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<button aria-controls="toc-Orders_of_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orders of battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orders_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Red Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Axis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_on_Stalingrad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_Stalingrad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Attack on Stalingrad </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attack_on_Stalingrad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attack on Stalingrad subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_Stalingrad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Initial attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_city_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_city_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 September city battles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_city_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_in_the_industrial_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_in_the_industrial_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Fighting in the industrial district </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_in_the_industrial_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Air attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germans_reach_the_Volga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans_reach_the_Volga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Germans reach the Volga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans_reach_the_Volga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_counter-offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_counter-offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Soviet counter-offensives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_counter-offensives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Soviet counter-offensives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_counter-offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weakness_on_the_Axis_flanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weakness_on_the_Axis_flanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Weakness on the Axis flanks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weakness_on_the_Axis_flanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Uranus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Uranus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Operation Uranus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Uranus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Army_surrounded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Army_surrounded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sixth Army surrounded </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Army_surrounded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 End of the battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_the_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle End of the battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Winter_Storm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Winter_Storm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Operation Winter Storm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Winter_Storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Little_Saturn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Little_Saturn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Operation Little Saturn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Little_Saturn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Soviet victory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics_and_battle_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics_and_battle_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Tactics and battle conditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics_and_battle_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tactics and battle conditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics_and_battle_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_and_food_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_and_food_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Medical and food conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_and_food_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luftwaffe_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luftwaffe_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Luftwaffe losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luftwaffe_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Stalingrad</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" > 99 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Stalingrad" title="Slag van Stalingrad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="معركة ستالينغراد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة ستالينغراد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalla de Stalingrado – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingr%C3%A1u" title="Batalla de Stalingráu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Stalingráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinqrad_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Stalinqrad döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stalinqrad döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ایستالینقراد دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستالینقراد دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patempuran_Stalingrad" title="Patempuran Stalingrad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Patempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="স্তালিনগ্রাদের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তালিনগ্রাদের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Сталинград алышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сталинград алышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталінградская бітва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сталінградская бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталінградзкая бітва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сталінградзкая бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Битка при Сталинград – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Сталинград" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Staljingrad" title="Bitka za Staljingrad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka za Staljingrad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Stalingrad" title="Emgann Stalingrad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrad" title="Batalla de Stalingrad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangka_sa_Stalingrad" title="Sangka sa Stalingrad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sangka sa Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Stalingradu" title="Bitva u Stalingradu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Stalingradu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Stalingrad" title="Brwydr Stalingrad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Stalingrad" title="Slaget om Stalingrad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Stalingrad" title="Schlacht von Stalingrad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingradi_lahing" title="Stalingradi lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stalingradi lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Μάχη του Στάλινγκραντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Στάλινγκραντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalla de Stalingrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_%C4%89e_Stalingrado" title="Batalo ĉe Stalingrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo ĉe Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingradeko_Gudua" title="Stalingradeko Gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stalingradeko Gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="نبرد استالینگراد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد استالینگراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Stalingrad" title="Bataille de Stalingrad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_om_Stalingrad" title="Slach om Stalingrad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Stalingrad" title="Cath Stalingrad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A0r_Stalingrad" title="Blàr Stalingrad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Blàr Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalla de Stalingrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%B0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="스탈린그라드 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스탈린그라드 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ստալինգրադի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստալինգրադի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="स्टालिनग्राड का युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टालिनग्राड का युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Staljingrad" title="Bitka za Staljingrad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Staljingrad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Stalingrad" title="Batalio di Stalingrad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Stalingrad" title="Pertempuran Stalingrad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_um_Stal%C3%ADngrad" title="Orrustan um Stalíngrad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan um Stalíngrad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Stalingrado" title="Battaglia di Stalingrado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קרב סטלינגרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב סטלינגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Stalingrad" title="Perang Stalingrad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸ್ಟಾಲಿನ್‌ಗ್ರಾಡ್ ಸಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಟಾಲಿನ್‌ಗ್ರಾಡ್ ಸಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="სტალინგრადის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტალინგრადის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сталинград шайқасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сталинград шайқасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapigano_ya_Stalingrad" title="Mapigano ya Stalingrad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapigano ya Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastina_Stal%C3%AEngrad%C3%AA" title="Parastina Stalîngradê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Parastina Stalîngradê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugna_Stalingradensis" title="Pugna Stalingradensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pugna Stalingradensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C4%BCingradas_kauja" title="Staļingradas kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Staļingradas kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schluecht_vu_Stalingrad" title="Schluecht vu Stalingrad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schluecht vu Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrado_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Stalingrado mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stalingrado mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalia_de_Stalingrad" title="Batalia de Stalingrad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Batalia de Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C3%A0ia_de_Stalingrado" title="Batàia de Stalingrado – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Batàia de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szt%C3%A1lingr%C3%A1di_csata" title="Sztálingrádi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztálingrádi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сталинградска битка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сталинградска битка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="स्टालिनग्राडची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टालिनग्राडची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="معركة ستالينجراد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة ستالينجراد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Stalingrad" title="Pertempuran Stalingrad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сталинградын тулалдаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сталинградын тулалдаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="စတာလင်ဂရက်တိုက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတာလင်ဂရက်တိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Stalingrad" title="Slag om Stalingrad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2%E6%88%A6" title="スターリングラード攻防戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スターリングラード攻防戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Stalingrad" title="Slaget om Stalingrad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Stalingrad" title="Slaget om Stalingrad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget om Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_d%27Stalingrad" title="Batalha d'Stalingrad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha d'Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_jangi" title="Stalingrad jangi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stalingrad jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਸਤਾਲਿਨਗਰਾਦ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਤਾਲਿਨਗਰਾਦ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سٹالن گراڈ دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹالن گراڈ دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ستالینګراد جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ستالینګراد جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacht_vun_Stalingrad" title="Slacht vun Stalingrad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slacht vun Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_stalingradzka" title="Bitwa stalingradzka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa stalingradzka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Stalingrado" title="Batalha de Stalingrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Stalingrad" title="Bătălia de la Stalingrad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталинградская битва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сталинградская битва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Сталинградтааҕы кыргыһыы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сталинградтааҕы кыргыһыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_o_Stalingrad" title="Battle o Stalingrad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Battle o Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Stalingradit" title="Beteja e Stalingradit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Stalingradit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1" title="ස්ටාලින්ග්‍රාඩ් සටන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්ටාලින්ග්‍රාඩ් සටන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_o_Stalingrad" title="Bitka o Stalingrad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka o Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Stalingrad" title="Bitka za Stalingrad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka za Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شەڕی ستالینگراد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ستالینگراد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Битка за Стаљинград – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Стаљинград" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Staljingrad" title="Bitka za Staljingrad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka za Staljingrad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patempuran_Stalingrad" title="Patempuran Stalingrad – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Patempuran Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingradin_taistelu" title="Stalingradin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stalingradin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Stalingrad" title="Slaget vid Stalingrad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labanan_sa_Stalingrado" title="Labanan sa Stalingrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Labanan sa Stalingrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="சுடாலின்கிராட் சண்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுடாலின்கிராட் சண்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Сталинград сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сталинград сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ยุทธการที่สตาลินกราด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่สตาลินกราด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Набарди Сталинград – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Набарди Сталинград" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_Muharebesi" title="Stalingrad Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stalingrad Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сталінградська битва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталінградська битва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%82_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="معرکۂ استالن گراد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معرکۂ استالن گراد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Stalingrad" title="Trận Stalingrad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragway_ha_Stalingrad" title="Aragway ha Stalingrad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aragway ha Stalingrad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯大林格勒战役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯大林格勒战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="史太林格勒戰役 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史太林格勒戰役" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯大林格勒战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯大林格勒战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Stalingrad&params=48_42_N_44_31_E_source:nowiki_region:RU-VGG_type:event">48°42′N 44°31′E / 48.700°N 44.517°E / 48.700; 44.517</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1942–1943; major battle of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1949 Soviet film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_(film)" title="The Battle of Stalingrad (film)">The Battle of Stalingrad (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stalingrad (disambiguation)">Stalingrad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Stalingrad</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_second_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_second_collage.jpg/300px-The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_second_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_second_collage.jpg/450px-The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_second_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_second_collage.jpg/600px-The_Battle_of_Stalingrad_second_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a> Clockwise from top-left:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_(ZiS-3)" title="76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)">76.2 mm ZiS-3 field gun</a>, operated by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li>Soviet troops fighting in a destroyed workshop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> prisoners of war (Germans, Italians, Romanians, Hungarians)</li> <li>Soviet soldiers fighting on the roof of a house</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87</a> of the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> after a dive bombing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">Sturmgeschütz III</a>, operated by the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17 July 1942<a href="#cite_note-2">[Note 2]</a> – 2 February 1943<a href="#cite_note-3">[Note 3]</a> (6 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, Soviet Union</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Stalingrad&params=48_42_N_44_31_E_source:nowiki_region:RU-VGG_type:event">48°42′N 44°31′E / 48.700°N 44.517°E / 48.700; 44.517</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Soviet victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Expulsion of the Axis militaries from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, reversing the German-led advances of the <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">1942 Summer Campaign</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="2020" /> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[Note 1]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs" title="Maximilian von Weichs">Maximilian von Weichs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Army (Wehrmacht)">Sixth Army</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitz" title="Walter Heitz">Walter Heitz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Strecker" title="Karl Strecker">Karl Strecker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Valentin_Hube" title="Hans-Valentin Hube">Hans-Valentin Hube</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Seydlitz-Kurzbach" title="Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach">W. Seydlitz-Kurzbach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wolf-Dietrich_Wilcke" title="Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke">Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Army</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Veiel" title="Rudolf Veiel">Rudolf Veiel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_von_Schwedler" title="Viktor von Schwedler">Viktor von Schwedler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Don" title="Army Group Don">Army Group Don</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_von_Mackensen" title="Eberhard von Mackensen">Eberhard von Mackensen</a></li><li>Romanian forces:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Constantinescu-Claps" title="Constantin Constantinescu-Claps">C. Constantinescu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Dragalina" title="Corneliu Dragalina">Corneliu Dragalina</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>High command:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Voronov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Voronov">Nikolay Voronov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Southwestern Front</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vatutin" title="Nikolai Vatutin">Nikolai Vatutin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Lelyushenko" title="Dmitry Lelyushenko">Dmitry Lelyushenko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prokofy_Romanenko" title="Prokofy Romanenko">Prokofy Romanenko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Chistyakov" title="Ivan Chistyakov">Ivan Chistyakov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Front" title="Don Front">Don Front</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Galanin" title="Ivan Galanin">Ivan Galanin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Batov" title="Pavel Batov">Pavel Batov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Zhadov" title="Aleksey Zhadov">Aleksey Zhadov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad Front</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeryomenko" title="Andrey Yeryomenko">Andrey Yeryomenko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shumilov" title="Mikhail Shumilov">Mikhail Shumilov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N.I._Trufanov" class="mw-redirect" title="N.I. Trufanov">Nikolay Trufanov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Fyodor Tolbukhin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Gerasimenko" title="Vasily Gerasimenko">Vasily Gerasimenko</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">3rd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Romania)" title="Fourth Army (Romania)">4th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia" title="Italian Army in Russia">8th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)"><img alt="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Hungary)" title="Second Army (Hungary)">2nd Army</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Don" title="Army Group Don">Army Group Don</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[Note 4]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army" title="1st Panzer Army">1st Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">3rd Army</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad Front</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="28th Army (Soviet Union)">28th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Army (Soviet Union)">51st Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="57th Army (Soviet Union)">57th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="62nd Army (Soviet Union)">62nd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="64th Army (Soviet Union)">64th Army</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Front" title="Don Front">Don Front</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[Note 5]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="24th Army (Soviet Union)">24th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (Soviet Union)">65th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="66th Army (Soviet Union)">66th Army</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Southwestern Front</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[Note 6]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)">1st Guards Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Tank_Army" title="5th Tank Army">5th Tank Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="21st Army (Soviet Union)">21st Army</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> During the Axis offensive:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>270,000 personnel</li><li>3,000 artillery pieces</li><li>500 tanks</li><li>600 aircraft, 1,600 by mid-September (<a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_4" title="Luftflotte 4">Luftflotte 4</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[Note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2007-8">[1]</a></li></ul></div> <hr />During the Soviet counter-offensive:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>~600,000–1,011,000 personnel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995346-9">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Воениздат-10">[3]</a></li><li>640+ tanks</li><li>732 aircraft (402 operational)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998225Bergström200687-11">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> During the Axis offensive:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>187,000 personnel</li><li>2,200 artillery pieces</li><li>400 tanks</li><li>300 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200772-12">[5]</a></li></ul></div> <hr />During the Soviet counter-offensive:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1,103,000–1,143,500 personnel<a href="#cite_note-Воениздат-10">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-glantz1995-p134-13">[6]</a></li><li>13,451 artillery pieces</li><li>894 tanks<a href="#cite_note-glantz1995-p134-13">[6]</a></li><li>1,115 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998224-14">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>800,000<a href="#cite_note-15">[8]</a>–1,500,000 casualties<a href="#cite_note-16">[9]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Germany: 300,000+ (6th Army and 4th Panzer Army)<a href="#cite_note-17">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165-18">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[12]</a> 400,000+ (all units)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMarco201239-20">[13]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Italy: 114,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser_et_al.201714-21">[14]</a>–130,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973xii-22">[15]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Romania: 109,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser_et_al.201714-21">[14]</a>–200,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973xii-22">[15]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)"><img alt="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Hungary: 120,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973xii-22">[15]</a>–143,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165-18">[11]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a>: 19,300–52,000<a href="#cite_note-Portrait-23">[16]</a></li><li>Total dead: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011104–105-24">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> <hr /></li><li>900 aircraft destroyed</li><li>1,500 tanks destroyed</li><li>6,000 guns destroyed</li><li>744 aircraft; 1,666 tanks; 5,762 guns captured</li></ul></div> See <a href="#Casualties">casualties section</a>.</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> 1,347,214<a href="#cite_note-Stalingrad:_The_Price_of_Victory-26">[19]</a>–2,672,000 casualties<a href="#cite_note-The_Miracle_of_Stalingrad-27">[20]</a> 674,990–2,000,000 killed or missing 672,224 wounded or sick</li><li>Total dead: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> <hr /></li><li>2,769–5,654 combat aircraft<a href="#cite_note-Stalingrad:_The_Price_of_Victory-26">[19]</a></li><li>4,341 tanks (25–30% were total write-offs.<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a>)</li><li>15,728 guns</li></ul></div> See <a href="#Casualties">casualties section</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total dead: 1,100,000–3,000,000+<a href="#cite_note-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Miracle_of_Stalingrad-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Iskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star">Polar Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Case_Blue_to_3rd_Kharkov1574" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Operation_Blue_to_3rd_Kharkov" title="Template:Campaignbox Operation Blue to 3rd Kharkov"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Operation_Blue_to_3rd_Kharkov" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Operation Blue to 3rd Kharkov"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Operation_Blue_to_3rd_Kharkov" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Operation Blue to 3rd Kharkov"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Case_Blue_to_3rd_Kharkov1574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a> to <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voronezh_(1942)" title="Battle of Voronezh (1942)">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1942)" title="Battle of Rostov (1942)">2nd Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fischreiher" title="Operation Fischreiher">Fischreiher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalach" title="Battle of Kalach">Kalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Savoia_Cavalleria_at_Izbushensky" title="Charge of the Savoia Cavalleria at Izbushensky">Izbushensky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kastornoye_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voronezh–Kastornoye operation">Voronezh-Kastornensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gallop" title="Operation Gallop">Gallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Star" title="Operation Star">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II4358" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox Romanian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Romanian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Romanian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_military_actions_in_World_War_II4358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II"> Romanian military actions in World War II </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award#Aftermath" title="Second Vienna Award">Northern Transylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Diosig" title="Skirmish at Diosig">Diosig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treznea_massacre" title="Treznea massacre">Treznea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ip_massacre" title="Ip massacre">Ip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu%C8%99fal%C4%83u_massacre" title="Nușfalău massacre">Nușfalău</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>As part of the Axis (1941–1944)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta_Campaign" title="Danube Delta Campaign">Danube Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Raid on Constanța">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Edelweiss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm">Winter Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_campaign_in_Romania" title="Western Allied campaign in Romania">Western Allied campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Tidal Wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Frantic" title="Operation Frantic">Frantic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch%E2%80%93Eltigen_operation" title="Kerch–Eltigen operation">Kerch-Eltigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uman%E2%80%93Boto%C8%99ani_offensive" title="Uman–Botoșani offensive">Uman–Botoșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>As part of the Allies (1944–1945)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe_II" title="Operation Margarethe II">Margarethe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reunion" title="Operation Reunion">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turda" title="Battle of Turda">Turda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C4%83uli%C8%99" title="Battle of Păuliș">Păuliș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carei" title="Battle of Carei">Carei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest offensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_Stalingrad1564" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Template:Campaignbox Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_Stalingrad1564" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Stalingrad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Firebombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voronezh_(1942)" title="Battle of Voronezh (1942)">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Braunschweig" title="Operation Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Savoia_Cavalleria_at_Izbushensky" title="Charge of the Savoia Cavalleria at Izbushensky">Izbushensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlov%27s_House#Siege" title="Pavlov's House">Pavlov's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerschlag" title="Operation Donnerschlag">Donnerschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm">Winter Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tatsinskaya" title="Raid on Tatsinskaya">Tatsinskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Koltso" title="Operation Koltso">Koltso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Stalingrad<a href="#cite_note-34">[Note 8]</a> (17 July 1942 – 2 February 1943)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1964441-35">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a> was a major battle on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, beginning when <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for control over the Soviet city of <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a> (now known as Volgograd) in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">southern Russia</a>. The battle was characterized by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in aerial raids; the battle epitomized <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2003-39">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-2021-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMarco201227-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-2020-42">[34]</a> being the single largest and costliest urban battle in <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intrec_Inc-1974b-43">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-1991-44">[36]</a> It was the bloodiest and fiercest battle of the entirety of World War II—and arguably in all of human history—as both sides suffered tremendous casualties amidst ferocious fighting in and around the city.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester-2011-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hellbeck-2015a-47">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krinko-2018-48">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-2020-49">[41]</a> The battle is commonly regarded as the turning point in the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> as Germany's <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> was forced to withdraw a considerable amount of military forces from other regions to replace losses on the Eastern Front. By the time the hostilities ended, the German <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Army</a> had been destroyed and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a> was routed. The Soviets' victory at Stalingrad shifted the Eastern Front's balance of power in their favour, while also boosting the morale of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Both sides placed great strategic importance on Stalingrad, for it was the largest industrial centre of the Soviet Union and an important transport hub on the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga River</a>:<a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a> controlling Stalingrad meant gaining access to the oil fields of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and having supreme authority over the Volga River.<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a> The city also held significant symbolic importance because it bore the name of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the incumbent leader of the Soviet Union. As the conflict progressed, Germany's fuel supplies dwindled and thus drove it to focus on moving deeper into Soviet territory and taking the country's oil fields at any cost. The German military first clashed with the Red Army's <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad Front</a> on the distant approaches to Stalingrad on 17 July. On 23 August, the 6th Army and elements of the 4th Panzer Army launched their offensive with support from intensive bombing raids by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, which reduced much of the city to rubble. The battle soon degenerated into house-to-house fighting, which escalated drastically as both sides continued pouring reinforcements into the city. By mid-November, the Germans, at great cost, had pushed the Soviet defenders back into narrow zones along the Volga's west bank. However, winter set in within a few months and conditions became particularly brutal, with temperatures often dropping <a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">tens of degrees below freezing</a>. In addition to fierce urban combat, brutal <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> was prevalent at Stalingrad as well. On 19 November, the Red Army launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Operation Uranus</a>, a two-pronged attack targeting the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_armies_in_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Romanian armies in the Battle of Stalingrad">Romanian armies</a> protecting the 6th Army's flanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998239-53">[45]</a> The Axis flanks were overrun and the 6th Army was encircled. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was determined to hold the city for Germany at all costs and forbade the 6th Army from trying a breakout; instead, attempts were made to supply it by air and to break the encirclement from the outside. Though the Soviets were successful in preventing the Germans from making enough airdrops to the trapped Axis armies at Stalingrad, heavy fighting continued for another two months. On 2 February 1943, the 6th Army, having exhausted their ammunition and food, finally capitulated after several months of battle, making it the first of Hitler's field armies to have surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990932-54">[46]</a> In modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the legacy of the Red Army's victory at Stalingrad is commemorated among the <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Military_Honour" title="Days of Military Honour">Days of Military Honour</a>. It is also well known in many other countries that belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a>, and has thus become <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad_in_popular_culture" title="Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture">ingrained in popular culture</a>. Likewise, in a number of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, the Battle of Stalingrad is recognized as an important aspect of what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png/290px-Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png/435px-Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png/580px-Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Case Blue: German advances from 7 May 1942 to:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  7 July</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  22 July</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1 August</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  18 November</div></figcaption></figure> By the spring of 1942, despite the failure of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in a single campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> had captured vast territories, including Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic republics. On the Western Front, Germany held most of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">U-boat offensive</a> was curbing American support, and in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa campaign">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> had just captured <a href="/wiki/Tobruk#German_capture_of_Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2000-55">[47]</a>: 522  In the east, the Germans had stabilized a front running from <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov</a>, with several minor <a href="/wiki/Salient_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salient (territory)">salients</a>. Hitler remained confident of breaking the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, despite heavy losses west of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in the winter of 1941–42, because large parts of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a> had been rested and re-equipped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorMayer1974144-56">[48]</a> Hitler decided that the 1942 summer campaign would target the southern Soviet Union. The initial objectives around Stalingrad were to destroy the city's industrial capacity and block the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> traffic, crucial for connecting the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to central Russia. The capture of Stalingrad would also disrupt <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> supplies via the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990909-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell201196-58">[50]</a> On 23 July 1942, Hitler expanded the campaign's objectives to include occupying Stalingrad, a city with immense propaganda value due to its name, which bore that of the Soviet leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMammadli2021200-59">[51]</a> Hitler ordered the annihilation of Stalingrad's population, declaring that after its capture, all male citizens would be killed and women and children deported due to their "thoroughly communistic" nature.<a href="#cite_note-Burleigh2001-60">[52]</a> The city's fall was intended to secure the northern and western flanks of the German advance on <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> to capture its petroleum resources.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2000-55">[47]</a>: 528  This expansion of objectives stemmed from German overconfidence and an underestimation of Soviet reserves.<a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> Meanwhile, Stalin, convinced that the main German attack would target Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007498-62">[54]</a> prioritized defending the Soviet capital. As the Soviet winter counteroffensive of 1941–1942 culminated in March, the Soviet high command began planning for the summer campaign. Although Stalin desired a general offensive, he was dissuaded by Chief of the General Staff <a href="/wiki/Boris_Shaposhnikov" title="Boris Shaposhnikov">Boris Shaposhnikov</a>, Deputy Chief of the General Staff <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a>, and Western Main Direction commander <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>. Ultimately, Stalin instructed that the summer campaign be based on "active strategic defense," while also ordering local offensives across the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b36–40-63">[55]</a> Southwestern Main Direction commander <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> proposed an attack from the <a href="/wiki/Izyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Izyum">Izyum</a> salient south of <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a> to encircle and destroy the German <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a>. Despite opposition from Shaposhnikov and Vasilevsky, Stalin approved the plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b42–43,_78–79-64">[56]</a> After delays in troop movements and logistical challenges, the Kharkov operation began on 12 May. The Soviets achieved initial success, prompting 6th Army commander <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a> to request reinforcements. However, a German counterattack on 13 May halted the Soviet advance. On 17 May, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Ewald von Kleist</a>'s forces launched Operation Fridericus I, encircling and destroying much of the Soviet forces in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Second Battle of Kharkov</a>. The defeat at Kharkov left the Soviets vulnerable to the German summer offensive. Despite the setback, Stalin continued to prioritize defending Moscow, allocating only limited reinforcements to the Southwestern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b82–84-65">[57]</a> The commitment of panzer divisions needed for <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a> to the Second Battle of Kharkov further delayed the offensive's start. On 1 June, Hitler modified the summer plans, delaying Case Blue to 20 June after preliminary operations in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b85-66">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">If I do not get the oil of <a href="/wiki/Maikop" class="mw-redirect" title="Maikop">Maikop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> then I must finish [liquidieren; "kill off", "liquidate"] this war.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adolf Hitler<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2000-55">[47]</a>: 514 </cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanowisko_dowodzenia_na_froncie_nad_Donem_(2-1532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stanowisko_dowodzenia_na_froncie_nad_Donem_%282-1532%29.jpg/220px-Stanowisko_dowodzenia_na_froncie_nad_Donem_%282-1532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stanowisko_dowodzenia_na_froncie_nad_Donem_%282-1532%29.jpg/330px-Stanowisko_dowodzenia_na_froncie_nad_Donem_%282-1532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stanowisko_dowodzenia_na_froncie_nad_Donem_%282-1532%29.jpg/440px-Stanowisko_dowodzenia_na_froncie_nad_Donem_%282-1532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>German and Romanian command personnel consult in a field position near the Don River, August 1942.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Summer_Offensive,_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG/290px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG/435px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG/580px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_7_May-23_July_1942.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>The German advance to the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> between 7 May and 23 July</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> was selected for a sprint forward through the southern Russian <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> into the Caucasus to capture the vital Soviet <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan#World_War_II" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">there</a>. The planned summer offensive, <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code-named</a> Fall Blau (<a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a>), was to include the German 6th, <a href="/wiki/17th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="17th Army (Wehrmacht)">17th</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Fourth_Panzer_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="German Fourth Panzer Army">4th Panzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army" title="1st Panzer Army">1st Panzer</a> Armies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> Hitler intervened, however, ordering the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group">Army Group</a> to split in two. Army Group South (A), under the command of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a>, was to continue advancing south towards the Caucasus as planned with the 17th Army and First Panzer Army. Army Group South (B), including Paulus's 6th Army and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a>'s 4th Panzer Army, was to move east towards the Volga and Stalingrad. <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a> was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs" title="Maximilian von Weichs">Maximilian von Weichs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990915-68">[60]</a> The start of Case Blue had been planned for late May 1942. However, a number of German and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romanian</a> units that were to take part in Blau were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1942)">besieging Sevastopol</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a>. Delays in ending the siege pushed back the start date for Blau several times, and the city did not fall until early July. Operation Fridericus I by the Germans against the "Izyum bulge", pinched off the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">salient</a> in the Second Battle of Kharkov, and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">envelopment</a> of a large Soviet force between 17 May and 29 May. Similarly, Operation Wilhelm attacked Voltshansk on 13 June, and Operation Fridericus attacked Kupiansk on 22 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201518,_22-69">[61]</a> Blau finally opened as Army Group South began its attack into southern Russia on 28 June 1942. The German offensive achieved rapid success, as Soviet forces offered little resistance in the vast empty steppes and started streaming eastward. Several attempts to re-establish a defensive line failed when German units <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflanked</a> them. Two major pockets were formed and destroyed: the first, northeast of Kharkov, on 2 July, and a second, around <a href="/wiki/Millerovo" title="Millerovo">Millerovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a>, a week later. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Hungary)" title="Second Army (Hungary)">Hungarian 2nd Army</a> and the German 4th Panzer Army had launched an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voronezh_(1942)" title="Battle of Voronezh (1942)">assault on Voronezh</a>, capturing the city on 5 July. The initial advance of the 6th Army was so successful that Hitler intervened and ordered the 4th Panzer Army to join Army Group South (A) to the south. A massive road block resulted when the 4th Panzer and the 1st Panzer choked the roads, stopping both in their tracks while they cleared the mess of thousands of vehicles. The traffic jam is thought to have delayed the advance by at least one week. With the advance now slowed, Hitler changed his mind and reassigned the 4th Panzer Army back to the attack on Stalingrad. By the end of July, Soviet forces were pushed back across the <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don River</a>. At this point, the Don and Volga Rivers are only 65 km (40 mi) apart, and the Germans left their main supply depots west of the Don. The Germans began using the armies of their <a href="/wiki/Italian_war_in_Soviet_Union,_1941-1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian war in Soviet Union, 1941-1943">Italian</a>, Hungarian and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armies_in_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Armies in the Battle of Stalingrad">Romanian</a> allies to guard their left (northern) flank. Italian actions were also mentioned in official German communiques.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> Italian forces were generally held in little regard by the Germans, and were accused of low morale: in reality, the Italian divisions fought comparatively well, with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%22Ravenna%22" title="3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"">3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22" title="5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"">5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"</a> showing spirit, according to a German liaison officer.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> Italian forces were forced to retreat only after a massive armoured attack in which German reinforcements failed to arrive in time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201284-75">[67]</a> To the south, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_A" title="Army Group A">Army Group A</a> was pushing far into the Caucasus, but the advance slowed as supply lines grew overextended. The two German army groups were too far apart to support one another. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Infanterie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>German infantry and a supporting <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">StuG III assault gun</a> during the battle</figcaption></figure> After German intentions became clear in July, Stalin appointed General <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeryomenko" title="Andrey Yeryomenko">Andrey Yeryomenko</a> commander of the Southeastern Front on 1 August 1942. Yeryomenko and <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">Commissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> were tasked with planning the defence of Stalingrad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197325,_48-76">[68]</a> Beyond the Volga River on the eastern boundary of Stalingrad, additional Soviet units were formed into the 62nd Army under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasiliy Chuikov</a> on 11 September 1942. Tasked with holding the city at all costs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201580-77">[69]</a> Chuikov proclaimed, "We will defend the city or die in the attempt."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998127-78">[70]</a> The battle earned him one of his two <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> awards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orders_of_battle">Orders of battle</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Army">Red Army</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_order_of_battle_for_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet order of battle for the Battle of Stalingrad">Soviet order of battle for the Battle of Stalingrad</a></div> During the defence of Stalingrad, the Red Army deployed five armies in and around the city (<a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="28th Army (Soviet Union)">28th</a>, <a href="/wiki/51st_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Army (Soviet Union)">51st</a>, <a href="/wiki/57th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="57th Army (Soviet Union)">57th</a>, <a href="/wiki/62nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="62nd Army (Soviet Union)">62nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/64th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="64th Army (Soviet Union)">64th Armies</a>); and an additional nine armies in the encirclement counteroffensive<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998435–438-79">[71]</a> (<a href="/wiki/24th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="24th Army (Soviet Union)">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (Soviet Union)">65th</a>, <a href="/wiki/66th_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="66th Army">66th Armies</a> and <a href="/wiki/16th_Air_Army" title="16th Air Army">16th Air Army</a> from the north as part of the <a href="/wiki/Don_Front" title="Don Front">Don Front</a> offensive, and <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Guards Tank Army (Soviet Union)">1st Guards Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Tank_Army" title="5th Guards Tank Army">5th Tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="21st Army (Soviet Union)">21st Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Army" title="2nd Air Army">2nd Air Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_Air_Army" title="17th Air Army">17th Air Army</a> from the south as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Southwestern_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Southwestern Front">Southwestern Front</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis">Axis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axis_order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Axis order of battle at the Battle of Stalingrad">Axis order of battle at the Battle of Stalingrad</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_on_Stalingrad">Attack on Stalingrad</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_attack">Initial attack</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Bombing of Stalingrad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Summer_Offensive,_24_July-18_November.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG/290px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG/435px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG/580px-German_Summer_Offensive%2C_24_July-18_November.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2879" /></a><figcaption>The German advance to Stalingrad between 24 July and 18 November</figcaption></figure> German forces first clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad Front</a> on 17 July on the distant approaches to Stalingrad, in the bend of the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> A significant clash in the early stages of the battle was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalach" title="Battle of Kalach">fought at Kalach</a>, in which "We had had to pay a high cost in men and material ... left on the Kalach battlefield were numerous burnt-out or shot-up German tanks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201533–34,_39–40-82">[74]</a> Military historian <a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">David Glantz</a> indicated that four hard-fought battles – collectively known as the Kotluban Operations – north of Stalingrad, where the Soviets made their greatest stand, decided Germany's fate before the Nazis ever set foot in the city itself, and were a turning point in the war.<a href="#cite_note-Deadliest_Battle-2011-83">[75]</a> Beginning in late August and lasting into October, the Soviets committed between two and four armies in hastily coordinated and poorly controlled attacks against the Germans' northern flank. The actions resulted in over 200,000 Soviet Army casualties but did slow the German assault.<a href="#cite_note-Deadliest_Battle-2011-83">[75]</a> The Germans formed bridgeheads across the Don on 20 August, with the 295th and <a href="/wiki/76th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="76th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">76th Infantry Divisions</a> enabling the XIVth Panzer Corps "to thrust to the Volga north of Stalingrad." The German 6th Army was only a few dozen kilometres from Stalingrad. The 4th Panzer Army, ordered south on 13 July to block the Soviet retreat "weakened by the 17th Army and the 1st Panzer Army", had turned northwards to help take the city from the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201528,_30,_40,_48,_57-84">[76]</a> On 19 August, German forces were in position to launch an attack on the city.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> On 23 August, the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad in pursuit of the 62nd and 64th Armies, which had fallen back into the city. Kleist said after the war: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The capture of Stalingrad was subsidiary to the main aim. It was only of importance as a convenient place, in the bottleneck between Don and the Volga, where we could block an attack on our flank by Russian forces coming from the east. At the start, Stalingrad was no more than a name on the map to us.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2011157-87">[79]</a> </blockquote> The Soviets had enough warning of the German advance to ship grain, cattle, and railway cars across the Volga out of harm's way. This "harvest victory" left the city short of food even before the German attack began. Before the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a> reached the city itself, the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> had cut off shipping on the Volga. In the days between 25 and 31 July, 32 Soviet ships were sunk, with another nine crippled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200769-88">[80]</a> Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Richthofen" title="Wolfram von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_4" title="Luftflotte 4">Luftflotte 4</a> dropped some 1,000 tons of bombs on 23 August, with the aerial attack on Stalingrad being the most single intense aerial bombardment at that point on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> and the heaviest bombing raid that had ever taken place on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2011-90">[82]</a> At least 90% of the city's housing stock was obliterated as a result.<a href="#cite_note-The_National_WWII_Museum_|_New_Orleans-2022-91">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Tractor_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad Tractor Factory">Stalingrad Tractor Factory</a> continued to turn out <a href="/wiki/T-34_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34 tank">T-34 tanks</a> up until German troops burst into the plant. The <a href="/wiki/369th_(Croatian)_Reinforced_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry Regiment">369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry Regiment</a> was the only non-German unit selected by the Wehrmacht to enter Stalingrad city during assault operations, with it fighting as part of the <a href="/wiki/100th_J%C3%A4ger_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="100th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)">100th Jäger Division</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22081,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Luftangriff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22081%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22081%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22081%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22081%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22081%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22081%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Smoke over the city center after aerial bombing by the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> on the central station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>, who was deputy commander-in-chief and commander of Stalingrad's defence during the battle, noted the importance of the battle, stating that:<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was clear to me that the battle for Stalingrad was of the greatest military and political significance. If Stalingrad fell, the enemy command would be able to cut off the south of the country from the center. We could lose the Volga – the important water artery, along which a large amount of goods flowed from the Caucasus.</blockquote>Stalin rushed all available troops to the east bank of the Volga, some from as far away as <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Regular river ferries were quickly destroyed by the Luftwaffe, which then targeted troop barges being towed slowly across by tugs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197325,_48-76">[68]</a> It has been said that Stalin prevented civilians from leaving the city in the belief that their presence would encourage greater resistance from the city's defenders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998106-93">[85]</a> Civilians, including women and children, were put to work building <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trenchworks</a> and protective fortifications. Casualties due to the air raid on 23 August and beyond are debated, as between 23 and 26 August, Soviet reports indicate 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded as a result of the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200773-94">[86]</a> However, death toll of civilians due to the bombing has been estimated to have been 40,000,<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2011-90">[82]</a> or as many as 70,000,<a href="#cite_note-The_National_WWII_Museum_|_New_Orleans-2022-91">[83]</a> though these estimates may be exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998188–189-96">[88]</a> Also estimated are 150,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a>, the Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily (VVS), was swept aside by the Luftwaffe. The VVS bases in the immediate area lost 201 aircraft between 23 and 31 August, and despite meagre reinforcements of some 100 aircraft in August, it was left with just 192 serviceable aircraft, 57 of which were fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200774-98">[90]</a> Early on 23 August, the German 16th Panzer and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">3rd Motorized Divisions</a> attacked out of the Vertyachy bridgehead with a force 120 tanks and over 200 armored personnel carriers strong. The German attack broke through the 1382nd Rifle Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/87th_Rifle_Division" title="87th Rifle Division">87th Rifle Division</a> and the 137th Tank Brigade, which were forced to retreat towards Dmitryevka. The 16th Panzer Division drove east towards the Volga, supported by the strikes of <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_129" title="Henschel Hs 129">Henschel Hs 129</a> ground attack aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaev2019178-99">[91]</a> Crossing the railway line to Stalingrad at 564 km Station around midday, both divisions continued their rush towards the river. Around 15:00, <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_Graf_Strachwitz" title="Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz">Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz</a>'s Panzer Detachment and the kampfgruppe of the 2nd Battalion, 64th Panzer Grenadier Regiment from the 16th Panzer reached the area of Latashanka, Rynok, and Spartanovka, northern suburbs of Stalingrad, and the Stalingrad Tractor Factory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b335–336-100">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22478,_Stalingrad,_Luftwaffen-Soldaten_in_Ruinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22478%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Luftwaffen-Soldaten_in_Ruinen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22478%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Luftwaffen-Soldaten_in_Ruinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22478%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Luftwaffen-Soldaten_in_Ruinen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22478%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Luftwaffen-Soldaten_in_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22478%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Luftwaffen-Soldaten_in_Ruinen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22478%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Luftwaffen-Soldaten_in_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers clearing the streets in Stalingrad</figcaption></figure> A Soviet female soldier stated about the battle that:<a href="#cite_note-Hastings-2011-101">[93]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I had been imagining what war was like – everything on fire, children crying, cats running about, and when we got to Stalingrad it turned out to be really like that, only more terrible.</blockquote>One of the first units to offer resistance in this area was the <a href="/wiki/1077th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment" title="1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment">1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998106-93">[85]</a> covering the Stalingrad Tractor Factory and the Volga ferry near Latashanka. The majority of the regiment was composed of men, but its directing and rangefinding crews and unit headquarters were made up of women. Several women also crewed anti-aircraft guns. The 1077th was notified of the German tanks' approach at 14:30 and its 6th Battery, dominating the Sukhaya Mechatka ravine, claimed the destruction of 28 German tanks. Later that day, its 3rd Battery on the road between Yerzovka and Stalingrad, saw particularly intense fighting against the 16th Panzer, reportedly fighting "shot for shot."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998108-102">[94]</a> Two women were decorated for their actions that day, and the regiment's report praised the "exceptional steadfastness and heroism" of the women soldiers. The regiment lost 35 guns, eighteen killed, 46 wounded, and 74 missing on 23 and 24 August. The 16th Panzer Division's history mentioned its encounter with the regiment, claiming the destruction of 37 guns, and the unit's surprise that its opponents had in part included women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaev2019179–180-103">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998108-102">[94]</a> In the early stages of the battle, the NKVD organised poorly armed "Workers' <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a>" similar to those that had defended the city <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsaritsyn" title="Battle of Tsaritsyn">twenty-four years earlier</a>, composed of civilians not directly involved in war production for immediate use in the battle. The civilians were often sent into battle without rifles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998109-104">[96]</a> Staff and students from the local technical university formed a "tank destroyer" unit. They assembled tanks from leftover parts at the tractor factory. These tanks, unpainted and lacking gun-sights, were driven directly from the factory floor to the front line. They could only be aimed at <a href="/wiki/Point-blank_range" title="Point-blank range">point-blank range</a> through the bore of their gun barrels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998110-105">[97]</a> Chuikov later remarked that soldiers approaching the battle would say "We are entering hell", but after one or two days, they said "No, this isn't hell, this is ten times worse than hell".<a href="#cite_note-Hastings-2011-101">[93]</a> By the end of August, Army Group South (B) had finally reached the Volga, north of Stalingrad. Another advance to the river south of the city followed, while the Soviets abandoned their <a href="/wiki/Rossoshka" title="Rossoshka">Rossoshka</a> position for the inner defensive ring west of Stalingrad. The wings of the 6th Army and the 4th Panzer Army met near Jablotchni along the Zaritza on 2 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201565-106">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_city_battles">September city battles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg/200px-62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg/300px-62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg/400px-62._armata_a_Stalingrado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers running through trenches in the ruins of Stalingrad</figcaption></figure> A letter found on the body of a German officer described the insanity of the battle and brutal nature of the urban combat:<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-1991-44">[36]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We must reach the Volga. We can see it – less than a kilometer away. We have the constant support of our aircraft and artillery. We are fighting like madmen but cannot reach the river. The whole war for France was shorter than the fight for one Volga factory. We must be up against suicide squads. They have simply decided to fight to the last soldier. And how many soldiers are left over there? When will this hell come to an end?</blockquote> Historian David Glantz stated that the grinding and brutal battle resembled "the fighting on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a> in 1916 more than it did the familiar blitzkrieg war of the previous three summers".<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> On 5 September, the Soviet 24th and 66th Armies organized a massive attack against <a href="/wiki/XIV_Panzer_Corps" title="XIV Panzer Corps">XIV Panzer Corps</a>. The Luftwaffe helped repel the offensive by heavily attacking Soviet artillery positions and defensive lines. The Soviets were forced to withdraw at midday after only a few hours. Of the 120 tanks the Soviets had committed, 30 were lost to air attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200775-108">[100]</a> On 13 September, the battle for the city itself began. With German forces launching an attack which overran the small hill where the 62nd Soviet Army headquarters was established, in addition, the railway station was captured, and German forces advanced far enough to threaten the Volga landing stage.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> Soviet operations were constantly hampered by the Luftwaffe. On 18 September, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)">1st Guards</a> and 24th Army launched an offensive against VIII Army Corps at Kotluban. <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">VIII. Fliegerkorps</a> dispatched multiple waves of <a href="/wiki/Stuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuka">Stuka</a> dive-bombers to prevent a breakthrough. The offensive was repelled. The Stukas claimed 41 of the 106 Soviet tanks knocked out that morning, while escorting <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Bf 109s</a> destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200780-110">[102]</a> Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rodimtsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Rodimtsev">Alexander Rodimtsev</a> was in charge of the 13th Guards Rifle Division, and received one of two Hero of the Soviet Union awards issued during the battle for his actions. Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a> of 27 July 1942 decreed that all commanders who ordered unauthorised retreats would be subject to a military tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blocking_detachments" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocking detachments">Blocking detachments</a> composed of NKVD or regular troops were positioned behind Red Army units to prevent desertion and straggling, sometimes executing deserters and perceived malingerers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a134–135-112">[104]</a> During the battle, the 62nd Army had the most arrests and executions: 203 in all, of which 49 were executed, while 139 were sent to penal companies and battalions.<a href="#cite_note-G.F.Krivosheev1997-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> Blocking detachments of the Stalingrad and Don Fronts detained 51,758 men from the beginning of the battle to 15 October, with the majority returned to their units. Of those detained, the vast majority of which were from the Don Front, 980 were executed and 1,349 sent to penal companies.<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2017357-117">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2011196–197-118">[110]</a> In the two-day period between 13 and 15 September, the 62nd Army blocking detachment detained 1,218 men, returning most to their units while shooting 21 men and arresting ten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a134-119">[111]</a> Beevor claims that 13,500 Soviet soldiers were executed by Soviet authorities during the battle,<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> however, this claim has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> By 12 September, at the time of their retreat into the city, the Soviet 62nd Army had been reduced to 90 tanks, 700 mortars and just 20,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998198-122">[114]</a> The remaining tanks were used as immobile strong-points within the city. The initial German attack on 14 September attempted to take the city in a rush. The 51st Army Corps' 295th Infantry Division went after the Mamayev Kurgan hill, the 71st attacked the central rail station and toward the central landing stage on the Volga, while 48th Panzer Corps attacked south of the Tsaritsa River. Though initially successful, the German attacks stalled in the face of Soviet reinforcements brought in from across the Volga. Rodimtsev's 13th Guards Rifle Division had been hurried up to cross the river and join the defenders inside the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017a81-123">[115]</a> Assigned to counterattack at the Mamayev Kurgan and at Railway Station No. 1, it suffered particularly heavy losses. Despite their losses, Rodimtsev's troops were able to inflict similar damage on their opponents. By 26 September, the opposing 71st Infantry Division had half of its battalions considered exhausted, reduced from all of them being considered average in combat capability when the attack began twelve days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a204-124">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>October 1942: A German soldier with a Soviet <a href="/wiki/PPSh-41" title="PPSh-41">PPSh-41</a> <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barrikady_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrikady factory">Barrikady factory</a> rubble</figcaption></figure> The brutality of the battle was noted in a journal found on German lieutenant Weiner of the <a href="/wiki/24th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">24th Panzer Division</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2023-125">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The street is no longer measured by meters but by corpses... Stalingrad is no longer a town. By day it is an enormous cloud of burning, blinding smoke; it is a vast furnace lit by the reflection of the flames. And when night arrives, one of those scorching howling bleeding nights, the dogs plunge into the Volga and swim desperately to gain the other bank. The nights of Stalingrad are a terror for them. Animals flee this hell; the hardest stones cannot bear it for long; only men endure.</blockquote> A ferocious battle raged for several days at the giant grain elevator in the south of the city.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> About fifty Red Army defenders, cut off from resupply, held the position for five days and fought off ten different assaults before running out of ammunition and water.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-127">[119]</a> Only forty dead Soviet fighters were found, though the Germans had thought there were many more due to the intensity of resistance. The Soviets burned large amounts of grain during their retreat in order to deny the enemy food. The grain elevator and silos were decided upon by Paulus to be the symbol of Stalingrad for a patch he was having designed to commemorate the battle after victory.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-127">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamayev_Kurgan" title="Mamayev Kurgan">Mamayev Kurgan</a> changed hands multiple times over the course of days, with fighting over the hill, rail station and Red Square being so intense that it was difficult to determine who was attacking and who was defending.<a href="#cite_note-McLaurin-1987-128">[120]</a> In another part of the city, a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> under the command of Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Pavlov" title="Yakov Pavlov">Yakov Pavlov</a> fortified a four-story building that oversaw a square 300 meters from the river bank, which was later called <a href="/wiki/Pavlov%27s_House" title="Pavlov's House">Pavlov's House</a>. The soldiers surrounded it with minefields, set up machine-gun positions at the windows and breached the walls in the basement for better communications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998198-122">[114]</a> The soldiers found about ten Soviet civilians hiding in the basement. They were not relieved, and not significantly reinforced, for two months, with the defense lasting around 60 days. The building was labelled Festung ("Fortress") on German maps. Pavlov was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title for his actions. General Chuikov took note of the brutal efficiency of the defense of Pavlov's House, stating that "Pavlov's small group of men, defending one house, killed more enemy soldiers than the Germans lost in taking <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">Paris</a>".<a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavlov%27s_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pavlov%27s_House.jpg/220px-Pavlov%27s_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pavlov%27s_House.jpg/330px-Pavlov%27s_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pavlov%27s_House.jpg/440px-Pavlov%27s_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pavlov%27s_House" title="Pavlov's House">Pavlov's House</a> (1943)</figcaption></figure> Generalmajor Hans Doerr stated about the conditions of the battle that:<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A bitter battle for every house, workshop, water tower, railway embankment, wall, cellar and every pile of rubble was waged, without equal even in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>... The distance between the enemy's arms and ours was as small as could possibly be. Despite the concentrated air and artillery power, it was impossible to break out of the area of close fighting. The Russians surpassed the Germans in their use of the terrain and in camouflage, and were more experienced in barricade warfare for individual buildings.</blockquote>Stubborn defenses of semi-fortified buildings in the center of the city cost the Germans countless soldiers. A violent battle occurred for the Univermag department store on Red Square, which served as the headquarters of the 1st Battalion of the 13th Guards Rifle Division's 42nd Guards Rifle Regiment. Another battle occurred for a nearby warehouse dubbed the "nail factory". In a three-story building close by, guardsmen fought on for five days, their noses and throats filled with brick dust from pulverized walls, with only six out of close to half a battalion escaping alive.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> The Germans made slow but steady progress through the city. Positions were taken individually, but the Germans were never able to capture the key crossing points along the river bank. By 27 September, the Germans occupied the southern portion of the city, but the Soviets held the centre and northern part. Most importantly, the Soviets controlled the ferries to their supplies on the east bank of the Volga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201568-132">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_in_the_industrial_district">Fighting in the industrial district</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg/220px-Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg/330px-Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg/440px-Stalingrad_-_ruined_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet soldiers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_October_Steel_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Red October Steel Factory">Red October Factory</a></figcaption></figure> After 27 September, much of the fighting in the city shifted north to the industrial district. Having slowly advanced over 10 days against strong Soviet resistance, the 51st Army Corps was finally in front of the three giant factories of Stalingrad: the <a href="/wiki/Red_October_Steel_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Red October Steel Factory">Red October Steel Factory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barrikady_Arms_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrikady Arms Factory">Barrikady Arms Factory</a> and Stalingrad Tractor Factory. It took a few more days for them to prepare for the most savage offensive of all, which was unleashed on 14 October,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017a340–360-133">[125]</a> which Chuikov considered to be the worst day of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> Exceptionally intense shelling and bombing paved the way for the first German assault groups. The main attack (led by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">14th Panzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/305th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="305th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">305th Infantry Divisions</a>) attacked towards the tractor factory, while another assault led by the 24th Panzer Division hit to the south of the giant plant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017b34-135">[127]</a> Werth points out the difficulties the Siberian Division faced, as throughout the course of an entire month, German forces launched 117 assaults at the division's regiments, and on one day they launched 23 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946279-136">[128]</a> Every trench, pillbox, rifle-pit and ruin in the area was turned into a strongpoint with its own direction and system of communications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946281-137">[129]</a> According to Beevor, "The Red October complex and Barrikady gun factory had been turned into fortresses as lethal as those of Verdun. If anything, they were more dangerous because the Soviet regiments were so well hidden."<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-4-138">[130]</a> The danger of the Barrikady Arms Factory was made apparent firsthand by German sergeant Ernst Wohlfahrt, who witnessed 18 German <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(military)" title="Pioneer (military)">pioneers</a> get killed by a Russian booby trap.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> The fighting for the Barrikady has been described as some of the most brutal and ferocious fighting ever, with it being stated that the "battlefield east of the Barrikady blazed with the most violent and profligate clash the world would ever see" and that in regard to hand-to-hand fighting, "nowhere was it more brutal, more savage, more relentless, than in the Barrikady".<a href="#cite_note-Mark-2018-140">[132]</a> The German onslaught crushed the <a href="/wiki/37th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="37th Guards Rifle Division">37th Guards Rifle Division</a> of Major General <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zholudev" title="Viktor Zholudev">Viktor Zholudev</a> and in the afternoon the forward assault group reached the tractor factory before arriving at the Volga River, splitting the 62nd Army into two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a380–383-141">[133]</a> In response to the German breakthrough to the Volga, the front headquarters committed three battalions from the <a href="/wiki/300th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="300th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">300th Rifle Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/45th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">45th Rifle Division</a> of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Pavlovich_Sokolov" title="Vasily Pavlovich Sokolov">Vasily Sokolov</a>, a substantial force of over 2,000 men, to the fighting at the Red October Factory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaev2017242–243-142">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_infantry_in_the_Red_October_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Soviet_infantry_in_the_Red_October_factory.jpg/220px-Soviet_infantry_in_the_Red_October_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Soviet_infantry_in_the_Red_October_factory.jpg/330px-Soviet_infantry_in_the_Red_October_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Soviet_infantry_in_the_Red_October_factory.jpg/440px-Soviet_infantry_in_the_Red_October_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers in one of the shops of the Red October Factory</figcaption></figure> According to Werth:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946463-143">[135]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Here, in and around the main building of the October Plant, the fighting had gone on for weeks. It had been a hell of shell-fire and mortarfire, and tank and air attacks, and hand-to-hand fighting; they had fought for a workshop or half a workshop, or for the end of a drainpipe.</blockquote>Fighting raged inside the Barrikady Factory until the end of October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017b178–302-144">[136]</a> The Soviet-controlled area shrank down to a few strips of land along the western bank of the Volga, and in November the fighting concentrated around what Soviet newspapers referred to as "Lyudnikov's Island", a small patch of ground behind the Barrikady Factory where the remnants of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyudnikov" title="Ivan Lyudnikov">Ivan Lyudnikov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/138th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">138th Rifle Division</a> resisted all ferocious assaults thrown by the Germans and became a symbol of the stout Soviet defence of Stalingrad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017b360–380-145">[137]</a> In the north of Stalingrad, by early November, the <a href="/wiki/16th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">16th Panzer Division</a> referred to the Rynok-Spartanovka region as "little Verdun" because "there was hardly a square meter that had not been churned up by bombs and shells."<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_attacks">Air attacks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20286,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Luftangriff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20286%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20286%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20286%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20286%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20286%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20286%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87 Stuka</a> dive bombers above the burning city</figcaption></figure> From 5 to 12 September, Luftflotte 4 conducted 7,507 sorties (938 per day). From 16 to 25 September, it carried out 9,746 missions (975 per day).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998195-147">[139]</a> Determined to crush Soviet resistance, Luftflotte 4's Stukawaffe flew 900 individual sorties against Soviet positions at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory on 5 October. Several Soviet regiments were wiped out; the entire staff of the Soviet 339th Infantry Regiment was killed the following morning during an air raid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200783-148">[140]</a> The Luftwaffe retained <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> into November, and Soviet daytime aerial resistance was nonexistent. However, the combination of constant air support operations on the German side and the Soviet surrender of the daytime skies began to affect the strategic balance in the air. From 28 June to 20 September, Luftflotte 4's original strength of 1,600 aircraft, of which 1,155 were operational, fell to 950, of which only 550 were operational. The fleet's total strength decreased by 40 percent. Daily sorties decreased from 1,343 per day to 975 per day. Soviet offensives in the central and northern portions of the Eastern Front tied down Luftwaffe reserves and newly built aircraft, reducing Luftflotte 4's percentage of Eastern Front aircraft from 60 percent on 28 June to 38 percent by 20 September. The Kampfwaffe (bomber force) was the hardest hit, having only 232 out of an original force of 480 left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998195-147">[139]</a> In mid-October, after receiving reinforcements from the Caucasus theatre, the Luftwaffe intensified its efforts against the remaining Red Army positions holding the west bank. Luftflotte 4 flew 1,250 sorties on 14 October and its Stukas dropped 550 tonnes of bombs, while German infantry surrounded the three factories.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> Stukageschwader 1, 2, and 77 had largely silenced Soviet artillery on the eastern bank of the Volga before turning their attention to the shipping that was once again trying to reinforce the narrowing Soviet pockets of resistance. The 62nd Army had been cut in two and, due to intensive air attack on its supply ferries, was receiving much less material support. With the Soviets forced into a 1-kilometre (1,000-yard) strip of land on the western bank of the Volga, over 1,208 Stuka missions were flown in an effort to eliminate them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200784-150">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-504,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Luftangriff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-504%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-504%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-504%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-504%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-504%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-504%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Luftangriff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Clouds of smoke and dust rise from the ruins of the canning factory in Stalingrad South after German bombing of the city on 2 October 1942.</figcaption></figure> The Soviet bomber force, the Aviatsiya Dal'nego Deystviya (<a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Range Aviation">Long Range Aviation</a>; ADD), having taken crippling losses over the past 18 months, was restricted to flying at night. The Soviets flew 11,317 night sorties over Stalingrad and the Don-bend sector between 17 July and 19 November. These raids caused little damage and were of nuisance value only.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200782-151">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a>: 265  As historian Chris Bellamy notes, the Germans paid a high strategic price for the aircraft sent into Stalingrad: the Luftwaffe was forced to divert much of its air strength away from the oil-rich Caucasus, which had been Hitler's original grand-strategic objective.<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Romanian_Air_Force" title="Royal Romanian Air Force">Royal Romanian Air Force</a> was also involved in the Axis air operations at Stalingrad. Starting 23 October 1942, Romanian pilots flew a total of 4,000 sorties, during which they destroyed 61 Soviet aircraft. The Romanian Air Force lost 79 aircraft, most of them captured on the ground along with their airfields.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germans_reach_the_Volga">Germans reach the Volga</h3></div> In August 1942 after three months of slow advance, the Germans finally reached the river banks, capturing 90% of the ruined city and splitting the remaining Soviet forces into two narrow pockets. Ice floes on the Volga now prevented boats and tugs from supplying the Soviet defenders. Nevertheless, the fighting continued, especially on the slopes of Mamayev Kurgan and inside the factory area in the northern part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> From 21 August to 20 November, the German 6th Army lost 60,548 men, including 12,782 killed, 45,545 wounded and 2,221 missing.<a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-156">[148]</a> Fighting for the Volga banks has been noted as the "most concentrated and ferocious fighting in perhaps the whole war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946206-157">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_counter-offensives">Soviet counter-offensives</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/300px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/450px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/600px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers attack, February 1943. The ruined Railwaymen's Building is in the background.</figcaption></figure> Recognising that German troops were ill-prepared for offensive operations during the winter of 1942 and that most of them were deployed elsewhere on the southern sector of the Eastern Front, the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> decided to conduct a number of offensive operations between 19 November 1942 and 2 February 1943. These operations opened the Winter Campaign of 1942–1943 (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943), which involved some fifteen Armies operating on several fronts. As per Zhukov, "German operational blunders were aggravated by poor intelligence: they failed to spot preparations for the major counter-offensive near Stalingrad where there were 10 field, 1 tank and 4 air armies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974110–111-158">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weakness_on_the_Axis_flanks">Weakness on the Axis flanks</h3></div> During the siege, the German and allied Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian armies protecting Army Group B's north and south flanks had pressed their <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> for support. The Hungarian 2nd Army was given the task of defending a 200 km (120 mi) section of the front north of Stalingrad between the Italian Army and <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>. This resulted in a very thin line, with some sectors where 1–2 km (0.62–1.24 mi) stretches were being defended by a single platoon (platoons typically have around 20 to 50 men). These forces were also lacking in effective anti-tank weapons. Zhukov states, "Compared with the Germans, the troops of the satellites were not so well armed, less experienced and less efficient, even in defence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov197495–96,_119,_122,_124-159">[151]</a> Because of the total focus on the city, the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces had neglected for months to consolidate their positions along the natural defensive line of the Don River. The Soviet forces were allowed to retain bridgeheads on the right bank from which offensive operations could be quickly launched. These bridgeheads in retrospect presented a serious threat to Army Group B.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990915-68">[60]</a> Similarly, on the southern flank of the Stalingrad sector, the front southwest of <a href="/wiki/Kotelnikovo" title="Kotelnikovo">Kotelnikovo</a> was held only by the Romanian 4th Army. Beyond that army, a single German division, the <a href="/wiki/16th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">16th Motorised Infantry</a>, covered 400 km. Paulus had requested permission on 10 November to "withdraw the 6th Army behind the Don," but was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> According to Paulus's comments to his <a href="/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Adam" title="Wilhelm Adam">Wilhelm Adam</a>, "There is still the order whereby no commander of an army group or an army has the right to relinquish a village, even a trench, without Hitler's consent."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201587–91,_95,_129-161">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Uranus">Operation Uranus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Operation Uranus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg/290px-Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg/435px-Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg/580px-Map_Battle_of_Stalingrad-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  German front, 19 November</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  German front, 12 December</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  German front, 24 December</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Soviet advance, 19–28 November</div></figcaption></figure> In autumn, Zhukov and Vasilevsky, responsible for strategic planning in the Stalingrad area, concentrated forces in the steppes to the north and south of the city. The northern flank was defended by Romanian units, often in open positions on the steppes. The natural line of defence, the Don River, had never been properly established by the German side. The armies in the area were also poorly equipped in terms of anti-tank weapons. The plan was to punch through the overstretched and weakly defended flanks and surround the German forces in the Stalingrad region. During the preparations for the attack, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a> Zhukov personally visited the front and noticing the poor organisation, insisted on a one-week delay in the start date of the planned attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998117-162">[154]</a> The operation was code-named "Uranus" and launched in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Operation Mars</a>, which was directed at <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Center">Army Group Center</a> about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to the northwest. The plan was similar to that used by Zhukov to achieve victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Khalkhin Gol</a> in 1939, where he had sprung a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">double envelopment</a> and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/IJA_23d_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 23d Division">23rd Division</a> of the Japanese army.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> On 19 November 1942, Operation Uranus was launched. The attacking Soviet units under the command of Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Vatutin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Vatutin">Nikolay Vatutin</a> consisted of three complete armies, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_First_Guards_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet First Guards Army">1st Guards Army</a>, 5th Tank Army and 21st Army, including a total of 18 infantry <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, eight tank <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanized force">motorised</a> brigades, six <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> divisions and one anti-tank brigade. The preparations for the attack were heard by the Romanians, who pushed for reinforcements, only to be refused. Romania's 3rd Army, which protected the northern flank of the German 6th Army, was overrun, due to thin lines, and being outnumbered and poorly equipped. On 20 November, a second Soviet offensive (two armies) was launched to the south of Stalingrad against points held by the Romanian <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Army Corps (Romania)">4th Army Corps</a>. The Romanian forces, made up primarily of infantry, were overrun by large numbers of tanks. The Soviet forces raced west and met on 23 November at the town of Kalach, sealing the ring around Stalingrad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990926-164">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sixth_Army_surrounded">Sixth Army surrounded</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27,_Russland-S%C3%BCd,_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Romanian soldiers near Stalingrad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg/220px-German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg/330px-German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg/440px-German_pows_stalingrad_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers as prisoners of war. In the background is the heavily fought-over Stalingrad grain elevator.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalingrad-dead_bodies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stalingrad-dead_bodies.jpg/220px-Stalingrad-dead_bodies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stalingrad-dead_bodies.jpg/330px-Stalingrad-dead_bodies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stalingrad-dead_bodies.jpg/440px-Stalingrad-dead_bodies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Germans dead in the city</figcaption></figure> By the time of the encirclement, approximately 330,000 Axis personnel, including Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Croatians, were trapped.<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> Among them were between 40,000 and 65,000 <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hilfswillige</a> (Hiwi), or "volunteer auxiliaries," recruited from Soviet POWs and civilians. These Hiwi often served in supporting roles but were also deployed in frontline units due to their growing numbers.<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-168">[160]</a> The conditions within the German 6th Army deteriorated to those reminiscent of World War I trench warfare. Troops were forced to take up positions in the open steppe, lacking basic sanitation, which led to rapid spread of infections and dysentery, further debilitating the soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> By 19 November 1942, the German forces in the pocket numbered about 210,000, with 50,000 soldiers outside the encirclement. Of those trapped, 10,000 continued to fight, 105,000 eventually surrendered, 35,000 were evacuated by air, and 60,000 died. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers with German supply canisters after the battle</figcaption></figure> Despite the 6th Army's dire situation, no reinforcements were pulled from Army Group A in the Caucasus to aid in the relief of Stalingrad. It was only after Soviet forces broke through in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Operation Little Saturn</a>, threatening to encircle Army Group A, that a withdrawal was ordered on December 31 to avoid complete entrapment.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Don" title="Army Group Don">Army Group Don</a> was established under Field Marshal von Manstein, tasked with leading the 20 German and two Romanian divisions encircled at Stalingrad. Despite Manstein's recommendation for a breakout, Hitler insisted on holding the city, relying on an ill-fated airlift to supply the 6th Army, which failed to deliver the necessary supplies.<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> The airlift fell drastically short, delivering only 105 tons per day, far below the required 750 tons.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> The situation worsened after the Soviets captured Tatsinskaya Airfield on 24 December, forcing the Germans to relocate their air operations to more distant and less effective bases. As supplies dwindled, starvation and disease ravaged the 6th Army. By the time the airlift was terminated, the Luftwaffe had lost nearly 500 aircraft, including 266 Ju 52s, and failed to maintain adequate supply levels. Ultimately, the failure to relieve Stalingrad sealed the fate of the 6th Army, leading to one of the most catastrophic defeats in military history.<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_battle">End of the battle</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Winter_Storm">Operation Winter Storm</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm">Operation Winter Storm</a></div> Manstein's plan to rescue the Sixth Army – Operation Winter Storm – was developed in full consultation with Führer headquarters. It aimed to break through to the Sixth Army and establish a corridor to keep it supplied and reinforced, so that, according to Hitler's order, it could maintain its "cornerstone" position on the Volga, "with regard to operations in 1943". Manstein, however, who knew that Sixth Army could not survive the winter there, instructed his headquarters to draw up a further plan in the event of Hitler's seeing sense. This would include the subsequent breakout of Sixth Army, in the event of a successful first phase, and its physical reincorporation in Army Group Don. This second plan was given the name Operation Thunderclap. Winter Storm, as Zhukov had predicted, was originally planned as a two-pronged attack. One thrust would come from the area of Kotelnikovo, well to the south, and around 160 kilometres (100 mi) from the Sixth Army. The other would start from the Chir front west of the Don, which was little more than 60 kilometres (40 mi) from the edge of the Kessel, but the continuing attacks of Romanenko's 5th Tank Army against the German detachments along the river Chir ruled out that start-line. This left only the LVII Panzer Corps around Kotelnikovo, supported by the rest of Hoth's very mixed Fourth Panzer Army, to relieve Paulus's trapped divisions. The LVII Panzer Corps, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kirchner" title="Friedrich Kirchner">Friedrich Kirchner</a>, had been weak at first. It consisted of two Romanian cavalry divisions and the 23rd Panzer Division, which mustered no more than thirty serviceable tanks. The 6th Panzer Division, arriving from France, was a vastly more powerful formation, but its members hardly received an encouraging impression. The Austrian divisional commander, General <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Raus" title="Erhard Raus">Erhard Raus</a>, was summoned to Manstein's royal carriage in Kharkov station on 24 November, where the field marshal briefed him. "He described the situation in very sombre terms", recorded Raus. Three days later, when the first trainload of Raus's division steamed into Kotelnikovo station to unload, his troops were greeted by "a hail of shells" from Soviet batteries. "As quick as lightning, the <a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadier" title="Panzergrenadier">Panzergrenadiers</a> jumped from their wagons. But already the enemy was attacking the station with their battle-cries of 'Urrah!'" By 18 December, the German Army had pushed to within 48 km (30 mi) of Sixth Army's positions. However, the predictable nature of the relief operation brought significant risk for all German forces in the area. The starving encircled forces at Stalingrad made no attempt to break out or link up with Manstein's advance. Some German officers requested that Paulus defy Hitler's orders to stand fast and instead attempt to break out of the Stalingrad pocket. Paulus refused, concerned about the Red Army attacks on the flank of Army Group Don and Army Group B in their advance on Rostov-on-Don, "an early abandonment" of Stalingrad "would result in the destruction of Army Group A in the Caucasus", and the fact that his 6th Army tanks only had fuel for a 30 km advance towards Hoth's spearhead, a futile effort if they did not receive assurance of resupply by air. Of his questions to Army Group Don, Paulus was told, "Wait, implement Operation 'Thunderclap' only on explicit orders!" – Operation Thunderclap being the code word initiating the breakout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015132–33,_138–143,_150,_155,_165-175">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Little_Saturn">Operation Little Saturn</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Operation Little Saturn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Little_Saturn-de.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Little_Saturn-de.png/310px-Operation_Little_Saturn-de.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Little_Saturn-de.png/465px-Operation_Little_Saturn-de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Little_Saturn-de.png/620px-Operation_Little_Saturn-de.png 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Soviet gains during Operation Little Saturn</figcaption></figure> On 16 December, the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn, which attempted to punch through the Axis army (mainly Italians) on the Don. The Germans set up a "mobile defence" of small units that were to hold towns until supporting armour arrived. From the Soviet bridgehead at Mamon, 15 divisions – supported by at least 100 tanks – attacked the Italian Cosseria and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Infantry Division Ravenna">Ravenna</a> Divisions, and although outnumbered 9 to 1, the Italians initially fought well, with the Germans praising the quality of the Italian defenders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201283–84-176">[168]</a> but on 19 December, with the Italian lines disintegrating, ARMIR headquarters ordered the battered divisions to withdraw to new lines.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> The fighting forced a total revaluation of the German situation. Sensing that this was the last chance for a breakout, Manstein pleaded with Hitler on 18 December, but Hitler refused. Paulus himself also doubted the feasibility of such a breakout. The attempt to break through to Stalingrad was abandoned and Army Group A was ordered to pull back from the Caucasus. The 6th Army now was beyond all hope of German relief. While a motorised breakout might have been possible in the first few weeks, the 6th Army now had insufficient fuel and the German soldiers would have faced great difficulty breaking through the Soviet lines on foot in harsh winter conditions. But in its defensive position on the Volga, the 6th Army continued to tie down a significant number of Soviet Armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015159,_166–67-178">[170]</a> On 23 December, the attempt to relieve Stalingrad was abandoned and Manstein's forces switched over to the defensive to deal with new Soviet offensives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015153-179">[171]</a> As Zhukov states, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The military and political leadership of Nazi Germany sought not to relieve them, but to get them to fight on for as long possible so as to tie up the Soviet forces. The aim was to win as much time as possible to withdraw forces from the Caucasus (Army Group A) and to rush troops from other Fronts to form a new front that would be able in some measure to check our counter-offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974137-180">[172]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_victory">Soviet victory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Koltso" title="Operation Koltso">Operation Koltso</a></div> The Red Army High Command sent three envoys while, simultaneously, aircraft and loudspeakers announced the terms of capitulation on 7 January 1943. The letter was signed by Colonel-General of Artillery Voronov and the commander-in-chief of the Don Front, Lieutenant-General Rokossovsky. A low-level Soviet envoy party (comprising Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dyatlenko" title="Nikolay Dyatlenko">Nikolay Dyatlenko</a> and a trumpeter) carried generous surrender terms to Paulus: if he surrendered within 24 hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded, prisoners being allowed to keep their personal belongings, "normal" food rations, and <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> to any country they wished after the war. Rokossovsky's letter also stressed that Paulus' men were in an untenable situation. Paulus requested permission to surrender, but Hitler rejected Paulus' request out of hand. Accordingly, Paulus did not respond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1965283-181">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990929-182">[174]</a> The German High Command informed Paulus, "Every day that the army holds out longer helps the whole front and draws away the Russian divisions from it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015166,_168–69-183">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A.%D0%9A._%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%80-%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0._1942_%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A.%D0%9A._%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%80-%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0._1942_%D0%B3.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A.%D0%9A._%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%80-%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0._1942_%D0%B3.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A.%D0%9A._%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%80-%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0._1942_%D0%B3.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Commander-in-chief of the Don Front General <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a></figcaption></figure> The operation launched on 10 January 1943 with what was the single largest bombardment of the war at that point, with nearly 7,000 field guns, launchers and mortars firing against German positions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> The operation was likely the largest scale <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">economy-of-force</a> offensive conducted in <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a> The Germans retreated from the suburbs of Stalingrad to the city. The loss of the two airfields, Pitomnik on 16 January 1943 and <a href="/wiki/Gumrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumrak">Gumrak</a> on the night of 21/22 January,<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a> meant an end to air supplies and the evacuation of the wounded.<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> The third and last serviceable runway was at the Stalingradskaya flight school, which had its last landings and takeoffs on 23 January.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a> After 23 January, there were no more reported landings, just intermittent air drops of ammunition and food until the end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015183,_185,_189-189">[181]</a> Despite the horrendous situation that German forces faced, both starving and running out of ammunition, they continued to resist, with transcripts showing that despite many German soldiers yelling "Hitler kaput" to avoid being shot while surrendering, the level of armed resistance remained extraordinarily high till the end of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> In particular, the so-called HiWis, Soviet citizens fighting for the Germans, had no illusions about their fate if captured. Bloody urban warfare began again in Stalingrad, but this time it was the Germans who were pushed back to the banks of the Volga. The Germans adopted a simple defence of fixing wire nets over all windows to protect themselves from grenades. The Soviets responded by fixing fish hooks to the grenades so they stuck to the nets when thrown. On 22 January, Rokossovsky once again offered Paulus a chance to surrender. Paulus requested that he be granted permission to accept the terms. He told Hitler that he was no longer able to command his men, who were without ammunition or food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990930-191">[183]</a> Hitler rejected it on a point of honour. He telegraphed the 6th Army later that day, claiming that it had made a historic contribution to the greatest struggle in German history and that it should stand fast "to the last soldier and the last bullet". Hitler told Goebbels that the plight of the 6th Army was a "heroic drama of German history".<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> On 24 January, in his radio report to Hitler, Paulus reported: "18,000 wounded without the slightest aid of bandages and medicines."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015193-193">[185]</a> On 26 January 1943, the German forces inside Stalingrad were split into two pockets north and south of Mamayev-Kurgan. The northern pocket consisting of the VIIIth Corps, under General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitz" title="Walter Heitz">Walter Heitz</a>, and the XIth Corps, was now cut off from telephone communication with Paulus in the southern pocket. Now "each part of the cauldron came personally under Hitler".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015201,_203-194">[186]</a> On 28 January, the cauldron was split into three parts. The northern cauldron consisted of the XIth Corps, the central with the VIIIth and LIst Corps, and the southern with the XIVth Panzer Corps and IVth Corps "without units". The sick and wounded reached 40,000 to 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015203-195">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005,_Russland,_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a> (left), with his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schmidt_(general)" title="Arthur Schmidt (general)">Arthur Schmidt</a> (centre) and his aide, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Adam" title="Wilhelm Adam">Wilhelm Adam</a> (right), after their surrender, January 1943</figcaption></figure> On 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of Hitler's coming to power, Goebbels read out a proclamation that included the sentence: "The heroic struggle of our soldiers on the Volga should be a warning for everybody to do the utmost for the struggle for Germany's freedom and the future of our people, and thus in a wider sense for the maintenance of our entire continent."<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> The same day, Hermann Göring broadcast from the air ministry, comparing the situation of the surrounded German 6th Army to that of the Spartans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a>, the speech was not well received by soldiers however.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> Paulus notified Hitler that his men would likely collapse before the day was out. In response, Hitler then issued a tranche of <a href="/wiki/Field_promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Field promotion">field promotions</a> to the Sixth Army's officers, with Paulus made a <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a>. In deciding to promote Paulus, Hitler noted that there was no record of a German or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> field marshal having ever surrendered. The implication was clear: if Paulus surrendered, he would shame himself and would become the highest-ranking German officer ever to be captured. As a result, Hitler believed that Paulus would either fight to the last man or commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015212Bellamy2007549Shirer1990932-198">[190]</a> On the next day, the southern pocket in Stalingrad collapsed. Soviet forces reached the entrance to the German headquarters in the ruined <a href="/wiki/State_Universal_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="State Universal Store">GUM</a> department store.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015207–08,_212–15-199">[191]</a> Major Anatoly Soldatov described the conditions of the department store basement as such, "it was unbelievably filthy, you couldn't get through the front or back doors, the filth came up to your chest, along with human waste and who knows what else. The stench was unbelievable."<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> When interrogated by the Soviets, Paulus claimed that he had not surrendered. He said that he had been taken by surprise. He denied that he was the commander of the remaining northern pocket in Stalingrad and refused to issue an order in his name for them to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> The central pocket, under the command of Heitz, surrendered the same day, while the northern pocket, under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Karl_Strecker" title="Karl Strecker">Karl Strecker</a>, held out for two more days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015215-202">[194]</a> Four Soviet armies were deployed against the northern pocket. At four in the morning on 2 February, Strecker was informed that one of his own officers had gone to the Soviets to negotiate surrender terms. Seeing no point in continuing, he sent a radio message saying that his command had done its duty and fought to the last man. When Strecker finally surrendered, he and his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Groscurth" title="Helmuth Groscurth">Helmuth Groscurth</a>, drafted the final signal sent from Stalingrad, purposely omitting the customary exclamation to Hitler, replacing it with "Long live Germany!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998-203">[195]</a> Around 91,000 exhausted, ill, wounded, and starving prisoners were taken. The prisoners included 22 generals. Hitler was furious and confided that Paulus "could have freed himself from all sorrow and ascended into eternity and national immortality, but he prefers to go to Moscow".<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics_and_battle_conditions">Tactics and battle conditions</h2></div> German <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrine</a> was based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined-arms teams</a> and close cooperation between tanks, infantry, <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">engineers</a>, artillery and <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack aircraft">ground-attack aircraft</a>. To negate the German usage of tanks and artillery in the ruins of the city, Soviet commander Chuikov introduced a tactic he described as "hugging" the enemy: keeping Soviet front-line positions as close as possible to those of the Germans, so German artillery and aircraft could not attack without risking friendly fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197390,_91-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998128,_129-206">[198]</a> After mid-September, to reduce casualties, he ceased launching organized daylight counterattacks, instead emphasizing small unit tactics in which infantry moved through the city's sewers to strike into the rear of attacking German units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a166–167-207">[199]</a> The Soviets preferred night attacks, which disrupted German morale by depriving them of sleep. Soviet reconnaissance patrols were used to find German positions and take prisoners for interrogation, enabling them to anticipate attacks. When Soviet troops detected a coming attack, they launched their own counterattacks at dawn before German air support could arrive. Soviet troops blunted the German attacks themselves through ambushes that separated tanks from their supporting infantry, as well as the employment of booby traps and mines. These tactical innovations became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a713–714-208">[200]</a> The Soviets used the great amount of destruction to their advantage, by adding man-made defenses such as barbed wire, minefields, trenches, and bunkers to the rubble, while large factories even housed tanks and large-caliber guns within.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-2021-40">[32]</a> "Red Army soldiers enjoyed inventing gadgets to kill Germans. New booby traps were dreamed up, each seemingly more ingenious and unpredictable in its results than the last."<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-3-209">[201]</a> The battle saw all types of <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">MOUT</a> combat techniques at the time.<a href="#cite_note-McLaurin-1987-128">[120]</a> The forces involved in the battle were composed of well-trained, and in some cases, very-experienced troops,<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> with the German 6th Army highly regarded, as it is noted that "Stalingrad was fought and lost by the finest collection of divisions in an army that had not known strategic defeat for a quarter of a century" in reference to German forces.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> Stalingrad was the supreme example of "<a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Burton-1998-212">[204]</a> described as "approaching <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz</a>'s theoretical description of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_war" title="Absolute war">absolute war</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-1991-44">[36]</a> The Soviets persisted against German forces by using all available means, with the commitment being reflected in their planning, orders and actions. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>’s commitment to Stalingrad became total, using every available resource to hold it, and ordering the city be held at all costs. Evidence of commitment was the vast casualties the Soviets were willing to sustain. Collateral damage was not a major concern, the first priority was victory and all weapons would be used to that end with little regard for collateral damage.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> This is also reflected by a common saying among the Soviet defenders, who often exclaimed that "for us, there is no land beyond the Volga".<a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> Total war was reflected by Axis forces, as they attacked without concern and committed to a bombing campaign which utterly destroyed the city and killed thousands of civilians, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> would not allow for German forces to retreat, even with the threat of encirclement.<a href="#cite_note-The_National_WWII_Museum_|_New_Orleans-2022-91">[83]</a> On 14 October, Hitler suspended all operations along the entire Eastern Front except for Stalingrad, and continued pushing even harder for Army Group B to capture the city, showing his willingness to capture it at all costs.<a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001,_Russland,_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Soviets defend a position.</figcaption></figure> An important weapon was the <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a>, which was "effectively terrifying" in its use of clearing sewer tunnels, cellars, and inaccessible hiding places.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-3-209">[201]</a> Operators were immediately targeted as soon as they were spotted.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-3-209">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha rocket launcher</a>, known to the Germans as "Stalin's organ", was used with devastating effect.<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> In hand-to-hand fighting, spades were used as axes.<a href="#cite_note-Intrec_Inc-1974a-217">[209]</a> Equipment used during the battle represented a full spectrum of World War II equipment, encompassing manufactured and field-improvised systems,<a href="#cite_note-Burton-1998-212">[204]</a> as both sides fielded and used their complete arsenals.<a href="#cite_note-Intrec_Inc-1974b-43">[35]</a> The battle consumed a tremendous amount of ammunition and resources, in September fighting alone, the 6th Army expended 25 million rounds of small arms, 500,000 anti-tank rounds, 752,000 artillery shells and 178,000 hand grenades, with German forces expending 300 to 500 tons of artillery ammunition each day.<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> The Red Army fired more ammunition in this battle than any other operation of the war.<a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a> The Soviet urban warfare tactics relied on 20-to-50-man-assault groups, armed with machine guns, grenades and satchel charges, with buildings fortified as strongpoints with clear fields of fire. Strongpoints were defended by guns or tanks on the ground floor, while machine gunners and artillery observers operated from the upper floors. Assault groups used sewers or broke through walls into adjoining buildings, to maintain concealment while moving into the rear of German attacks. Soviet tactical innovations were a "combination of intelligence, discipline, and determination" enabling the Soviet defenders to keep fighting when the Germans had achieved victory by "all conventional measures."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a713–714-208">[200]</a> The battle was notable for <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mark-2018-140">[132]</a> the "most savage hand-to-hand battle in human memory".<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> Ferocious fighting raged for ruins, streets, factories, houses, basements, and staircases.<a href="#cite_note-Mark-2018-140">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-2021-40">[32]</a> Blocks and buildings would change hands numerous times through intense hand-to-hand fighting.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> Combat was so close at times that soldiers preferred using melee weapons, such as knives, and grenades being tossed in such short distances they could be thrown back before they exploded.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> "Every building had to be fought for; single buildings and single blocks became major military objectives. Often both German and Russian troops occupied parts of the same building."<a href="#cite_note-Intrec_Inc-1974a-217">[209]</a> Even the sewers saw firefights. The Germans called this unseen <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> "Rat War".<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> Buildings had to be cleared room by room through the bombed-out debris of residential areas, office blocks, basements and apartment high-rises. <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> describes how this process was particularly brutal, "In its way, the fighting in Stalingrad was even more terrifying than the impersonal slaughter at Verdun...It possessed a savage intimacy which appalled their generals, who felt that they were rapidly losing control over events."<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Calvocoressi" title="Peter Calvocoressi">Peter Calvocoressi</a> and Guy Wint, "The closest and bloodiest battle of the war was fought among the stumps of buildings burnt or burning".<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> Buildings saw floor-by-floor, <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close combat</a>, with the Germans and Soviets on alternate levels, firing at each other through holes in the floors.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2012-226">[218]</a> Fighting on and around <a href="/wiki/Mamayev_Kurgan" title="Mamayev Kurgan">Mamayev Kurgan</a>, a prominent hill above the city, was particularly merciless; indeed, the position changed hands many times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201567–68Beevor1998135–137-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Craig_1973-228">[220]</a> A notable building brutally fought for was <a href="/wiki/Gerhardt%27s_Mill" title="Gerhardt's Mill">Gerhardt's Mill</a>, still kept as a memorial. It was eventually cleared by the 39th Guards Regiment in close-quarters combat.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-2-229">[221]</a> Another example was on 14 September, the main railway station changed hands five times, and over the course of the next three days, another thirteen times.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2012-226">[218]</a> The brutality was shown by the military casualties taken by units.<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> The 13th Guards Rifle Division suffered 30% casualties in the first twenty-four hours, with only 320 men out of 10,000 remaining at the battle's conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-2-229">[221]</a> With buildings and floors changing hands dozens of times and taking up days to win, platoons and companies took up to 90% and even 100% casualties to win a building or floor within it.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-2021-40">[32]</a> Chuikov estimated that about three thousand Germans had been killed during the fighting for the tractor factory on 14 October alone.<a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-617-2571-04,_Stalingrad,_Soldaten_beim_H%C3%A4userkampf_Recolored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-617-2571-04%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Soldaten_beim_H%C3%A4userkampf_Recolored.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-617-2571-04%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Soldaten_beim_H%C3%A4userkampf_Recolored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-617-2571-04%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Soldaten_beim_H%C3%A4userkampf_Recolored.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-617-2571-04%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Soldaten_beim_H%C3%A4userkampf_Recolored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-617-2571-04%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Soldaten_beim_H%C3%A4userkampf_Recolored.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-617-2571-04%2C_Stalingrad%2C_Soldaten_beim_H%C3%A4userkampf_Recolored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers positioning themselves for urban warfare (colourised)</figcaption></figure> The Germans used aircraft, tanks and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy artillery">heavy artillery</a> to clear the city with varying success. Towards the end of August, the gigantic <a href="/wiki/Railroad_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad gun">railroad gun</a> <a href="/wiki/Dora_(artillery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dora (artillery)">nicknamed Dora</a> was brought in, being withdrawn soon after due to Soviet threats to the gun.<a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> Germans would shell Soviet reinforcements coming across the Volga without pause, with the Soviets firing back.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> Despite the notion of the vulnerability of tanks in urban settings, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">tank warfare</a> was important, and the basis of every Soviet position was <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank warfare</a>, with significant efforts made to resist German tank assaults.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a> The Luftwaffe conducted 100,000 sorties and dropped 100,000 tons of bombs on the city and river crossings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946207-235">[227]</a> The battle epitomized the use of <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">snipers</a> in urban warfare.<a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> Snipers on both sides used the ruins to inflict casualties, with Soviet command heavily emphasizing sniper tactics to wear down the Germans. The most famous <a href="/wiki/Soviet_sniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet sniper">Soviet sniper</a> was <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zaitsev_(sniper)" title="Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)">Vasily Zaytsev</a>, who became a propaganda hero,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a713–714-208">[200]</a> credited with 225 kills. Targets were often soldiers bringing up food or water to forward positions. Artillery spotters were an especially prized target for snipers.<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> The ferocious and intense fighting was not only within the city itself. Most brutal fighting that consumed both forces occurred outside and west of the city, in the snow-covered steppes.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester-2011-45">[37]</a> The battle turned from the <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">mobile warfare</a> during the German push towards the city into positional warfare,<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> becoming common inside and outside the city, as both sides entrenched themselves and built up positions, with trenches being turned into strongpoints and brutally fought for.<a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2023-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/220px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/330px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/440px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Soviet marines landing on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a></figcaption></figure> A historical debate concerns the degree of terror in the Red Army. Beevor noted the "sinister" message from the Stalingrad Front's Political Department on 8 October 1942 that: "The defeatist mood is almost eliminated and the number of treasonous incidents is getting lower" as an example of the coercion Red Army soldiers experienced under the Special Detachments (renamed <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2004154–168-242">[234]</a> On the other hand, Beevor noted the often extraordinary bravery of the Soviet soldiers, and argued terror alone cannot explain such self-sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998154–168-243">[235]</a> A Soviet officer interviewed, explained the feeling, "There was this sense that every soldier and officer in Stalingrad was itching to kill as many Germans as possible. In Stalingrad people felt a particularly intense hatred for the Germans."<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> German observers were perplexed by the relentlessness of the Soviets, with a 29 October 1942 article in the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a>, stating "The Bolshevists attack until total exhaustion, and defend themselves until the physical extermination of the last man and weapon . . . Sometimes the individual will fight beyond the point considered humanly possible".<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> One example of the heroism seen in Soviet troops was Soviet marine <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Panikakha" title="Mikhail Panikakha">Mikhail Panikakha</a>, who was covered in flames after his Molotov cocktail was shot while attempting to throw it, however he continued with another Molotov and destroyed a tank.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> addresses the question of how important the Red Army's coercive methods were to the war effort compared with other factors such as hatred for the enemy, stating that while it is "easy to argue that from the summer of 1942 the Soviet army fought because it was forced to fight," to concentrate solely on coercion is nonetheless to "distort our view of the Soviet war effort."<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> After conducting interviews with Soviet veterans on the terror on the Eastern Front – and specifically Order No. 227 ("Not a step back!") – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Merridale" title="Catherine Merridale">Catherine Merridale</a> notes, seemingly paradoxically, "their response was frequently relief."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale2006156-248">[240]</a> Infantryman Lev Lvovich's explanation is typical, "[i]t was a necessary and important step. We all knew where we stood after we had heard it. And we all – it's true – felt better. Yes, we felt better."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale2006156-248">[240]</a> Many women fought on the Soviet side or were under fire. As General Chuikov acknowledged, "Remembering the defence of Stalingrad, I can't overlook the very important question … about the role of women in war, in the rear, but also at the front. Equally with men they bore all the burdens of combat life and together with us men, they went all the way to Berlin."<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a> At the beginning of the battle there were 75,000 women and girls from the Stalingrad area who had finished military or medical training, and they were to serve in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> Women staffed many anti-aircraft batteries that fought the Luftwaffe and German tanks.<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a> Soviet nurses not only treated wounded personnel under fire but were involved in the dangerous work of bringing wounded soldiers back to hospitals under fire.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> Many Soviet wireless and telephone operators were women who often suffered heavy casualties when their command posts came under fire.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a> Though women were not usually trained as infantry, many Soviet women fought as machine gunners, mortar operators, scouts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennington2004197-254">[246]</a> and as snipers.<a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a> Three air regiments at Stalingrad were entirely female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennington2004197-254">[246]</a> At least three women won the Hero of the Soviet Union while driving tanks.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> For Stalin and Hitler, Stalingrad became a matter of prestige beyond its strategic significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946193–194-257">[249]</a> A book analyzing urban warfare remarked that "Among the cases collected here, the most extreme example of politics and sentiment investing a city with importance is that of Stalingrad".<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> Another paper notes "the battle between German and Soviet forces at Stalingrad was representative of the battle of wills between Hitler and Stalin".<a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> The strain on military commanders was immense: Paulus developed an uncontrollable tic in his eye, which eventually affected the left side of his face, while Chuikov experienced an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a> that required him to have his hands completely bandaged. Troops on both sides faced the constant strain of close-range combat.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_1998-4-138">[130]</a> The Soviets used <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> tactics to intimidate and demoralize. On loudspeakers throughout the ruined city, it was continuously announced that "Every seven seconds a German soldier dies in Russia. Stalingrad. . .mass grave".<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nappi-2023-261">[253]</a> The sound was interspersed with the monotonous sound of a ticking clock, and an orchestral melody dubbed the "Tango of Death".<a href="#cite_note-Nappi-2023-261">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_and_food_conditions">Medical and food conditions</h3></div> The conditions of both armies were atrocious. Disease ran rampant, with many deaths due to dysentery, typhus, diphtheria, tuberculosis and jaundice, causing medical staff to fear a possible epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2000-262">[254]</a> Rats and mice were plentiful, serving as one reason Germans could not counterattack in time, due to mice having chewed their tank wiring.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2000-262">[254]</a> Lice were heavily prevalent, and plagues of flies would gather around kitchens, adding to the possibility of wound infections. Brutal winter conditions affected soldiers tremendously,<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-2021-40">[32]</a> with temperatures at times reaching as low as −40 °C in the second half of November,<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> and −30 °C in late January.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2000-262">[254]</a> The weather conditions were considered to be extreme and the worst possible.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-2021-40">[32]</a> The weather conditions caused rapid frostbite, with many cases of gangrene and amputation. The conditions saw soldiers dying en masse due to frostbite and hypothermia.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2000-262">[254]</a> Both armies suffered food shortages, with mass starvation on both sides. Stress, tiredness and the cold upset the metabolism of soldiers, receiving a reduced amount of calories from food.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2000-262">[254]</a> German forces eventually ran out of medical supplies such as ether, antiseptics and bandages. Surgery had to be done without anaesthesia.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-2000-262">[254]</a> Biologist <a href="/wiki/Ken_Alibek" title="Ken Alibek">Kenneth Alibek</a> suggested the Red Army used <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">biological weapon</a> during the battle, though this is thought to have resulted from natural causes.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>German corpses after the battle</figcaption></figure> The Axis suffered 800,000–1,500,000 casualties (killed, wounded or captured) among all branches of the German armed forces and their allies: <ul><li>282,606 in the 6th Army from 21 August to the end of the battle; 17,293 in the 4th Panzer Army from 21 August to 31 January; 55,260 in the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Don" title="Army Group Don">Army Group Don</a> from 1 December 1942 to the end of the battle (12,727 killed, 37,627 wounded and 4,906 missing)<a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-156">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> Walsh estimates the losses to 6th Army and 4th Panzer division were over 300,000;<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-GermanEst-267">[259]</a> while Louis A. DiMarco estimated the Germans suffered 400,000 total casualties during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMarco201239-20">[13]</a> Soviet officials recovered 250,000 German and Romanian corpses in and around Stalingrad.<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Wilson" title="Peter H. Wilson">Peter H. Wilson</a>: German forces suffered 800,000 casualties, including the Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a></li> <li>According to the multivolume “The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945”: Germany and its allies suffered up to 1.5 million casualties for the entire battle, in the Don, Volga and Stalingrad areas.<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> The figure of 1.5 million total Axis casualties was also stated by Geoffrey Jukes in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a> This has been cited as an overestimate however.<a href="#cite_note-Krinko-2018-48">[40]</a></li> <li>According to G. G. Matishov, et al.: Germany and its allies suffered more than 880,000 casualties from November 1942 to early February 1943 between Stalingrad and the "great bend of the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a>".<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a></li> <li>According to Frieser, et al.: 109,000 Romanians casualties (from November 1942 to December 1942), included 70,000 captured or missing. 114,000 Italians and 105,000 Hungarians were killed, wounded or captured (from December 1942 to February 1943).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser_et_al.201714-21">[14]</a></li> <li>According to Stephen Walsh: Romanian casualties were 158,854; 114,520 Italians (84,830 killed, missing and 29,690 wounded); and 143,000 Hungarian (80,000 killed, missing and 63,000 wounded),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165–166-273">[265]</a> with total losses of Germany's allies at 494,374. Losses among Soviet POW turncoats <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwis</a> range between 19,300 and 52,000.<a href="#cite_note-Portrait-23">[16]</a></li></ul> 235,000 German and allied troops in total, from all units, including Manstein's ill-fated relief force, were captured during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a> It is estimated that as many as over one million soldiers and civilians combined were killed during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Craig_1973-2-275">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt-1993-276">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hellbeck-2015a-47">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-2020-49">[41]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Craig_(author)" title="William Craig (author)">William Craig</a>, while researching for his <a href="/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates:_The_Battle_for_Stalingrad" title="Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad">book</a>, stressed the incredible death toll of the battle, stating that "Most appalling was the growing realization, formed by statistics I uncovered, that the battle was the greatest military bloodbath in recorded history. Well over a million men and women died because of Stalingrad, a number far surpassing the previous records of dead at the first battle of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">the Somme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a> in 1916."<a href="#cite_note-Craig_1973-2-275">[267]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt" title="Edwin Palmer Hoyt">Edwin P. Hoyt</a> states that "In less than seven months the Stalingrad dead numbered over three million".<a href="#cite_note-Hoyt-1993-276">[268]</a> Historian Jochen Hellbeck described the lethality of the battle as such, "The battle of Stalingrad—the most ferocious and lethal battle in human history—ended on February 2. With an estimated death toll in an excess of a million, the bloodletting at Stalingrad far exceeded that of Verdun, one of the costliest battles of World War I."<a href="#cite_note-Hellbeck-2015a-47">[39]</a> According to military historian Louis A. DiMarco, "In terms of raw casualty numbers, the battle for Stalingrad was the single most brutal battle in history."<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a> Military historian <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> affirmed that "The costliest land battle in history took place at Stalingrad"<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a> and that the "fighting inside a besieged Stalingrad proved to be the most costly single battle of World War II. At least 1.5 million Russians and Germans died over the months of contesting the city's rubble, comparably only to the World War I German attack on the fortress complex at Verdun."<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a> stated that "Superlatives are unavoidable when describing the battle of Stalingrad; it was the struggle of <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, the merciless clash where the rules of war were discarded . . . Around 1.1 million died in the battle on both sides".<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> The Germans lost 900 aircraft (including 274 transports and 165 bombers used as transports), 500 tanks and 6,000 artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2007122–123-282">[274]</a> A recent Soviet report states that 5,762 guns, 1,312 mortars, 12,701 heavy machine guns, 156,987 rifles, 80,438 sub-machine guns, 10,722 trucks, 744 aircraft; 1,666 tanks, 261 other armoured vehicles, 571 half-tracks and 10,679 motorcycles were captured by the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a> The USSR, according to archival figures, suffered 1,129,619 total casualties; 478,741 personnel killed or missing, termed to be "irrevocable", and 650,878 wounded or sick. The USSR lost 4,341 tanks destroyed or damaged, 15,728 artillery pieces and 2,769 combat aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> Though the losses given by Soviet officials have been met with criticism, for accuracy of Soviet losses and underreporting.<a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Соколов-2014-286">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> Recent clarifications of data and estimates of losses state that the USSR suffered 1,347,214 total casualties, with 674,990 irrevocable losses, and 672,224 being wounded or sick,<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Соколов-2014-286">[278]</a> with an extension of this data to include NKVD troops and volunteer formations, the total casualties could extend to 1.36 to 1.37 million.<a href="#cite_note-Krinko-2018-48">[40]</a> However, the data is still questioned as being underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Laurence Rees</a> gives a figure of one million Soviet soldiers dead on the Stalingrad front.<a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Boris_Vadimovich_Sokolov" title="Boris Vadimovich Sokolov">Boris Vadimovich Sokolov</a> cites the memoirs of a former director of the Tsaritsyn-Stalingrad Defense Museum, who noted that over two million Soviets dead were counted before being ordered to stop, with "still many months of work left". Sokolov states it as being closer to the true death toll than official statistics due to severe underreporting.<a href="#cite_note-Соколов-2014-286">[278]</a> According to incomplete data from the Volgograd party archive, 42,754 people died during the course of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a> However, research by Russian historian Tatyana Pavlova calculated there to be 710,000 inhabitants in the city on 23 August, and of that amount, 185,232 people had died by the battle's conclusion, and including about 50,000 in the rural areas of Stalingrad, for a total of 235,232 civilians dead.<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a> Also from her research, Pavlova states that "The losses of the civilian population of Stalingrad are 32.3% higher than the losses of the population of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima from the atomic bombing</a>" and that "In Stalingrad, an absolute world record was set for the mass destruction of the civilian population during World War II."<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> A 2018 study concluded that the demographic losses due to the battle ranged from 2.5 to 3 million, thereby describing it as a "real demographic catastrophe".<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luftwaffe_losses">Luftwaffe losses</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Luftwaffe losses for Stalingrad (24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Losses </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Aircraft type </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">269</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">169</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">42</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">Junkers Ju 86</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_Condor" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor">Focke-Wulf Fw 200</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">Heinkel He 177</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_290" title="Junkers Ju 290">Junkers Ju 290</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Total: 495</td> <td align="center">About 20 <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadrons</a> or more than an air corps </td></tr></tbody></table> The losses of transport planes were especially serious, as they destroyed the capacity for supply of the trapped 6th Army. The destruction of 72 aircraft when the airfield at Tatsinskaya Airfield was overrun meant the loss of about 10 percent of the Luftwaffe transport fleet.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/220px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/330px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/440px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>The aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011,_Russland,_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet soldier marches a German soldier into captivity.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_Paulus,_General_Heitz_and_other_German_officers_of_the_6th_Army_after_its_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Field_Marshal_Paulus%2C_General_Heitz_and_other_German_officers_of_the_6th_Army_after_its_surrender.jpg/220px-Field_Marshal_Paulus%2C_General_Heitz_and_other_German_officers_of_the_6th_Army_after_its_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Field_Marshal_Paulus%2C_General_Heitz_and_other_German_officers_of_the_6th_Army_after_its_surrender.jpg/330px-Field_Marshal_Paulus%2C_General_Heitz_and_other_German_officers_of_the_6th_Army_after_its_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Field_Marshal_Paulus%2C_General_Heitz_and_other_German_officers_of_the_6th_Army_after_its_surrender.jpg/440px-Field_Marshal_Paulus%2C_General_Heitz_and_other_German_officers_of_the_6th_Army_after_its_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Generalfeldmarschall Paulus meets with Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitz" title="Walter Heitz">Walter Heitz</a>, then the two highest ranking German officers captured by the Allies, 4 February 1943</figcaption></figure> The German public was not officially told of the impending disaster until the end of January 1943, though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement.<a href="#cite_note-Lose-297">[289]</a> Stalingrad marked the first time that the Nazi government publicly acknowledged a failure in its war effort. On 31 January, regular programmes on German state radio were replaced by a broadcast of the sombre Adagio movement from <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Seventh Symphony</a>, followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad.<a href="#cite_note-Lose-297">[289]</a> On 18 February, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Minister of Propaganda</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> gave the famous <a href="/wiki/Sportpalast_speech" title="Sportpalast speech">Sportpalast speech</a> in Berlin, encouraging the Germans to accept a <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> that would claim all resources and efforts from the entire population. Based on Soviet records, over 11,000 German soldiers continued to resist in isolated groups within the city for the next month. Some have presumed that they were motivated by a belief that fighting on was better than a slow death in Soviet captivity. Historian <a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Omer Bartov</a> claims they were motivated by belief in Hitler and National Socialism. He studied 11,237 letters sent by soldiers inside of Stalingrad between 20 December 1942 and 16 January 1943 to their families in Germany. Generally, the letters expressed belief in Germany's ultimate victory and the soldiers' willingness to fight and die at Stalingrad to achieve that victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov1991166–167-298">[290]</a> Bartov reported that a great many of the soldiers were well aware that they would not be able to escape from Stalingrad, but in their letters to their families stated that they were proud to "sacrifice themselves for the Führer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov1991-299">[291]</a> A Soviet officer interviewed months after the battle, Nikolai Nikitich Aksyonov, described the scale of devastation and conflict at Stalingrad, stating that "As a historian, I tried to draw comparisons to battles I know from history: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Imperialist War</a>, but none of that was right because the scale of conflict in Stalingrad makes it hard to compare it to anything. It seemed as if Stalingrad was breathing fire for days on end."<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> Some German soldiers expressed in their letters that they were trapped in a "second Verdun", while Soviet defenders described the battle as their "Red Verdun", in which they would refuse to surrender to the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Hellbeck-2015a-47">[39]</a> German captain Wilhelm Hosenfeld wrote in early October 1942 that, "The fight for Stalingrad now surpasses all our previous struggles — it has rightly been compared to Verdun. We must hope that the outcome is different. For I believe that the city holds a similar power for the Bolsheviks as Verdun did for the French in the First World War. It has become a symbol. This is a decisive moment. The French would say; Whoever holds Verdun will win the war.’ The <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> has spoken in similar fashion of Stalingrad — and the city still has not fallen to us."<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> In October 1942, a Soviet war correspondent remarked that "A city of peace has become a city of war. The laws of warfare have placed it on the front line, at the epicenter of a battle that will shape the outcome of the entire war. After sixty days of fighting the Germans now know what this means. 'Verdun!' they scoff. 'This is no Verdun. This is something new in the history of warfare. This is Stalingrad."<a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a> The world press commonly referred to it as the "Verdun on the Volga" during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a> Historian David Glantz stated that Stalingrad was "the most brutal clash of arms in the most terrible of twentieth-century wars".<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2007-304">[296]</a> Further, French historian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Kersaudy" title="François Kersaudy">François Kersaudy</a> stated that "Stalingrad was unique in the Second World War, in terms of duration, the number of soldiers killed, the relentlessness, the significance" and that "It was terrifying on both sides. They both had to carry on fighting until the very end. The people present there would have preferred hell itself".<a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a> stated that "The battle of Stalingrad is deservedly considered to be the most desperate in human history. The German Sixth Army was sucked into a house-by-house, street-by-street, factory-by-factory struggle often even more attritional than the <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a>."<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> The battle is not only infamous for being a military bloodbath, but also for its disregard for civilians by both sides. When German forces reached the hospital for mentally handicapped children in the city, they promptly shot all the ten to fourteen year old patients.<a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> Soviet sniper Vasily Zaytsev took note of atrocities that took place during the battle, stating that, "another time you see young girls, children hanging from trees in the park. . .It has tremendous impact."<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> A Soviet sergeant in the 389th Infantry Division noted that Russian women coming out of houses during the fighting for the Barrikady workers' settlement to take shelter from German firing, ended up being killed by Russian machine-gun fire.<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a> The bombing campaign and over five months of ferocious fighting had utterly destroyed 99% of the city, with the city being nothing more than a heap of rubble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973385-310">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a> Of the population of well over half a million before the battle, a quick census revealed only 1,515 people remained following the battle's conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-Craig_1973-228">[220]</a> However, Beevor notes that a census revealed that 9,796 civilians were in the city at the battle's conclusion, including 994 children.<a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a> The remaining forces continued to resist, hiding in cellars and sewers, but by early March 1943 the last small and isolated pockets of resistance had surrendered. According to Soviet intelligence documents shown in the documentary, a remarkable NKVD report from March 1943 is available showing the tenacity of some of these German groups: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The mopping-up of counter-revolutionary elements in the city of Stalingrad proceeded. The German soldiers – who had hidden themselves in huts and trenches – offered armed resistance after combat actions had already ended. This armed resistance continued until 15 February and in a few areas until 20 February. Most of the armed groups were liquidated by March ... During this period of armed conflict with the Germans, the brigade's units killed 2,418 soldiers and officers and captured 8,646 soldiers and officers, escorting them to POW camps and handing them over.</blockquote> The operative report of the Don Front's staff issued on 5 February 1943, 22:00 said, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The 64th Army was putting itself in order, being in previously occupied regions. Location of army's units is as it was previously. In the region of location of the 38th Motorised Rifle Brigade in a basement eighteen armed SS-men [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] were found, who refused to surrender, the Germans found were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a></blockquote> The condition of the troops that surrendered was pitiful. British war correspondent <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Werth" title="Alexander Werth">Alexander Werth</a> described the following scene in his Russia at War book, based on a first-hand account of his visit to Stalingrad on 3–5 February 1943, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We [...] went into the yard of the large burnt out building of the Red Army House; and here one realised particularly clearly what the last days of Stalingrad had been to so many of the Germans. In the porch lay the skeleton of a horse, with only a few scraps of meat still clinging to its ribs. Then we came into the yard. Here lay more more [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>?] horses' skeletons, and to the right, there was an enormous horrible <a href="/wiki/Cesspool" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesspool">cesspool</a> – fortunately, frozen solid. And then, suddenly, at the far end of the yard I caught sight of a human figure. He had been crouching over another cesspool, and now, noticing us, he was hastily pulling up his pants, and then he slunk away into the door of the basement. But as he passed, I caught a glimpse of the wretch's face – with its mixture of suffering and idiot-like incomprehension. For a moment, I wished that the whole of Germany were there to see it. The man was probably already dying. In that basement [...] there were still two hundred Germans—dying of hunger and frostbite. "We haven't had time to deal with them yet," one of the Russians said. "They'll be taken away tomorrow, I suppose." And, at the far end of the yard, besides the other cesspool, behind a low stone wall, the yellow corpses of skinny Germans were piled up – men who had died in that basement—about a dozen wax-like dummies. We did not go into the basement itself – what was the use? There was nothing we could do for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1964562-314">[306]</a> </blockquote> Most of the nearly 91,000 German prisoners captured in Stalingrad perished.<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a> Weakened by disease, starvation and lack of medical care during the encirclement, they were sent on forced marches to prisoner camps and later to <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camps</a> all over the Soviet Union. Some 35,000 were eventually sent on transports, of which 17,000 did not survive. Most died of wounds, disease (particularly <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>), cold, overwork, mistreatment and malnutrition. Some were kept in the city to help rebuild it. A handful of senior officers were taken to Moscow and used for propaganda purposes, and some of them joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a>. Some, including Paulus, signed anti-Hitler statements that were broadcast to German troops. Paulus testified for the prosecution during the Nuremberg Trials and assured families in Germany that those soldiers taken prisoner at Stalingrad were safe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973401-316">[308]</a> He remained in the Soviet Union until 1952, then moved to Dresden in East Germany, where he spent the remainder of his days defending his actions at Stalingrad and was quoted as saying that Communism was the best hope for postwar Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973280-317">[309]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Seydlitz-Kurzbach" title="Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach">Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach</a> offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors, but the Soviets did not accept the offer. It was not until 1955 that the last of the 5,000–6,000 survivors were repatriated (to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>) after a plea to the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm/220px--Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="2391" data-mwtitle="Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm/Stalingrad-_The_Campaign_-Y7HeYmR7M0.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Army University Press in association with the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate presents the Stalingrad campaign overview</figcaption></figure> Stalingrad has been described as the greatest single defeat in the history of the German Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011104Beevor1998398-318">[310]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Geoffrey Roberts</a> described it as "the biggest and most traumatic defeat in German military history" and that "the myth of the invincible Wehrmacht was gone forever".<a href="#cite_note-319">[311]</a> The German military historian Walter Görlitz stated that "It was a second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena</a>, and was certainly the greatest defeat in history that a German Army had ever undergone".<a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> The battle is commonly identified as the turning point on the Eastern Front, in the war against Germany overall, and in the entire Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974142-321">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell201195,_108-323">[315]</a> The battle is analyzed as being a "point of no return" on the Eastern Front and as the "final military consequence" of Germany's decreasing chances to win the war against the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-324">[316]</a> The Soviet general Viktor Matsulenko deemed the battle to be the "beginning of a basic turning point not just in the course of the Great Patriotic War, but for the entire World War II" and that the battle was the "most important military-political event of World War II".<a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a> The battle is also seen as the turning point in the air war, as German forces lost countless aircraft and experienced crewmen.<a href="#cite_note-326">[318]</a> Stalingrad gave the people of the Soviet Union hope, with military historian David Glantz asserting that "Russians, as well as many of the former Soviet Union’s other ethnic minorities, saw the Red Army’s victory at Stalingrad as a catharsis which saved Stalin’s city and salvaged a nation’s shattered pride".<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2007-304">[296]</a> In 1989, a comprehensive quantitative analysis concluded that Stalingrad was the military turning point of the war, the turning point for the Soviet leadership, as Stalin recognized the practicality of using his experienced commanders and gave his generals more freedom in fighting the war, and that the Soviet Union had indeed seized the initiative as a result of the battle, based on some of the critical factors examined in the study.<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a> An analysis in 2004 also concluded that the epic battle sealed the fate of the Germans in the East, a blow in which they would never recover from, and as a result the strategic initiative shifted to the Soviet side, therefore establishing the Battle of Stalingrad as the fundamental turning point in the war on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-328">[320]</a> A year of Axis gains from Case Blue had been wiped out. The Sixth Army of Germany had ceased to exist, and the forces of Germany's European allies, except Finland, had been shattered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2006154–155-329">[321]</a> In a speech on 9 November 1944, Hitler himself blamed Stalingrad for Germany's impending doom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002xxxiii–xxxiv-330">[322]</a> Furthermore, according to some historians, such as Mikhail Myagkov, a Russian historian, the battle ended up completely dissuading <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> from declaring war on the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> The battle also stifled plans for future joint strategy in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean area</a> between the Japanese and the Germans once their forces met up, and made certain that the German ambitions to use Soviet resources to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Western_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western allies">Western Allies</a> were no longer feasible.<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a> Its importance was further noted by historian <a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">John Erickson</a>, who stated that "If the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">battle of Poltava</a> in 1709 turned Russia into a European power, then Stalingrad set the Soviet Union on the road to being a world power".<a href="#cite_note-333">[325]</a> According to Roberts, "Battles do change the course of history. They determine the outcome of wars, the shape and character of victory and the peace that follows. They also change how the history of a war is viewed. In both these respects no battle changed history more than Stalingrad", and that "The coming of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">nuclear era</a> meant that there would never be another battle like Stalingrad. The greatest battle of the last great war of the pre-atomic age was an epic struggle that will never be surpassed."<a href="#cite_note-334">[326]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">J. Bradford Delong</a> expressed that the Battle of Stalingrad, "of any battle in human history, has made the greatest positive difference for humanity".<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> The destruction of multiple armies and the halting of Germany's advance made the battle a watershed moment.<a href="#cite_note-336">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> Germany had lost its best army, as the Sixth Army was regarded as "the finest and most triumphant infantry in the world at that time" and was deemed to have been the "invincible, unstoppable spearhead of the Third Reich's arms".<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> At the time, the global significance of the battle was not in doubt. A <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> newspaper wrote in early August that the battle would become the "most fateful battle of the war", and an article from the British <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> in September shared similar views.<a href="#cite_note-Hellbeck-2015b-339">[331]</a> Joseph Goebbels also shared similar sentiment, declaring that the battle was a "question of life or death, and all of our prestige, just as that of the Soviet Union, will depend on how it will end".<a href="#cite_note-Hellbeck-2015b-339">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Ministry of Propaganda</a> declared it to be "the greatest battle of attrition the world has ever seen".<a href="#cite_note-340">[332]</a> On 2 February 1943, American journalist <a href="/wiki/Barnet_Nover" title="Barnet Nover">Barnet Nover</a> wrote in the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> that "Stalingrad's role in this war was that of the Battles of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Marne</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">last war</a> rolled into one".<a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a> While on 3 February 1943, the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> heralded the destruction of "the flower of Adolf Hitler's army".<a href="#cite_note-342">[334]</a> The next day, on 4 February, French newspaper, La Semaine, headlined it as "the greatest battle of all time".<a href="#cite_note-343">[335]</a> Writing in his diary on 1 January 1943, British General <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Brooke">Alan Brooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a>, reflected on the change in the position from a year before: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I felt Russia could never hold, Caucasus was bound to be penetrated, and <a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a> (our Achilles heel) would be captured with the consequent collapse of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">India</a>, etc. After Russia's defeat how were we to handle the German land and air forces liberated? England would be again bombarded, threat of invasion revived... And now! We start 1943 under conditions I would never have dared to hope. Russia has held, Egypt for the present is safe. There is a hope of clearing North Africa of Germans in the near future... Russia is scoring wonderful successes in Southern Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011107-344">[336]</a> </blockquote> At this point, the British had won the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Battle of El Alamein</a> in November 1942. However, there were only about 50,000 German soldiers at El Alamein in Egypt, while at Stalingrad, at least 200,000 Germans had been lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011107-344">[336]</a> Stalingrad is viewed as being more important than both El Alamein and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a> On 30 January 1943, the tenth anniversary of his coming to power, Hitler chose not to speak. Joseph Goebbels read the text of his speech for him on the radio. The speech contained an oblique reference to the battle, which suggested that Germany was now in a defensive war. The public mood was sullen, depressed, fearful, and war-weary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011104–105,_107-346">[338]</a> The reverse was the case on the Soviet side. There was an overwhelming surge in confidence and belief in victory. A common saying was: "You cannot stop an army which has done Stalingrad." Stalin was feted as the hero of the hour and made a Marshal of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011106-347">[339]</a> The news of the battle echoed round the world, with many people now believing that Hitler's defeat was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2006154–155-329">[321]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> Consul in Moscow predicted that "the lands which the Germans have destined for their <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">living space</a> will become their dying space".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell201195-348">[340]</a> Britain's conservative <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> proclaimed that the victory had saved European civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell201195-348">[340]</a> The country celebrated "Red Army Day" on 23 February 1943. A ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Stalingrad" title="Sword of Stalingrad">Sword of Stalingrad</a> was forged to the order of King George VI. After being put on public display in Britain, this was presented to Stalin by Winston Churchill at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> later in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011106-347">[339]</a> Soviet propaganda spared no effort and wasted no time in capitalising on the triumph, impressing a global audience. The prestige of Stalin, the Soviet Union, and the worldwide Communist movement was immense, and their political position greatly enhanced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011108-349">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/375px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5.%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5133" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The Eternal Flame in Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia (collage)</figcaption></figure> In recognition of the determination of its defenders, Stalingrad was awarded the title <a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a> in 1945. A colossal monument called <a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a> was erected in 1967 on Mamayev Kurgan, the hill overlooking the city where bones and rusty metal splinters can still be found.<a href="#cite_note-350">[342]</a> The statue forms part of a war memorial complex which includes the ruins of the Grain Silo and Pavlov's House. On 2 February 2013 <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> hosted a military parade and other events to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the final victory.<a href="#cite_note-351">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[344]</a> Since then, military parades have always commemorated the victory in the city. Every year still, hundreds of bodies of soldiers who died in the battle are recovered in the area around Stalingrad and reburied in the cemeteries at Mamayev Kurgan or Rossoshka.<a href="#cite_note-353">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad_in_popular_culture" title="Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture">Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture</a></div> The events of the Battle for Stalingrad have been covered in numerous media works of British, American, German, and Russian origin,<a href="#cite_note-354">[346]</a> for its significance as a turning point in the Second World War and for the loss of life associated with the battle. Stalingrad has become synonymous with large-scale urban battles with immense casualties on both sides,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-1991-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2003-39">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-2021-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-2020-42">[34]</a> and according to historian David Glantz, has become a "metaphor for the ferocity of the Soviet-German conflict and, indeed, for the devastating nature of twentieth-century warfare as a whole".<a href="#cite_note-356">[348]</a> Also, historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Geoffrey Roberts</a> states that "No battle of any war has had more written about it than Stalingrad"<a href="#cite_note-357">[349]</a> and that "No battle of the Second World War has captured the public imagination as much as the clash between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany at Stalingrad in 1942. ... Stalingrad was an epic battle unmatched by any other in its dimensions, drama and decisiveness."<a href="#cite_note-358">[350]</a> In addition, besides the battle being recognized as the bloodiest and fiercest of the war, it is also considered to have been the closest of the war as well,<a href="#cite_note-359">[351]</a> as Geoffrey Roberts quotes the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>'s remark about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> as a "close-run thing" to describe the Battle of Stalingrad,<a href="#cite_note-360">[352]</a> further adding to its popularity status and notoriety. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmaley_Fountain" title="Barmaley Fountain">Barmaley Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Stalingrad_speech" title="Hitler's Stalingrad speech">Hitler's Stalingrad speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_participation_on_the_Eastern_Front" title="Italian participation on the Eastern Front">Italian participation on the Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy_surface_raids_on_Western_Black_Sea" title="Soviet Navy surface raids on Western Black Sea">Soviet Navy surface raids on Western Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_legal_defense" title="Stalingrad legal defense">Stalingrad legal defense</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Around 6,000 men of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)" title="Croatian Home Guard (World War II)">Croatian Home Guard</a> served in the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 6th Army</a> as the <a href="/wiki/369th_Croatian_Reinforced_Infantry_Regiment_(Wehrmacht)" title="369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment (Wehrmacht)">369th Infantry Regiment</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia" title="Italian Army in Russia">Italian 8th Army</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Light_Transport_Brigade_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Light Transport Brigade (Independent State of Croatia)">Light Transport Brigade</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The start of the battle is debated, with some historians putting it in August, with the most common date being on 23 August 1942. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Some German holdouts continued to operate in the city and resist until early March 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> This Army Group was created on 21 November 1942 from parts of Army Group B in order for it to hold the line between <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_A" title="Army Group A">Army Group A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">in the Caucasus</a>) and the remainder of Army Group B against <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">the Soviet counterattack</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The Soviet front's composition and names changed several times in the battle. The battle started with the South Western Front. It was later renamed Stalingrad Front, then had the Don Front split off from it. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The Front was reformed from reserve armies on 22 October 1942. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward1998">Hayward 1998</a>, p. 195: This force grew to 1,600 in early September by withdrawing forces from the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> region and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Schlacht von Stalingrad <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃlaxt fɔn ˈʃtaːlɪnɡʁaːt]</a>; see <a href="#CITEREFEpifanovMayer1996">Epifanov & Mayer 1996</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Сталинградская битва, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Stalingradskaya bitva, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[stəlʲɪnˈɡratskəjə ˈbʲitvə]</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2007-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergström2007_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergström2007">Bergström 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995346-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995346_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse1995">Glantz & House 1995</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-Воениздат-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Воениздат_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Воениздат_10-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ru">История Второй Мировой войны 1939–1945. В 12 томах.</bdi> [History of the Second World War 1939–1945. In 12 volumes.] (in Russian). Vol. 6. Коренной перелом в войне. Воениздат. 1976. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+1939%E2%80%931945.+%D0%92+12+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85.&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998225Bergström200687-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward1998225Bergström200687_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward1998">Hayward 1998</a>, p. 225; <a href="#CITEREFBergström2006">Bergström 2006</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström200772-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergström200772_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergström2007">Bergström 2007</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-glantz1995-p134-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glantz1995-p134_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glantz1995-p134_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse1995">Glantz & House 1995</a>, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998224-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward1998224_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward1998">Hayward 1998</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2023" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2023). Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500 (1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 580. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3"><bdi>978-0-674-98762-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Blood%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+German-Speaking+Peoples+since+1500&rft.pages=580&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98762-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ru">Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т.</bdi> [The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9950-0269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9950-0269-7"><bdi>978-5-9950-0269-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1941%E2%80%931945+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%92+12+%D1%82.&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-5-9950-0269-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Walter Scott Dunn, Kursk: Hitler's Gamble, 1943, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2000">Walsh 2000</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Jochen Hellbeck, Stalingrad: The City That Defeated the Third Reich, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMarco201239-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMarco201239_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMarco201239_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiMarco2012">DiMarco 2012</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser_et_al.201714-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser_et_al.201714_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser_et_al.201714_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser_et_al.201714_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrieser_et_al.2017">Frieser et al. 2017</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973xii-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1973xii_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1973xii_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1973xii_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1973">Craig 1973</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Portrait-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portrait_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portrait_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2007" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Marcel (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWuWOFS4o7AC&q=hiwi+casualties+stalingrad&pg=PA167">Field Marshal von Manstein: The Janushead – A Portrait</a>. Helion & Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906033026" title="Special:BookSources/9781906033026"><bdi>9781906033026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+von+Manstein%3A+The+Janushead+%E2%80%93+A+Portrait&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2007-02&rft.isbn=9781906033026&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWuWOFS4o7AC%26q%3Dhiwi%2Bcasualties%2Bstalingrad%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011104–105-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011104–105_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2011">Bell 2011</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2017" class="citation book cs1">Childers, Thomas (2017). The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5113-3"><bdi>978-1-4516-5113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-5113-3&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stalingrad:_The_Price_of_Victory-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stalingrad:_The_Price_of_Victory_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stalingrad:_The_Price_of_Victory_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПереслегинПанин2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Переслегин, Сергей Борисович; Панин, А. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fliphtml5.com/aalrw/ybfc/"><bdi lang="ru">Сталинград: цена победы</bdi></a> [Stalingrad: The Price of Victory] (in Russian). Terra Fantastica. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7921-0673-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-7921-0673-8"><bdi>5-7921-0673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%3A+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Terra+Fantastica&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=5-7921-0673-8&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Faalrw%2Fybfc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Miracle_of_Stalingrad-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Miracle_of_Stalingrad_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Miracle_of_Stalingrad_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСоколов2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Соколов, Борис (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fliphtml5.com/aalrw/ctzs/"><bdi lang="ru">Чудо Сталинграда</bdi></a> [The Miracle of Stalingrad] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 235–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4438-0489-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4438-0489-7"><bdi>978-5-4438-0489-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-5-4438-0489-7&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Faalrw%2Fctzs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2011" class="citation web cs1">Rees, Laurence (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_russia_invasion_01.shtml">"Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_History" title="BBC History">BBC History</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Invasion+of+Russia+in+World+War+Two&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fhitler_russia_invasion_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alexander (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLOSDQAAQBAJ&q=participated+in+the+operation%2C+2%2C971+or+nearly+40+per+cent+were+identified&pg=PA460">The Red Army and the Second World War</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107020795" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107020795"><bdi>978-1107020795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107020795&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLOSDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dparticipated%2Bin%2Bthe%2Boperation%252C%2B2%252C971%2Bor%2Bnearly%2B40%2Bper%2Bcent%2Bwere%2Bidentified%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopovKozlovUsik2008" class="citation book cs1">Popov, P. P.; Kozlov, A.V.; Usik, B.G. (2008). Turning Point: Recollections of Russian Participants and Witnesses of the Stalingrad Battle. Leaping Horseman Books. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9751076-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9751076-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9751076-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Point%3A+Recollections+of+Russian+Participants+and+Witnesses+of+the+Stalingrad+Battle&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Leaping+Horseman+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9751076-6-9&rft.aulast=Popov&rft.aufirst=P.+P.&rft.au=Kozlov%2C+A.V.&rft.au=Usik%2C+B.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Victor Davis (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (reprint ed.). Basic Books. pp. 136, 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.pages=136%2C+308&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1999" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Laurence (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofcenturywhen0000rees">The War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin</a>. BBC Books. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-38477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-38477-9"><bdi>978-0-563-38477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Century%3A+When+Hitler+Fought+Stalin&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-563-38477-9&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofcenturywhen0000rees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1993" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Edwin P. (1993). 199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad. Tor Books. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312854638" title="Special:BookSources/9780312854638"><bdi>9780312854638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=199+Days%3A+The+Battle+for+Stalingrad&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780312854638&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1964441-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth1964441_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth1964">Werth 1964</a>, p. 441: "Broadly speaking, the Battle of Stalingrad may be divided into the following stages: (1) July 17 to August 4, when the main fighting was still inside the Don Bend." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prussia.online/books/velikaya-otechestvennaya-voyna-1941-1945-godov-v-12-t">Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т.</a> [The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9950-0269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9950-0269-7"><bdi>978-5-9950-0269-7</bdi></a>. <q>July 17, 1942 in Russian historiography is considered the beginning of the Stalingrad War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1941%E2%80%931945+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%92+12+%D1%82.&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-5-9950-0269-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprussia.online%2Fbooks%2Fvelikaya-otechestvennaya-voyna-1941-1945-godov-v-12-t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardestyGrinberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von; Grinberg, Ilya (2012). "Stalingrad". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redphoenixrising0000hard">Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II</a>. University Press of Kansas. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1828-6</bdi></a>. <q>Epic in scope and meaning, this bloody conflict endured for 199 days, beginning in July 1942 and ending in February 1943.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stalingrad&rft.btitle=Red+Phoenix+Rising%3A+The+Soviet+Air+Force+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1828-6&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rft.au=Grinberg%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredphoenixrising0000hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2017" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Matthew (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/how-the-nazis-created-the-myth-of-stalingrad/">"How the Nazis Created the Myth of Stalingrad"</a>. JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 23 March 2024. <q>Seventy-five years ago in July of 1942, the battle for Stalingrad began.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=How+the+Nazis+Created+the+Myth+of+Stalingrad&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fhow-the-nazis-created-the-myth-of-stalingrad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-2003-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson-2003_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson-2003_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Anderson, Gregory K. (1 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA417323">Urban Operations: Theory and Cases</a> (Master's thesis). 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Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849089906" title="Special:BookSources/9781849089906"><bdi>9781849089906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+War+on+Russia&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849089906&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGum6CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2012). 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Pan. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48757-3"><bdi>978-0-330-48757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-330-48757-3&rft.au=Michael+Burleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2000">Walsh 2000</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007498-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007498_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellamy2007">Bellamy 2007</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b36–40-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b36–40_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2009b">Glantz & House 2009b</a>, pp. 36–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b42–43,_78–79-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b42–43,_78–79_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2009b">Glantz & House 2009b</a>, pp. 42–43, 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b82–84-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b82–84_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2009b">Glantz & House 2009b</a>, pp. 82–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b85-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009b85_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2009b">Glantz & House 2009b</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTaggart2020" class="citation web cs1">McTaggart, Pat (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/derailing-case-blue/">"Derailing Case Blue"</a>. Warfare History Network. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=Derailing+Case+Blue&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=McTaggart&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Farticle%2Fderailing-case-blue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990915-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990915_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990915_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 915. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201518,_22-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201518,_22_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 18, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_High_Command_(communique)1941" class="citation news cs1">German High Command (communique) (27 October 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.civilisations.ca/warclip/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=5000808">"Text of the Day's War Communiques"</a>. New York Times. No. 28 October 1941. Retrieved 27 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Text+of+the+Day%27s+War+Communiques&rft.issue=28+October+1941&rft.date=1941-10-27&rft.au=German+High+Command+%28communique%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.civilisations.ca%2Fwarclip%2Fobjects%2Fcommon%2Fwebmedia.php%3Firn%3D5000808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_High_Command_(communique)1942" class="citation news cs1">German High Command (communique) (10 November 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.civilisations.ca/warclip/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=5001262">"Text of the Day's War Communiques on Fighting in Various Zones"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Text+of+the+Day%27s+War+Communiques+on+Fighting+in+Various+Zones&rft.issue=10+November+1942&rft.date=1942-11-10&rft.au=German+High+Command+%28communique%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.civilisations.ca%2Fwarclip%2Fobjects%2Fcommon%2Fwebmedia.php%3Firn%3D5001262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_High_Command_(communique)1942" class="citation news cs1">German High Command (communique) (26 August 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.civilisations.ca/warclip/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=5001240">"Text of the Day's War Communiques on Fighting in Various Zones"</a>. New York Times. No. 26 August 1942. Retrieved 27 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Text+of+the+Day%27s+War+Communiques+on+Fighting+in+Various+Zones&rft.issue=26+August+1942&rft.date=1942-08-26&rft.au=German+High+Command+%28communique%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.civilisations.ca%2Fwarclip%2Fobjects%2Fcommon%2Fwebmedia.php%3Firn%3D5001240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_High_Command_(communique)1942" class="citation news cs1">German High Command (communique) (12 December 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.civilisations.ca/warclip/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=5001290">"Text of the Day's War Communiques"</a>. New York Times. No. 12 December 1942. Retrieved 27 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Text+of+the+Day%27s+War+Communiques&rft.issue=12+December+1942&rft.date=1942-12-12&rft.au=German+High+Command+%28communique%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.civilisations.ca%2Fwarclip%2Fobjects%2Fcommon%2Fwebmedia.php%3Firn%3D5001290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Johnathan (2003). All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941–43. Routledge. <q>In spite of the unfavourable balance of forces – the 'Cosseria' and the 'Ravenna' faced eight to nine Russian divisions and an unknown number of tanks – the atmosphere among Italian staffs and troops was certainly not pessimistic ... The Italians, especially the officers of the 'Cosseria', had confidence in what they thought were well built defensive positions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+or+Nothing%3A+The+Axis+and+the+Holocaust+1941%E2%80%9343&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201284-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller201284_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller2012">Müller 2012</a>, p. 84: "The attack at dawn failed to penetrate fully at first and developed into a grim struggle with Italian strong-points, lasting for hours. The Ravenna Division was the first to be overrun. A gap emerged that was hard to close, and there was no holding back the Red Army when it deployed the mass of its tank forces the following day. German reinforcements came too late in the breakthrough battle." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197325,_48-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197325,_48_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197325,_48_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1973">Craig 1973</a>, pp. 25, 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201580-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201580_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998127-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998127_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998435–438-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998435–438_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 435–438. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_F._Ziemke" title="Earl F. 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Office of the Chief of Military History. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+to+Berlin%3A+The+German+Defeat+in+the+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F030%2F30-5-1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПетрович2018" class="citation journal cs1">Петрович, Трут Владимир (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-taktiki-vedeniya-boevyh-deystviy-sovetskih-voysk-v-period-stalingradskoy-bitvy">"Особенности тактики ведения боевых действий советских войск в период Сталинградской битвы"</a>. Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения. 23 (1): 13–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1998-9938">1998-9938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+4%3A+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1998-9938&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fosobennosti-taktiki-vedeniya-boevyh-deystviy-sovetskih-voysk-v-period-stalingradskoy-bitvy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201533–34,_39–40-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201533–34,_39–40_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 33–34, 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deadliest_Battle-2011-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deadliest_Battle-2011_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deadliest_Battle-2011_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202160315/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/deadliest-battle-program-trascript/665/">"Deadliest Battle"</a>. 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Терра. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5275013092" title="Special:BookSources/978-5275013092"><bdi>978-5275013092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ru%3A%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B%3A+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1941%E2%80%931945+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-5275013092&rft.aulast=%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2011" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Roger (2011). 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University Press of Kansas. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700617760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700617760"><bdi>978-0700617760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Stalin%27s+Soldiers+Fought%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Military+Effectiveness+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0700617760&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2017357-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2017357_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2017">Hill 2017</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2011196–197-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2011196–197_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllis2011">Ellis 2011</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a134-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a134_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2009a">Glantz & House 2009a</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradcityth0000hell/mode/1up">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. PublicMedia. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610394963" title="Special:BookSources/9781610394963"><bdi>9781610394963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+that+Defeated+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=PublicMedia&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781610394963&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradcityth0000hell%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998198-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998198_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998198_122-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017a81-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoly2017a81_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoly2017a">Joly 2017a</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a204-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a204_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2009a">Glantz & House 2009a</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan-2023-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan-2023_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan-2023_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Robert (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jmvh.org/article/stalingrad-the-hinge-of-history-how-hitlers-hubris-led-to-the-defeat-of-the-sixth-army/">"Stalingrad: The Hinge of History – How Hitler's hubris led to the defeat of the Sixth Army"</a>. 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Technical Memorandum – via DTIC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Memorandum&rft.atitle=Modern+Experience+in+City+Combat&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=McLaurin&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Jureidini%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Sellers%2C+Kurt+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fcitations%2FADA180999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, Eli G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsis.washington.edu/ellisoncenter/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/05/Jacobsen_REECASNW.pdf">"No Land Behind The Volga: The Red Army's Defense of Stalingrad and the Encirclement of the German 6th Army"</a> (PDF). Reecansw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reecansw&rft.atitle=No+Land+Behind+The+Volga%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Defense+of+Stalingrad+and+the+Encirclement+of+the+German+6th+Army.&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Eli+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsis.washington.edu%2Fellisoncenter%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13%2F2016%2F05%2FJacobsen_REECASNW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Hayward 1998, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 140, 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201568-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201568_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017a340–360-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoly2017a340–360_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoly2017a">Joly 2017a</a>, pp. 340–360. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1942" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Henry (23 December 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/green-bay-press-gazette-firsthand-story/47461584/">"Defense of Stalingrad Called Miracle of Modern Warfare"</a>. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psVNDwAAQBAJ&q=Epitome">Island of Fire: The Battle for the Barrikady Gun Factory in Stalingrad</a>. Stackpole Books. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811766197" title="Special:BookSources/9780811766197"><bdi>9780811766197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+of+Fire%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Barrikady+Gun+Factory+in+Stalingrad&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780811766197&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsVNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEpitome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a380–383-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2009a380–383_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantzHouse2009a">Glantz & House 2009a</a>, pp. 380–383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaev2017242–243-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaev2017242–243_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaev2017">Isaev 2017</a>, pp. 242–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946463-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth1946463_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth1946">Werth 1946</a>, p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017b178–302-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoly2017b178–302_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoly2017b">Joly 2017b</a>, pp. 178–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoly2017b360–380-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoly2017b360–380_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoly2017b">Joly 2017b</a>, pp. 360–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse2009" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. 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Choice Reviews Online, 27(05), pp. 27-2848-27-2848. </li> <li id="cite_note-Archived_copy-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531133930/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec42.html">"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1942"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec42.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heeresarzt+10-Day+Casualty+Reports+per+Army%2FArmy+Group%2C+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2stats.com%2Fcas_ger_okh_dec42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946206-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth1946206_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth1946">Werth 1946</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974110–111-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974110–111_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhukov1974">Zhukov 1974</a>, pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov197495–96,_119,_122,_124-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhukov197495–96,_119,_122,_124_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhukov1974">Zhukov 1974</a>, pp. 95–96, 119, 122, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_At_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The World At War">The World At War</a>. "Stalingrad." Original air date: 2 January 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201587–91,_95,_129-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201587–91,_95,_129_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 87–91, 95, 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998117-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998117_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Maps of the conflict. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/drea2/Maps.html#map17">Leavenworth Papers No. 2 Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939; MAPS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101201933/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/drea2/Maps.html#map17">Archived</a> 1 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990926-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990926_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 926. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManstein2004">Manstein 2004</a>, pp. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2023" class="citation book cs1">Overy, Richard, ed. (2023). The Oxford History of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288408-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288408-4"><bdi>978-0-19-288408-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288408-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor (1998</a>, p. 184) </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (2015). "Eastern Troops. Hilfswillige". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5CHCwAAQBAJ&q=Hiwis">Hitler's Russian & Cossack Allies 1941–45</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472806895" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472806895"><bdi>978-1472806895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Troops.+Hilfswillige&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Russian+%26+Cossack+Allies+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1472806895&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5CHCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHiwis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 283–284 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (20 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqfvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT24">The German Army 1939–45 (3): Eastern Front 1941–43</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-219-2"><bdi>978-1-78200-219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+1939%E2%80%9345+%283%29%3A+Eastern+Front+1941%E2%80%9343&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-219-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqfvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 451 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward1998">Hayward 1998</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bates, Aaron (April 2016). "For Want of the Means: A Logistical Appraisal of the Stalingrad Airlift". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 29 (2): 298–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2016.1168137">10.1080/13518046.2016.1168137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=For+Want+of+the+Means%3A+A+Logistical+Appraisal+of+the+Stalingrad+Airlift&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518046.2016.1168137&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward1998">Hayward 1998</a>, p. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015132–33,_138–143,_150,_155,_165-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015132–33,_138–143,_150,_155,_165_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 132–33, 138–143, 150, 155, 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201283–84-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller201283–84_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller2012">Müller 2012</a>, pp. 83–84: "During this phase, the Germans praised the steadfastness of Italian infantry, who held out tenaciously even in isolated strong-points, but eventually reached their breaking-point under this constant pressure." </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoletti2008" class="citation book cs1">Paoletti, Ciro (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz8eiwzEMHQC&q=Ariete+tanks+fight!&pg=PA182">A Military History of Italy</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98505-9"><bdi>978-0-275-98505-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Italy&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98505-9&rft.aulast=Paoletti&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUz8eiwzEMHQC%26q%3DAriete%2Btanks%2Bfight%21%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015159,_166–67-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015159,_166–67_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 159, 166–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015153-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015153_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974137-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974137_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhukov1974">Zhukov 1974</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1965283-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1965283_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1965">Clark 1965</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990929-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990929_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 929. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015166,_168–69-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015166,_168–69_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 166, 168–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2014" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2014). White, Jon; Hoskins, Alex (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGnUoQEACAAJ">"All About History: Story of World War II"</a>. All About History. Imagine Publishing. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910-155-295" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910-155-295"><bdi>978-1910-155-295</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+About+History&rft.atitle=All+About+History%3A+Story+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=142&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1910-155-295&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGnUoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Glantz" title="David M. Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a>; House, Jonathan M. (2014). Endgame at Stalingrad: Book Two: December 1942–February 1943, The Stalingrad Trilogy, Volume 3 (1st ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1955-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1955-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-1955-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+at+Stalingrad%3A+Book+Two%3A+December+1942%E2%80%93February+1943%2C+The+Stalingrad+Trilogy%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pages=578&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1955-9&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Deiml, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html">Meine Stalingradeinsätze (My Stalingrad Sorties)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603000508/http://feldpost.mzv.net/Zeitzeugen/Zeitzeuge_Kallweit_/Zeitzeuge_Deimel_/body_zeitzeuge_deimel_.html">Archived</a> 3 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Einsätze des Bordmechanikers Gefr. Michael Deiml (Sorties of Aviation Mechanic Private Michael Deiml). Retrieved 4 December 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1986">MacDonald 1986</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Pojić, Milan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naklada-ljevak.hr/knjiga/show/id/2079">Hrvatska pukovnija 369. na Istočnom bojištu 1941–1943.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Croatian_State_Archives" title="Croatian State Archives">Croatian State Archives</a>. Zagreb, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015183,_185,_189-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015183,_185,_189_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 183, 185, 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradcityth0000hell/mode/1up">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. PublicMedia. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610394963" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610394963"><bdi>978-1610394963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+that+Defeated+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=PublicMedia&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1610394963&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradcityth0000hell%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990930-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990930_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 930. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2000">Kershaw 2000</a>, p. 549 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015193-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015193_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015201,_203-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015201,_203_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 201, 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015203-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015203_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2000">Kershaw 2000</a>, p. 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015212Bellamy2007549Shirer1990932-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015212Bellamy2007549Shirer1990932_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, p. 212; <a href="#CITEREFBellamy2007">Bellamy 2007</a>, p. 549; <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 932. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015207–08,_212–15-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015207–08,_212–15_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 207–08, 212–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Joachen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradcityth0000hell/mode/1up">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. PublicAffairs. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610394963" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610394963"><bdi>978-1610394963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+that+Defeated+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1610394963&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Joachen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradcityth0000hell%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellamy2007">Bellamy 2007</a>, p. 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015215-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle2015215_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor2000" class="citation book cs1">Victor, George (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnB7cM1zUG4C&q=george+victor">Hitler: Pathology of Evil</a>. 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HarperCollins. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5"><bdi>978-0-06-122860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+of+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122860-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201567–68Beevor1998135–137-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamRuhle201567–68Beevor1998135–137_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamRuhle2015">Adam & Ruhle 2015</a>, pp. 67–68; <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 135–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig_1973-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_1973_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_1973_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1973">Craig 1973</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor_1998-2-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_1998-2_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_1998-2_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartle1975" class="citation thesis cs1">Hartle, Anthony E. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADB006686">Breaching Walls in Urban Warfare</a> (Master's thesis). United States Army Command and General Staff College. 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London: Greenhill Books. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-480-8"><bdi>978-1-85367-480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Artillery+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-480-8&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Ian+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanartilleryo0000hogg%2Fpage%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardestyGrinberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von; Grinberg, Ilya (2012). "Stalingrad". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redphoenixrising0000hard">Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II</a>. University Press of Kansas. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stalingrad&rft.btitle=Red+Phoenix+Rising%3A+The+Soviet+Air+Force+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1828-6&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rft.au=Grinberg%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredphoenixrising0000hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, David R. (29 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040902918089">"Stalingrad and the Evolution of Soviet Urban Warfare"</a>. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 22 (2): 195–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040902918089">10.1080/13518040902918089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046">1351-8046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Stalingrad+and+the+Evolution+of+Soviet+Urban+Warfare&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=2009-05-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518040902918089&rft.issn=1351-8046&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13518040902918089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1946207-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth1946207_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth1946">Werth 1946</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerGeroux2022" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (14 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mwi.westpoint.edu/defending-the-city-an-overview-of-defensive-tactics-from-the-modern-history-of-urban-warfare/">"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare"</a>. Modern War Institute. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+War+Institute&rft.atitle=Defending+the+City%3A+An+Overview+of+Defensive+Tactics+from+the+Modern+History+of+Urban+Warfare&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Geroux%2C+Jayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmwi.westpoint.edu%2Fdefending-the-city-an-overview-of-defensive-tactics-from-the-modern-history-of-urban-warfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardestyGrinberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von; Grinberg, Ilya (2012). "Stalingrad". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redphoenixrising0000hard">Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II</a>. University Press of Kansas. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1828-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stalingrad&rft.btitle=Red+Phoenix+Rising%3A+The+Soviet+Air+Force+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1828-6&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rft.au=Grinberg%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredphoenixrising0000hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2020" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Stephen (2020). "The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.). A History of Modern Urban Operations. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 83, 89–90, 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27088-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27088-9"><bdi>978-3-030-27088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Stalingrad%2C+September%E2%80%93November+1942&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Urban+Operations&rft.pages=83%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90%2C+93&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-27088-9&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForczyk2021" class="citation book cs1">Forczyk, Robert (2021). Stalingrad 1942–43 (2): The Fight for the City (1st ed.). Osprey Publishing. pp. 38, 45, 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472842695" title="Special:BookSources/9781472842695"><bdi>9781472842695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+1942%E2%80%9343+%282%29%3A+The+Fight+for+the+City&rft.pages=38%2C+45%2C+91&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781472842695&rft.aulast=Forczyk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2023" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Mike (31 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/03/31/ukraine-trenches-war-russia-first-world-war-history/">"The First World War tactic helping Ukraine fight a modern conflict"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+First+World+War+tactic+helping+Ukraine+fight+a+modern+conflict&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2023%2F03%2F31%2Fukraine-trenches-war-russia-first-world-war-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2004154–168-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2004154–168_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2004">Beevor 2004</a>, pp. 154–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998154–168-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998154–168_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 154–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradcityth0000hell/mode/1up">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. PublicMedia. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610394963" title="Special:BookSources/9781610394963"><bdi>9781610394963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+that+Defeated+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=PublicMedia&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781610394963&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradcityth0000hell%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CRKCBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. 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Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9950-0269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9950-0269-7"><bdi>978-5-9950-0269-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1941%E2%80%931945+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%92+12+%D1%82.&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-5-9950-0269-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprussia.online%2Fbooks%2Fvelikaya-otechestvennaya-voyna-1941-1945-godov-v-12-t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes1968" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradturnin00juke">Stalingrad: the Turning Point</a>. Ballantine Books. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+the+Turning+Point&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradturnin00juke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМатишовАфанасенкоКринкоМедведев2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Матишов, Г.Г.; Афанасенко, В.И.; Кринко, Е.Ф.; Медведев, М.В. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssc-ras.ru/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Bolshaya_Izluchina_Dona_.pdf">Большая излучина Дона – место решающих сражений Великой Отечественной войны (1942–1943 гг.)</a> (PDF) (in Russian). Изд-во ЮНЦ РАН. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4358-0147-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4358-0147-7"><bdi>978-5-4358-0147-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%281942%E2%80%931943+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%AE%D0%9D%D0%A6+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-5-4358-0147-7&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%93.%D0%93.&rft.au=%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C+%D0%92.%D0%98.&rft.au=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C+%D0%95.%D0%A4.&rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9C.%D0%92.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssc-ras.ru%2Fckfinder%2Fuserfiles%2Ffiles%2FBolshaya_Izluchina_Dona_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165–166-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2000165–166_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2000">Walsh 2000</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J (19 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjoiVWGQ9HYC&q=stalingrad+235%2C000+captured&pg=PT450">The Third Reich at War: 1939–1945</a>. Penguin. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101022306" title="Special:BookSources/9781101022306"><bdi>9781101022306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft.isbn=9781101022306&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjoiVWGQ9HYC%26q%3Dstalingrad%2B235%252C000%2Bcaptured%26pg%3DPT450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig_1973-2-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_1973-2_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_1973-2_275-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1973">Craig 1973</a>, p. xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoyt-1993-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt-1993_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt-1993_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt" title="Edwin Palmer Hoyt">Hoyt, Edwin P.</a> (1993). 199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad. Tor Books. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312854638" title="Special:BookSources/9780312854638"><bdi>9780312854638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=199+Days%3A+The+Battle+for+Stalingrad&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780312854638&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerOsborneReyburnKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Margaret; Osborne, Linda; Reyburn, Susan; Kennedy, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000wagn">The Library of Congress World War II Companion</a> (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 527, 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5219-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5219-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5219-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Congress+World+War+II+Companion&rft.pages=527%2C+528&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5219-5&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Osborne%2C+Linda&rft.au=Reyburn%2C+Susan&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryofcongres0000wagn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFDiMarco2012">DiMarco 2012</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=308&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2012). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. HarperCollins. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5"><bdi>978-0-06-122860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+of+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122860-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergström2007122–123-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergström2007122–123_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergström2007">Bergström 2007</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsayev2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Isayev, Alexey Valerievich (2008). "Epilog. Operatsiya "Kol'tso"" <bdi lang="ru">Эпилог. Операция "Кольцо"</bdi> [Epilogue: Operation Ring]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729233947/http://militera.lib.ru/h/isaev_av8/21.html">Stalingrad: za Volgoy dlya nas zemli net <bdi lang="ru">Сталинград. За Волгой для нас земли нет</bdi></a> [Stalingrad: Beyond the Volga There Was No Land For Us] (in Russian). Яуза. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-26236-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-699-26236-6"><bdi>978-5-699-26236-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/isaev_av8/21.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2018 – via Militera.lib.ru (Military Literature).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilog.+Operatsiya+%22Kol%27tso%22+%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%22&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+za+Volgoy+dlya+nas+zemli+net+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.+%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.pub=%D0%AF%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5-699-26236-6&rft.aulast=Isayev&rft.aufirst=Alexey+Valerievich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fisaev_av8%2F21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheevAndronikovBurikov1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krivosheev, G. F.; Andronikov, V. M.; Burikov, P. D. (1993). Poteri Vooruzhonnykh Sil SSSR v voynakh, boyevykh deystviyakh i voyennykh konfliktakh <bdi lang="ru">Потери Вооружённых Сил СССР в войнах, боевых действиях и военных конфликтах</bdi> [Losses of the Armed Forces of the USSR in wars, hostilities and military conflicts] (in Russian). Voenizdat. pp. 178–82, 369–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-203-01400-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-203-01400-0"><bdi>5-203-01400-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poteri+Vooruzhonnykh+Sil+SSSR+v+voynakh%2C+boyevykh+deystviyakh+i+voyennykh+konfliktakh+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%2C+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E82%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Voenizdat&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=5-203-01400-0&rft.aulast=Krivosheev&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rft.au=Andronikov%2C+V.+M.&rft.au=Burikov%2C+P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (1 October 2001). Desch, Michael C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/52">"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain"</a>. Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs. US Army War College Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monographs%2C+Collaborative+Studies%2C+%26+IRPs&rft.atitle=Soldiers+in+Cities%3A+Military+Operations+on+Urban+Terrain&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.armywarcollege.edu%2Fmonographs%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Соколов-2014-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Соколов-2014_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Соколов-2014_286-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Соколов-2014_286-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСоколов2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vadimovich_Sokolov" title="Boris Vadimovich Sokolov">Соколов, Борис</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fliphtml5.com/aalrw/ctzs/">Чудо Сталинграда</a> [The Miracle of Stalingrad] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 235–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4438-0489-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4438-0489-7"><bdi>978-5-4438-0489-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-5-4438-0489-7&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Faalrw%2Fctzs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavalerchikLopukhovsky2017" class="citation book cs1">Kavalerchik, Boris; Lopukhovsky, Lev (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-cmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1990">The Price of Victory: The Red Army's Casualties in the Great Patriotic War</a>. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47389-966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47389-966-7"><bdi>978-1-47389-966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Victory%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Casualties+in+the+Great+Patriotic+War&rft.place=South+Yorkshire&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-47389-966-7&rft.aulast=Kavalerchik&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Lopukhovsky%2C+Lev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-cmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПереслегинПанин2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Переслегин, Сергей Борисович; Панин, А. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fliphtml5.com/aalrw/ybfc/">Сталинград: цена победы</a> [Stalingrad: The Price of Victory] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Terra Fantastica. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7921-0673-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-7921-0673-8"><bdi>5-7921-0673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%3A+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Terra+Fantastica&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=5-7921-0673-8&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Faalrw%2Fybfc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПереслегинПанин2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Переслегин, Сергей Борисович; Панин, А. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fliphtml5.com/aalrw/ybfc/">Сталинград: цена победы</a> [Stalingrad: The Price of Victory] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Terra Fantastica. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7921-0673-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-7921-0673-8"><bdi>5-7921-0673-8</bdi></a>. <q>Perhaps these losses are underestimated, but in any case they are huge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%3A+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Terra+Fantastica&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=5-7921-0673-8&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Faalrw%2Fybfc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСоколов2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vadimovich_Sokolov" title="Boris Vadimovich Sokolov">Соколов, Борис</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fliphtml5.com/aalrw/ctzs/">Чудо Сталинграда</a> [The Miracle of Stalingrad] (in Russian). Алгоритм. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4438-0489-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4438-0489-7"><bdi>978-5-4438-0489-7</bdi></a>. <q>It is likely that the figure of more than 2 million Soviet servicemen killed and missing during the Battle of Stalingrad, between July 17, 1942 and February 2, 1943, is closer to the truth than the official figures, which we have found to be generally underestimated irrecoverable losses approximately tripled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-5-4438-0489-7&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Faalrw%2Fctzs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Rees, Laurence</a> (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_russia_invasion_01.shtml">"Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Invasion+of+Russia+in+World+War+Two&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fhitler_russia_invasion_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernlib.net/books/samsonov_a/stalingradskaya_bitva/read_42/">"Самсонов А.. Сталинградская битва (стр. 42) - ModernLib.Net"</a>. modernlib.net. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=modernlib.net&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90..+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%28%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80.+42%29+-+ModernLib.Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodernlib.net%2Fbooks%2Fsamsonov_a%2Fstalingradskaya_bitva%2Fread_42%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАнваровна2018" class="citation journal cs1">Анваровна, Такташева Флюра (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dinamika-demograficheskih-pokazateley-stalingradskoy-oblasti-v-1940-h-1950-h-gg">"Динамика демографических показателей Сталинградской области в 1940-х - 1950-х гг"</a>. Известия Волгоградского государственного педагогического университета. 9 (132): 222–226. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1815-9044">1815-9044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B2+1940-%D1%85+-+1950-%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%B3&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=132&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1815-9044&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fdinamika-demograficheskih-pokazateley-stalingradskoy-oblasti-v-1940-h-1950-h-gg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПопов2007" class="citation web cs1">Попов, В.Н. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/PAPERS/HISTORY/STALINGRAD.HTM">"СТАЛИНГРАДСКАЯ БИТВА: ПО НОВЕЙШИМ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯМ"</a>. vivovoco.astronet.ru. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vivovoco.astronet.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%91%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%90%3A+%D0%9F%D0%9E+%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%95%D0%99%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%9C+%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF%D0%9C&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.%D0%9D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvivovoco.astronet.ru%2FVV%2FPAPERS%2FHISTORY%2FSTALINGRAD.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrinkoMedvedev2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krinko, Evgeniy F.; Medvedev, Maksim V. (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doaj.org/article/b8c72326e8864f51b07185b99c9e10be">"Demographic Consequences of the Stalingrad Battle"</a>. Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriâ 4. Istoriâ, Regionovedenie, Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ (in English and Russian). 23 (1): 91–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15688%2Fjvolsu4.2018.1.9">10.15688/jvolsu4.2018.1.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1998-9938">1998-9938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vestnik+Volgogradskogo+Gosudarstvennogo+Universiteta.+Seri%C3%A2+4.+Istori%C3%A2%2C+Regionovedenie%2C+Me%C5%BEdunarodnye+Otno%C5%A1eni%C3%A2&rft.atitle=Demographic+Consequences+of+the+Stalingrad+Battle&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15688%2Fjvolsu4.2018.1.9&rft.issn=1998-9938&rft.aulast=Krinko&rft.aufirst=Evgeniy+F.&rft.au=Medvedev%2C+Maksim+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoaj.org%2Farticle%2Fb8c72326e8864f51b07185b99c9e10be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lose-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lose_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lose_297-1">b</a> Sandlin, Lee (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leesandlin.com/articles/LosingTheWar.htm">"Losing the War"</a>. Originally published in <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a>, 7 and 14 March 1997. Retrieved 4 December 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov1991166–167-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov1991166–167_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov1991">Bartov 1991</a>, pp. 166–167. "As the fortunes of the Ostheer rapidly deteriorated, the troops' 'belief' in Hitler did not falter, but rather increased in direct proportion to the hopelessness of the situation. While at a time of great victories praise of the Führer was accompanied by a confidence in the Wehrmacht's own invincibility, the growing sense of the army's inability to overcome the military crisis created a need to rely on an irrational faith in the only man who was perceived as Germany's destiny, for better or for worse. Like all gods, Hitler's ability to mold the course of history was derived from the faith of his followers." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov1991-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov1991_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov1991">Bartov 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradcityth0000hell/mode/1up">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. PublicAffairs. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610394963" title="Special:BookSources/9781610394963"><bdi>9781610394963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+that+Defeated+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781610394963&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradcityth0000hell%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalwarfromstal0000jone">Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin</a>. Hachette UK. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848542310" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848542310"><bdi>978-1848542310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+War%3A+From+Stalingrad+to+Berlin&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848542310&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftotalwarfromstal0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradcityth0000hell/mode/1up">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. PublicAffairs. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610394963" title="Special:BookSources/9781610394963"><bdi>9781610394963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+that+Defeated+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781610394963&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradcityth0000hell%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey2002" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey, Roberts (2002). Victory at Stalingrad (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582771857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582771857"><bdi>978-0582771857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Stalingrad&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0582771857&rft.aulast=Geoffrey&rft.aufirst=Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-2007-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones-2007_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones-2007_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradhowred0000jone/mode/1up">Stalingrad: How the Red Army Survived the German Onslaught</a>. Casemate. pp. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-72-4"><bdi>978-1-932033-72-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Survived+the+German+Onslaught&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932033-72-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradhowred0000jone%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrouillardWheeldon2022" class="citation web cs1">Trouillard, Stéphanie; Wheeldon, Tom (23 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220823-they-would-have-preferred-hell-the-battle-of-stalingrad-80-years-on">"'They would have preferred hell': The Battle of Stalingrad, 80 years on"</a>. France 24. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=%27They+would+have+preferred+hell%27%3A+The+Battle+of+Stalingrad%2C+80+years+on&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.aulast=Trouillard&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phanie&rft.au=Wheeldon%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Feurope%2F20220823-they-would-have-preferred-hell-the-battle-of-stalingrad-80-years-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2012). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. HarperCollins. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5"><bdi>978-0-06-122860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+of+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122860-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2012). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. HarperCollins. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5"><bdi>978-0-06-122860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+of+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122860-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradcityth0000hell/mode/1up">Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich</a>. PublicMedia. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610394963" title="Special:BookSources/9781610394963"><bdi>9781610394963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+that+Defeated+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=PublicMedia&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781610394963&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradcityth0000hell%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 161–162 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973385-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1973385_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1973">Craig 1973</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrant1992" class="citation book cs1">Tarrant, V.E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingradanatom0000tarr/page/230/mode/2up">Stalingrad: Anatomy of an Agony</a>. London: Leo Cooper. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850523423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850523423"><bdi>978-0850523423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+Anatomy+of+an+Agony&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0850523423&rft.aulast=Tarrant&rft.aufirst=V.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingradanatom0000tarr%2Fpage%2F230%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 407 </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Google Video: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407100052/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8717261858113724758">Stalingrad – OSA III – Stalingradin taistelu päättyy (Stalingrad, Part 3: Battle of Stalingrad ends)</a> (Television documentary. German original: "Stalingrad" Episode 3: "Der Untergang, 53 min, Sebastian Dehnhardt, Manfred Oldenburg (directors)) (in Finnish, German, and Russian). broadview.tv GmbH, Germany 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8717261858113724758">the original</a> (Adobe Flash) on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+%E2%80%93+OSA+III+%E2%80%93+Stalingradin+taistelu+p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy+%28Stalingrad%2C+Part+3%3A+Battle+of+Stalingrad+ends%29&rft.pub=broadview.tv+GmbH%2C+Germany+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideoplay%3Fdocid%3D8717261858113724758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1964562-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth1964562_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth1964">Werth 1964</a>, p. 562. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3664526/How-three-million-Germans-died-after-VE-Day.html">How three million Germans died after VE Day.</a> Nigel Jones reviews After the Reich: From the Liberation of Vienna to the Berlin Airlift by <a href="/wiki/Giles_MacDonogh" title="Giles MacDonogh">Giles MacDonogh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">The Telegraph</a>, 18 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973401-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1973401_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1973">Craig 1973</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1973280-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1973280_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1973">Craig 1973</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011104Beevor1998398-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011104Beevor1998398_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2011">Bell 2011</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey2002" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey, Roberts (2002). Victory at Stalingrad (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582771857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582771857"><bdi>978-0582771857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Stalingrad&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0582771857&rft.aulast=Geoffrey&rft.aufirst=Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGörlitz1985" class="citation book cs1">Görlitz, Walter (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgermang00walt/mode/1up">History Of The German General Staff, 1657-1945</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813301952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813301952"><bdi>978-0813301952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+The+German+General+Staff%2C+1657-1945&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0813301952&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6rlitz&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgermang00walt%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974142-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974142_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhukov1974">Zhukov 1974</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2010" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Gordon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarmi0000corr/page/353/mode/2up">The Second World War: a Military History</a>. London: Atlantic. p. 353. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+a+Military+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwarmi0000corr%2Fpage%2F353%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell201195,_108-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell201195,_108_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2011">Bell 2011</a>, pp. 95, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Germany and the Second World War: The Global War. Vol. VI (1st ed.). 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With Paulus at Stalingrad. Translated by Tony Le Tissier. England: Pen & Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-386-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-386-9"><bdi>978-1-47383-386-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Paulus+at+Stalingrad&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47383-386-9&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Ruhle%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Bartov, Omer</a> (1991). Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507903-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507903-5"><bdi>0-19-507903-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Army%3A+Soldiers%2C+Nazis+and+War+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-507903-5&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(Beevor_book)" title="Stalingrad (Beevor book)">Stalingrad</a>. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103240-5"><bdi>978-0-14-103240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103240-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2004" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2004). "Stalingrad and Researching the Experience of War". In Erickson, Ljubica; Erickson, Mark (eds.). Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 154–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84913-1"><bdi>978-0-297-84913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stalingrad+and+Researching+the+Experience+of+War&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+War%2C+Peace+and+Diplomacy%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+Erickson&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84913-1&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2002" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2002). <a href="/wiki/Berlin:_The_Downfall_1945" title="Berlin: The Downfall 1945">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a>. London: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin%3A+The+Downfall+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2011" class="citation book cs1">Bell, P. M. H. (2011). Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300160338" title="Special:BookSources/9780300160338"><bdi>9780300160338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Turning+Points+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780300160338&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=P.+M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf & Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41086-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41086-4"><bdi>978-0-375-41086-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+War%3A+Soviet+Russia+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf+%26+Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41086-4&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergström2007" class="citation book cs1">Bergström, Christer (2007). Stalingrad: The Air Battle, November 1942 – February 1943. Chevron Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4"><bdi>978-1-85780-276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+Air+Battle%2C+November+1942+%E2%80%93+February+1943&rft.pub=Chevron+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-276-4&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergström2006" class="citation book cs1">Bergström, Christer; Dikov, Andrey & Antipov, Vladimir (2006). Everything For Stalingrad. Black Cross Red Star: Air War Over the Eastern Front. Vol. III. Eagle Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9761034-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9761034-4-8"><bdi>978-0-9761034-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+For+Stalingrad&rft.series=Black+Cross+Red+Star%3A+Air+War+Over+the+Eastern+Front&rft.pub=Eagle+Editions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9761034-4-8&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Christer&rft.au=Dikov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Antipov%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Clark" title="Alan Clark">Clark, Alan</a> (1965). Barbarossa: the Russian-German Conflict, 1941–45. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154155228">154155228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa%3A+the+Russian-German+Conflict%2C+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154155228&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Lloyd (2011). Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943. London: Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755336388" title="Special:BookSources/9780755336388"><bdi>9780755336388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk%3A+The+Greatest+Battle%3A+Eastern+Front+1943&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780755336388&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Craig_(author)" title="William Craig (author)">Craig, William</a> (1973). <a href="/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates:_The_Battle_for_Stalingrad" title="Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad">Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad</a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-200000-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-200000-0"><bdi>0-14-200000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemy+at+the+Gates%3A+The+Battle+for+Stalingrad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-14-200000-0&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMarco2012" class="citation book cs1">DiMarco, Louis A. (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concrete-hell/">Concrete Hell: Urban Warfare from Stalingrad to Iraq</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782003137" title="Special:BookSources/9781782003137"><bdi>9781782003137</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concrete+Hell%3A+Urban+Warfare+from+Stalingrad+to+Iraq&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.isbn=9781782003137&rft.aulast=DiMarco&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcrete-hell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2011" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Frank (2011). The Damned and the Dead: The Eastern Front Through the Eyes of Soviet and Russian Novelists. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700617845" title="Special:BookSources/9780700617845"><bdi>9780700617845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Damned+and+the+Dead%3A+The+Eastern+Front+Through+the+Eyes+of+Soviet+and+Russian+Novelists&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780700617845&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpifanovMayer1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Epifanov, Aleksandr E.; Mayer, Hein (1996). Die Tragödie der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Stalingrad: von 1942 bis 1956 nach russischen Archivunterlagen [The tragedy of German prisoners of war in Stalingrad: from 1942 to 1956 according to Russian archival records] (in German). Biblio Verlag. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2461-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2461-7"><bdi>978-3-7648-2461-7</bdi></a>. <q>daß in der sowjetischen Geschichtsschreibung üblich war die Schlacht von Stalingrad...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Trag%C3%B6die+der+deutschen+Kriegsgefangenen+in+Stalingrad%3A+von+1942+bis+1956+nach+russischen+Archivunterlagen&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Biblio+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-7648-2461-7&rft.aulast=Epifanov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Hein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieser_et_al.2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Frieser, Karl-Heinz</a>; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; <a href="/wiki/Kriszti%C3%A1n_Ungv%C3%A1ry" title="Krisztián Ungváry">Ungváry, Kristián</a>; Wegner, Bernd (2017). "German Conduct of the War after Stalingrad". Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive: Die Ostfront 1943/44 Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts]. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (<a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>) (in German). Vol. VIII. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Conduct+of+the+War+after+Stalingrad&rft.btitle=Das+Deutsche+Reich+in+der+Defensive%3A+Die+Ostfront+1943%2F44+Der+Krieg+im+Osten+und+an+den+Nebenfronten&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Das+Deutsche+Reich+und+der+Zweite+Weltkrieg+%28Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822886-8&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Schmider%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nherr%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Ungv%C3%A1ry%2C+Kristi%C3%A1n&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House, Jonathan</a> (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0899-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0899-0"><bdi>0-7006-0899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7006-0899-0&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse2009a" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan (2009a). Armageddon in Stalingrad – September to November 1942. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1664-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-1664-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon+in+Stalingrad+%E2%80%93+September+to+November+1942&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1664-0&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse2009b" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan (2009b). To the Gates of Stalingrad – Soviet-German combat operations April to August 1942. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1630-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1630-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-1630-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Gates+of+Stalingrad+%E2%80%93+Soviet-German+combat+operations+April+to+August+1942&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1630-5&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolovanov2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golovanov, A. Ye. (2004). Dalnyaya bombardirovochnaya [Long-range Bomber] (in Russian). Moscow: Delta NB.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalnyaya+bombardirovochnaya&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Delta+NB&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Golovanov&rft.aufirst=A.+Ye.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hayward" title="Joel Hayward">Hayward, J.</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/Stopped_at_Stalingrad" title="Stopped at Stalingrad">Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0876-8"><bdi>978-0-7006-0876-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopped+at+Stalingrad%3A+The+Luftwaffe+and+Hitler%27s+Defeat+in+the+East+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0876-8&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2017" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alexander (2017). The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2079-5"><bdi>978-1-1070-2079-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1070-2079-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaev2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Isaev, Alexey (2017). <bdi lang="ru">Сталинград. За Волгой для нас земли нет</bdi> [Stalingrad: Beyond the Volga There Was No Land For Us] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Yauza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-04-089843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-04-089843-5"><bdi>978-5-04-089843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.+%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yauza&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-04-089843-5&rft.aulast=Isaev&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaev2019" class="citation book cs1">Isaev, Alexey (2019) [2008]. Stalingrad: City on Fire. Translated by Richard Harrison. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526742667" title="Special:BookSources/9781526742667"><bdi>9781526742667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+City+on+Fire&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781526742667&rft.aulast=Isaev&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoly2017a" class="citation book cs1">Joly, Anton (2017a). Stalingrad Battle Atlas. Vol. I. Paris, France: Staldata Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-93222-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-93222-10-3"><bdi>979-10-93222-10-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+Battle+Atlas&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Staldata+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=979-10-93222-10-3&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoly2017b" class="citation book cs1">Joly, Anton (2017b). Stalingrad Battle Atlas. Vol. II. Paris, France: Staldata Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-93222-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-93222-11-0"><bdi>979-10-93222-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+Battle+Atlas&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Staldata+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=979-10-93222-11-0&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehrig1974" class="citation book cs1">Kehrig, Manfred (1974). Stalingrad. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-01653-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-01653-4"><bdi>3-421-01653-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=3-421-01653-4&rft.aulast=Kehrig&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2000). Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027239-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027239-0"><bdi>978-0-14-027239-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-027239-0&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1986" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, John (1986). Great Battles of World War II. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2727-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2727-5"><bdi>978-0-7181-2727-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Battles+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-2727-5&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMammadli2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mammadli, Balamirza (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/71289401">"Stalinqrad döyüşü: tarixin ən qanlı savaşı və II dünya müharibəsində əsaslı dönüşün başlanğıcı"</a> [The Battle of Stalingrad: the bloodiest armed conflict in history and the beginning of a major turning point in World War II]. Tarix Və Onun Problemləri, №4 (in Azerbaijani). Baku: Adiloğlu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2708-0641">2708-0641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tarix+V%C9%99+Onun+Probleml%C9%99ri%2C+%E2%84%964&rft.atitle=Stalinqrad+d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC%3A+tarixin+%C9%99n+qanl%C4%B1+sava%C5%9F%C4%B1+v%C9%99+II+d%C3%BCnya+m%C3%BCharib%C9%99sind%C9%99+%C9%99sasl%C4%B1+d%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCn+ba%C5%9Flan%C4%9F%C4%B1c%C4%B1&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2708-0641&rft.aulast=Mammadli&rft.aufirst=Balamirza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F71289401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManstein2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">von Manstein, Erich</a> (2004). Powell, Anthony G. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lost_Victories" title="Lost Victories">Verlorene Siege</a> [Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General] (in German). St. Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-2054-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-2054-3"><bdi>0-7603-2054-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verlorene+Siege&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7603-2054-3&rft.aulast=von+Manstein&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerridale2006" class="citation book cs1">Merridale, Catherine (2006). Ivan's War. New York: Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312426521" title="Special:BookSources/9780312426521"><bdi>9780312426521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan%27s+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780312426521&rft.aulast=Merridale&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2012" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2012). The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers Müller. I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Eastern+Front%3A+The+Wehrmacht+and+Hitler%27s+Foreign+Soldiers+M%C3%BCller&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennington2004" class="citation book cs1">Pennington, Reina (2004). "Women and the Battle of Stalingrad". In Erikson, Ljubica; Erikson, Mark (eds.). Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 169–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84913-1"><bdi>978-0-297-84913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Battle+of+Stalingrad&rft.btitle=Russia+War%2C+Peace+and+Diplomacy%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+Erickson&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84913-1&rft.aulast=Pennington&rft.aufirst=Reina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1990) [1950]. <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-21977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-21977-5"><bdi>978-0-449-21977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-449-21977-5&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMayer1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a>; Mayer, S. L., eds. (1974). A History of World War Two. London: Octopus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7064-0399-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7064-0399-1"><bdi>0-7064-0399-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Octopus+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7064-0399-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigg2022" class="citation book cs1">Trigg, Jonathan (2022). The Battle of Stalingrad through German eyes. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781398110717" title="Special:BookSources/9781398110717"><bdi>9781398110717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Stalingrad+through+German+eyes&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781398110717&rft.aulast=Trigg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2000" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad1942190000wals/">Stalingrad 1942–1943: The Infernal Cauldron</a>. London, New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0916-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0916-8"><bdi>0-7432-0916-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+1942%E2%80%931943%3A+The+Infernal+Cauldron&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7432-0916-8&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingrad1942190000wals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Werth" title="Alexander Werth">Werth, Alexander</a> (1946). The Year of Stalingrad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+Stalingrad&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Werth" title="Alexander Werth">Werth, Alexander</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bannedthought.net/USSR/WorldWar2/RussiaAtWar-1941-1945-AlexanderWerth-1964-OCR.pdf">Russia at War 1941–1945</a> (PDF) (1st ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788013045928" title="Special:BookSources/9788013045928"><bdi>9788013045928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton+%26+Co&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9788013045928&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbannedthought.net%2FUSSR%2FWorldWar2%2FRussiaAtWar-1941-1945-AlexanderWerth-1964-OCR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukov1974" class="citation book cs1">Zhukov, Georgy (1974). <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (ed.). The WWII Memoirs of Soviet General Georgy Zhukov, 1942–45. Marshal of Victory. Vol. II. Pen and Sword Books. pp. 110–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781592915" title="Special:BookSources/9781781592915"><bdi>9781781592915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WWII+Memoirs+of+Soviet+General+Georgy+Zhukov%2C+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.series=Marshal+of+Victory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9781781592915&rft.aulast=Zhukov&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1969" class="citation journal cs1">Baird, Jay W. (1969). "The Myth of Stalingrad". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a>. 4 (3). Sage Publications: 187–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200946900400312">10.1177/002200946900400312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159888727">159888727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Stalingrad&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200946900400312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159888727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Jay+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernig1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernig, Jorg (1997). Eingekesselt: Die Schlacht um Stalingrad im deutschsprachigen Roman nach 1945 [Encircled: The Battle of Stalingrad in the German-language Novel After 1945]. German Life and Civilization (in German). Vol. 23. Peter Lang Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eingekesselt%3A+Die+Schlacht+um+Stalingrad+im+deutschsprachigen+Roman+nach+1945&rft.series=German+Life+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bernig&rft.aufirst=Jorg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">Erickson, John</a> (1984) [1975]. The Road to Stalingrad. Stalin's War with Germany. Vol. 1. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86531-744-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86531-744-5"><bdi>0-86531-744-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Stalingrad&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.series=Stalin%27s+War+with+Germany&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-86531-744-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2011" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (2011). After Stalingrad: The Red Army's Winter Offensive 1942–1943. Helion and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907677-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907677-05-2"><bdi>978-1-907677-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Stalingrad%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Winter+Offensive+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Helion+and+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907677-05-2&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Stuart D. (2012). Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-098-9"><bdi>978-1-61251-098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%2C+1939%3B+The+Red+Army%27s+Victory+That+Shaped+World+War+II&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-098-9&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2007" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Vasily (2007). Beevor, Antony; Vinogradova, Luba (eds.). A Writer at War: A Soviet Journalist with the Red Army, 1941–1945. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27533-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27533-2"><bdi>978-0-307-27533-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Writer+at+War%3A+A+Soviet+Journalist+with+the+Red+Army%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27533-2&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley,_J._M.2021" class="citation book cs1">Hartley, J. M. (2021). "Chapter 15:The Volga and the Second World War: Conflict, reconstruction, and identity". The Volga: A History. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3AThe+Volga+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+Conflict%2C+reconstruction%2C+and+identity&rft.btitle=The+Volga%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Hartley%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellbeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Hellbeck, Jochen (2015). Stalingrad: The City That Defeated The Third Reich. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-496-3"><bdi>978-1-61039-496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+The+City+That+Defeated+The+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-496-3&rft.aulast=Hellbeck&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael K. (2007). Stalingrad: How the Red Army Survived the German Onslaught. Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-72-4"><bdi>978-1-932033-72-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Survived+the+German+Onslaught&rft.place=Drexel+Hill%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932033-72-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2002" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Jason D. (2002). Death of the Leaping Horseman: 24 Panzer Division in Stalingrad. Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-41034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-41034-2"><bdi>0-646-41034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+the+Leaping+Horseman%3A+24+Panzer+Division+in+Stalingrad&rft.pub=Leaping+Horseman+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-646-41034-2&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2006" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Jason D. (2006). Island of Fire: The Battle for the Barrikady Gun Factory in Stalingrad November 1942 – February 1943. Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9751076-4-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9751076-4-X"><bdi>0-9751076-4-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+of+Fire%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Barrikady+Gun+Factory+in+Stalingrad+November+1942+%E2%80%93+February+1943&rft.pub=Leaping+Horseman+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9751076-4-X&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2008" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Jason D. (2008). Angriff: The German Attack on Stalingrad in Photos. Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9751076-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9751076-7-6"><bdi>978-0-9751076-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angriff%3A+The+German+Attack+on+Stalingrad+in+Photos&rft.pub=Leaping+Horseman+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9751076-7-6&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkObhodas2010" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Jason D.; Obhodas, Amir (2010). Croatian Legion: The 369th Reinforced (Croatian) Infantry Regiment on The Eastern Front 1941–1943. Leaping Horseman Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9751076-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9751076-8-3"><bdi>978-0-9751076-8-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatian+Legion%3A+The+369th+Reinforced+%28Croatian%29+Infantry+Regiment+on+The+Eastern+Front+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Leaping+Horseman+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9751076-8-3&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rft.au=Obhodas%2C+Amir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Rayfield, Donald</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_His_Hangmen" title="Stalin and His Hangmen">Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50632-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50632-2"><bdi>0-375-50632-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+His+Hangmen%3A+The+Tyrant+and+Those+Who+Killed+for+Him&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-50632-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (2002). Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-77185-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-77185-4"><bdi>0-582-77185-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Stalingrad%3A+The+Battle+that+Changed+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-582-77185-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrant1992" class="citation book cs1">Tarrant, V. E. (1992). Stalingrad: Anatomy of an Agony. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-307-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-307-9"><bdi>0-85052-307-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+Anatomy+of+an+Agony&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-85052-307-9&rft.aulast=Tarrant&rft.aufirst=V.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1998). The Second World War and its Aftermath. Vol. 4. Folio Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+and+its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Folio+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiedervon_Einsiedel1998" class="citation book cs1">Wieder, Joachim; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graf_von_Einsiedel" title="Heinrich Graf von Einsiedel">von Einsiedel, Heinrich Graf</a> (1998). Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments (1995 translation Revised ed.). New York: Sterling Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854094605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1854094605"><bdi>978-1854094605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad%3A+Memories+and+Reassessments&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1995+translation+Revised&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1854094605&rft.aulast=Wieder&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=von+Einsiedel%2C+Heinrich+Graf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Stalingrad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx">Detailed summary of campaign</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503205507/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/stalingrad/default.aspx">Archived</a> 3 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.net-film.ru/en/found-page-1/?search=q%22stalingrad+battle%22">Stalingrad battle Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awesomestories.com/history/battle-stalingrad">Story of the Stalingrad battle with pictures, maps, video and other primary and secondary sources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panorama.volgadmin.ru/">Volgograd State Panoramic Museum official homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/culture/Battle_of_Stalingrad.htm">The Battle of Stalingrad in Film and History</a> Written with strong Socialist/Communist political under and overtones.</li> <li>Roberts, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,3604,904535,00.html">"Victory on the Volga"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 28 February 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209035540/http://www.stalingrad-info.com/">Stalingrad-info.com, Russian archival docs translated into English, original battle maps, aerial photos, pictures taken at the battlefields, relics collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~museum/stalingrad.html">H-Museum: Stalingrad/Volgograd 1943–2003. Memory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227204208/http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~museum/stalingrad.html">Archived</a> 27 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fotovski.wordpress.com/2010/09/23/stalingrad-savasi/">Battle of Stalingrad Pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.ie/photos/battle-of-stalingrad">Images from the Battle of Stalingrad (Getty)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo-war.com/eng/archives/album1895.htm">The photo album of Wehrmacht NCO named Nemela of 9. Machine-Gewehr Bataillon (mot)</a> There are several unique photos of parade and award ceremony for Wehrmacht personnel who survived the Battle of Stalingrad.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staldata.com">Stalingrad Battle Data Project: order of battle, strength returns, interactive map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002072320/http://www.staldata.com/">Archived</a> 2 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiRYAXDbyzk&t=5s">Documentary showing the recovery of numerous bodies of missing soldiers in the Stalingrad area in 2015</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Educational-Services/Documentaries/Battle-of-Stalingrad/">Stalingrad documentaries by the Army University Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIk1QDvITjPOCsIRGGpSasA">Stalingrad Battle Data documentary base</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHGgGqH7Uw0&t=67s">The Stalingrad Digging Camp. Video showing the excavation and reburial of hundreds bodies</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_Stalingrad607" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Template:Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Template talk:Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_Stalingrad607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Stalingrad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airfields_of_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Category:Airfields of the Battle of Stalingrad">Airfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Axis order of battle at the Battle of Stalingrad">Axis order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Army order of battle at the Battle of Stalingrad">Red Army order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II">Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_commanders_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Category:German commanders at the Battle of Stalingrad">German commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_units_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Category:German units at the Battle of Stalingrad">German units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Operations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerschlag" title="Operation Donnerschlag">Donnerschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm">Winter Storm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Koltso" title="Operation Koltso">Koltso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Formations607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization#Commands,_formations,_and_units" title="Military organization">Formations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">fronts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Don" title="Army Group Don">Don</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Front" title="Don Front">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Voronezh Front">Voronezh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Armies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">German 4th Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Hungary)" title="Second Army (Hungary)">Hungarian 2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia" title="Italian Army in Russia">Italian 8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armies_in_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Armies in the Battle of Stalingrad">Romanian 3rd and 4th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)">1st Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Army" title="2nd Guards Army">2nd Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Guards Army (Soviet Union)">3rd Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="21st Army (Soviet Union)">21st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Army_(Russia)" title="51st Army (Russia)">51st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="62nd Army (Soviet Union)">62nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="64th Army (Soviet Union)">64th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (Soviet Union)">65th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XIV_Panzer_Corps" title="XIV Panzer Corps">XIV Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXX_Panzer_Corps" title="XXXX Panzer Corps">XXXX Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXXVIII_Panzer_Corps" title="XXXXVIII Panzer Corps">XXXXVIII Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="IV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="VIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="LI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">8th Air</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tank corps (Soviet Union)">Tank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Tank_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Tank Corps (page does not exist)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Tank_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Tank Corps (page does not exist)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Tank Corps">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Tank Corps">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Tatsinskaya_Guards_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Tatsinskaya Guards Tank Corps">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Tank Corps">26th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="4th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)">4th Mechanised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Cavalry_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Guards Cavalry Corps">3rd Guards Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Cavalry Corps">4th Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Cavalry Corps">8th Cavalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">Panzer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">24th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Infantry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">3rd Motorised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">29th Motorised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="60th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">60th Motorised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_J%C3%A4ger_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Jäger Division">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">44th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/71st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">71st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="76th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">76th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="79th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">79th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/94th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="94th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">94th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Light_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">100th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/113th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="113th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">113th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/295th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="295th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">295th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/297th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="297th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">297th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/305th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="305th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">305th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/371st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="371st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">371st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/376th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="376th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">376th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/384th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="384th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">384th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/389th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="389th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">389th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th_Flak_Division" title="9th Flak Division">9th Flak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Guards Rifle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="13th Guards Rifle Division">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="15th Guards Rifle Division">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="33rd Guards Rifle Division">33rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="35th Guards Rifle Division">35th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="36th Guards Rifle Division">36th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="37th Guards Rifle Division">37th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Guards_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Guards Rifle Division">39th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Rifle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="38th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="62nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">62nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64th_Rifle_Division_(1942%E2%80%931945)" title="64th Rifle Division (1942–1945)">64th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/91st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="91st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">91st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/93rd_Rifle_Division_(June_1942_formation)" title="93rd Rifle Division (June 1942 formation)">93rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/95th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="95th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">95th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=112th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="112th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">112th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/138th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">138th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=157th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="157th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">157th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/169th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">169th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/173rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="173rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">173rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/181st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="181st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">181st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/193rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="193rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">193rd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=196th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="196th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">196th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/204th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="204th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">204th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/214th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="214th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">214th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=221st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="221st Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">221st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=248th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="248th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">248th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/284th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="284th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">284th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/302nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="302nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">302nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/308th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="308th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">308th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/422nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="422nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">422nd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=60th_Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="60th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">60th Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81st_Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="81st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)">81st Cavalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notable_participants607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notable participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Nazi Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Edler_von_Daniels" title="Alexander Edler von Daniels">Alexander Edler von Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Valentin_Hube" title="Hans-Valentin Hube">Hans-Valentin Hube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schmidt_(general)" title="Arthur Schmidt (general)">Arthur Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Seydlitz-Kurzbach" title="Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach">Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Strecker" title="Karl Strecker">Karl Strecker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Constantinescu-Claps" title="Constantin Constantinescu-Claps">Constantin Constantinescu-Claps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lasc%C4%83r" title="Mihail Lascăr">Mihail Lascăr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Viktor Pavičić</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi" title="Italo Gariboldi">Italo Gariboldi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guszt%C3%A1v_J%C3%A1ny" title="Gusztáv Jány">Gusztáv Jány</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazi_Aslanov" title="Hazi Aslanov">Hazi Aslanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Badanov" title="Vasily Badanov">Vasily Badanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dyatlenko" title="Nikolay Dyatlenko">Nikolay Dyatlenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Filippov" title="Sasha Filippov">Sasha Filippov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Golikov" title="Filipp Golikov">Filipp Golikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Gordov" title="Vasily Gordov">Vasily Gordov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krylov_(marshal)" title="Nikolay Krylov (marshal)">Nikolay Krylov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Lelyushenko" title="Dmitry Lelyushenko">Dmitry Lelyushenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Moskalenko" title="Kirill Moskalenko">Kirill Moskalenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Pavlov" title="Yakov Pavlov">Yakov Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rodimtsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Rodimtsev">Alexander Rodimtsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_(20th-century_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)">Alexander Shcherbakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vatutin" title="Nikolai Vatutin">Nikolai Vatutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Voronov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Voronov">Nikolay Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Weinert" title="Erich Weinert">Erich Weinert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeryomenko" title="Andrey Yeryomenko">Andrei Yeremenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zaitsev_(sniper)" title="Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)">Vasily Zaitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Semenovich_Zhadov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Semenovich Zhadov">Aleksey Zhadov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Significant_locations607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant locations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmaley_Fountain" title="Barmaley Fountain">Barmaley Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan-Barrikady" title="Titan-Barrikady">Barrikady Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator#Notable_grain_elevators" title="Grain elevator">Grain Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumrak">Gumrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalach-na-Donu" title="Kalach-na-Donu">Kalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamayev_Kurgan" title="Mamayev Kurgan">Mamayev Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlov%27s_House" title="Pavlov's House">Pavlov's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitomnik_Airfield" title="Pitomnik Airfield">Pitomnik Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_October_Steel_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Red October Steel Factory">Red October Steel Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">River Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="River Volga">River Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsinskaya_Airfield" title="Tatsinskaya Airfield">Tatsinskaya Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsaritsa_Gorge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsaritsa Gorge (page does not exist)">Tsaritsa Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Tractor_Plant" title="Volgograd Tractor Plant">Tractor Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="In_memoriam607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases:_I#in_memoriam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin phrases: I">In memoriam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Madonna" title="Stalingrad Madonna">Stalingrad Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Stalingrad" title="Sword of Stalingrad">Sword of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad_in_popular_culture" title="Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture">Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Battle of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Second Battle of Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">Third Battle of Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in 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II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tank_battles1423" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tank_battles" title="Template:Tank 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Lubelski" title="Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski">Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Battle of Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Battle of Sedan (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Battle of Brody (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Stalingrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm">Operation Winter Storm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka" title="Battle of Prokhorovka">Battle of Prokhorovka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Radzymin_(1944)" title="Battle of Radzymin (1944)">Battle of Radzymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Studzianki" title="Battle of Studzianki">Battle of Studzianki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Battle of the Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">Operation Grand Slam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asal_Uttar" title="Battle of Asal Uttar">Battle of Asal Uttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phillora" title="Battle of Phillora">Battle of Phillora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Battle of Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Battle of Basantar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Badr_(1973)" title="Operation Badr (1973)">Operation Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tears" title="Valley of Tears">Valley of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chinese_Farm" title="Battle of the Chinese Farm">Battle of the Chinese Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nasr" title="Operation Nasr">Operation Nasr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting" title="Battle of 73 Easting">Battle of 73 Easting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Battle of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge" title="Battle of Medina Ridge">Battle of Medina Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Busayyah" title="Battle of Al Busayyah">Battle of Al Busayyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novoazovsk" title="Battle of Novoazovsk">Battle of Novoazovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_on_Mariupol_(September_2014)" title="Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014)">Mariupol offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">Battle of Debaltseve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vuhledar" title="Battle of Vuhledar">Battle of Vuhledar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1709957/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116595-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127277">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983294z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983294z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Stalingrad_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Adolf Hitler's Stalingrad Speech">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Stalingrad&oldid=1275187013">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Stalingrad&oldid=1275187013</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_World_War_II_involving_Romania" title="Category:Battles of World War II involving Romania">Battles of World War II involving 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