a href="#CITEREFUlrich2013">Ulrich 2013</a>, pp. 95–104; <a href="#CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013">VanderKam & Flint 2013</a>, ch. 5; <a href="#CITEREFCarr2010">Carr 2010</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFBandstra2009">Bandstra 2009</a>, p. 482; <a href="#CITEREFGravett_et_al.2008">Gravett et al. 2008</a>, pp. 47–49; <a href="#CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008">Harris & Platzner 2008</a>, pp. 23–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSBMXnB4CRpUCpgPA91_91]-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSBMXnB4CRpUCpgPA91_91]_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013">VanderKam & Flint 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBMXnB4CRpUC&pg=PA91">91</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaster1908[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideUCRAfZvwRgCpgPA166_166]-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaster1908[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideUCRAfZvwRgCpgPA166_166]_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaster1908">Gaster 1908</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUCRAfZvwRgC&pg=PA166">166</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200331–32-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauserWatsonKaufman200331–32_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauserWatsonKaufman2003">Hauser, Watson & Kaufman 2003</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniClarysse2012470-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrsiniClarysse2012470_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrsiniClarysse2012">Orsini & Clarysse 2012</a>, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201745–46Brown2010Intro._and_ch._1Carr201017Bandstra20097,_484Riches2000chs._2_and_3-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201745–46Brown2010Intro._and_ch._1Carr201017Bandstra20097,_484Riches2000chs._2_and_3_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, pp. 45–46; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, Intro. and ch. 1; <a href="#CITEREFCarr2010">Carr 2010</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFBandstra2009">Bandstra 2009</a>, pp. 7, 484; <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, chs. 2 and 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurry2016117-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurry2016117_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGurry2016">Gurry 2016</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezetkoYoung2014164-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezetkoYoung2014164_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezetkoYoung2014">Rezetko & Young 2014</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2006300-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2006300_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200988-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200988_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200640–41,_300–301-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200640–41,_300–301_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, pp. 40–41, 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowry194476,_84,_85-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowry194476,_84,_85_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMowry1944">Mowry 1944</a>, pp. 76, 84, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowry194485-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowry194485_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMowry1944">Mowry 1944</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202129-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202129_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202129_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why (New York: HarperCollins, 2005) p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2013412–420,_430–432Brown2010ch._3(A)-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2013412–420,_430–432Brown2010ch._3(A)_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2013">Parker 2013</a>, pp. 412–420, 430–432; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, ch. 3(A). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xvHarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_371Riches2000ch._3-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201740Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xvHarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_371Riches2000ch._3_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201740Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xvHarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_371Riches2000ch._3_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, p. 40; <a href="#CITEREFHayes2012">Hayes 2012</a>, ch. 1; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, Intro.; <a href="#CITEREFCarr2010">Carr 2010</a>, pp. 3–5; <a href="#CITEREFBandstra2009">Bandstra 2009</a>, pp. 7–8, 480–481; <a href="#CITEREFGravett_et_al.2008">Gravett et al. 2008</a>, p. xv; <a href="#CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008">Harris & Platzner 2008</a>, pp. 3–4, 28, 371; <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, ch. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201740,_46,_49,_58–59Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xv,_49HarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_31–32,_371Riches2000ch._3-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201740,_46,_49,_58–59Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xv,_49HarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_31–32,_371Riches2000ch._3_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201740,_46,_49,_58–59Hayes2012ch._1Brown2010Intro.Carr20103–5Bandstra20097–8,_480–481Gravett_et_al.2008xv,_49HarrisPlatzner20083–4,_28,_31–32,_371Riches2000ch._3_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, pp. 40, 46, 49, 58–59; <a href="#CITEREFHayes2012">Hayes 2012</a>, ch. 1; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, Intro.; <a href="#CITEREFCarr2010">Carr 2010</a>, pp. 3–5; <a href="#CITEREFBandstra2009">Bandstra 2009</a>, pp. 7–8, 480–481; <a href="#CITEREFGravett_et_al.2008">Gravett et al. 2008</a>, pp. xv, 49; <a href="#CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008">Harris & Platzner 2008</a>, pp. 3–4, 28, 31–32, 371; <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, ch. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches20007–8-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches20007–8_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201915-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201915_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200641-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200641_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199424-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199424_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack1994">Black 1994</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200998-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200998_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETov200118-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETov200118_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTov2001">Tov 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/english/collections/jewish-collection/pages/damascus.aspx">"The Damascus Keters"</a>. National Library of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728235241/https://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/collections/jewish-collection/Pages/damascus.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Israel&rft.atitle=The+Damascus+Keters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.nli.org.il%2Fsites%2Fnli%2Fenglish%2Fcollections%2Fjewish-collection%2Fpages%2Fdamascus.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr20115–7-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr20115–7_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarr2011">Carr 2011</a>, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199460-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199460_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199460_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199460_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack1994">Black 1994</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr20115–7,_18,_24,_29,_42,_55,_61,_145,_167-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr20115–7,_18,_24,_29,_42,_55,_61,_145,_167_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarr2011">Carr 2011</a>, pp. 5–7, 18, 24, 29, 42, 55, 61, 145, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyce2013461–464,_468,_470–473-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyce2013461–464,_468,_470–473_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyce2013">Royce 2013</a>, pp. 461–464, 468, 470–473. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200625-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200625_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara_J._MacHaffie-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_J._MacHaffie_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacHaffie1992" class="citation book cs1">MacHaffie, Barbara J. (1992). Her Story Women in Christian Tradition. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0402-9"><bdi>978-1-4514-0402-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Story+Women+in+Christian+Tradition&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0402-9&rft.aulast=MacHaffie&rft.aufirst=Barbara+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper20131–14,_84–86,_88-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper20131–14,_84–86,_88_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarper2013">Harper 2013</a>, pp. 1–14, 84–86, 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick_72-0">^</a> Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023199-1">978-0-14-023199-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayne_Grudem-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Wayne_Grudem_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrudem2018" class="citation book cs1">Grudem, Wayne (2018). Christian Ethics: An Introduction to Biblical Moral Reasoning. Crossway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-4965-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-4965-6"><bdi>978-1-4335-4965-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Ethics%3A+An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Moral+Reasoning&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-4965-6&rft.aulast=Grudem&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Praet, Danny (1992–1993). "Explaining the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Older theories and recent developments". Sacris Erudiri. Jaarboek voor Godsdienstgeschiedenis. A Journal on the Inheritance of Early and Medieval Christianity. 23: 5–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-Northcott96-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Northcott96_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorthcott1996" class="citation book cs1">Northcott, Michael S. (1996). Clark, Stephen R. L. (ed.). The Environment and Christian Ethics. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57631-4"><bdi>978-0-521-57631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Environment+and+Christian+Ethics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57631-4&rft.aulast=Northcott&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargaden-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Hargaden_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHargaden2018" class="citation book cs1">Hargaden, Kevin (2018). Theological Ethics in a Neoliberal Age: Confronting the Christian Problem with Wealth. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-5500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-5500-5"><bdi>978-1-5326-5500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Ethics+in+a+Neoliberal+Age%3A+Confronting+the+Christian+Problem+with+Wealth&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-5500-5&rft.aulast=Hargaden&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieran_Cronin-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Kieran_Cronin_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCronin1992" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Kieran (1992). Rights and Christian ethics. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41889-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41889-8"><bdi>978-0-521-41889-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rights+and+Christian+ethics&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41889-8&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGericke2012207-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGericke2012207_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGericke2012">Gericke 2012</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGericke2012210-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGericke2012210_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGericke2012210_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGericke2012">Gericke 2012</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittleman20121,_2-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittleman20121,_2_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMittleman2012">Mittleman 2012</a>, pp. 1, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20071–3-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20071–3_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2007">Barton 2007</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201914-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201914_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201940-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201940_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201940_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmySchatz200313–14-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmySchatz200313–14_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarmySchatz2003">Carmy & Schatz 2003</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGericke2012209-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGericke2012209_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGericke2012">Gericke 2012</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox200778-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox200778_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFox2007">Fox 2007</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20193-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20193_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20193_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittleman201217-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittleman201217_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMittleman2012">Mittleman 2012</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner2002494-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunner2002494_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunner2002">Brunner 2002</a>, p. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach198825–26-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach198825–26_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeach1988">Beach 1988</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200348–50-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200348–50_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2003">Barton 2003</a>, pp. 48–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalzer2012200-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalzer2012200_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalzer2012">Walzer 2012</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouryal2015xx-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouryal2015xx_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouryal2015">Souryal 2015</a>, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmySchatz200313,_14-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarmySchatz200313,_14_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarmySchatz2003">Carmy & Schatz 2003</a>, pp. 13, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTov" class="citation web cs1">Tov, Professor Emmanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-bible-and-the-masoretic-text">"The Bible and the Masoretic Text"</a>. The Torah.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525004814/https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-bible-and-the-masoretic-text">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Torah.com&rft.atitle=The+Bible+and+the+Masoretic+Text&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Professor+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-bible-and-the-masoretic-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger_&_Katz2010651,_footnote_1-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger_&_Katz2010651,_footnote_1_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetzger_&_Katz2010">Metzger & Katz 2010</a>, p. 651, footnote 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016354-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPace2016354_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPace2016">Pace 2016</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%204:8–6:18&version=nrsv">Ezra 4:8–6:18</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%207:12–26&version=nrsv">7:12–26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2010:11&version=nrsv">Jeremiah 10:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%202:4–7:28&version=nrsv">Daniel 2:4–7:28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Driver-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Driver_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriver" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Godfrey_Driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Godfrey Driver">Driver, Godfrey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html">"Introduction to the Old Testament"</a>. www.bible-researcher.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091109185323/http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fdriver1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstone2009[[iarchive:isbn_9780393064933/page/647|647]]-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnstone2009[[iarchive:isbn_9780393064933/page/647|647]]_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnstone2009">Barnstone 2009</a>, p. <a href="//archive.org/details/isbn_9780393064933/page/647" class="extiw" title="iarchive:isbn 9780393064933/page/647">647</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200697-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200697_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2006">Robinson 2006</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051072-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051072_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 1072. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahkola2007vii,_xvi,_197,_204,_216–217-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahkola2007vii,_xvi,_197,_204,_216–217_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahkola2007">Nahkola 2007</a>, pp. vii, xvi, 197, 204, 216–217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaden201213-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaden201213_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaden2012">Baden 2012</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreifenhagen2003">Greifenhagen 2003</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206–207-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206–207_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreifenhagen2003">Greifenhagen 2003</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsom200426-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsom200426_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsom2004">Newsom 2004</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003224_n._49-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003224_n._49_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreifenhagen2003">Greifenhagen 2003</a>, p. 224 n. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossel2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAzZlANCOIRgCpgPA355_355]-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossel2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAzZlANCOIRgCpgPA355_355]_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossel2007">Rossel 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzZlANCOIRgC&pg=PA355">355</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings.18:24;+1+Kings.18:37–39&version=NRSV">1 Kings.18:24; 1 Kings.18:37–39</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196320-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196320_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshaw1963">Henshaw 1963</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus199333-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraus199333_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraus1993">Kraus 1993</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus199312-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraus199312_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraus1993">Kraus 1993</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan20095-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan20095_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan20095_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoogan2009">Coogan 2009</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201323-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung201323_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2013">Young 2013</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201324-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung201324_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2013">Young 2013</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodkinson200853-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodkinson200853_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodkinson2008">Rodkinson 2008</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016300–301-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016300–301_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2016">Phillips 2016</a>, pp. 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196316–17-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196316–17_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshaw1963">Henshaw 1963</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightfoot2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid89oz-U-JJ0sCpgPA154_154–155]-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightfoot2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid89oz-U-JJ0sCpgPA154_154–155]_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightfoot2003">Lightfoot 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89oz-U-JJ0sC&pg=PA154">154–155</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196317-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshaw196317_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshaw1963">Henshaw 1963</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241_128-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199241_128-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzmeyer1992">Fitzmeyer 1992</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos200021-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos200021_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos200021_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcos2000">Marcos 2000</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia.com-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3269-bible-translations">"Bible Translations – The Septuagint"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315222428/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3269-bible-translations">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+Translations+%E2%80%93+The+Septuagint&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F3269-bible-translations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016349–350-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPace2016349–350_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPace2016">Pace 2016</a>, pp. 349–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlocher200482-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlocher200482_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlocher200482_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlocher200482_133-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlocher2004">Blocher 2004</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlocher200486-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlocher200486_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlocher2004">Blocher 2004</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDygOmktEvFMCpgPA43_43–46]-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerber1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDygOmktEvFMCpgPA43_43–46]_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerber1994">Gerber 1994</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DygOmktEvFMC&pg=PA43">43–46</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_daniel_02_text.htm">"St. Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (1958) pp. 15–157"</a>. www.tertullian.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526033151/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_daniel_02_text.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tertullian.org&rft.atitle=St.+Jerome%2C+Commentary+on+Daniel+%281958%29+pp.+15%E2%80%93157&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fjerome_daniel_02_text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Book_of_Daniel" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Book of Daniel">Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199240-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199240_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzmeyer1992">Fitzmeyer 1992</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199214,_52-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzmeyer199214,_52_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzmeyer1992">Fitzmeyer 1992</a>, pp. 14, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger19724-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger19724_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger19724_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetzger1972">Metzger 1972</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985vii,_197–221,_223–243-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985vii,_197–221,_223–243_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, p. vii, 197–221, 223–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011259,_267-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011259,_267_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011259,_267_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011259,_267_144-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011">Stuckenbruck & Erho 2011</a>, pp. 259, 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromiley2004411-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromiley2004411_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley2004">Fahlbusch & Bromiley 2004</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reluctant-messenger.com/enoch.htm">"The Book of Enoch and The Secrets of Enoch"</a>. reluctant-messenger.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608170257/http://reluctant-messenger.com/enoch.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reluctant-messenger.com&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Enoch+and+The+Secrets+of+Enoch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freluctant-messenger.com%2Fenoch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011261-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011261_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011261_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011261_147-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011">Stuckenbruck & Erho 2011</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2012374-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2012374_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2012">Johnson 2012</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA31_31–32]-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA31_31–32]_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2000">Kelly 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UivDgM0WywoC&pg=PA31">31–32</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright20053-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright20053_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2005">Wright 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2005">Wright 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PR.HTM#:~:text=120%20">Paragraph 120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+120&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016349-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPace2016349_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPace2016">Pace 2016</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202119-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202119_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202119_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReinhartz2021">Reinhartz 2021</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace2016350-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPace2016350_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPace2016">Pace 2016</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202120-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhartz202120_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReinhartz2021">Reinhartz 2021</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald202143-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald202143_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald2021">McDonald 2021</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701230910/http://www.commontexts.org/rcl/RCL_Introduction_Web.pdf">"The Revised Common Lectionary"</a> (PDF). Consultation on Common Texts. 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commontexts.org/rcl/rcl_introduction_web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Revised+Common+Lectionary&rft.pub=Consultation+on+Common+Texts&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commontexts.org%2Frcl%2Frcl_introduction_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2000336–337-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2000336–337_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2000">Campbell 2000</a>, pp. 336–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/">"NETS: Electronic Edition"</a>. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. 11 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729150550/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NETS%3A+Electronic+Edition&rft.pub=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fnets%2Fedition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLay20033–4-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLay20033–4_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLay2003">McLay 2003</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/">"NETS: Electronic Edition"</a>. ccat.sas.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729150550/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccat.sas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=NETS%3A+Electronic+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fnets%2Fedition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erbes-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erbes_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erbes_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erbes_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErbes1984" class="citation web cs1">Erbes, Johann E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1646&context=auss">"The Aramaic New Testament: Estrangelo Script: Based on the Peshitta and Harklean Versions"</a>. digitalcommons.andrews.edu. American Christian Press. pp. 259–260. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612205218/https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1646&context=auss">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcommons.andrews.edu&rft.atitle=The+Aramaic+New+Testament%3A+Estrangelo+Script%3A+Based+on+the+Peshitta+and+Harklean+Versions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Erbes&rft.aufirst=Johann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1646%26context%3Dauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace199625–29-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace199625–29_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1996">Wallace 1996</a>, pp. 25–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19983,_4,_7-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19983,_4,_7_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, pp. 3, 4, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19982-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19982_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19983–8-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19983–8_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, pp. 3–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19988–11-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19988–11_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, pp. 8–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton199811,_14–19-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton199811,_14–19_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, pp. 11, 14–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19989–11,_17–18-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19989–11,_17–18_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, pp. 9–11, 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19983-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19983_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19989–11-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19989–11_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA4_4]-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA4_4]_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2000">Kelly 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UivDgM0WywoC&pg=PA4">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton19987-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton19987_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton199814-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton199814_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2011198-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter2011198_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorter2011">Porter 2011</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton199815-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton199815_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton1998">Barton 1998</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm2Lz7iwklhACpgPA439_438–439]-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMears2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm2Lz7iwklhACpgPA439_438–439]_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMears2007">Mears 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2Lz7iwklhAC&pg=PA439">438–439</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgxEONS0FFlsCpgPA103_103]-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlinn2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgxEONS0FFlsCpgPA103_103]_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlinn2007">Flinn 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxEONS0FFlsC&pg=PA103">103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERüger1989302-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüger1989302_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüger1989">Rüger 1989</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">"Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent"</a>. www.bible-researcher.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805122857/http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Canons+and+Decrees+of+the+Council+of+Trent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Ftrent1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm">"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers"</a>. Papal Encyclicals. 14 December 1431. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424112748/http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals&rft.atitle=Council+of+Basel+1431%E2%80%9345+A.D.+Council+Fathers&rft.date=1431&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FCouncils%2Fecum17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethiopian-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopian_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopian_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/canonical/books.html">"The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"</a>. Ethiopianorthodox.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105112040/http://ethiopianorthodox.org/english/canonical/books.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft.pub=Ethiopianorthodox.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopianorthodox.org%2Fenglish%2Fcanonical%2Fbooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Liere2014" class="citation book cs1">Van Liere, Frans (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwd-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">An Introduction to the Medieval Bible</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521865784" title="Special:BookSources/9780521865784"><bdi>9780521865784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780521865784&rft.aulast=Van+Liere&rft.aufirst=Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwd-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman2003-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2003_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2003_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHDNe8KmMAIC&pg=PA230">Lost Christianities: Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199756681" title="Special:BookSources/9780199756681"><bdi>9780199756681</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119174747/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHDNe8KmMAIC&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199756681&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHDNe8KmMAIC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacopts.org/orthodoxy/our-faith/the-holy-bible/the-canonization-of-scripture/">"The Canonization of Scripture | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605211553/https://www.lacopts.org/orthodoxy/our-faith/the-holy-bible/the-canonization-of-scripture/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canonization+of+Scripture+%7C+Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacopts.org%2Forthodoxy%2Four-faith%2Fthe-holy-bible%2Fthe-canonization-of-scripture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze16lRIzIzcC&dq=The+autographs%2C+the+Greek+manuscripts+written+by+the+original+authors%2C+have+not+survived&pg=PA9">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727111232/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze16lRIzIzcC&pg=PA9&dq=The+autographs,+the+Greek+manuscripts+written+by+the+original+authors,+have+not+survived#v=onepage&q=The%20autographs%2C%20the%20Greek%20manuscripts%20written%20by%20the%20original%20authors%2C%20have%20not%20survived">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Manuscripts and the Text of the New Testament: An Introduction for English Readers by Keith Elliott, Ian Moir – Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201747Ulrich2013103–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Brown2010ch._3(A)HarrisPlatzner200822-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201747Ulrich2013103–104VanderKamFlint2013ch._5Brown2010ch._3(A)HarrisPlatzner200822_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2017">Lim 2017</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFUlrich2013">Ulrich 2013</a>, pp. 103–104; <a href="#CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013">VanderKam & Flint 2013</a>, ch. 5; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, ch. 3(A); <a href="#CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008">Harris & Platzner 2008</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulenSoulen2001204-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulenSoulen2001204_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoulenSoulen2001">Soulen & Soulen 2001</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2000ch._1_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-211"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyken" class="citation news cs1">Ryken, Leland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903918104576502782310557332">"How We Got the Best-Selling Book of All Time"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508064956/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903918104576502782310557332">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+We+Got+the+Best-Selling+Book+of+All+Time&rft.aulast=Ryken&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424053111903918104576502782310557332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurnside2011" class="citation book cs1">Burnside, Jonathan (2011). God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. XXVI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975921-7"><bdi>978-0-19-975921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Justice%2C+and+Society%3A+Aspects+of+Law+and+Legality+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=XXVI&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975921-7&rft.aulast=Burnside&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV._Reid1987" class="citation book cs1">V. Reid, Patrick (1987). Readings in Western Religious Thought: The ancient world. Paulist Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2850-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2850-1"><bdi>978-0-8091-2850-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Western+Religious+Thought%3A+The+ancient+world&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2850-1&rft.aulast=V.+Reid&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000chs._1_and_4-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2000chs._1_and_4_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, chs. 1 and 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFG._Koenig2009" class="citation book cs1">G. Koenig, Harold (2009). Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88952-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88952-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Psychiatry&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88952-0&rft.aulast=G.+Koenig&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllul2011" class="citation book cs1">Ellul, Jacques (2 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20xMAwAAQBAJ&dq=weak+and+humble+%28the+stammering+Moses%2C+the+infant+Samuel%2C+Saul+from+an+insignificant+family%2C+David+confronting+Goliath%2C+etc.%29+to+confound+the+mighty+-wikipedia&pg=PA123">The Subversion of Christianity</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-974-3"><bdi>978-1-60608-974-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Subversion+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.isbn=978-1-60608-974-3&rft.aulast=Ellul&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20xMAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dweak%2Band%2Bhumble%2B%2528the%2Bstammering%2BMoses%252C%2Bthe%2Binfant%2BSamuel%252C%2BSaul%2Bfrom%2Ban%2Binsignificant%2Bfamily%252C%2BDavid%2Bconfronting%2BGoliath%252C%2Betc.%2529%2Bto%2Bconfound%2Bthe%2Bmighty%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Ellul, Jacques, <a href="/wiki/The_Subversion_of_Christianity" title="The Subversion of Christianity">The Subversion of Christianity</a>, Eerdman's Publishing Co., 1984, pp. 116, 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scribner-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Scribner_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScribnerGrellScribner2002" class="citation book cs1">Scribner, Robert W.; Grell, Ole Peter; Scribner, Bob, eds. (2002). Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89412-8"><bdi>978-0-521-89412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolerance+and+Intolerance+in+the+European+Reformation&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89412-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Powery, Emerson B. "The Bible and Social Reform: Musings of a Biblical Scholar." The Bible in the American Experience 2 (2020): 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Unterman, Jeremiah. Justice for All: How the Jewish Bible Revolutionized Ethics. U of Nebraska Press, 2017. pp. 23–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_Marshall-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Marshall_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1999" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Christopher (1999). ""A Little lower than the Angels" Human rights in the biblical tradition". In Atkin, Bill; Evans, Katrine (eds.). Human Rights and the Common Good: Christian Perspectives. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-362-7"><bdi>978-0-86473-362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22A+Little+lower+than+the+Angels%22+Human+rights+in+the+biblical+tradition&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+the+Common+Good%3A+Christian+Perspectives&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86473-362-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillar1987" class="citation journal cs1">Millar, Fergus (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647/1337/JJS-1987">"Empire, Community and Culture in the Roman near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews and Arabs"</a>. Journal of Jewish Studies. 38 (2): 147–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F1337%2FJJS-1987">10.18647/1337/JJS-1987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Empire%2C+Community+and+Culture+in+the+Roman+near+East%3A+Greeks%2C+Syrians%2C+Jews+and+Arabs&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F1337%2FJJS-1987&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18647%2F1337%2FJJS-1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_223-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodblatt2006" class="citation cs2">Goodblatt, David, ed. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/elements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism/constructing-jewish-nationalism-the-role-of-scripture/9D600C19BF6BA343287CE63CDF2A5C8E">"Constructing Jewish Nationalism: The Role of Scripture"</a>, Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–30, 48, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511499067.003">10.1017/cbo9780511499067.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86202-8"><bdi>978-0-521-86202-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008102119/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/elements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism/constructing-jewish-nationalism-the-role-of-scripture/9D600C19BF6BA343287CE63CDF2A5C8E">archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2024, retrieved 8 October 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements+of+Ancient+Jewish+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Constructing+Jewish+Nationalism%3A+The+Role+of+Scripture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30%2C+48&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511499067.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86202-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Felements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism%2Fconstructing-jewish-nationalism-the-role-of-scripture%2F9D600C19BF6BA343287CE63CDF2A5C8E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-224"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHastings1997" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (1997). The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3"><bdi>0-521-59391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Nationhood%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Religion+and+Nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-59391-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levent_Gönenç-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Levent_Gönenç_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGönenç2002" class="citation book cs1">Gönenç, Levent (2002). Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1836-3"><bdi>978-90-411-1836-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Constitutionalism+in+Post-Communist+Countries&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1836-3&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6nen%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Levent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Kim-226"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Kim_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimKaul2015" class="citation book cs1">Kim, David; Kaul, Susanne, eds. (2015). Imagining Human Rights. Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 13–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037619-7"><bdi>978-3-11-037619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Human+Rights&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037619-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Lockton, Harwood A. "When Doing Good is Not Good Enough: Justice and Advocacy." (2014). p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullough-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_228-1">b</a> Bullough, Vern L., and Bonnie Bullough. The care of the sick: The emergence of modern nursing. Routledge, 2021. p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrislip20053-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrislip20053_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrislip2005">Crislip 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrislip200568–69,_99-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrislip200568–69,_99_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrislip2005">Crislip 2005</a>, pp. 68–69, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Schmidt-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Schmidt_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1889" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Charles (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_X-UROGF6ZcUC">"Chapter Five: The Poor and Unfortunate"</a>. The Social Results of Early Christianity. London: William Isbister Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_X-UROGF6ZcUC/page/n279">245</a>–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-3105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-3105-2"><bdi>978-0-7905-3105-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+The+Poor+and+Unfortunate&rft.btitle=The+Social+Results+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=245-256&rft.pub=William+Isbister+Ltd.&rft.date=1889&rft.isbn=978-0-7905-3105-2&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_X-UROGF6ZcUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Establishments-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Establishments_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modelsforchristi0000unse">Models for Christian Higher Education: Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty-First Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. 1997. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modelsforchristi0000unse/page/290">290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4121-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4121-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-4121-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2007. <q>Wesleyan institutions, whether hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens, or schools, historically were begun with the spirit to serve all people and to transform society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+for+Christian+Higher+Education%3A+Strategies+for+Survival+and+Success+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4121-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodelsforchristi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teasdale2014-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Teasdale2014_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeasdale2014" class="citation book cs1">Teasdale, Mark R. (2014). Methodist Evangelism, American Salvation: The Home Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1860–1920. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-916-0"><bdi>978-1-62032-916-0</bdi></a>. <q>The new view of evangelism called for the denomination to undertake two new forms of activities: humanitarian aid and social witness. Humanitarian aid went beyond the individual help that many home missionaries were already providing to people within their care. It involved creating new structures that would augment the political, economic, and social systems so that those systems might be more humane. It included the establishment of Methodist hospitals in all the major cities in the United States. These hospitals were required to provide the best treatment possible free of charge to all who needed it, and were often staffed by deaconesses who trained as nurses. Homes for the aged and orphanages were also part of this work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Evangelism%2C+American+Salvation%3A+The+Home+Missions+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%2C+1860%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-916-0&rft.aulast=Teasdale&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-234"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_234-0">^</a> Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016279-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016279_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016279_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSannehMcClymond2016">Sanneh & McClymond 2016</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper201314–18-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper201314–18_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarper2013">Harper 2013</a>, pp. 14–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rebecca_Langlands-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Rebecca_Langlands_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanglands2006" class="citation book cs1">Langlands, Rebecca (2006). Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85943-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85943-1"><bdi>978-0-521-85943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Morality+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85943-1&rft.aulast=Langlands&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Harper, Kyle (2013). From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07277-0">978-0-674-07277-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilken_2003_291-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilken_2003_291_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilken2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert L. (2003). The Spirit of Early Christian Thought. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10598-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Early+Christian+Thought&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10598-8&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Ross, James F., "Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae (c. 1273), Christian Wisdom Explained Philosophically", in The Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader's Guide, (eds.) Jorge J. E. Gracia, Gregory M. Reichberg, Bernard N. Schumacher (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), p. 165. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jAcwGItzssC&pg=PA165">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoffetti2001" class="citation web cs1">Boffetti, Jason (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821111145/http://www.crisismagazine.com/november2001/feature7.htm">"Tolkien's Catholic Imagination"</a>. Crisis Magazine. Morley Publishing Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisismagazine.com/november2001/feature7.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+Catholic+Imagination&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Boffetti&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisismagazine.com%2Fnovember2001%2Ffeature7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoss2002" class="citation web cs1">Voss, Paul J. (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222065053/http://www.crisismagazine.com/julaug2002/feature4.">"Assurances of faith: How Catholic Was Shakespeare? How Catholic Are His Plays?"</a>. Crisis Magazine. Morley Publishing Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisismagazine.com/julaug2002/feature4.htm">the original</a> on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Magazine&rft.atitle=Assurances+of+faith%3A+How+Catholic+Was+Shakespeare%3F+How+Catholic+Are+His+Plays%3F&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Voss&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisismagazine.com%2Fjulaug2002%2Ffeature4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mati_Meyer-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Mati_Meyer_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Mati. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/art-representation-of-biblical-women">"Art: Representation of Biblical Women"</a>. Jewish Women's Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016195318/https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/art-representation-of-biblical-women">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Art%3A+Representation+of+Biblical+Women&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Mati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fart-representation-of-biblical-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/art-representation-of-biblical-women">"Art: Representation of Biblical Women | Jewish Women's Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016195318/https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/art-representation-of-biblical-women">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art%3A+Representation+of+Biblical+Women+%26%23124%3B+Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fart-representation-of-biblical-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diane_Apostolos-Cappadona-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Diane_Apostolos-Cappadona_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApostolos-Cappadona2016" class="citation journal cs1">Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane (July 2016). "Women in Religious Art". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. 1. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.208">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8"><bdi>978-0-19-934037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Women+in+Religious+Art&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.208&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934037-8&rft.aulast=Apostolos-Cappadona&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warsh-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Warsh_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006). Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-912-1"><bdi>978-0-88920-912-1</bdi></a>. <q>... From Fleming's perspective, the transition to Christianity required a good dose of personal and public hygiene ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Health+Issues+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-912-1&rft.aulast=Warsh&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Krasnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFE._Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">E. Clark, Mary (2006). Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2597-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2597-3"><bdi>978-0-7216-2597-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Implications&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-2597-3&rft.aulast=E.+Clark&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.biginfinland.com/hose-always-next-every-finnish-toilet/">"A hose: the strange device next to every Finnish toilet"</a>. Big in Finland. Curiosities. 8 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510130712/https://en.biginfinland.com/hose-always-next-every-finnish-toilet/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+in+Finland&rft.atitle=A+hose%3A+the+strange+device+next+to+every+Finnish+toilet&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.biginfinland.com%2Fhose-always-next-every-finnish-toilet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_J._Vlach-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_J._Vlach_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVlach2010" class="citation book cs1">Vlach, Michael J. (2010). Has the Church Replaced Israel? A Theological Evaluation. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4972-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4972-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Has+the+Church+Replaced+Israel%3F+A+Theological+Evaluation&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4972-3&rft.aulast=Vlach&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_G._Clouse-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Clouse_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClouse1986" class="citation book cs1">Clouse, Robert G. (1986). War: Four Christian Views. Winona Lake, Indiana: BMH Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%3A+Four+Christian+Views&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=BMH+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Clouse&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.G.Hunter-251"><a href="#cite_ref-A.G.Hunter_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter2003" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, A. G. (2003). Bekkencamp, Jonneke; Sherwood, Yvonne (eds.). Denominating Amalek: Racist stereotyping in the Bible and the Justification of Discrimination", in Sanctified aggression: legacies of biblical and post biblical vocabularies of violence. Continuum Internatio Publishing Group. pp. 92–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denominating+Amalek%3A+Racist+stereotyping+in+the+Bible+and+the+Justification+of+Discrimination%22%2C+in+Sanctified+aggression%3A+legacies+of+biblical+and+post+biblical+vocabularies+of+violence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Continuum+Internatio+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2004" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (2004). Does the Bible justify violence?. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3689-0"><bdi>978-0-8006-3689-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+the+Bible+justify+violence%3F&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3689-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Glick, Leonard B., "Religion and Genocide", in The Widening circle of genocide, Alan L. Berger (Ed). Transaction Publishers, 1994, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Masalha, Nur, The Bible and Zionism: invented traditions, archaeology and post-colonialism in Palestine-Israel, Volume 1, Zed Books, 2007, pp. 273–276 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_Robert_Chalk-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Robert_Chalk_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Robert_Chalk_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChalkJonassohn1990" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Frank Robert; Jonassohn, Kurt (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal">The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal/page/3">3</a>, 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04445-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04445-4"><bdi>978-0-300-04445-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Sociology+of+Genocide%3A+Analyses+and+Case+Studies&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04445-4&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Frank+Robert&rft.au=Jonassohn%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorysociology00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew_Lynch-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_Lynch_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_Lynch_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynch2020" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Matthew (2020). Portraying Violence in the Hebrew Bible: A Literary and Cultural Study. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49435-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49435-9"><bdi>978-1-108-49435-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraying+Violence+in+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+A+Literary+and+Cultural+Study&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49435-9&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrible1984" class="citation book cs1">Trible, Phyllis (1984). Texts of Terror: Literary-feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Fortress Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1618-3"><bdi>978-1-4514-1618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+of+Terror%3A+Literary-feminist+Readings+of+Biblical+Narratives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1618-3&rft.aulast=Trible&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2000134-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2000134_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiches2000">Riches 2000</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20193,_14-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20193,_14_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, pp. 3, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20093–4-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20093–4_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinsaltz2009">Steinsaltz 2009</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20094-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20094_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20094_261-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinsaltz2009">Steinsaltz 2009</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20093-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinsaltz20093_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinsaltz2009">Steinsaltz 2009</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201913-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201913_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20199-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20199_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton2019542-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton2019542_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 542. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20192-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20192_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem202063-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem202063_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrudem2020">Grudem 2020</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice196968–88-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice196968–88_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRice1969">Rice 1969</a>, pp. 68–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartkowski1996259–272-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartkowski1996259–272_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartkowski1996">Bartkowski 1996</a>, pp. 259–272. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Philo of Alexandria, De vita Moysis 3.23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_271-0">^</a> Josephus, Contra Apion 1.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Sam%2023:2,2%20Tim%203:16,Luke%201:70,Heb%203:7,10:15-16,1%20Peter%201:11,Mark%2012:36,2%20Peter%201:20-21,Acts%201:16,Acts%203:18,Acts%2028:25;&version=50">"Basis for belief of Inspiration Biblegateway"</a>. Biblegateway.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113220608/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Sam%2023:2,2%20Tim%203:16,Luke%201:70,Heb%203:7,10:15-16,1%20Peter%201:11,Mark%2012:36,2%20Peter%201:20-21,Acts%201:16,Acts%203:18,Acts%2028:25;&version=50">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basis+for+belief+of+Inspiration+Biblegateway&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D2%2520Sam%252023%3A2%2C2%2520Tim%25203%3A16%2CLuke%25201%3A70%2CHeb%25203%3A7%2C10%3A15-16%2C1%2520Peter%25201%3A11%2CMark%252012%3A36%2C2%2520Peter%25201%3A20-21%2CActs%25201%3A16%2CActs%25203%3A18%2CActs%252028%3A25%3B%26version%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisler198686-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeisler198686_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1986">Geisler 1986</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuck199168-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuck199168_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZuck1991">Zuck 1991</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisler1980294-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeisler1980294_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1980">Geisler 1980</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Council_on_Biblical_Inerrancy1978" class="citation web cs1">International Council on Biblical Inerrancy (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413180222/http://www.churchcouncil.org/ccpdfdocs/01_Biblical_Inerrancy_A%26D.pdf">"The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy"</a> (PDF). Dallas Theological Seminary Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchcouncil.org/ccpdfdocs/01_Biblical_Inerrancy_A&D.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Statement+on+Biblical+Inerrancy&rft.pub=Dallas+Theological+Seminary+Archives&rft.date=1978&rft.au=International+Council+on+Biblical+Inerrancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchcouncil.org%2Fccpdfdocs%2F01_Biblical_Inerrancy_A%26D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruckmanism.org/advancedrevelation">"Ruckman's belief in advanced revelations in the KJV"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027102255/http://www.ruckmanism.org/advancedrevelation">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruckman%27s+belief+in+advanced+revelations+in+the+KJV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruckmanism.org%2Fadvancedrevelation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gellar-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gellar_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gellar_278-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gellar_278-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeller2014" class="citation book cs1">Geller, Stephen (2014). Sacred Enigmas: Literary Religion in the Hebrew Bible (reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. abstract. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79901-6"><bdi>978-1-317-79901-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Enigmas%3A+Literary+Religion+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=abstract&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-79901-6&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banbaji-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Banbaji_279-0">^</a> Banbaji, Amir. "Conflicted Anagoge: The Renewal of Jewish Textuality in Haskalah Rhetoric." Jewish Social Studies 26.2 (2021): 126–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20194-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20194_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2019">Barton 2019</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011_281-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011_281-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horsley,_Draper,_Foley_&_Kelber_2011_281-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorsleyDraperFoleyKelber2011" class="citation book cs1">Horsley, Richard A.; Draper, Jonathan A.; Foley, John Miles; Kelber, Werner H., eds. (2011). Performing the Gospel: Orality, Memory, and Mark. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1166-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1166-9"><bdi>978-1-4514-1166-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+the+Gospel%3A+Orality%2C+Memory%2C+and+Mark&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1166-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2017" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (2017). The Invention of Judaism: Torah and Jewish Identity from Deuteronomy to Paul (reprint ed.). Univ of California Press. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29412-7"><bdi>978-0-520-29412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Judaism%3A+Torah+and+Jewish+Identity+from+Deuteronomy+to+Paul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29412-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr2005" class="citation book cs1">Carr, David M. (2005). Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534669-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534669-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+on+the+Tablet+of+the+Heart%3A+Origins+of+Scripture+and+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534669-5&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_71-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_71_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1971" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1461797">"The Study of Religion and the Study of the Bible"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 39 (2). Oxford University Press: 131–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXXXIX.2.131">10.1093/jaarel/XXXIX.2.131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1461797">1461797</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630053134/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1461797">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Religion+and+the+Study+of+the+Bible&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1461797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXXXIX.2.131&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Cantwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1461797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Barrett, Matthew. God's Word Alone – The Authority of Scripture: What the Reformers Taught... and Why It Still Matters. Zondervan Academic, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-wels.net-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wels.net_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wels.net_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs">"Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?"</a>. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522105449/http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodist+Beliefs%3A+In+what+ways+are+Lutherans+different+from+United+Methodists%3F&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fquestions-answers%2Fchristian%2Fmethodist-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/en/al-maidah/13">"Surah Al-Ma'idah - 13"</a>. quran.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Ma%27idah+-+13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fen%2Fal-maidah%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2009171-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2009171_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2009">Price 2009</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes200942-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes200942_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGomes2009">Gomes 2009</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos200018-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos200018_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcos2000">Marcos 2000</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos200019-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos200019_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcos2000">Marcos 2000</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoshen-Gottstein1979145-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoshen-Gottstein1979145_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoshen-Gottstein1979145_295-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoshen-Gottstein1979">Goshen-Gottstein 1979</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202163-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202163_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202176-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202176_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202176_297-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2017105–106-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrauss2017105–106_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrauss2017105–106_298-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrauss2017">Krauss 2017</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA55_55]-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUivDgM0WywoCpgPA55_55]_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2000">Kelly 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UivDgM0WywoC&pg=PA55">55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml">"The Bible"</a>. www.thelatinlibrary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113204339/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thelatinlibrary.com&rft.atitle=The+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fbible%2Fprologi.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vulgate">"Vulgate | Description, Definition, Bible, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313022911/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vulgate">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Vulgate+%7C+Description%2C+Definition%2C+Bible%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FVulgate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos2000322–323,_346–347-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos2000322–323,_346–347_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcos2000">Marcos 2000</a>, pp. 322–323, 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202130–31-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202130–31_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202141-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202141_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202141–42-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202141–42_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavidas202131-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavidas202131_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavidas2021">Lavidas 2021</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016265-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESannehMcClymond2016265_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSannehMcClymond2016">Sanneh & McClymond 2016</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wycliffe.net/resources/statistics/">"2024 Global Scripture Access"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013191504/https://www.wycliffe.net/resources/statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Scripture+Access&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wycliffe.net%2Fresources%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraherPettegrew201919-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaraherPettegrew201919_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaraherPettegrew2019">Caraher & Pettegrew 2019</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraherPettegrew201911-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaraherPettegrew201911_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaraherPettegrew2019">Caraher & Pettegrew 2019</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazar200385–87-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazar200385–87_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazar2003">Mazar 2003</a>, pp. 85–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736_316-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2017">Grabbe 2017</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200027-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200027_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20225-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith20225_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeith2022">Leith 2022</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20224-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith20224_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeith2022">Leith 2022</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier199953-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier199953_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffmeier1999">Hoffmeier 1999</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever20038-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever20038_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2003">Dever 2003</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20221-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith20221_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeith2022">Leith 2022</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20226-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith20226_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeith2022">Leith 2022</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20222-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith20222_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeith2022">Leith 2022</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith20222–3-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith20222–3_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeith2022">Leith 2022</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006365-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006365_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2006">Phillips 2006</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006366-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006366_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006366_327-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2006">Phillips 2006</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006385-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006385_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2006">Phillips 2006</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021029221934/http://www.baptistlink.com/creationists/expondoerrossbinvi.htm">"Expondo Os Erros Da Sociedade Bíblica Internacional"</a>. Baptistlink.com. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptistlink.com/creationists/expondoerrossbinvi.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2002. Retrieved 13 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expondo+Os+Erros+Da+Sociedade+B%C3%ADblica+Internacional&rft.pub=Baptistlink.com&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baptistlink.com%2Fcreationists%2Fexpondoerrossbinvi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulenSoulen200122-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulenSoulen200122_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoulenSoulen2001">Soulen & Soulen 2001</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992129-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992129_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992129_331-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFishbane1992">Fishbane 1992</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992121-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbane1992121_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFishbane1992">Fishbane 1992</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisville2014vii-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisville2014vii_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisville2014vii_333-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrisville2014">Harrisville 2014</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsoxfordcompaniont00hastpage298_298]-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsoxfordcompaniont00hastpage298_298]_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogerson2000">Rogerson 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/298">298</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2015" class="citation news cs1">Turner, Allan (31 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Historic-Bibles-even-a-naughty-one-6471869.php">"Historic Bibles ?' even a naughty one ?' featured at Houston's Dunham Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030054304/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Historic-Bibles-even-a-naughty-one-6471869.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Historic+Bibles+%3F%27+even+a+naughty+one+%3F%27+featured+at+Houston%27s+Dunham+Museum&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Fhouston%2Farticle%2FHistoric-Bibles-even-a-naughty-one-6471869.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumofthebible.org/museum/about-us">"About Us"</a>. www.museumofthebible.org. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">Museum of the Bible</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125152928/https://www.museumofthebible.org/museum/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museumofthebible.org&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofthebible.org%2Fmuseum%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/religion/museum-bible-opens-washington-d-c-celebration-amid-cynicism-n821996">"Museum of the Bible opens in Washington, D.C., with celebration amid cynicism"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121212355/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/religion/museum-bible-opens-washington-d-c-celebration-amid-cynicism-n821996">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Museum+of+the+Bible+opens+in+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+with+celebration+amid+cynicism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fmuseum-bible-opens-washington-d-c-celebration-amid-cynicism-n821996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/religion/museum-bible-gears-opening-washington-amid-propriety-questions-n821336">"Questions swirl around Museum of the Bible before grand opening"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209004027/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/religion/museum-bible-gears-opening-washington-amid-propriety-questions-n821336">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Questions+swirl+around+Museum+of+the+Bible+before+grand+opening&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fmuseum-bible-gears-opening-washington-amid-propriety-questions-n821336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/machine/st-arnaud-bible-museum-a-tourist-drawcard/story-fnkerd99-1227312496904">"St Arnaud gets its own holy grail"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_and_Weekly_Times" title="The Herald and Weekly Times">The Herald and Weekly Times</a>. 21 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212001831/https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/machine/st-arnaud-bible-museum-a-tourist-drawcard/story-fnkerd99-1227312496904?nk=3af1540762bbd96976a6b0e639c2437c-1607732310">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald+and+Weekly+Times&rft.atitle=St+Arnaud+gets+its+own+holy+grail&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklytimesnow.com.au%2Fmachine%2Fst-arnaud-bible-museum-a-tourist-drawcard%2Fstory-fnkerd99-1227312496904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebiblemuseum.com.au/">"Bible Museum Homepage | Features"</a>. www.thebiblemuseum.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027084833/https://www.thebiblemuseum.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thebiblemuseum.com.au&rft.atitle=Bible+Museum+Homepage+%7C+Features&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebiblemuseum.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fourstateshomepage.com/marketplace/business-showcase/great-passion-play-has-some-interesting-new-sights-that-dont-cost-anything-to-see-051519/">"Great Passion Play has some interesting new sights that don't cost anything to see"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KSNF" title="KSNF">KSNF</a>/KODE – FourStatesHomepage.com. 17 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818000209/https://www.fourstateshomepage.com/marketplace/business-showcase/great-passion-play-has-some-interesting-new-sights-that-dont-cost-anything-to-see-051519/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KSNF%2FKODE+%E2%80%93+FourStatesHomepage.com&rft.atitle=Great+Passion+Play+has+some+interesting+new+sights+that+don%27t+cost+anything+to+see&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourstateshomepage.com%2Fmarketplace%2Fbusiness-showcase%2Fgreat-passion-play-has-some-interesting-new-sights-that-dont-cost-anything-to-see-051519%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidonBZhX0H9YkCqthegreatpassionplayarkansaseurekaspringspgPA327_327]-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidonBZhX0H9YkCqthegreatpassionplayarkansaseurekaspringspgPA327_327]_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2008">Wright 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onBZhX0H9YkC&q=the+great+passion+play+arkansas+eureka+springs&pg=PA327">327</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Leah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox13memphis.com/top-stories/shelby-county-grants-15-000-grant-for-bible-museum-in-collierville/990016887/">"Shelby County awards $15,000 grant for Bible Museum in Collierville"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WHBQ-TV" title="WHBQ-TV">WHBQ-TV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101021131/https://www.fox13memphis.com/top-stories/shelby-county-grants-15-000-grant-for-bible-museum-in-collierville/990016887/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WHBQ-TV&rft.atitle=Shelby+County+awards+%2415%2C000+grant+for+Bible+Museum+in+Collierville&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox13memphis.com%2Ftop-stories%2Fshelby-county-grants-15-000-grant-for-bible-museum-in-collierville%2F990016887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213234317/https://www.biblemuseumonthesquare.org/about/">"About"</a>. Bible Museum On The Square. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Museum+On+The+Square&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblemuseumonthesquare.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFonseca1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDGfg8QoWY_ECq22BibleMuseum22BiedenharnpgPA249_249]-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFonseca1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDGfg8QoWY_ECq22BibleMuseum22BiedenharnpgPA249_249]_345-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFonseca1996">Fonseca 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGfg8QoWY_EC&q=%22Bible+Museum%22+Biedenharn&pg=PA249">249</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBOjCAgAAQBAJpgPA208_208]-346"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBOjCAgAAQBAJpgPA208_208]_346-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiringer2013">Diringer 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOjCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208">208</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199245-347"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199245_347-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hamel1992">De Hamel 1992</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199257-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199257_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hamel1992">De Hamel 1992</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199265-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199265_349-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hamel1992">De Hamel 1992</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBOjCAgAAQBAJpgPA213_213]-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBOjCAgAAQBAJpgPA213_213]_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiringer2013">Diringer 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOjCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213">213</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199260-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hamel199260_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hamel1992">De Hamel 1992</a>, p. 60. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlandAland1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Aland, Kurt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Aland" title="Barbara Aland">Aland, Barbara</a> (1995). The text of the New Testament : an introduction to the critical editions and to the theory and practice of modern textual criticism. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+text+of+the+New+Testament+%3A+an+introduction+to+the+critical+editions+and+to+the+theory+and+practice+of+modern+textual+criticism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1&rft.aulast=Aland&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Aland%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlterKermode1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Alter, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kermode" title="Frank Kermode">Kermode, Frank</a>, eds. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4hYlvzWui8C">The Literary Guide to the Bible</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-87531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-87531-9"><bdi>978-0-674-87531-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-674-87531-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4hYlvzWui8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Savran, George. "I and II Kings". In <a href="#CITEREFAlterKermode1987">Alter & Kermode (1987)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Rosenberg, Joel. "I and II Samuel". In <a href="#CITEREFAlterKermode1987">Alter & Kermode (1987)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aune" title="David Aune">Aune, David E.</a> (22 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C">The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaden2012" class="citation book cs1">Baden, Joel S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYW7z9tFHisC&q=The+Composition+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Renewing+the+Documentary+Hypothesis">The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis</a>. Anchor Yale Reference Library. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15264-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15264-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Composition+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Renewing+the+Documentary+Hypothesis&rft.series=Anchor+Yale+Reference+Library&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15264-7&rft.aulast=Baden&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYW7z9tFHisC%26q%3DThe%2BComposition%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPentateuch%253A%2BRenewing%2Bthe%2BDocumentary%2BHypothesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2009" class="citation book cs1">Bandstra, Barry L. (2009) [2004]. Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth Cengage Learning">Wadsworth Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-39105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-39105-0"><bdi>978-0-495-39105-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244017850">244017850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244017850&rft.isbn=978-0-495-39105-0&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Barnstone, Willis</a> (12 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CakJchHfN1QC">The Restored New Testament: A New Translation with Commentary, Including the Gnostic Gospels Thomas, Mary, and Judas</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06493-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Restored+New+Testament%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Commentary%2C+Including+the+Gnostic+Gospels+Thomas%2C+Mary%2C+and+Judas&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06493-3&rft.aulast=Barnstone&rft.aufirst=Willis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCakJchHfN1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartkowski1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bartkowski, John (1996). "Beyond Biblical Literalism and Inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the Hermeneutic Interpretation of Scripture". Sociology of Religion. 57 (3): 259–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3712156">10.2307/3712156</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3712156">3712156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Beyond+Biblical+Literalism+and+Inerrancy%3A+Conservative+Protestants+and+the+Hermeneutic+Interpretation+of+Scripture&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3712156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3712156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bartkowski&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarton2003" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John (2003). Understanding Old Testament Ethics: Approaches and Expectations. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22596-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22596-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22596-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Old+Testament+Ethics%3A+Approaches+and+Expectations&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22596-4&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarton2007" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vocz7rnZ0IwC">The Nature of Biblical Criticism</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22587-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22587-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Biblical+Criticism&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22587-2&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVocz7rnZ0IwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarton1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">Barton, John</a> (1998). Holy Writings, Sacred Text: The Canon in Early Christianity (reprint ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25778-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25778-1"><bdi>978-0-664-25778-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Writings%2C+Sacred+Text%3A+The+Canon+in+Early+Christianity&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25778-1&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarton2019" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John (2019). A History of the Bible: The Story of the World's Most Influential Book (illustrated ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-42877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-42877-0"><bdi>978-0-525-42877-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Bible%3A+The+Story+of+the+World%27s+Most+Influential+Book&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-525-42877-0&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeach1988" class="citation book cs1">Beach, Waldo (1988). Christian Ethics in the Protestant Tradition. John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0793-5"><bdi>978-0-8042-0793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Ethics+in+the+Protestant+Tradition&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8042-0793-5&rft.aulast=Beach&rft.aufirst=Waldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._S._P._Beekes" class="mw-redirect" title="R. S. P. Beekes">Beekes, R. S. P.</a> (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden and Boston: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=R.+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Alan_Black" title="David Alan Black">Black, David Alan</a> (1994). New Testament Textual Criticism: A Concise Guide (illustrated ed.). Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-1074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-1074-3"><bdi>978-0-8010-1074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Textual+Criticism%3A+A+Concise+Guide&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-1074-3&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=David+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlassThackeray2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blass" title="Friedrich Blass">Blass, Friedrich W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_St._John_Thackeray" title="Henry St. John Thackeray">Thackeray, Henry St. John</a> (29 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akD7DwAAQBAJ">Grammar of New Testament Greek</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-2324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-2324-0"><bdi>978-1-7252-2324-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+New+Testament+Greek&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-2324-0&rft.aulast=Blass&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+W.&rft.au=Thackeray%2C+Henry+St.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakD7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlocher2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Blocher" title="Henri Blocher">Blocher, Henri</a> (2004). "Helpful or Harmful? The "Apocrypha" and Evangelical Theology". European Journal of Theology. 13 (2): 81–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Helpful+or+Harmful%3F+The+%22Apocrypha%22+and+Evangelical+Theology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Blocher&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrake2008" class="citation book cs1">Brake, Donald L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualhistoryofe00brak/page/29">A visual history of the English Bible: the tumultuous tale of the world's bestselling book</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-1316-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-1316-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-1316-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+visual+history+of+the+English+Bible%3A+the+tumultuous+tale+of+the+world%27s+bestselling+book&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-1316-4&rft.aulast=Brake&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualhistoryofe00brak%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrock1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brock" title="Sebastian Brock">Brock, Sebastian</a> (1988). The Bible in the Syriac Tradition. St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+the+Syriac+Tradition&rft.pub=St.+Ephrem+Ecumenical+Research+Institute&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a> (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q–Z. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-3784-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+Q%E2%80%93Z&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3784-4&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37604019">"SO Debate: The World of Late Antiquity Revisited"</a>. Symbolae Osloenses. 72 (1): 5–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00397679708590917">10.1080/00397679708590917</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1502-7805">1502-7805</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425223626/https://www.academia.edu/37604019">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symbolae+Osloenses&rft.atitle=SO+Debate%3A+The+World+of+Late+Antiquity+Revisited&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00397679708590917&rft.issn=1502-7805&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37604019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (2010) [1997]. An Introduction to the New Testament. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14016-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14016-3"><bdi>978-0-300-14016-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/762279536">762279536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.series=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Reference+Library&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F762279536&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14016-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, Frederick</a> (1988). The Canon of Scripture. Downers Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1258-5"><bdi>978-0-8308-1258-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+Scripture&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1258-5&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2002" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, Emil (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmitRbD4V_MC&pg=PA494">The Divine Imperative: A Study in Christian Ethics</a>. James Clarke & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-9045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-9045-2"><bdi>978-0-7188-9045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Imperative%3A+A+Study+in+Christian+Ethics&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-9045-2&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmitRbD4V_MC%26pg%3DPA494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_F._Campbell" title="Antony F. Campbell">Campbell, AF</a> (2000). "Book Review: The Old Testament in Aotearoa New Zealand". Pacifica. 13 (3): 336–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1030570X0001300307">10.1177/1030570X0001300307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149090942">149090942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacifica&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Old+Testament+in+Aotearoa+New+Zealand&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1030570X0001300307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149090942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaraherPettegrew2019" class="citation book cs1">Caraher, William R.; Pettegrew, David K. (2019). "Introduction". In Pettegrew, David K.; Caraher, William R.; Davis, Thomas W. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936904-1"><bdi>978-0-19-936904-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Christian+Archaeology&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936904-1&rft.aulast=Caraher&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=Pettegrew%2C+David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarmySchatz2003" class="citation book cs1">Carmy, Shalom; Schatz, David (2003). "The Bible as a Source for Philosophical Reflection". In Frank, Daniel H.; Learnman, Oliver (eds.). History of Jewish Philosophy. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bible+as+a+Source+for+Philosophical+Reflection&rft.btitle=History+of+Jewish+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carmy&rft.aufirst=Shalom&rft.au=Schatz%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">Carr, David McLain</a> (2010). An introduction to the Old Testament: sacred texts and imperial contexts of the Hebrew Bible. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1995-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1995-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-1995-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Old+Testament%3A+sacred+texts+and+imperial+contexts+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1995-8&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+McLain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">Carr, David M.</a> (2011). The Formation of the Hebrew Bible: A New Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-990820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-990820-2"><bdi>978-0-19-990820-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-990820-2&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael David</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ">A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533272-8"><bdi>978-0-19-533272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament%3A+The+Hebrew+Bible+in+Its+Context&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533272-8&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rxBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrislip2005" class="citation book cs1">Crislip, Andrew T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r90OUzO9AP8C">From Monastery to Hospital: Christian Monasticism & the Transformation of Health Care in Late Antiquity</a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11474-0"><bdi>978-0-472-11474-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Monastery+to+Hospital%3A+Christian+Monasticism+%26+the+Transformation+of+Health+Care+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11474-0&rft.aulast=Crislip&rft.aufirst=Andrew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr90OUzO9AP8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2000" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Philip (2000). "What separates a minimalist from a maximalist? Not much". Biblical Archaeology Review. 26 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=What+separates+a+minimalist+from+a+maximalist%3F+Not+much&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Hamel1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Hamel" title="Christopher de Hamel">De Hamel, Christopher</a> (1992). Medieval Craftsmen: Scribes and Illuminations. Buffalo: University of Toronto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7707-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7707-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7707-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Craftsmen%3A+Scribes+and+Illuminations&rft.place=Buffalo&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7707-3&rft.aulast=De+Hamel&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDever2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Who_Were_the_Early_Israelites_and_Where_Did_They_Come_from%3F" title="Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?">Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+from%3F&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiringer2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Diringer" title="David Diringer">Diringer, David</a> (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOjCAgAAQBAJ">The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental</a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14249-4"><bdi>978-0-486-14249-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+Before+Printing%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval+and+Oriental&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.isbn=978-0-486-14249-4&rft.aulast=Diringer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOjCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorivalHarlMunnich1988" class="citation book cs1">Dorival, Gilles; <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Harl" title="Marguerite Harl">Harl, Marguerite</a>; Munnich, Olivier (1988). La Bible grecque des Septante : du judaïsme hellénistique au christianisme ancien. Paris: Editions du Cerf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-02821-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-02821-9"><bdi>978-2-204-02821-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Bible+grecque+des+Septante+%3A+du+juda%C3%AFsme+hell%C3%A9nistique+au+christianisme+ancien&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Cerf&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-204-02821-9&rft.aulast=Dorival&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.au=Harl%2C+Marguerite&rft.au=Munnich%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuffWenham2005" class="citation book cs1">Duff, Jeremy; <a href="/wiki/John_Wenham" title="John Wenham">Wenham, John William</a> (14 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YT1IjEjmDkC">The Elements of New Testament Greek</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-75551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-75551-1"><bdi>978-0-521-75551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+New+Testament+Greek&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-521-75551-1&rft.aulast=Duff&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Wenham%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YT1IjEjmDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwert2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewert, David (11 May 2010). A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87243-6"><bdi>978-0-310-87243-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+From+Ancient+Tablets+to+Modern+Translations&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.isbn=978-0-310-87243-6&rft.aulast=Ewert&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Fahlbusch" title="Erwin Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, G. W.</a>, eds. (2004). The encyclopedia of Christianity. Vol. 4(P–Sh). Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFishbane1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fishbane" title="Michael Fishbane">Fishbane, Michael</a> (1992). The Garments of Torah, Essays in Biblical Hermeneutics. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11408-2"><bdi>978-0-253-11408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garments+of+Torah%2C+Essays+in+Biblical+Hermeneutics&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11408-2&rft.aulast=Fishbane&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzmeyer1992" class="citation book cs1">Fitzmeyer, Joseph A. (1992). Responses to 101 questions on the Dead Sea scrolls. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3348-2"><bdi>978-0-8091-3348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses+to+101+questions+on+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3348-2&rft.aulast=Fitzmeyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlinn2007" class="citation book cs1">Flinn, Frank K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxEONS0FFlsC">Encyclopedia of Catholicism</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-7565-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholicism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7565-2&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=Frank+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxEONS0FFlsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFonseca1996" class="citation book cs1">Fonseca, Mary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGfg8QoWY_EC">Weekend Getaways in Louisiana</a>. Pelican Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-1398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-1398-4"><bdi>978-1-4556-1398-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211135118/https://books.google.com/books?id=DGfg8QoWY_EC&q=%22Bible+Museum%22+Biedenharn&pg=PA249">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weekend+Getaways+in+Louisiana&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-1398-4&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGfg8QoWY_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Michael V. (2007). "Ethics and Wisdom in the Book of Proverbs". Hebrew Studies. 48: 75–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhbr.2007.0028">10.1353/hbr.2007.0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913833">27913833</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201749265">201749265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethics+and+Wisdom+in+the+Book+of+Proverbs&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201749265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27913833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhbr.2007.0028&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaster1908" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gaster" title="Moses Gaster">Gaster, M.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbYxAQAAMAAJ">"A Samaritan Book of Joshua"</a>. The Living Age. 258. Retrieved 5 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Living+Age&rft.atitle=A+Samaritan+Book+of+Joshua&rft.volume=258&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbYxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeisler1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Geisler, Norman L.</a> (1980). Inerrancy. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-39281-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-39281-1"><bdi>978-0-310-39281-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inerrancy&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Zondervan+Pub.+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-310-39281-1&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeisler1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Geisler, Norman L.</a> (1986). A general introduction to the Bible (Rev. and expanded ed.). Chicago: Moody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-2916-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-2916-2"><bdi>978-0-8024-2916-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+general+introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-2916-2&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerber1994" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DygOmktEvFMC">Nuggets of Wisdom from Great Jewish Thinkers: From Biblical Times to the Present</a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-727-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-727-8"><bdi>978-90-5183-727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuggets+of+Wisdom+from+Great+Jewish+Thinkers%3A+From+Biblical+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-5183-727-8&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDygOmktEvFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGericke2012" class="citation book cs1">Gericke, Jaco (2012). The Hebrew Bible and Philosophy of Religion. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-707-2"><bdi>978-1-58983-707-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+and+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-707-2&rft.aulast=Gericke&rft.aufirst=Jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGomes2009" class="citation book cs1">Gomes, Alan W. (15 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhI2o_3hfwAC">Unitarian Universalism</a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86454-7"><bdi>978-0-310-86454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unitarian+Universalism&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-310-86454-7&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhI2o_3hfwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoshen-Gottstein1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Goshen-Gottstein" title="Moshe Goshen-Gottstein">Goshen-Gottstein, M. H.</a> (1979). "The Aleppo Codex and the Rise of the Massoretic Bible Text". The Biblical Archaeologist. 42 (3). University of Chicago Press: 145–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209386">10.2307/3209386</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209386">3209386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:188037600">188037600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=The+Aleppo+Codex+and+the+Rise+of+the+Massoretic+Bible+Text&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A188037600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209386&rft.aulast=Goshen-Gottstein&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (23 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lzyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?: Revised Edition</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67044-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67044-1"><bdi>978-0-567-67044-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+What+Do+We+Know+and+How+Do+We+Know+It%3F%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.isbn=978-0-567-67044-1&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4lzyDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravett_et_al.2008" class="citation book cs1">Gravett, Sandra L.; Bohmbach, Karla G.; Greifenhagen, F. V.; Polaski, Donald C. (2008). An introduction to the Hebrew Bible: a thematic approach. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23030-2"><bdi>978-0-664-23030-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/196303211">196303211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+a+thematic+approach&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F196303211&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23030-2&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Sandra+L.&rft.au=Bohmbach%2C+Karla+G.&rft.au=Greifenhagen%2C+F.+V.&rft.au=Polaski%2C+Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreifenhagen2003" class="citation book cs1">Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1evAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map</a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-39136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-39136-0"><bdi>978-0-567-39136-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+on+the+Pentateuch%27s+Ideological+Map&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-567-39136-0&rft.aulast=Greifenhagen&rft.aufirst=Franz+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1evAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrudem2020" class="citation book cs1">Grudem, Wayne (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=moZrzQEACAAJ">Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine</a> (Second ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51797-9"><bdi>978-0-310-51797-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719025547/https://books.google.com/books?id=moZrzQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Doctrine&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-310-51797-9&rft.aulast=Grudem&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmoZrzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGurry2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gurry, Peter J. (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250445">"The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate"</a>. New Testament Studies. 62 (1): 97–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688515000314">10.1017/S0028688515000314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170822522">170822522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Number+of+Variants+in+the+Greek+New+Testament%3A+A+Proposed+Estimate&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688515000314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170822522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gurry&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F250445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2013" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Kyle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBipdkvxpGwC">From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07277-0"><bdi>978-0-674-07277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Shame+to+Sin%3A+The+Christian+Transformation+of+Sexual+Morality+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07277-0&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBipdkvxpGwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1985). Understanding the Bible : a reader's introduction. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-696-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-696-6"><bdi>978-0-87484-696-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible+%3A+a+reader%27s+introduction&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Mayfield+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87484-696-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>; Platzner, Robert Leonard (2008) [2003]. The Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Higher Education">McGraw-Hill Higher Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-299051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-299051-5"><bdi>978-0-07-299051-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166317501">166317501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166317501&rft.isbn=978-0-07-299051-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft.au=Platzner%2C+Robert+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisville2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Harrisville" title="Roy Harrisville">Harrisville, Roy A.</a> (2014). Pandora's Box Opened: An Examination and Defense of Historical-Critical Method and Its Master Practitioners. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6980-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-6980-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pandora%27s+Box+Opened%3A+An+Examination+and+Defense+of+Historical-Critical+Method+and+Its+Master+Practitioners&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6980-7&rft.aulast=Harrisville&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauserWatsonKaufman2003" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Alan J.; Watson, Duane F.; Kaufman, Schuyler, eds. (2003). A History of Biblical Interpretation, Vol. 2: The Medieval Though the Reformation Periods. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4274-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-4274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Biblical+Interpretation%2C+Vol.+2%3A+The+Medieval+Though+the+Reformation+Periods&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4274-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Hayes" title="Christine Hayes">Hayes, Christine Elizabeth</a> (2012). Introduction to the Bible. Open Yale Courses. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-283-65655-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-283-65655-9"><bdi>978-1-283-65655-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/817828470">817828470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.series=Open+Yale+Courses&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F817828470&rft.isbn=978-1-283-65655-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHendelJoosten2018" class="citation book cs1">Hendel, Ronald; Joosten, Jan (2018). How Old Is the Hebrew Bible?: A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study (unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23488-6"><bdi>978-0-300-23488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Old+Is+the+Hebrew+Bible%3F%3A+A+Linguistic%2C+Textual%2C+and+Historical+Study&rft.edition=unabridged&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23488-6&rft.aulast=Hendel&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Joosten%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenshaw1963" class="citation book cs1">Henshaw, T. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsthirddiv0000hens/mode/2up">The Writings: The Third Division of the Old Testament Canon</a>. George Allen & Unwin Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings%3A+The+Third+Division+of+the+Old+Testament+Canon&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Henshaw&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsthirddiv0000hens%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeschel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Heschel, Abraham Joshua</a> (2001). The Prophets (1st Perennial classics ed.). New York: Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093699-0"><bdi>978-0-06-093699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophets&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Perennial+classics&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093699-0&rft.aulast=Heschel&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeier1999" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmeier, James K. (1999). Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition (illustrated, revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513088-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513088-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Egypt%3A+The+Evidence+for+the+Authenticity+of+the+Exodus+Tradition&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513088-1&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomolkaJacobChorin1999" class="citation book cs1">Homolka, Walter; Jacob, Walter; Chorin, Tovia Ben, eds. (1999). Die Lehren des Judentums nach den Quellen / 1 (Verband der Deutschen Juden ed.). München: Knesebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89660-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89660-058-5"><bdi>978-3-89660-058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Lehren+des+Judentums+nach+den+Quellen+%2F+1.&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.edition=Verband+der+Deutschen+Juden&rft.pub=Knesebeck&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-89660-058-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2013" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Edith M. (15 April 2013). Scripture and Tradition. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4048-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4048-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripture+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4048-4&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter1972" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Archibald Macbride (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7qKHAAACAAJ">Introducing the New Testament</a>. SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00696-1"><bdi>978-0-334-00696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-334-00696-1&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Macbride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7qKHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (2012). History of Christianity. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8851-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8851-1"><bdi>978-1-4516-8851-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-8851-1&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Davidson_Kelly" title="John Norman Davidson Kelly">Kelly, J. N. D.</a> (20 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UivDgM0WywoC">Early Christian Doctrines</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5252-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-5252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Doctrines&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000-11-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5252-8&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUivDgM0WywoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraus1993" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Hans-Joachim (1993). Psalms 1–59: A continental commentary. Vol. 1. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0936-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0936-9"><bdi>978-1-4514-0936-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms+1%E2%80%9359%3A+A+continental+commentary&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0936-9&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2017" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Matthew A (2017). "The Critical Use of the Septuagint and Versions". Jewish, Christian, and Classical Exegetical Traditions in Jerome's Translation of the Book of Exodus: Translation Technique and the Vulgate. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34300-9"><bdi>978-90-04-34300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Critical+Use+of+the+Septuagint+and+Versions&rft.btitle=Jewish%2C+Christian%2C+and+Classical+Exegetical+Traditions+in+Jerome%27s+Translation+of+the+Book+of+Exodus%3A+Translation+Technique+and+the+Vulgate&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34300-9&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavidas2021" class="citation book cs1">Lavidas, Nikolaos (2021). The Diachrony of Written Language Contact: A Contrastive Approach. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50356-4"><bdi>978-90-04-50356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diachrony+of+Written+Language+Contact%3A+A+Contrastive+Approach&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50356-4&rft.aulast=Lavidas&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLim2017" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Timothy H. (2017) [2005]. The Dead Sea Scrolls: a very short introduction (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-877952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-877952-0"><bdi>978-0-19-877952-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016953719">2016953719</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978451657">978451657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F978451657&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016953719&rft.isbn=978-0-19-877952-0&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Timothy+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeith2022" class="citation journal cs1">Leith, Mary Joan Winn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45001883">"Biblical Israel: History and Historiography to 586 BCE"</a> (PDF). The State of Jewish Studies in the Twenty-First Century, Carl Ehrlich, ed. (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter) in Press. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+State+of+Jewish+Studies+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%2C+Carl+Ehrlich%2C+ed.+%28Berlin%2FNew+York%3A+De+Gruyter%29+in+Press&rft.atitle=Biblical+Israel%3A+History+and+Historiography+to+586+BCE&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan+Winn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45001883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot2003" class="citation book cs1">Lightfoot, Neil R. (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89oz-U-JJ0sC">How We Got the Bible</a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-1252-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-1252-5"><bdi>978-0-8010-1252-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+the+Bible&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2003-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-1252-5&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89oz-U-JJ0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcos2000" class="citation book cs1">Marcos, Natalio Fernández (2000). The Septuagint in context : introduction to the Greek version of the Bible. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11574-3"><bdi>978-90-04-11574-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Septuagint+in+context+%3A+introduction+to+the+Greek+version+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11574-3&rft.aulast=Marcos&rft.aufirst=Natalio+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazar2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Mazar" title="Amihai Mazar">Mazar, Amihai</a> (2003). "Remarks on Biblical Traditions and Archaeological Evidence Concerning Early Israel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJVpAAAAMAAJ">Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past. Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age Through Roman Palestina</a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 85–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-081-1"><bdi>978-1-57506-081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Biblical+Traditions+and+Archaeological+Evidence+Concerning+Early+Israel&rft.btitle=Symbiosis%2C+Symbolism%2C+and+the+Power+of+the+Past.+Canaan%2C+Ancient+Israel%2C+and+Their+Neighbors+from+the+Late+Bronze+Age+Through+Roman+Palestina&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-081-1&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJVpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2021" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin (2021). "A Canonical History of the Old Testament Apocrypha". In Oegema, Gerbern S. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068964-3"><bdi>978-0-19-068964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Canonical+History+of+the+Old+Testament+Apocrypha&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Apocrypha&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068964-3&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLay2003" class="citation book cs1">McLay, Tim (2003). The use of the Septuagint in New Testament research. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6091-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+use+of+the+Septuagint+in+New+Testament+research&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6091-0&rft.aulast=McLay&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMears2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Mears" title="Henrietta Mears">Mears, Henrietta C.</a> (5 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2Lz7iwklhAC">What the Bible is All About Visual Edition</a>. Gospel Light Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8307-4329-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8307-4329-2"><bdi>978-0-8307-4329-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Bible+is+All+About+Visual+Edition&rft.pub=Gospel+Light+Publications&rft.date=2007-02-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8307-4329-2&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Henrietta+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2Lz7iwklhAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (1972). "Literary Forgeries and Canonical Pseudepigrapha". Journal of Biblical Literature. 91 (1): 3–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262916">10.2307/3262916</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262916">3262916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Literary+Forgeries+and+Canonical+Pseudepigrapha&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262916%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetzger_&_Katz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Metzger, David; Katz, Steven B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_fac_pubs/18">"The 'Place' of Rhetoric in Aggadic Midrash"</a>. College English. 72 (6). National Council of Teachers of English: 638–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58680%2Fce201011553">10.58680/ce201011553</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20749307">20749307</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708085814/https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_fac_pubs/18/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=The+%27Place%27+of+Rhetoric+in+Aggadic+Midrash&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E638-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58680%2Fce201011553&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20749307%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Katz%2C+Steven+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.odu.edu%2Fenglish_fac_pubs%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittleman2012" class="citation book cs1">Mittleman, Alan L. (2012). A Short History of Jewish Ethics: Conduct and Character in the Context of Covenant. Chichester, West Suffix: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8942-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8942-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-8942-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Jewish+Ethics%3A+Conduct+and+Character+in+the+Context+of+Covenant&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Suffix&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8942-2&rft.aulast=Mittleman&rft.aufirst=Alan+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMowry1944" class="citation journal cs1">Mowry, Lucetta (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262644">"The Early Circulation of Paul's Letters"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 63 (2): 73–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262644">10.2307/3262644</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262644">3262644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Early+Circulation+of+Paul%27s+Letters&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mowry&rft.aufirst=Lucetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNahkola2007" class="citation book cs1">Nahkola, Aulikki (2007). "The Memoires of Moses and the Genesis of Method in Biblical Criticism: Astruc's Contribution". In Jarick, John (ed.). Sacred Conjectures: The Context and Legacy of Robert Lowth and Jean Astruc. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02932-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02932-4"><bdi>978-0-567-02932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Memoires+of+Moses+and+the+Genesis+of+Method+in+Biblical+Criticism%3A+Astruc%27s+Contribution&rft.btitle=Sacred+Conjectures%3A+The+Context+and+Legacy+of+Robert+Lowth+and+Jean+Astruc&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-567-02932-4&rft.aulast=Nahkola&rft.aufirst=Aulikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewsom2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_A._Newsom" title="Carol A. Newsom">Newsom, Carol Ann</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3g7dwFK81IC">The Self as Symbolic Space: Constructing Identity and Community at Qumran</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13803-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13803-2"><bdi>978-90-04-13803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Self+as+Symbolic+Space%3A+Constructing+Identity+and+Community+at+Qumran&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13803-2&rft.aulast=Newsom&rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3g7dwFK81IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrsiniClarysse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Orsini, Pasquale; Clarysse, Willy (2012). "Early New Testament Manuscripts and Their Dates". Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses. 88 (4): 443–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FETL.88.4.2957937">10.2143/ETL.88.4.2957937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ephemerides+Theologicae+Lovanienses&rft.atitle=Early+New+Testament+Manuscripts+and+Their+Dates&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E474&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FETL.88.4.2957937&rft.aulast=Orsini&rft.aufirst=Pasquale&rft.au=Clarysse%2C+Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPace2016" class="citation book cs1">Pace, Sharon (2016). "17 Deuterocanonical/Apocryphal books". In Chapman, Stephen B.; Sweeney, Marvin A. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88320-7"><bdi>978-0-521-88320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17+Deuterocanonical%2FApocryphal+books&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88320-7&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Parker" title="David C. Parker">Parker, David C.</a> (2013). "The New Testament text and versions". In <a href="/wiki/James_Carleton_Paget" title="James Carleton Paget">Paget, James Carleton</a>; Schaper, Joachim (eds.). Volume 1: From the Beginnings to 600. The New Cambridge History of the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 412–454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85938-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85938-7"><bdi>978-0-521-85938-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774213683">774213683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Testament+text+and+versions&rft.btitle=Volume+1%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+600&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774213683&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85938-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2016" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Kim (2016). "The Masora Magna of two biblical fragments from the Cairo Genizah, and the unusual practice of the scribe behind the Leningrad Codex". The Tyndale Bulletin. 67 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.11381">10.17863/CAM.11381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165565008">165565008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tyndale+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Masora+Magna+of+two+biblical+fragments+from+the+Cairo+Genizah%2C+and+the+unusual+practice+of+the+scribe+behind+the+Leningrad+Codex&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17863%2FCAM.11381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165565008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Thomas E. (2006). "The Genre of Acts: moving toward a consensus?". Currents in Biblical Research. 4 (3): 365–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X06064629">10.1177/1476993X06064629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145271094">145271094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Genre+of+Acts%3A+moving+toward+a+consensus%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X06064629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145271094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jgrchj.net/volume8/JGRChJ8-9_Porter.pdf">"Early Apocryphal Non-Gospel Literature and the New Testament Text"</a> (PDF). Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism. 8 (12): 192–98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jgrchj.net/volume8/JGRChJ8-9_Porter.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Greco-Roman+Christianity+and+Judaism&rft.atitle=Early+Apocryphal+Non-Gospel+Literature+and+the+New+Testament+Text&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jgrchj.net%2Fvolume8%2FJGRChJ8-9_Porter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrice2009" class="citation book cs1">Price, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OC399TZD2BwC">Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6768-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-6768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Rasta%3A+Origins+of+Rastafari+Identity+in+Jamaica&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6768-9&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOC399TZD2BwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinhartz2021" class="citation book cs1">Reinhartz, Adele (2021). "2, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha". In Dell, Katharine J. (ed.). The Biblical World (2, illustrated ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39255-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39255-2"><bdi>978-1-317-39255-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%2C+The+Apocrypha+and+Pseudepigrapha&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+World&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39255-2&rft.aulast=Reinhartz&rft.aufirst=Adele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRezetkoYoung2014" class="citation book cs1">Rezetko, Robert; Young, Ian (2014). Historical Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew Steps Toward an Integrated Approach. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-046-1"><bdi>978-1-62837-046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics+and+Biblical+Hebrew+Steps+Toward+an+Integrated+Approach&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-046-1&rft.aulast=Rezetko&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Young%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice1969" class="citation book cs1">Rice, John R. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z_h1Q-iBvwC">Our God-breathed Book: The Bible</a>. Sword of the Lord Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87398-628-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87398-628-1"><bdi>978-0-87398-628-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+God-breathed+Book%3A+The+Bible&rft.pub=Sword+of+the+Lord+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-87398-628-1&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Z_h1Q-iBvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiches2000" class="citation book cs1">Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285343-1"><bdi>978-0-19-285343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285343-1&rft.aulast=Riches&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, George (2006). Essential Torah : a complete guide to the five books of Moses (1st ed.). New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48437-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48437-6"><bdi>978-0-307-48437-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Torah+%3A+a+complete+guide+to+the+five+books+of+Moses&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-307-48437-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodkinson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NUejG2IGPMC">The Babylonian Talmud, Vol. 7 of 9: Tract Baba Bathra (Last Gate)</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levi_Rodkinson" title="Michael Levi Rodkinson">Rodkinson, Michael L.</a> Forgotten Books. 2008 [1918]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-736-0"><bdi>978-1-60506-736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Babylonian+Talmud%2C+Vol.+7+of+9%3A+Tract+Baba+Bathra+%28Last+Gate%29&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60506-736-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NUejG2IGPMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Rogerson" title="John W. Rogerson">Rogerson, J. W.</a> (2005) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/J.w.Rogerson-AnIntroductionToTheBibleRevisedEdition">An Introduction to the Bible: Revised Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Equinox_Publishing_(Sheffield)" title="Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)">Equinox Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FJ.w.Rogerson-AnIntroductionToTheBibleRevisedEdition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Rogerson" title="John W. Rogerson">Rogerson, J. W.</a> (2000). "Higher criticism". In Mason, Alistair; Hastings, Adrian; Hastings, Ed; Pyper, Hugh (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast">The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860024-4"><bdi>978-0-19-860024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Higher+criticism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Christian+Thought&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860024-4&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossel2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Rossel" title="Seymour Rossel">Rossel, Seymour</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzZlANCOIRgC">The Torah: Portion by Portion</a>. Torah Aura Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891662-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891662-94-2"><bdi>978-1-891662-94-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torah%3A+Portion+by+Portion&rft.pub=Torah+Aura+Productions&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-891662-94-2&rft.aulast=Rossel&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzZlANCOIRgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyce2013" class="citation book cs1">Royce, James R. (2013). "Scribal tendencies in the transmission of the text of the new testament". In <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Holmes" title="Michael W. Holmes">Holmes, Michael W.</a> (eds.). The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (Revised second ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23604-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23604-2"><bdi>978-90-04-23604-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scribal+tendencies+in+the+transmission+of+the+text+of+the+new+testament&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament+in+Contemporary+Research%3A+Essays+on+the+Status+Quaestionis&rft.edition=Revised+second&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23604-2&rft.aulast=Royce&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRüger1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rüger, Hans Peter (July 1989). "The Extent of the Old Testament Canon1". The Bible Translator. 40 (3): 301–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026009358904000301">10.1177/026009358904000301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164995721">164995721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+Translator&rft.atitle=The+Extent+of+the+Old+Testament+Canon1&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1989-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026009358904000301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164995721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=Hans+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSannehMcClymond2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lamin_Sanneh" title="Lamin Sanneh">Sanneh, Lamin</a>; McClymond, Michael, eds. (2016). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-55604-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-55604-7"><bdi>978-1-118-55604-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+World+Christianity&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-55604-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04/anf04.">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>. Vol. IV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316200134/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04/anf04.">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf04%2Fanf04.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzBaron1956" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Leo Walder; <a href="/wiki/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Salo Wittmayer Baron">Baron, Salo Wittmayer</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXUGAQAAIAAJ">Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-60413-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-60413-8"><bdi>978-0-394-60413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Ages+and+Ideas+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-394-60413-8&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Leo+Walder&rft.au=Baron%2C+Salo+Wittmayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXUGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1956a). "Israel In Canaan". In <a href="#CITEREFSchwarzBaron1956">Schwarz & Baron (1956)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1956b). "The Age of Prophecy". In <a href="#CITEREFSchwarzBaron1956">Schwarz & Baron (1956)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSegal2010" class="citation book cs1">Segal, Alan (23 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owd9zig7i1oC">Life After Death: A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion</a>. Crown Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-87473-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-87473-3"><bdi>978-0-307-87473-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+After+Death%3A+A+History+of+the+Afterlife+in+Western+Religion&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.isbn=978-0-307-87473-3&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dowd9zig7i1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoulenSoulen2001" class="citation book cs1">Soulen, Richard N.; Soulen, R. Kendall (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofbiblic0000soul_z2x8">Handbook of Biblical Criticism</a> (Third ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22314-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22314-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22314-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Biblical+Criticism&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22314-4&rft.aulast=Soulen&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft.au=Soulen%2C+R.+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofbiblic0000soul_z2x8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouryal2015" class="citation book cs1">Souryal, Sam S. (2015). Ethics in Criminal Justice: In Search of the Truth (6th ed.). New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-28091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-28091-4"><bdi>978-0-323-28091-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+in+Criminal+Justice%3A+In+Search+of+the+Truth&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-323-28091-4&rft.aulast=Souryal&rft.aufirst=Sam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinsaltz2009" class="citation book cs1">Steinsaltz, Adin (2009). The Essential Talmud. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3541-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-3541-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Talmud&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3541-9&rft.aulast=Steinsaltz&rft.aufirst=Adin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuckenbruck_&_Erho2011" class="citation book cs1">Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Erho, Ted M. (2011). "Book of Enoch and the Ethiopian manuscript tradition: New Data". In <a href="/wiki/Aren_Maeir" title="Aren Maeir">Maeir, Aren M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Magness" title="Jodi Magness">Magness, Jodi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence</a> (eds.). 'Go Out and Study the Land' (Judges 18:2): Archaeological, Historical and Textual Studies in Honor of Hanan Eshel (illustrated ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20268-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20268-9"><bdi>978-90-04-20268-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+of+Enoch+and+the+Ethiopian+manuscript+tradition%3A+New+Data&rft.btitle=%27Go+Out+and+Study+the+Land%27+%28Judges+18%3A2%29%3A+Archaeological%2C+Historical+and+Textual+Studies+in+Honor+of+Hanan+Eshel&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20268-9&rft.aulast=Stuckenbruck&rft.aufirst=Loren+T.&rft.au=Erho%2C+Ted+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwenson2021" class="citation book cs1">Swenson, Kristin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xQOEAAAQBAJ">A Most Peculiar Book: The Inherent Strangeness of the Bible</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065173-2"><bdi>978-0-19-065173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Most+Peculiar+Book%3A+The+Inherent+Strangeness+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065173-2&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xQOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTov2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Tov, Emanuel</a> (2001). Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (illustrated ed.). Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3715-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3715-0"><bdi>978-90-232-3715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Criticism+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-232-3715-0&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Ulrich, Eugene</a> (2013). "The Old Testament text and its transmission". In <a href="/wiki/James_Carleton_Paget" title="James Carleton Paget">Paget, James Carleton</a>; Schaper, Joachim (eds.). Volume 1: From the Beginnings to 600. The New Cambridge History of the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 83–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85938-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85938-7"><bdi>978-0-521-85938-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774213683">774213683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Testament+text+and+its+transmission&rft.btitle=Volume+1%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+600&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774213683&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85938-7&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C.; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Flint_(religious_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Flint (religious scholar)">Flint, Peter W.</a> (2013) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBMXnB4CRpUC">The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity</a> (E-book ed.). <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-224330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-224330-0"><bdi>978-0-06-224330-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856526599">856526599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls%3A+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856526599&rft.isbn=978-0-06-224330-0&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBMXnB4CRpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace1996" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Daniel B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfglAQAAIAAJ">Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-37340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-37340-7"><bdi>978-0-310-37340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar+Beyond+the+Basics%3A+An+Exegetical+Syntax+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-310-37340-7&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfglAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Wallace, Daniel B.</a> (2009). "Challenges in New Testament textual criticism for the twenty-first century". Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 52 (1): 79–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Evangelical+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=Challenges+in+New+Testament+textual+criticism+for+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalzer2012" class="citation book cs1">Walzer, Michael (2012). In God's Shadow: Politics in the Hebrew Bible. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18044-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18044-2"><bdi>978-0-300-18044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+God%27s+Shadow%3A+Politics+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18044-2&rft.aulast=Walzer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWegner1999" class="citation book cs1">Wegner, Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkVFOTsBOAEC&q=%22Masoretes+inherited%22">The Journey From Texts to Translations</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2799-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2799-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-2799-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+From+Texts+to+Translations&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2799-4&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkkVFOTsBOAEC%26q%3D%2522Masoretes%2Binherited%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWegner2006" class="citation book cs1">Wegner, Paul D. (2006). A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible: Its History, Methods and Results (illustrated ed.). InterVarsityPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2731-2"><bdi>978-0-8308-2731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Student%27s+Guide+to+Textual+Criticism+of+the+Bible%3A+Its+History%2C+Methods+and+Results&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=InterVarsityPress&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2731-2&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells1911" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Preston B. (1911). The Story of the English Bible. Pentecostal Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+English+Bible&rft.pub=Pentecostal+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Preston+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1970" class="citation magazine cs1">Williams, Melvin G. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CA3nAAAAMAAJ">"Apocrypha : What's that?"</a>. Quaker Life. Vol. 11. Friends United Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaker+Life&rft.atitle=Apocrypha+%3A+What%27s+that%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Melvin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCA3nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Kevin J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onBZhX0H9YkC">The Christian travel planner</a>. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4016-0374-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4016-0374-8"><bdi>978-1-4016-0374-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211134937/https://books.google.com/books?id=onBZhX0H9YkC&q=the+great+passion+play+arkansas+eureka+springs&pg=PA327">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+travel+planner&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4016-0374-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonBZhX0H9YkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N. T.</a> (2005). The Last Word: Scripture and the Authority of God – Getting Beyond the Bible Wars. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-087261-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-087261-8"><bdi>978-0-06-087261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Word%3A+Scripture+and+the+Authority+of+God+%E2%80%93+Getting+Beyond+the+Bible+Wars&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-087261-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2013" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Ian (2013). "What do we actually know about ancient Hebrew". Australian Journal of Jewish Studies. 27: 11–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=What+do+we+actually+know+about+ancient+Hebrew&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuck1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_B._Zuck" title="Roy B. Zuck">Zuck, Roy B.</a> (1991). Basic Bible interpretation. Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89693-819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89693-819-9"><bdi>978-0-89693-819-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Bible+interpretation&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Victor+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89693-819-9&rft.aulast=Zuck&rft.aufirst=Roy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bible at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bible" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bible">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bible" class="extiw" title="c:Bible">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bible" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Bible">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Bible" class="extiw" title="q:The Bible">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible" class="extiw" title="s:Bible">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bible" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bible">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Biblical_studies" class="extiw" title="v:Portal:Biblical studies">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bible_quotes_about_love" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Bible quotes about love">Bible quotes about love</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/the-bible">"The Bible collected news and commentary"</a> The New York Times.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/the-bible">"The Bible collected news and commentary"</a> The Guardian.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/christianity">The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts – Christianity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611143927/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/christianity">Archived</a> 11 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.nli.org.il/sites/nlis/en/manuscript/pages/results.aspx#query=lsr01,contains,openforall&query=any,contains,bible">The National Library of Israel – Over 15,000 scanned manuscripts of the Old Testament</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?DRIS_ID=MS58_003v">Trinity College Digital Collections</a> images of complete manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/">Check out different versions of the Christian Bible</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible267" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible" title="Template:The Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bible" title="Template talk:The Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Bible267" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> - <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/75px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/113px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/150px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="376" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad and the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">The Bible and humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">The Bible and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">The Bible and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women in the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_punishment_in_the_Torah" title="Crime and punishment in the Torah">Crime and punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah" title="List of capital crimes in the Torah">Capital crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_events" title="List of Hebrew Bible events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Prayer in the Hebrew Bible">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latter_Day_Saint_movement341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template talk:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">Extermination Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of the LDS Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Community of Christ history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboy_Conference" title="Amboy Conference">Amboy Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sacred texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord" title="Book of the Law of the Lord">Book of the Law of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangites only</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_of_the_Lord" title="The Word of the Lord">The Word of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Fettingites and offshoots</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Hedrick" title="Granville Hedrick">Granville Hedrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">LDS denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Bickertonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Hedrickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fellowships_of_%22the_Remnants%22_movement" title="Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement">Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_Reorganization_movement" title="List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement">List of Reorganized Restorationist churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_in_Mormonism" title="Agency in Mormonism">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_19th-century_Mormonism" title="Death in 19th-century Mormonism">Early views on death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Spirit_in_Mormonism" title="Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism">Gifts of the Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Views on God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_blessing" title="Patriarchal blessing">Patriarchal blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Women and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_early_Mormonism" title="Black people and early Mormonism">Black people and early Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_and_Mormonism" title="Civil rights and Mormonism">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historicity of the Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_art" title="Mormon art">Mormon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Mormon blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Mormon cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folklore" title="Mormon folklore">Mormon folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_literature" title="Mormon literature">Mormon literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_poetry" title="Mormon poetry">Mormon poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fiction" title="Mormon fiction">Mormon fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Mormon_Letters" title="Association for Mormon Letters">Association for Mormon Letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Mormon music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folk_music" title="Mormon folk music">Mormon folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Mormon Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Latter Day Saints in popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_Mormons_in_comics" title="Portrayal of Mormons in comics">Portrayal of Mormons in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">Smith Family Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Bibliography of the Latter Day Saint movement">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolob" title="Kolob">Kolob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_history" title="Mormonism and history">Mormonism and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_architecture_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple architecture (LDS Church)">Temple architecture (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voree_plates" title="Voree plates">Voree plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints1807" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template talk:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints1807" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy_(LDS_Church)" title="Good Neighbor policy (LDS Church)">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_sites_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ Mormon history">LGBTQ Mormon timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Handcart companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Name of the church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism & violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_charges_against_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="2023 Securities and Exchange Commission charges against the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Ensign Peak Advisors">2023 SEC case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">Sacred texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">Holy Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine & Covenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs & practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Apostasy & restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam & Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Sunday" title="Fast Sunday">Fast Sunday</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Strength_of_Youth_(pamphlet)" title="For the Strength of Youth (pamphlet)">For the Strength of Youth</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Gender</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">Family Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_minorities_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministering" title="Ministering">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">Ordinances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">Baptism for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Marriage sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Temple endowment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">Temple garment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">Black Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_temple_and_priesthood_policies_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Black temple & priesthood restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Curses of Cain and Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_birth_control_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on birth control in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexual orientation change efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_masturbation_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaking_(sexual_practice)" title="Soaking (sexual practice)">Soaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of belief & practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_suicide_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on suicide in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Culture & worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Especially_for_Youth" title="Especially for Youth">Especially for Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Family_Services" title="LDS Family Services">Family Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Helping_Hands" title="Mormon Helping Hands">Helping Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">Humanitarian services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Hymns in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)" title="Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book)">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel" title="Latter-day Saints Channel">Latter-day Saints Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Missionary service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pageants_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of pageants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(LDS_Church)" title="Tabernacle (LDS Church)">Tabernacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_services_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Worship services of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Worship services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Sacrament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority">Leadership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)" title="Seventy (LDS Church)">Quorums of the Seventy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men_(organization)" title="Young Men (organization)">Young Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_(LDS_Church)" title="Primary (LDS Church)">Primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Membership history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">Less-active Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_Mormon_people_and_organizations" title="LGBTQ Mormon people and organizations">LGBTQ Mormons & organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Congregational <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Congregations" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Idaho" title="Brigham Young University–Idaho">BYU-Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">BYU-Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Pathway_Worldwide" title="BYU–Pathway Worldwide">BYU–Pathway Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_College" title="Ensign College">Ensign College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation" title="Deseret Management Corporation">Deseret Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company" title="Deseret Book Company">Deseret Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Industries" title="Deseret Industries">Deseret Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Digital_Media" title="Deseret Digital Media">Deseret Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Square_Hospitality" title="Temple Square Hospitality">Temple Square Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_Financial_Group" title="Beneficial Financial Group">Beneficial Financial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RootsTech" title="RootsTech">RootsTech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropies" title="Philanthropies">Philanthropies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Finances of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Finances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="Ensign Peak Advisors">Ensign Peak Advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Emigration_Fund" title="Perpetual Emigration Fund">Perpetual Emigration Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fund" title="Perpetual Education Fund">Perpetual Education Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Property_Management_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Property Management Associates">Utah Property Management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgReserves" title="AgReserves">AgReserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Ranches" title="Deseret Ranches">Deseret Ranches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Fawn M. Brodie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History" title="No Man Knows My History">No Man Knows My History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Decker" title="Ed Decker">Ed Decker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Makers" title="The God Makers">The God Makers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dehlin" title="John Dehlin">John Dehlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Stories_Podcast" title="Mormon Stories Podcast">Mormon Stories podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Runnells" title="Jeremy Runnells">Jeremy Runnells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CES_Letter" title="CES Letter">CES Letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_plates" title="Kinderhook plates">Kinderhook plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander_letter" title="Salamander letter">Salamander letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Six" title="September Six">September Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald & Sandra Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_%26_Transparency_Foundation" title="Truth & Transparency Foundation">Truth & Transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComeUntoChrist.org" title="ComeUntoChrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations">Book of Mormon translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">Joseph Smith Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_(Mormon_apologetics_organization)" title="FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)">FAIR organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Mormon" title="I'm a Mormon">I'm a Mormon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBTQ Mormon suicides">LGBTQ Mormon suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_History_Association" title="Mormon History Association">Mormon History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism & Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Relationship to U.S. politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="LGBTQ rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LGBTQ rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkyoshigo" title="Senkyoshigo">Senkyoshigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Machine" title="Giving Machine">Giving Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint Movement</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bible_lists73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_lists" title="Template:Bible lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_lists" title="Template talk:Bible lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bible_lists73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a> lists</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">In general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals in the Bible">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts in biblical archaeology">Artifacts in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_commentaries" title="List of biblical commentaries">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstones_in_the_Bible" title="Gemstones in the Bible">Gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes" title="List of minor biblical tribes">Minor tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nations_mentioned_in_the_Bible" title="List of nations mentioned in the Bible">Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_in_the_Bible" title="List of plants in the Bible">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Bible_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Bible stories">Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_the_Bible" title="List of women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Celtic_languages" title="Bible translations into Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Native_American_languages" title="Bible translations into Native American languages">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_verses_not_included_in_modern_translations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bible verses not included in modern translations">Verses not included in modern translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_biblical_figures" title="List of major biblical figures">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Hebrew_Bible_figures,_A%E2%80%93K" title="List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, A–K">Minor, A–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Hebrew_Bible_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, L–Z">Minor, L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_biblical_figures" title="List of Jewish biblical figures">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">Identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Names for the nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_in_both_the_Bible_and_the_Quran" title="List of people in both the Bible and the Quran">People in the Bible and the Qu'ran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_A" title="List of biblical names starting with A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_B" title="List of biblical names starting with B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_C" title="List of biblical names starting with C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_D" title="List of biblical names starting with D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_E" title="List of biblical names starting with E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_F" title="List of biblical names starting with F">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_G" title="List of biblical names starting with G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_H" title="List of biblical names starting with H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_I" title="List of biblical names starting with I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_J" title="List of biblical names starting with J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_K" title="List of biblical names starting with K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_L" title="List of biblical names starting with L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_M" title="List of biblical names starting with M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_N" title="List of biblical names starting with N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_O" title="List of biblical names starting with O">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_P" title="List of biblical names starting with P">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_Q" title="List of biblical names starting with Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_R" title="List of biblical names starting with R">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_S" title="List of biblical names starting with S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_T" title="List of biblical names starting with T">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_U" title="List of biblical names starting with U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_V" title="List of biblical names starting with V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_Y" title="List of biblical names starting with Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_Z" title="List of biblical names starting with Z">Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">Burial places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places" title="List of minor biblical places">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_names_for_biblical_place_names" title="List of modern names for biblical place names">Modern names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_the_Bible" title="List of films based on the Bible">Films based on the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_place_names_in_North_America" title="List of biblical place names in North America">Place names in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/250px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Old Testament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah" title="List of capital crimes in the Torah">Capital crimes in the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_events" title="List of Hebrew Bible events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts" title="List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts">Manuscriptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Non-canonical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_place_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hebrew place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithes_in_Judaism" title="Tithes in Judaism">Tithes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">New Testament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_key_episodes_in_the_Canonical_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels">Events in the Canonical Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_Latin_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New Testament Latin manuscripts">Latin manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_lectionaries" title="List of New Testament lectionaries">Lectionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="List of major textual variants in the New Testament">Major textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_New_Testament_figures" title="List of minor New Testament figures">Minor figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_minuscule" title="New Testament minuscule">Minuscules</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_minuscules_(1%E2%80%931000)" title="List of New Testament minuscules (1–1000)">1–1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_minuscules_(1001%E2%80%932000)" title="List of New Testament minuscules (1001–2000)">1001–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_minuscules_(2001%E2%80%93)" title="List of New Testament minuscules (2001–)">2001–</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Non-canonical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">Uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal:Bible</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_texts_(List)158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_books" title="Template:Religious books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_books" title="Template talk:Religious books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_texts_(List)158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts" title="List of religious texts">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> (Egyptian religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">Agamas</a> (Jainism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a> (Taoism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> (Theravada Buddhism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Paracanonical texts (Theravāda)">Paracanon</a> (Theravada Buddhism)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Atthakatha</a> (Theravada Buddhism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-commentaries_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)">Tika</a> (Theravada Buddhism)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible</a> (Judaism, Christianity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Judaism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Torah</a> (Samaritanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> (Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> (Roman polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> (Gnosticism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Judaism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> (Greek polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enneads">Enneads</a> (Neoplatonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (Eastern Christianity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (Hinduism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puya_(Meitei_texts)" title="Puya (Meitei texts)">Puya</a> (Sanamahism)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> (Shinto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian Hymnal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a> (Han Buddhism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a> (Korean Buddhism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a> (Lutheranism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> (Anglicanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (Mormonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofudesaki" title="Ofudesaki">Ofudesaki</a> (Tenrikyo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a> (Baha'i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a> (Ahmadiyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a> (Thelemite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> (Mahayana Buddhism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a> (Wiccan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics</a> (Scientologism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a> (Satanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a> (Raelian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3241" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/174429434">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/301611562">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184259495">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1356024/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006406-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00020514">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008248x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008248x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570431">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2006374667&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4147284">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/91002790">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=003808992&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046434">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm135dp70m8rcx4">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810564143805606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/76965">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007590395605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028198654">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/a0ec6de5-4d52-492d-b25c-2ecf78ac9864">MusicBrainz work</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/e68aa0b9-dada-4c3b-b100-4ba8a0bccb77">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/046459">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638269">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=39828">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kitab-i-mukaddes">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible&oldid=1281627482">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible&oldid=1281627482</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judeo-Christian_topics" title="Category:Judeo-Christian topics">Judeo-Christian topics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from March 2024">Use Oxford spelling from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Koin%C4%93_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text">Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Medieval_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text">Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_numeric_Bible_version_references" title="Category:Pages with numeric Bible version references">Pages with numeric Bible version references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Classical_Syriac-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text">Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 March 2025, at 14:21 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Bible</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 265 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84559f4bd5-44g42","wgBackendResponseTime":420,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.307","walltime":"3.703","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40303,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":863535,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39532,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":82,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1048377,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2909.043 1 -total"," 21.95% 638.561 143 Template:Cite_book"," 18.03% 524.593 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.34% 446.247 234 Template:Sfn"," 5.67% 165.068 35 Template:Cite_web"," 5.46% 158.732 68 Template:Lang"," 4.93% 143.406 44 Template:Efn"," 4.26% 123.868 12 Template:Sfnm"," 3.87% 112.447 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.60% 104.847 23 Template:Rp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.889","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19628049,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlandAland1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlterKermode1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApostolos-Cappadona2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAune2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaden2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandstra2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnstone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartkowski1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeach1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlassThackeray2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlocher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoffetti2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrake2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrock1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromiley1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnside2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaraherPettegrew2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmySchatz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalkJonassohn1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClouse1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrislip2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Hamel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDines2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiringer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorivalHarlMunnich1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriver\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffWenham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Clark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllul2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErbes1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishbane1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzmeyer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlinn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFonseca1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Koenig2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaster1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeisler1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeisler1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGericke2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodblatt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoshen-Gottstein1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravett_et_al.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreifenhagen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrudem2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrudem2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGönenç2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHargaden2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisville2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauserWatsonKaufman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendelJoosten2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenshaw1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeschel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmeier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomolkaJacobChorin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorsleyDraperFoleyKelber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Council_on_Biblical_Inerrancy1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann1956a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann1956b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimKaul2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraus1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauss2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanglands2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavidas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacHaffie1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcos2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMears2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzger1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzger_\u0026amp;_Katz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittleman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowry1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNahkola2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsom2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthcott1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrsiniClarysse2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPace2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhartz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezetkoYoung2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiches2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodkinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogerson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogerson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyce2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyken\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRüger1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSannehMcClymond2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavran1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarzBaron1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScribnerGrellScribner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoulenSoulen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouryal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinsaltz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuckenbruck_\u0026amp;_Erho2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwenson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeasdale2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrible1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlrich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Reid1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Liere2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoss2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalzer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWegner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWegner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilken2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuck1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 8,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Bible Lists\"] = 1,\n [\"Bible sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2-nb\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 6,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Books of the Bible\"] = 1,\n [\"Bsn\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CCC\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 142,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 44,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Googlebooks\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 19,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"LORD\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 67,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Latter Day Saint movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Latter-day Saints\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious books\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 23,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 14,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 234,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 12,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 5,\n [\"Tanakh\"] = 1,\n [\"The Bible\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","19.2"],["?","340","17.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.0"],["[others]","420","21.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84559f4bd5-vvtbm","timestamp":"20250402142034","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bible","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bible","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1845","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1845","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T16:13:58Z","dateModified":"2025-03-21T14:21:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg","headline":"collection of sacred books in Judaism and Christianity"}</script> </body> </html>