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The Water's Edge | Council on Foreign Relations

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class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense &amp; Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy &amp; International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy &amp; Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics &amp; Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe &amp; Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East &amp; North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research &amp; Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/economics" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Economics </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/american-views-economic-leadership " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">American Views on Economic Leadership</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/Cover_web_1.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Executive Summary In the decades following World War II, the United States was the undisputed leader of the global economic system. It had the strongest economy in the world and championed a set o…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/matthew-p-goodman" class="card-article__authors-link">Matthew P. Goodman</a> and <a href="/bio/allison-j-smith" class="card-article__authors-link">Allison J. Smith</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 25, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/realecon" class="card-article__series"> RealEcon </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers &amp; Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books &amp; Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State &amp; Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/c-peter-mccolough-series-international-economics-tom-barkin " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">C. Peter McColough Series on International Economics With Tom Barkin</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/2024-02-08T194800Z_791086772_RC2HY5A0Z5NM_RTRMADP_3_USA-FED-BARKIN.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Richmond Fed President Tom Barkin discusses U.S. monetary policy and the outlook for inflation and labor markets. The C. Peter McColough Series on International Economics brings the world’s foremo…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Tom Barkin and John Lipsky</span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 1, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars &amp; Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Research &amp; 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Lindsay analyzes the politics shaping U.S. foreign policy and the sustainability of American power. </section> </div> </header> <div class="has_subscription"> <section class="latest-post latest-post--landscape"> <div class="latest-post__header-container"> <h2 class="latest-post__header">Latest Post</h3> <div class="button-container buttons-container--without-breakpoints button-container--color-transparent button-container--size-regular button-container--type-single "> <a class=" button-container__btn" href="#subscription-breaker" >Subscribe to Blog Updates</a> </div> </div> <div class="latest-post__content"> <figure class="latest-post__lead-image"> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/slide_3_2/public/image/2025/04/Screenshot%202025-04-10%20112028.jpg.webp" alt="Chinese state media broadcasts a map of military drills conducted by the Chinese People&#039;s Liberation Army around Taiwan on May 23, 2024." class="latest-post__lead-image-picture" /> <figcaption class="latest-post__lead-image-caption"> Chinese state media broadcasts a map of military drills conducted by the Chinese People&#039;s Liberation Army around Taiwan on May 23, 2024. <span class="author">REUTERS/Tingshu Wang</span> </figcaption> <div class="button-container buttons-container--without-breakpoints button-container--color-transparent button-container--size-regular button-container--type-single "> <a class=" button-container__btn" href="#subscription-breaker" >Subscribe to Blog Updates</a> </div> </figure> <h3 class="latest-post__title"> <a href="/blog/presidents-inbox-recap-confronting-china"> The President’s Inbox Recap: Confronting China </a> </h3> <div class="latest-post__metadata"> <span class="latest-post__byline"> by <a href="/bio/oscar-berry" class="latest-post__authors-link">Oscar Berry</a> </span> <span class="latest-post__date"> April 10, 2025</span> </div> <div class="latest-post__body"> <div><p>The United States must play to its strengths and avoid self-inflicted missteps if it wants to beat China in the race to dominate the twenty-first century.</p> </div> <a href="/blog/presidents-inbox-recap-confronting-china" class="latest-post__read-more">Read More</a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="card-group card-group--featured card-group--bg-color-default "> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h3 class="card-group__title">Featured</h3> <div class="card-group__navigation"> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-prev slick-arrow" aria-label="Previous" role="button" style="">Previous</button> <div class="card-group__navigation-divider"></div> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-next slick-arrow" aria-label="Next" role="button" style="">Next</button> </div> <div class="card-group__container" data-cards-total="13"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/foreign-policy" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Foreign Policy </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/ten-most-significant-world-events-2024 " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Ten Most Significant World Events in 2024 </p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/12/2024-09-26T093844Z_417768341_RC298AARKUQI_RTRMADP_3_SUDAN-POLITICS.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As 2024 comes to a close, here are the ten most notable world events of the year.&nbsp; </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 23, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/politics-and-government/elections-and-voting" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Elections and Voting </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/ten-elections-watch-2025 " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Ten Elections to Watch in 2025</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/12/AA1ueBDb.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Numerous countries will hold elections in 2025. Here are ten to watch. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 10, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/ten-anniversaries-note-2025 " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Ten Anniversaries to Note in 2025 </p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/12/battle-of-lexington-1775-granger_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As 2024 comes to a close, here are ten notable historical anniversaries to mark in 2025.&nbsp; </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 3, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/programs/us-foreign-policy-program" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> U.S. Foreign Policy Program </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/presidents-inbox-episodes-topic-2023-2024 " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The President's Inbox Episodes by Topic (2023-2024) </p> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Each episode of The President's Inbox from 2023 and 2024 organized by topic.&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 6, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/transition-2025-did-trump-win-unprecedented-and-powerful-mandate " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Transition 2025: Did Trump Win an “Unprecedented and Powerful Mandate”? </p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/11/N3CCQP54JJJCBMT6PCH252L3OI.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Each Friday, I examine what is happening with President-elect Donald Trump’s transition to the White House. This week: Donald Trump’s victory was closer, and his mandate less impressive, than Election Night reports suggested. &nbsp; </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> November 22, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/election-2024-how-respond-axis-autocracies " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Election 2024: How to Respond to the Axis of Autocracies</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/10/Screenshot%202024-10-25%20151244_0.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Each Friday, I look at what the presidential contenders are saying about foreign policy. This week: Increased cooperation among China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea will present the next president with tough choices. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 25, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/election-2024-united-states-ready-confront-axis-autocracies " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Election 2024: Is the United States Ready to Confront the Axis of Autocracies?</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/10/Screenshot%202024-10-18%20162937_1.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Each Friday, I look at what the presidential contenders are saying about foreign policy. This week: Rising cooperation among China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea will likely test whoever takes office on Inauguration Day. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 18, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/global-commons/global" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Global </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/presidents-inbox-episodes-topic " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The President's Inbox Episodes by Topic </p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2021/02/gettyimages-1230713424-wecompress.com.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">A comprehensive list of each episode of&nbsp;<em>The President's Inbox&nbsp;</em>organized by topic.&nbsp; </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 4, 2021</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/us-foreign-policy" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> U.S. Foreign Policy </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/twe-book-and-film-recommendations " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">TWE Book and Film Recommendations</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2020/07/screen-shot-2020-07-28-at-10.29.07-am-1.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Looking for something to read or watch? Here is a list of all the books and films recommended on&nbsp;<em>The Water’s Edge</em>. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> November 10, 2021</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/twe-history-related-blogs-and-videos " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">TWE History-Related Blogs and Videos</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2021/11/MicrosoftTeams-image%20%281%29.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">A list of all blog posts and videos reflecting on historical events from&nbsp;<em>The Water's Edge</em>.&nbsp; </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 1, 2021</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/twe-remembers-learning-more-about-cuban-missile-crisis " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">TWE Remembers: Learning More About the Cuban Missile Crisis</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2012/10/Cuban-Missile-Crisis-14.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Cuban missile crisis brought the United States and the Soviet Union closer to nuclear war than any other event during the Cold War. President John F. Kennedy put the odds of war at “somewhere bet…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 16, 2012</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/history-cold-war-40-quotes " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The History of the Cold War in 40 Quotes</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2014/11/Churchill-and-Truman.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">On Monday, I posted my nominees for ten Cold War histories worth reading. But many people don’t have the time or patience to plow through comprehensive histories. So for TWE readers looking to save t…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> November 7, 2014</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/vietnam" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Vietnam </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/vietnam-war-forty-quotes " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Vietnam War in Forty Quotes</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2015/04/Johnson-Announcement.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Last month, I did a series of posts commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of U.S. combat troops in Vietnam on March 8, 1965. Today marks another significant date in the Vietnam War: t…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 30, 2015</span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-article__series"> The Water's Edge </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-series"> <div class="blog-series__tabs"> <ul class="blog-series__tabs-list"> <li class="blog-series__tabs-list-item"> <a href="#latest" class="blog-series__tabs-list-item-link active">Latest</a> </li> <li class="blog-series__tabs-list-item"> <a href="#archive" class="blog-series__tabs-list-item-link">Archive</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="blog-series__container"> <div class="blog-series__collapse blog-series__latest" id="latest"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-0c10f1949493ddbbf5946135b4a6c3b19b13d6c1f4f1ea195c28baa408e7bd45"> <form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-blog-posts-block-latest-blog-posts" action="/blog/waters-edge#views-exposed-form-blog-posts-block-latest-blog-posts" method="get" 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value="305">-Gambia</option><option value="306">-Ghana</option><option value="307">-Guinea</option><option value="308">-Guinea-Bissau</option><option value="309">-Ivory Coast</option><option value="311">-Lesotho</option><option value="312">-Liberia</option><option value="313">-Madagascar</option><option value="314">-Malawi</option><option value="315">-Mali</option><option value="316">-Mauritania</option><option value="317">-Mauritius</option><option value="318">-Mozambique</option><option value="319">-Namibia</option><option value="320">-Niger</option><option value="299">-Republic of Congo</option><option value="322">-Rwanda</option><option value="323">-Sao Tome and Principe</option><option value="324">-Senegal</option><option value="325">-Seychelles</option><option value="326">-Sierra Leone</option><option value="327">-Somalia</option><option value="328">-Somaliland</option><option value="331">-Sudan</option><option value="332">-Eswatini</option><option 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</div> </div> <aside class="right-rail"> <div class="right-rail__content-block"> <div class="right-rail__content-block-section"> <div class="right-rail__experts-group"> <p class="right-rail__experts-group-title">Blog Author</p> <div class="right-rail__experts-group-list"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.webp?h=d9cef3bb 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.webp?h=d9cef3bb 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> James M. Lindsay </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Mary and David Boies Distinguished Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy and Director of Fellowship Affairs </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 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