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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Austrian resistance organizations and groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Austrian_resistance_organizations_and_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Austrian resistance organizations and groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Austrian_resistance_organizations_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-partisan_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-partisan_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Non-partisan groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-partisan_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Armed groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_conservative_bourgeois_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_conservative_bourgeois_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Catholic conservative bourgeois camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_conservative_bourgeois_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers'_and_leftist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers'_and_leftist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Workers' and leftist groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers'_and_leftist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habsburg_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Habsburg opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_group_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_group_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious group resistance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_group_resistance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious group resistance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_group_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_exile_community_in_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_exile_community_in_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The exile community in London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_exile_community_in_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Castle_Itter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Castle_Itter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Battle of Castle Itter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Castle_Itter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrijski_pokret_otpora" title="Austrijski pokret otpora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Austrijski pokret otpora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistenza_austriaca" title="Resistenza austriaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resistenza austriaca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resist%C3%AAncia_austr%C3%ADaca" title="Resistência austríaca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Resistência austríaca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Resistance during World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_preceding_World_War_II" title="Timeline of events preceding World War II">Prelude</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">in Europe</a>)</li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945 onwards</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II Battles">Battles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By theatre</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Battle of Europe air operations</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II">Eastern Front</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_surrender_of_Axis_forces_at_the_end_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the surrender of Axis forces at the end of World War II">Surrender of the Axis armies</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_timelines" title="Template:WWII timelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_timelines" title="Template talk:WWII timelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_timelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII timelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-fascism" title="Category:Anti-fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/100px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/150px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/200px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1781" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a></li></ul> <p>Central Europe </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Schutzbund" title="Arbeiter-Schutzbund">Arbeiter-Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Poland)" title="Socialist Action (Poland)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Band_(resistance_group)" title="Black Band (resistance group)">Black Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Italian_general_strike" title="1922 Italian general strike">1922 Italian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista<br />Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></li></ul> <p>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>) </p> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">Confederal militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion" title="Palafox Battalion">Palafox Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> <p>Albania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Austria </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austrian resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Baltic states </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuanian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> <p>Belgium </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Movement" title="Belgian National Movement">Belgian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance" title="Front de l'Indépendance">Front de l'Indépendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Army_(Belgium)" title="Secret Army (Belgium)">Secret Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Brigade" title="Witte Brigade">Witte Brigade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bulgaria </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance movement">Bulgarian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Insurgent_Army" title="People's Liberation Insurgent Army">People's Liberation Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Burma </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a></li></ul> <p>Czechia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka_partisan_brigade" title="Jan Žižka partisan brigade">Jan Žižka partisan brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Denmark </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>France </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Armée secrète">Armée secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord" title="Libération-Nord">Libération-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-sud" title="Libération-sud">Libération-sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvements_Unis_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvements Unis de la Résistance">Mouvements Unis<br />de la Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Resistance" title="National Council of the Resistance">National Council<br />of the Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">National Front</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance">Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">AKFD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(espionage)" title="Red Orchestra (espionage)">Rote Kapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saefkow-Jacob-B%C3%A4stlein_Organization" title="Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization">Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Kapelle" title="Schwarze Kapelle">Schwarze Kapelle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Greece </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">ELAS</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Japan </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League" title="Japanese People's Emancipation League">Japanese People's Emancipation League</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Jewish </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish<br />partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance during the Holocaust">Jewish resistance<br />during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Luxembourg </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg resistance">Luxembourg resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnenlandse_Strijdkrachten" title="Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten">Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Norway </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Poland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist<br />Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppe Auschwitz">Kampfgruppe Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimp_(organization)" title="Olimp (organization)">Olimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialists" title="Polish Socialists">Polscy Socjaliści</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw<br />Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Żydowska<br />Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Zydowski<br />Zwiazek Walki</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Romania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romanian resistance movement during World War II</a></li></ul> <p>Slovakia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovak partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Soviet Union </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Yugoslavia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National<br />Liberation of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Serbia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia">Anti-fascist<br />Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National<br />Liberation of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Postwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>) <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsch_huh,_Z%C3%A4ng_ussenander" title="Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander">Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">ANPI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_research_group_Kafka" title="Anti-fascist research group Kafka">Anti-fascist research group Kafka</a></li></ul> <p>Portugal </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Armed Forces Movement">Armed Forces Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation<br />Revolution</a></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Sweden </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion" title="Antifascistisk Aktion">Antifascistisk Aktion</a></li></ul> <p>Switzerland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kinder_des_Holocaust" title="Aktion Kinder des Holocaust">Aktion Kinder des Holocaust</a></li></ul> <p>United Kingdom </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/43_Group" title="43 Group">43 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62_Group" title="62 Group">62 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action" title="Anti-Fascist Action">Anti-Fascist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a></li></ul> <p>United States </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Fascism" title="Refuse Fascism">Refuse Fascism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Ay_Carmela!_(song)" title="¡Ay Carmela! (song)">¡Ay Carmela!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_they_came_..." title="First they came ...">First they came ...</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola,_Vila_Morena" title="Grândola, Vila Morena">Grândola, Vila Morena</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Punks_Fuck_Off" title="Nazi Punks Fuck Off">Nazi Punks Fuck Off</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_gegen_Rechts" title="Rock gegen Rechts">Rock gegen Rechts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_machine_kills_fascists" title="This machine kills fascists">This machine kills fascists</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/(We_Don%27t_Need_This)_Fascist_Groove_Thang" title="(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang">(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_anarchist_black_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and anarchist black metal">Red and anarchist black metal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tactics and methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics" title="Diversity of tactics">Diversity of tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshaking" title="Milkshaking">Milkshaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">Squadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)" title="Anti-Germans (political current)">Anti-Germans (political current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism" title="Anti-Japaneseism">Anti-Japaneseism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Austrian resistance</b> was launched in response to the rise of the fascists across Europe and, more specifically, to the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> in 1938 and resulting occupation of Austria by Germany. </p><p>An estimated 100,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were reported to have participated in this resistance with thousands subsequently imprisoned or executed for their anti-<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> activities. The main <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> of the Austrian resistance was <i>O5</i>, in which "O" indicates the first letter of the abbreviation of Österreich (OE), with the "5" indicating the fifth letter of the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German alphabet</a> (E). This sign may be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Stephansdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephansdom">Stephansdom</a> in Vienna. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Declarations" title="Moscow Declarations">Moscow Declarations</a> of 1943 laid a framework for the establishment of a free Austria after the victory over Nazi Germany. It stated that "Austria is reminded, however that she has a responsibility, which she cannot evade, for participation in the war on the side of Hitlerite Germany, and that in the final settlement account will inevitably be taken of her own contribution to her liberation."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_RH8II_Bild-B0788-42_BSM,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Startvorbereitungen_V2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_RH8II_Bild-B0788-42_BSM%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Startvorbereitungen_V2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_RH8II_Bild-B0788-42_BSM%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Startvorbereitungen_V2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_RH8II_Bild-B0788-42_BSM%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Startvorbereitungen_V2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_RH8II_Bild-B0788-42_BSM%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Startvorbereitungen_V2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_RH8II_Bild-B0788-42_BSM%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Startvorbereitungen_V2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_RH8II_Bild-B0788-42_BSM%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Startvorbereitungen_V2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Plans and production locations for the V-2 were supplied to the Allies by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a>'s group.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Austrian resistance groups were often ideologically separated and reflected the spectrum of political parties before the war. </p><p>Austrian resistance efforts included a group led by priest <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a>. This resistance group sought to reestablish a Habsburg monarchy after the war. It played a large role in providing the Allies with information on the production sites of the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tanks</a>, and aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet</a>. The intelligence they provided, later uncovered by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, was necessary in enabling the Allies to conduct precise airstrikes, minimizing civilian casualties. The group maintained contact with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, head of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a> in Switzerland, and their information contributed to key operations such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hydra_(1943)" title="Operation Hydra (1943)">Operation Hydra</a>, both of which were precursors to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maier group was also one of the earliest to report the mass murder of Jews, utilizing contacts at the Semperit factory near Auschwitz.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to armed resistance, numerous individuals provided support to Jewish families during the Holocaust. These efforts included hiding individuals, managing or exchanging their property to generate funds, and aiding their escape from Nazi persecution. These actions carried immense personal risk, as assisting Jews was punishable by imprisonment or death in Nazi concentration camps. Among these individuals were Rosa Stallbaumer and her husband, Anton. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1942, they were sent to Dachau concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Anton survived, Rosa Stallbaumer did not; transferred to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, she died there at age 44.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austrian_resistance_organizations_and_groups">Austrian resistance organizations and groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Austrian resistance organizations and groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephansdom_O5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stephansdom_O5.jpg/220px-Stephansdom_O5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stephansdom_O5.jpg/330px-Stephansdom_O5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stephansdom_O5.jpg/440px-Stephansdom_O5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Sign of the Austrian resistance movement at the <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-partisan_groups">Non-partisan groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-partisan groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O5_(Austria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O5 (Austria) (page does not exist)">O5</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/O5" class="extiw" title="de:O5">de</a>]</sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Free_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Free Austria (page does not exist)">New Free Austria</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_freies_%C3%96sterreich" class="extiw" title="de:Neues freies Österreich">de</a>]</sup>, Helfenberg, Prinz Eugen (founded during the Balkan campaign, the group name is associated with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Prinz Eugen</a>’s military strategy) and others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_groups">Armed groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Armed groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carinthian Slovenes as partisans of Carinthia (see Yugoslav partisans) and the partisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Freedom_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Freedom Front (page does not exist)">Austrian Freedom Front</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitsbewegung" class="extiw" title="de:Österreichische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung">de</a>]</sup> which was led by a Communist leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Honner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Honner (page does not exist)">Franz Honner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Honner" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Honner">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" class="extiw" title="ru:Хоннер, Франц">ru</a>]</span> and was supported by the USSR. This partisan group also established close cooperation with Tito's partisans, and two Austrian battalions fought with them. By the end of the war, the Austrian Freedom Front had become the only armed movement in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The other groups often referred to partisans in the <a href="/wiki/Salzkammergut" title="Salzkammergut">Salzkammergut</a> (group "Willy Fred") or in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal" title="Ötztal">Ötztal</a>. The resistance group in Ötztal founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pfaundler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Pfaundler (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Pfaundler</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pfaundler" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Pfaundler">de</a>]</sup> and Hubert Sauerwein in 1941. Around 50 people belonged to this group. Apart from their political activity, in the beginning they did not go beyond the construction and arming phase. </p> <ul><li>One major league of 200–300 fighters called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koralmpartisanen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koralmpartisanen (page does not exist)">Koralmpartisanen</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazer_Partisanenmordprozess#cite_note-neugebAr-8" class="extiw" title="de:Grazer Partisanenmordprozess">de</a>]</sup>. Their activities extended from 1944 to Western Styria. They began to attack in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Leibnitz" title="Leibnitz">Leibnitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandsberg" title="Deutschlandsberg">Deutschlandsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>) infrastructure facilities such as municipal offices and gendarmerie. They also sabotaged militarily important facilities such as bridges and railways.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Also in Styria, in the area around the <a href="/wiki/Erzberg_mine" title="Erzberg mine">Erzberg</a>, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Ennstal_Alps" title="Ennstal Alps">Ennstal</a>, there were different resistance groups. The aim of the actions was mainly the paralyzing of rail transport and the front replenishment. The communist group centered around the miners Martin Michelli, Johann Pech, Siegfried Pichler and Alexander Soukup planned, among other things, the demolition of bridges of Erzbergbahn, but was arrested by the Gestapo in late 1941 and the members largely sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Salzkammergut" title="Salzkammergut">Salzkammergut</a> partisans under the direction of the im August 1943 fled from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sn.at/wiki/Au%C3%9Fenlager_Hallein_des_KZ_Dachau">concentration camp Hallein</a> communist Spain fighter <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Plieseis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepp Plieseis">Sepp Plieseis</a> hid in a hideout ("hedgehog"/"Igel") at the "Ischler Hütte" (Ischler cottage) in the <a href="/wiki/Totes_Gebirge" title="Totes Gebirge">Totes Gebirge</a> and maintained close contact with resistance circles in the area. The difficult and dangerous supply was done by dedicated women from the valley. In fact, in order to avoid reprisals against the civilian population, the group did not have an armed man, combat taken or violent actions set. Karl Feldhammer from Bad Aussee was, however, in the course of his arrest by the Gestapo Linz shot on January 26, 1945. His wife was <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Feldhammer" title="Marianne Feldhammer">Marianne <i>"Mariandl"</i> Feldhammer</a>. In the Salzkammergut from the end of April 1945 also acted from the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">British SOE</a> in the mountains of hell remote combat group under the leadership of the former socialist <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Gaiswinkler" title="Albrecht Gaiswinkler">Albrecht Gaiswinkler</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bad_Aussee" title="Bad Aussee">Bad Aussee</a>.</li> <li>Both resistance groups appeared politically in the wake of the liberation by US troops in early May 1945 and participated in the rescue of the stolen art from all over Europe, which were stored in a tunnel of the salt mine in Aussee. These resistance fighters were also involved in the arrest of Nazi criminals like <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Resistance in (state) enterprises:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Messner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Josef Messner (page does not exist)">Franz Josef Messner</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Messner" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Josef Messner">de</a>]</sup> (also a member of the catholic antifascist freedom movement <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi (page does not exist)">Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi" class="extiw" title="de:Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi">de</a>]</sup>)</li> <li><b>Intelligence agency (<a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>) resistance:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_von_Lahousen" title="Erwin von Lahousen">Erwin von Lahousen</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the resistance circle against Hitler within the 'defense'. It is believed that he kept his contact network with British, Czechoslovaks and Russian agents during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lahousen ordered that agents destined for Britain be trained primarily for spying, also with <a href="/wiki/Double_Cross_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Cross System">disastrous results</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case Lahausen is very controversial, there are different opinions. Various publications have been published that speak for him.</li> <li><b>Military resistance in the Wehrmacht:</b> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernardis" title="Robert Bernardis">Robert Bernardis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kodr%C3%A9" title="Heinrich Kodré">Heinrich Kodré</a>, group around Major <a href="/wiki/Carl_Szokoll" title="Carl Szokoll">Carl Szokoll</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Operation_Valkyrie" title="Operation Valkyrie">Operation Walküre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Valkyrie" title="Operation Valkyrie">Operation Valkyrie</a>) Major <a href="/wiki/Karl_Biedermann" title="Karl Biedermann">Karl Biedermann</a>, Hauptmann <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Huth_(resistance_fighter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Huth (resistance fighter) (page does not exist)">Alfred Huth</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Huth_(Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer)" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Huth (Widerstandskämpfer)">de</a>]</sup> and Oberleutnant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Raschke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Raschke (page does not exist)">Rudolf Raschke</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Raschke" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Raschke">de</a>]</sup> joined the resistance group of Austrian members of the Wehrmacht, led by Major Carl Szokoll, within the Wehrkreiskommando XVII. In the spring of 1945, this planned the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Radetzky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Radetzky (page does not exist)">Operation Radetzky</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Radetzky" class="extiw" title="de:Operation Radetzky">de</a>]</sup>" whose goal was to assist the Red Army in the liberation of Vienna and to prevent major destruction. Biedermann should have occupied with his troops key positions in the city and to prevent the blowing up of bridges. But the planned for April 6, 1945 "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Radetzky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Radetzky (page does not exist)">Operation Radetzky</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Radetzky" class="extiw" title="de:Operation Radetzky">de</a>]</sup>" was betrayed. Robert Bernardis, Heinrich Kodré, Karl Biedermann, Alfred Huth and Rudolf Raschke were sentenced to death by the German "People's Court" (<i><a href="/wiki/Volksgerichtshof" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgerichtshof">Volksgerichtshof</a></i>) and executed the same day. In 1967 a barrack was named "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biedermann-Huth-Raschke_barracks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biedermann-Huth-Raschke barracks (page does not exist)">Biedermann-Huth-Raschke barracks</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitenseer_Kaserne" class="extiw" title="de:Breitenseer Kaserne">de</a>]</sup>" (1140 Vienna, Penzing), in remembrance of these three Austrian officers of the German Wehrmacht Major Karl Biedermann, Captain Alfred Huth and Lieutenant Rudolf Raschke.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrian_Resistance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Austrian_Resistance.jpg/220px-Austrian_Resistance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Austrian_Resistance.jpg/330px-Austrian_Resistance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Austrian_Resistance.jpg/440px-Austrian_Resistance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Group of women. One woman wears an Austrian resistance Edelweiss – Patch, which comes from a former hunting clothes; and a pinstripe (in German: Nadelstreif) blazer. Other girls standing close to the car, talking and flirting with Wehrmacht soldier. The car has a PL font over turn signal. It could be a soldier who came from the front or one who cares about the engagement of the soldiers on the Eastern Front.Two further girls dressed in French style (shoes and hair). Two young men wear work uniforms. One a woodwork robe the other a baker or cook robe. <i>Estimated time & location: Summer 1941, Lower Austria – Surrounding: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amstetten-Mauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amstetten-Mauer (page does not exist)">Amstetten-Mauer</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesklinikum_Amstetten-Mauer" class="extiw" title="de:Landesklinikum Amstetten-Mauer">de</a>]</sup></i>. (Photo source: spiegel.de)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_conservative_bourgeois_camp">Catholic conservative bourgeois camp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catholic conservative bourgeois camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinazi_freedom_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antinazi freedom movement (page does not exist)">Antinazi freedom movement</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschistische_Freiheitsbewegung_%C3%96sterreichs" class="extiw" title="de:Antifaschistische Freiheitsbewegung Österreichs">de</a>]</sup> of Austria, the group <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi (page does not exist)">Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi" class="extiw" title="de:Maier-Messner-Caldonazzi">de</a>]</sup></li> <li>The CV (<a href="/wiki/Cartellverband" title="Cartellverband">Cartellverband</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an umbrella organization of catholic male student fraternities, which Maier and Caldonazzi also belonged.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrolean_resistance_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrolean resistance movement (page does not exist)">Tyrolean resistance movement</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiroler_Widerstandsbewegung" class="extiw" title="de:Tiroler Widerstandsbewegung">de</a>]</sup></li> <li>The two groups called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Freedom_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Freedom Movement (page does not exist)">Austrian Freedom Movement</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Freiheitsbewegung" class="extiw" title="de:Österreichische Freiheitsbewegung">de</a>]</sup>" around <a href="/wiki/Roman_Karl_Scholz" title="Roman Karl Scholz">Roman Scholz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Lederer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Lederer (page does not exist)">Karl Lederer</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lederer_(Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer)" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Lederer (Widerstandskämpfer)">de</a>]</sup>. Already in autumn 1938, the Augustinian canon Roman Karl Scholz founded a resistance group together with his friend <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Reimann" title="Viktor Reimann">Viktor Reimann</a>. On an earlier trip to England Scholz had been able to make political connections there. After the "Anschluss Österreichs" he sent regular reports on the situation in Austria and the activities of the resistance, which he had translated into English by his colleague Rüdiger Engerth. The networking of his resistance group spread from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mostviertel" title="Mostviertel">Mostviertel</a>, areas around <a href="/wiki/Baden_bei_Wien" title="Baden bei Wien">Baden</a>), <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>. In 1939, the Gestapo spy <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hartmann_(actor)" title="Otto Hartmann (actor)">Otto Hartmann</a> joined the scene. The leading officials Roman Karl Scholz, Gerhard Fischer-Ledenice, Hans Zimmerl, Hanns-Georg Heintschel-Heinegg, Karl Lederer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wallner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Wallner (page does not exist)">Rudolf Wallner</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wallner" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Wallner">de</a>]</sup>, Alfred Miegl, Augustin Grosser, Günther Loch and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Kastelic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Kastelic (page does not exist)">Jakob Kastelic</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kastelic" class="extiw" title="de:Jacob Kastelic">de</a>]</sup> were first brought to prisons before the People's Court in 1944, sentenced to death and executed in Vienna's Landesgericht in the same year. It is believed people around <a href="/wiki/Roman_Karl_Scholz" title="Roman Karl Scholz">Roman Scholz</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Freedom_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Freedom Movement (page does not exist)">Austrian Freedom Movement</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Freiheitsbewegung" class="extiw" title="de:Österreichische Freiheitsbewegung">de</a>]</sup>) were involved in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a> – the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (see media). The Abbot of the Cistercian Monastery <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhering_Petrus_(Bernhard)_Burgstaller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhering Petrus (Bernhard) Burgstaller (page does not exist)">Wilhering Petrus (Bernhard) Burgstaller</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Burgstaller" class="extiw" title="de:Bernhard Burgstaller">de</a>]</sup> died in 1941 in <a href="/wiki/Anrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Anrath">Anrath</a> Prison. In or at the consequences of the detention died Lieutenant a. D. Richard Färber, Adolf Gubitzer, Heinrich Hock and Marie Schlagenhauser.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27%27Great_Austrian_Freedom_Movement%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="''Great Austrian Freedom Movement" (page does not exist)">''Great Austrian Freedom Movement"</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F%C3%B6sterreichische_Freiheitsbewegung" class="extiw" title="de:Großösterreichische Freiheitsbewegung">de</a>]</sup> as a group around Jacob Kastelic</li> <li>"Östfrei" a monarchist resistance group around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Hebra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Hebra (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Hebra</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Hebra" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm von Hebra">de</a>]</sup></li> <li>The sermons of the Baptist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_K%C3%B6ster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Köster (page does not exist)">Arnold Köster</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_K%C3%B6ster" class="extiw" title="de:Arnold Köster">de</a>]</sup> with frequently interspersed Nazi criticism</li></ul> <ul><li>Numerous priests like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kagerer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Kagerer (page does not exist)">Hermann Kagerer</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kagerer" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann Kagerer">de</a>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gruber" title="Johann Gruber">Johann Gruber</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Rieser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Rieser (page does not exist)">Andreas Rieser</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Rieser" class="extiw" title="de:Andreas Rieser">de</a>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Spanlang" title="Matthias Spanlang">Matthias Spanlang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Just&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Just (page does not exist)">Konrad Just</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Just" class="extiw" title="de:Konrad Just">de</a>]</sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Steinbock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Steinbock (page does not exist)">Johann Steinbock</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Steinbock" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Steinbock">de</a>]</sup>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Blandenier%2C_Peter_Augus">Peter August Blandénier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Restituta_Kafka" title="Maria Restituta Kafka">Maria Restituta</a>, the Priests <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Gapp" title="Jakob Gapp">Jakob Gapp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neururer" title="Otto Neururer">Otto Neururer</a>, the Father <a href="/wiki/Franz_Reinisch" title="Franz Reinisch">Franz Reinisch</a>, the Provikar <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lampert" title="Carl Lampert">Carl Lampert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimist</a> resistance groups<b>:</b> During the Nazi era confessed legitimists were persecuted by the National Socialists, as they considered Otto von Habsburg as their rightful head of state and refused the German Reich's oath of allegiance. Approximately 4,500 legitimists and their loved ones were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Even during the Second World War, this group played a significant role in resistance and exile. On May 24, 1938, according to the State Commissioner, the following legitimistic associations were held as opposing organizations and associations with the Reich Governor in Vienna (Gen. Kdo XVII, Wehrkreiskdo. XVII, IC Az. 1p 12 No. 471/38): Eiserner Ring, Arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer Vereine, Akademischer Bund katholischer Österreichischer Landsmannschaften, Schwarzgoldenes Kartell, Altherrenbund „Raethe-Teutonia“, Vaterländische Wehrschaft „Ostmark“, Lichtensteinrunde, Vereinigung ehemaliger Theresianisten, Mitpatenschaft Wiener Frauen und Mädchen, Union bürgerlicher Kaufleute, Altkaiserjäger-Klub, Kameradschaft ehemaliger „7-er“, Verband ehemaliger Berufsoffiziere Österreichs, Vaterländischer Ring österreichischer Soldaten, Österreichisch-legitimistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Reichsbund der Österreicher, Österreichische Front, Schwarzgelbe Volkspartei, Österreichisches Donaurettungskorps, Österreichische Jugendbewegung „Ottonia“, Jungsturm „Ostmark“, Jung-österreichischer Bund, Vaterländischer Jugendverband Österreichs, Österreichischer Jungsturm, Bund der katholischen deutschen Jugend, Karl Vogelsang-Bund, „Die Habichtsburger“, Kaisertreue Volksbewegung, Legitimistischer Volksbund Österreich, Legitimistische Ärzteschaft Österreichs, Verband Altösterreich, Kaisertreuer Volksverband (Wolff-Verband)</li> <li>The group <a href="/wiki/Karl_Burian" title="Karl Burian">Burian</a></li> <li>the group Zemljak</li> <li>the group <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCller-Thanner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Müller-Thanner (page does not exist)">Müller-Thanner</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Thanner" class="extiw" title="de:Erich Thanner">de</a>]</sup></li> <li>the Illegale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Imperial_loyalty_front,_the_union_of_catholic_noble_people_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Imperial loyalty front, the union of catholic noble people in Austria (page does not exist)">Austrian Imperial loyalty front, the union of catholic noble people in Austria</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigung_katholischer_Edelleute_in_%C3%96sterreich" class="extiw" title="de:Vereinigung katholischer Edelleute in Österreich">de</a>]</sup> (1938 forbidden, see also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austria_nobility_and_the_national_socialism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austria nobility and the national socialism) (page does not exist)">Austria nobility and the national socialism)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichischer_Adel#Österreichs_ehemaliger_Adel_und_der_Nationalsozialismus" class="extiw" title="de:Österreichischer Adel">de</a>]</sup></li> <li>the group around <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a></li> <li>Other groups: "<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workers'_and_leftist_groups"><span id="Workers.27_and_leftist_groups"></span>Workers' and leftist groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Workers' and leftist groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Groups emerging from social democracy, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Socialists_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Socialists of Austria (page does not exist)">Revolutionary Socialists of Austria</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution%C3%A4re_Sozialisten_%C3%96sterreichs" class="extiw" title="de:Revolutionäre Sozialisten Österreichs">de</a>]</sup> (RSÖ) and the Socialist Workers Assistance (SAH), were assisted by exile groups such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Social-Democrat_Foreign_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Social-Democrat Foreign Office (page does not exist)">Austrian Social-Democrat Foreign Office</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslandsb%C3%BCro_der_%C3%B6sterreichischen_Sozialdemokraten" class="extiw" title="de:Auslandsbüro der österreichischen Sozialdemokraten">de</a>]</sup> (ALÖS), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Representation_of_the_Austrian_Socialists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representation of the Austrian Socialists (page does not exist)">Representation of the Austrian Socialists</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslandsvertretung_der_%C3%B6sterreichischen_Sozialisten" class="extiw" title="de:Auslandsvertretung der österreichischen Sozialisten">de</a>]</sup> (AVOES) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Labor_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Labor Committee (page does not exist)">Austrian Labor Committee</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Labor_Committee" class="extiw" title="de:Austrian Labor Committee">de</a>]</sup>.</li> <li>Group 40: After WW II historians named and summarized resistance fighters "Group 40". Details follow link<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Austria" title="Communist Party of Austria">Communist Party of Austria</a> (KPÖ), Communist Youth Association of Austria (KJVÖ), for example Leo Gabler, Anna Gräf, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Hofmann" title="Rosa Hofmann">Rosa Hofmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Langbein" title="Hermann Langbein">Hermann Langbein</a></li> <li>Independent communist groups such as: Trotskyist, Austrian fight bund for the liberation of the working class, the organization Against the Current (OG), the Mischlingsliga Wien (collection basin of "Mischlinge" in the sense of the Nuremberg Laws, initiated by Otto Horn and Otto Ernst Andreasch), by Karl Hudomalj founded anti-Hitler movement of Austria and the Revolutionary Communists of Austria (RKÖ)</li> <li><b>Carinthia:</b> Catholic, Slovenian, Socialist and Communist resistance fighters were arrested, tried or sent to concentration camps by the Gestapo. In three spectacular trials, 31 Slovenian members of the "Green Squad" and communist resistance fighters were sentenced to death and executed by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a>, President of the People's Court.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Civil servants</b>: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Marie Schönfeld">Marie Schönfeld</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Sch%C3%B6nfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Schönfeld (page does not exist)">Franz Schönfeld</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_(Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer)" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Schönfeld (Widerstandskämpfer)">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><b>In exile:</b> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Democratic_Union" title="Austrian Democratic Union">Austrian Democratic Union</a> (August 1941 – 1945), London.</li> <li><b>Silent heroes:</b> for example: <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Einem" title="Gottfried von Einem">Gottfried von Einem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Lingens" title="Ella Lingens">Ella Lingens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement had a prehistory of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> activism against the era of <a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascism</a> from 1934. Although the Austrofascist regime was itself intensely hostile to Nazism, especially after the Austrian Nazis' failed coup attempt in 1934, known as the <a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a>. </p><p>Notable activists included <a href="/wiki/Josef_Plieseis" title="Josef Plieseis">Josef Plieseis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilde_Zimmermann" title="Hilde Zimmermann">Hilde Zimmermann</a>. </p><p>The symbol and voice of Austrian resistance was Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> who, had the monarchy been reestablished, would have been <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> of Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much as opposing the Nazis was difficult, as maintaining organizational cohesion post the Anschluss constituted a penal offence, resistance activities were maintained throughout the period. The resistance mainly: issued counter-Nazi political leaflets; collected donations, which were mostly distributed to families of those arrested; and provided the Allies with information. </p><p>Military resistance was limited to occasional sabotage to both key civil and military installations, with most resisting by avoiding postings to the active war fronts. </p><p>Most armed resistance was undertaken in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a> formed a nucleus to the resistance after targeted deportations and forced Germanisation by the Nazi regime in 1942 led to the establishment of forest bands. As much of the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Lands" title="Slovene Lands">Slovene Lands</a> in Yugoslavia had been <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Lands_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Lands in World War II">annexed to the Reich in 1941</a> and were subject to the same tactics of ethnic cleansing in northern Slovenia the group's activities should be seen in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Yugoslavian Slovene Partisan</a> operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habsburg_opposition">Habsburg opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Habsburg opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a></div> <p>Former Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> denounced Nazism, stating: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I absolutely reject [Nazi] Fascism for Austria ... This un-Austrian movement promises everything to everyone, but really intends the most ruthless subjugation of the Austrian people ... The people of Austria will never tolerate that our beautiful fatherland should become an exploited colony, and that the Austrian should become a man of second category.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, and in 1938 requested Austrian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a> to resist Nazi Germany and supported an international intervention, and offered to return from exile to take over the reins of government in order to repel the Nazis. According to Gerald Warner, "Austrian Jews were among the strongest supporters of a Habsburg restoration, since they believed the dynasty would give the nation sufficient resolve to stand up to the Third Reich".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto (who had been allowed to come back to Austria to publicly campaign against the Anschluss), was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> ordered that Otto was to be executed immediately if caught, as ordered by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of the Austrian legitimist movement, i.e. supporters of Otto, were arrested by the Nazis and largely executed. Otto's cousins <a href="/wiki/Maximilian,_Duke_of_Hohenberg" title="Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg">Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernst_of_Hohenberg" title="Prince Ernst of Hohenberg">Prince Ernst of Hohenberg</a>, both sons of the late Archduke <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Ferdinand">Francis Ferdinand</a>, whose assassination in 1914 precipitated <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, were arrested in Vienna by the Gestapo and sent to <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> where they remained throughout Nazi rule. Otto was involved in helping around 50,000 Austrians, including tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Jews">Austrian Jews</a>, flee the country at the beginning of the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his wartime exile in the United States, Otto and his younger brothers founded an "Austrian Battalion" in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, but it was delayed and never saw actual combat.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_group_resistance">Religious group resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious group resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organizational cohesion offence was most keenly felt by the Austrian religious community. The Nazis, via both the civil <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and police, and the military <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel (SS)</a>, implemented both anti-religious and anti-Austrian-patriotic measures. This brought about disparate resistance from many established religious groups, whose core members came mainly from the establishment of Austrian high society.<sup id="cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOEWRoad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although tolerated to a large extent, noted anti-<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> measures and regional imposition of such brought about the formation of three large regional Catholic-based resistance groups.<sup id="cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOEWRoad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first purge and arrest round occurred in Spring 1940, when the three groups had held talks on merging, in which over 100 activists were arrested, interrogated and some individuals tortured. After this, the leaders sought closer ties to the main body of the Austrian resistance movement, and although remaining separate in part for security reasons, began feeding both directly and indirectly information to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service (MIS)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOEWRoad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst the Catholic group's members were Burgtheater actor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hartmann_(actor)" title="Otto Hartmann (actor)">Otto Hartmann</a>, a spy in paid service of the Gestapo. In late 1944, his information led to the arrest of 10 key Catholic resistance organisation leaders, who were all tortured and then sentenced to death. These included the main contacts with the American MIS, Semperit Director General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Messner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Josef Messner (page does not exist)">Franz Josef Messner</a> (1896-1945, killed in the gas chambers at the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Chaplain Dr. Heinrich Maier</a> (1908-1945) executed on 22 March 1945 as the last victim of the Nazi régime in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other detainees were sentenced to long prison terms, which some survived but many were killed before the final surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOEWRoad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_exile_community_in_London">The exile community in London</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The exile community in London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main organised exile group during the Second World War was based around the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Office (page does not exist)">Austrian Office</a> in London, centre to the 30,000 strong exile community.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian Society, or "Austrian Office", was home to both the monarchist Austrian League and liberal <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Democratic_Union" title="Austrian Democratic Union">Austrian Democratic Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Castle_Itter">Battle of Castle Itter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Castle Itter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castle_Itter" title="Battle of Castle Itter">Battle of Castle Itter</a></div> <p>The Austrian resistance were involved in the <b>Battle of Castle Itter</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Itter" title="Itter">Itter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Tyrol" title="North Tyrol">North Tyrol</a>, was fought on 5 May 1945, only three days before Germany's unconditional surrender came into effect. Troops of the 23rd Tank Battalion of the US <a href="/wiki/12th_Armored_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Armored Division">12th Armored Division</a> led by Lieutenant John C. "Jack" Lee, Jr., anti-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> soldiers, and imprisoned French VIPs defended the castle against an attacking force from the <a href="/wiki/17th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen" title="17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen">17th <i>Waffen-SS Panzer Grenadier</i> Division</a> until relief from the American <a href="/wiki/142nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">142nd Infantry Regiment</a> arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspective">Perspective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austrian society has had an ambivalent attitude both toward the Nazi government from 1938 to 1945 and the few that actively resisted it. Since large portions of Austrian society either actively or tacitly supported the Nazi regime, the Allied forces treated Austria as a belligerent party in the war and maintained occupation of it after the Nazi capitulation. On the other hand, the Moscow Declaration labeled Austria as a free and democratic society before the war, and considered its capture an act of liberation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Documentation_Centre_of_Austrian_Resistance" title="Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance">Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Austrian_resistance_fighters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Austrian resistance fighters (page does not exist)">Category:Austrian resistance fighters</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:%C3%96sterreichischer_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer" class="extiw" title="de:Kategorie:Österreichischer Widerstandskämpfer">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234526/https://www.oecv.at/Home/Verband/52">Victim List of CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria_under_National_Socialism#Austrian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria under National Socialism">Austria under National Socialism#Austrian resistance</a></li> <li>Media: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV7YZjdjXhs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV7YZjdjXhs</a> (Resistance starts 1 h,31 min.)</li> <li>Media ÖCV Resistance: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnWpKV6tAsA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnWpKV6tAsA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeath2021" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Tim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1321799255"><i>Resistance Heroines in Nazi and Russian Occupied Austria Anschluss and After</i></a>. Virginia Wells, Herti Bryan. Havertown: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-8790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-8790-3"><bdi>978-1-5267-8790-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1321799255">1321799255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+Heroines+in+Nazi+and+Russian+Occupied+Austria+Anschluss+and+After.&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1321799255&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-8790-3&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1321799255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431000a.html">"MOSCOW CONFERENCE, October, 1943"</a>. <i>www.ibiblio.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=MOSCOW+CONFERENCE%2C+October%2C+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1943%2F431000a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dday-overlord.com/en/d-day/preliminary-operations/crossbow">Operation Crossbow - Preliminary missions for the Operation Overlord</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: <i>Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.</i> Vienna 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902494-83-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902494-83-2">978-3-902494-83-2</a>, p 299–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Schafranek: <i>Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.</i> Vienna 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7076-0622-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7076-0622-5">978-3-7076-0622-5</a>, p 161–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Molden: <i>Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945</i>. Vienna 1988, p 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morse, Steven and Peter Landé. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stevemorse.org/dachau/dachau.html">Dachau Concentration Camp Records</a> (online database): Retrieved online April 11, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduard-wallnoefer-platz.at/biografie/Rosa+Stallbaumer/98">Rosa Stallbaumer</a>," in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduard-wallnoefer-platz.at/befreiungsdenkmal/widerstandskampfer-biographien">124 Victims of the Resistance: Short Biographies</a></i>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduard-wallnoefer-platz.at/index.php">The Eduard-Wallnöfer-Platz in Innsbruck</a>. Bregenz, Austria: Verein Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust: Gedächtnis und Gegenwart (Association National Socialism and the Holocaust: Memory and Present), retrieved online April 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6DURCH53f4C"><i>Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815-1986</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 25 September 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31625-5"><bdi>978-0-521-31625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Austria%3A+Empire+and+Republic%2C+1815-1986&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31625-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV6DURCH53f4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer" class="citation book cs1">Neugebauer, Wolfgang. <i>Koralmpartisanen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koralmpartisanen&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMugrauer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mugrauer, Manfred (2018). "Geplante Sabotage am Erzberg". <i>Mitteilungen des DÖW</i>. <b>238</b>: 1 f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+des+D%C3%96W&rft.atitle=Geplante+Sabotage+am+Erzberg&rft.volume=238&rft.pages=1+f&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Mugrauer&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doew.at/cms/download/2ob0q/wn_widerstand-2.pdf">"Der österreichische Widerstand 1938 -1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DÖW Publication</i>: 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D%C3%96W+Publication&rft.atitle=Der+%C3%B6sterreichische+Widerstand+1938+-1945&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doew.at%2Fcms%2Fdownload%2F2ob0q%2Fwn_widerstand-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl2015" class="citation book cs1">Carl, Harry (2015). <i>Abwehr General Erwin Lahousen</i>. Böhlau Wien.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abwehr+General+Erwin+Lahousen&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Wien&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Carl&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuigg2007" class="citation web cs1">Muigg, Mario (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.gv.at/104/Wissenschaft_und_Forschung/SIAK-Journal/SIAK-Journal-Ausgaben/Jahrgang_2007/files/Muigg_3_2007.pdf">"Geheim- und Nachrichtendienste in und aus Österreich 1918-1938 (page 68,69,71)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geheim-+und+Nachrichtendienste+in+und+aus+%C3%96sterreich+1918-1938+%28page+68%2C69%2C71%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Muigg&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.gv.at%2F104%2FWissenschaft_und_Forschung%2FSIAK-Journal%2FSIAK-Journal-Ausgaben%2FJahrgang_2007%2Ffiles%2FMuigg_3_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, David Alan (2007). <i>Betrayal: The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the Nazi Saboteurs Captured During WWII</i>. Hippocrene Books, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betrayal%3A+The+True+Story+of+J.+Edgar+Hoover+and+the+Nazi+Saboteurs+Captured+During+WWII&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234526/https://www.oecv.at/Home/Verband/52">"NS Opfer"</a>. 3 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecv.at/Home/Verband/52">the original</a> on 3 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NS+Opfer&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecv.at%2FHome%2FVerband%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doew.at/cms/download/2ob0q/wn_widerstand-2.pdf">"Der österreichische Widerstand 1938-1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DÖW Publication</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D%C3%96W+Publication&rft.atitle=Der+%C3%B6sterreichische+Widerstand+1938-1945&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doew.at%2Fcms%2Fdownload%2F2ob0q%2Fwn_widerstand-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zurerinnerung.at/">"Zur Erinnerung - Was war, was ist, was bleibt"</a>. <i>zurerinnerung.at</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zurerinnerung.at&rft.atitle=Zur+Erinnerung+-+Was+war%2C+was+ist%2C+was+bleibt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzurerinnerung.at%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/a_perfect_gentleman">"MercatorNet: Otto von Habsburg, son of Austria's last emperor and champion of European unity, has died"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MercatorNet%3A+Otto+von+Habsburg%2C+son+of+Austria%27s+last+emperor+and+champion+of+European+unity%2C+has+died.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercatornet.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fa_perfect_gentleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Resistance in Austria, 1938–1945</i> Radomír Luza, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> Press, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunther, John (1936). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. pp. 321–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, Gerald (20 November 2008). "Otto von Habsburg's 96th birthday telescopes European history". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scally, Derek (5 July 2011). "Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne". The Irish Times. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Otto Hapsburg, eldest son of Austria's last emperor, dies at 98". Thenational.ae. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Otto von Habsburg, oldest son of Austria-Hungary's last emperor, dies at age 98". Newser. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOEWRoad-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOEWRoad_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doew.at/english/memorial-room-for-the-victims-of-the-gestapo-vienna/they-took-the-other-road-organized-resistance-in-austria-1">"DÖW - Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance (DÖW) - Memorial Room for the Victims of the Gestapo Vienna - "They Took the Other Road" - Organized Resistance in Austria"</a>. <i>www.doew.at</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doew.at&rft.atitle=D%C3%96W+-+Documentation+Centre+of+Austrian+Resistance+%28D%C3%96W%29+-+Memorial+Room+for+the+Victims+of+the+Gestapo+Vienna+-+%22They+Took+the+Other+Road%22+-+Organized+Resistance+in+Austria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doew.at%2Fenglish%2Fmemorial-room-for-the-victims-of-the-gestapo-vienna%2Fthey-took-the-other-road-organized-resistance-in-austria-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Neugebauer2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolfgang Neugebauer (2008). <i>Der österreichische Widerstand</i> (in German). Vienna: Edition Steinbauer. pp. 154–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+%C3%B6sterreichische+Widerstand&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Edition+Steinbauer&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Wolfgang+Neugebauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marietta Bearman. <i>Out of Austria: The Austrian Centre in London in World War II</i>. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441600073" title="Special:BookSources/9781441600073">9781441600073</a>. "The Austrian Centre was established in London in 1939 by Austrians seeking refuge from Nazi Germany, of whom 30,000 had reached Britain by the outbreak of World War II. It soon developed into a comprehensive social, cultural and political organisation with a theatre and a weekly newspaper of its ".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marietta Bearman. <i>Out of Austria: The Austrian Centre in London in World War II</i>. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441600073" title="Special:BookSources/9781441600073">9781441600073</a>. "143 <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_Road" title="Seven Sisters Road">Seven Sisters Road</a>, notably, was the address of the Austrian Centre's <a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park" title="Finsbury Park">Finsbury Park</a> branch. This ties in neatly with a minute in a Home Office file from early 1947, referring to British security reports on the ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2013" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Stephen (2013). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Battle:_When_U.S._and_German_Soldiers_Joined_Forces_in_the_Waning_Hours_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Battle: When U.S. and German Soldiers Joined Forces in the Waning Hours of World War II in Europe">The Last Battle: When U.S. and German Soldiers Joined Forces in the Waning Hours of World War II in Europe</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82209-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82209-4"><bdi>978-0-306-82209-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Battle%3A+When+U.S.+and+German+Soldiers+Joined+Forces+in+the+Waning+Hours+of+World+War+II+in+Europe&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82209-4&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustrian+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austrianresistance.org/">American Friends of the Documentation Center of Austrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doew.at/">Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance (DÖW)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resistance-archive.org">European Resistance Archive (ERA) | video interviews with members of the resistance</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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aria-labelledby="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template talk:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-communist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-fascist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldova</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Crimean resistance during World War II">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganrog_resistance_movement" title="Taganrog resistance movement">Taganrog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&oldid=1252903115">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian_resistance&oldid=1252903115</a>"</div></div> <div 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