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id="toc-Jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talaq_al-bid'ah_and_triple_talaq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talaq_al-bid'ah_and_triple_talaq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span><i>Talaq al-bid'ah</i> and triple talaq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talaq_al-bid'ah_and_triple_talaq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tafwid_(delegated_talaq)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tafwid_(delegated_talaq)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Tafwid (delegated talaq)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tafwid_(delegated_talaq)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khulʿ_(mutual_divorce)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khulʿ_(mutual_divorce)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Khulʿ (mutual divorce)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khulʿ_(mutual_divorce)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikah_halala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikah_halala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nikah halala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikah_halala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Judicial divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Oaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_consequences_of_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_consequences_of_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Other consequences of divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_consequences_of_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dower_(mahr)_in_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dower_(mahr)_in_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Dower (<i>mahr</i>) in divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dower_(mahr)_in_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Legal transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Methods of reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Divorce in Islam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الطلاق في الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطلاق في الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="ইছলামত বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইছলামত বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaq" title="Talaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Talaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="তালাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তালাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A1_(%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83)" title="Талаҡ (айырылышыу) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Талаҡ (айырылышыу)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C4%81q" title="Talāq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Talāq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="طلاق در اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طلاق در اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C3%A2q" title="Talâq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Talâq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="इस्लाम में तलाक़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लाम में तलाक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talak" title="Talak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Talak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripudio_nell%27islam" title="Ripudio nell'islam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ripudio nell'islam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talak" title="Talak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Talak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Талақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Талақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="വിവാഹമോചനം ഇസ്ലാമിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിവാഹമോചനം ഇസ്ലാമിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="तलाक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तलाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الطلاق فى الاسلام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الطلاق فى الاسلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceraian_dalam_Islam" title="Perceraian dalam Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perceraian dalam Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloq_(shariat)" title="Taloq (shariat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taloq (shariat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="اسلام وچ طلاق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسلام وچ طلاق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozw%C3%B3d_w_islamie" title="Rozwód w islamie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozwód w islamie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Таляк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таляк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorci_n%C3%AB_Islam" title="Divorci në Islam – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Divorci në Islam" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%DB%BE_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="اسلام ۾ طلاق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسلام ۾ طلاق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaq" title="Talaq – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Talaq" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%83)" title="Талак (аерылышу) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Талак (аерылышу)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Divorce according to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a></b> can occur in a variety of forms, some initiated by a husband and some by a wife. The main categories of Islamic customary law are <i>talaq</i> (<a href="/wiki/Repudiation_(marriage)" title="Repudiation (marriage)">repudiation (marriage)</a>), <i>khulʿ</i> (mutual divorce) and <i>faskh</i> (dissolution of marriage before the Religious Court).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the rules of divorce were governed by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, as interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">traditional Islamic jurisprudence</a>, though they differed depending on the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">legal school</a>, and historical practices sometimes diverged from legal theory.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, as personal status (family) laws have been codified, they generally have remained "within the orbit of Islamic law", but control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-modern_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-modern-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quranic_principles">Quranic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quranic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">marriage</a> is intended to be permanent, as indicated by its characterization as a "firm bond" and by the rules governing divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-279-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between the spouses should ideally be based on love (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/30?startingVerse=21">30:21</a>) and important decisions concerning both spouses should be made by mutual consent.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-279-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When marital harmony cannot be attained, the Quran allows spouses to bring the marriage to an end,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this decision is not to be taken lightly, and the families of the spouses are called upon to intervene by appointing arbiters to attempt a reconciliation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-279-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran also sets waiting periods to discourage hasty divorces.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-279-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a <a href="/wiki/Menstruating" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstruating">menstruating</a> woman, the waiting (<a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a>) period before the divorce is finalized, as three monthly periods.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For non-menstruating women, including post-<a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> women and pre-<a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a> girls, the waiting period is three months.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to ensure the woman is not pregnant and thus guarantee the paternity of future children she may have with her next husband, and to give the husband time to reconsider his decision.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-279-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, a man who vows not to have sexual intercourse with his wife, which would lead to automatic divorce, is allowed a four-month period to break his oath.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-279-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran substantially reformed the gender inequity of divorce practices that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia, although some patriarchical elements survived and others flourished during later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Islam, divorce among the Arabs was governed by unwritten customary law, which varied according to region and tribe, and its observance depended on the authority of the individuals and groups involved. In this system, women were particularly vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-281_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quranic rules of marriage and divorce provided a fixed set of norms for all Muslims, backed by divine authority and enforced by the community.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-281_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Islamic reforms included giving the wife a possibility to initiate divorce, abrogation of the husband's claim to his wife's property, condemnation of divorce without compelling reason, criminalizing unfounded claims of infidelity made by the husband, and institution of financial responsibilities of the husband toward his divorced wife.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pre-Islamic times, men kept their wives in a state of "limbo" by continually repudiating them and taking them back at will. The Quran limited the number of repudiations to three, after which the man cannot take his wife back unless she first marries another man.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bridewealth</a> (<i>mahr</i>), which was paid by the groom to the bride's family, was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>, which became property of the wife, though some scholars believe that the practice of giving at least a part of the <i>mahr</i> to the bride began shortly before the advent of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-281_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subject of divorce is addressed in four different surahs of the Quran, including the general principle articulated in 2:231:<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If you divorce women, and they reach their appointed term, hold them back in amity or let them go in amity. Do not hold them back out of malice, to be vindictive. Whoever does this does himself injustice.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_sharia">Classical sharia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_context">Legal context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> is derived from the scriptural sources of Islam (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) using various <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">methodologies</a> developed by different <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">legal schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-vikor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was historically interpreted by jurists (<i><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a></i>) who were expected to give a legal opinion (<i><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a></i>) free of charge in response to any query.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallaq-Intro_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallaq-Intro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family disputes are handled in a religious courts presided over by a judge (<i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i>) who had enough legal education to decide some legal questions and queried a mufti if faced with a difficult legal issue.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-vikor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judges were active members of the local community and were also involved in informal arbitration, which was the preferred method of resolving disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallaq-Intro_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallaq-Intro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In court proceedings, they mediated between the letter of the law and exigences of the local social and moral concerns, with the overarching aim of ensuring social harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-giunchi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giunchi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual legal practice sometimes deviated from the precepts of the legal school that was dominant in the area, at times to women's benefit and at times to their disadvantage.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of all social classes and their witnesses argued their cases in court without professional legal representation, though members of the upper class generally did so through a representative.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were commonly involved in litigation, usually as plaintiffs, were assertive in arguing their cases, and they were often treated sympathetically by the judge.<sup id="cite_ref-giunchi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giunchi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legal doctrine, a woman's testimony in some areas of law carried half the weight of that of a man, though available evidence suggests that practical effects of this rule were limited and the legal standing of women in pre-modern Islam was comparable to or higher than that of their European contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talaq_(repudiation)"><span id="Talaq_.28repudiation.29"></span>Talaq (repudiation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Talaq (repudiation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>talaq</i> is commonly translated as "repudiation" or simply "divorce".<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classical Islamic law it refers to the husband's right to dissolve the marriage by simply announcing to his wife that he repudiates her.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical jurists variously classified pronouncement of <i>talaq</i> as <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">forbidden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">reprehensible</a> unless it was motivated by a compelling cause such as impossibility of cohabitation due to irreconcilable conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallaq-Sharia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they did not require the husband to obtain court approval or provide a justification.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurists imposed certain restrictions on valid repudiation.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the declaration must be made in clear terms; the husband must be of sound mind and not coerced. Upon talaq, the wife is entitled to the full payment of <i>mahr</i> if it had not already been paid. The husband is obligated to financially support her until the end of the waiting period or the delivery of her child, if she is pregnant. In addition, she has a right to child support and any past due maintenance, which Islamic law requires to be paid regularly in the course of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giving the husband a prerogative of repudiation was based on the assumption that men would have no interest in initiating a divorce without good cause, given the financial obligations it would incur.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallaq-Sharia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, classical jurists were of the opinion that "the female nature is wanting in rationality and self-control".<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requiring a justification was seen as being potentially detrimental to the reputation of both spouses, since it may expose family secrets to public scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallaq-Sharia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talaq is considered in Islam to be a <a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">reprehensible</a> means of divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial declaration of talaq is a revocable repudiation (ṭalāq rajʿah) which does not terminate the marriage. The husband can revoke the repudiation at any time during the waiting period (<i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">iddah</a></i>) which lasts three full menstrual cycles. The waiting period is intended to give the couple an opportunity for reconciliation, and also a means to ensure that the wife is not pregnant. Resumption of sexual relations automatically retracts the repudiation. The wife retains all her rights during the waiting period. The divorce becomes final when the waiting period expires. This is called a "minor" divorce (<i>al-baynuna al-sughra</i>) and the couple can remarry. If the husband repudiates his wife for the third time, it triggers a "major" divorce (<i>al-baynuna al-kubra</i>), after which the couple cannot remarry without an intervening consummated marriage to another man.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known as <i>tahlil</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">nikah halala</a></i>. Making the third pronouncement irrevocable prevents the husband from using repeated declarations and revocations of divorce as a means of pressuring his wife into making financial concessions in order to "purchase her freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-esposito-30_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-30-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also acts as a deterrent to rash repudiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallaq-Sharia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice">Practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women often entered marriage with substantial capital in the form of <i>mahr</i> and the trousseau provided by their family, which they were not obliged to spend on family expenses, and they frequently loaned money to their husbands. Because of this, and the financial obligations incurred, talaq could be a very costly and in many cases financially ruinous enterprise for the husband. Many repudiated women used the divorce payment to buy their ex-husband's share in the family house. In the historical record talaq appears to have been less common than khul'.<sup id="cite_ref-HallaqIntro-P66-67_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallaqIntro-P66-67-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Available evidence from Mamluk Egypt indicates that talaq was not the principal means of divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talaq was considered to be disastrous for the woman because it deprived her of long-term protection and financial support, preventing her from remarrying, since this would cause her to lose child custody. This led to repudiation without good reason being considered socially improper.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of the Ottoman Levant showed that women could invalidate a declaration of talaq by stating that the husband had shown signs of "diminished rationality" when he made it, while others used a husband's unrevoked declaration of talaq to obtain divorce at a later date if they could prove that he made it.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Talaq_al-bid'ah_and_triple_talaq"><span id="Talaq_al-bid.27ah_and_triple_talaq"></span><i>Talaq al-bid'ah</i> and triple talaq</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Talaq al-bid'ah and triple talaq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talaq types can be classified into <i>talaq al-sunnah</i>, which is thought to be in accordance with Muhammad's teachings, and <i>talaq al-bid'ah</i>, which are viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">bid'ah</a> (innovation) deviations from it. <i>Talaq al-sunnah</i> is further subdivided into <i>talaq al-ahsan</i>, which is the least disapproved form of talaq, and <i>talaq al-hasan</i>. The <i>ahsan</i> talaq involves a single revocable pronouncement of divorce and sexual abstinence during the waiting period. The <i>hasan</i> divorce involves three pronouncements made during the wife's state of ritual purity with menstrual periods intervening between them, and no intercourse having taken place during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-esposito-30_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-30-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to <i>talaq al-sunnah</i>, <i>talaq al-bid'ah</i> does not observe the waiting period and irrevocably terminates the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-esposito-30_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-30-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may involve a "triple talaq", i.e., the declaration of talaq repeated three times, or a different formula such as "you are <i>haram</i> for me".<sup id="cite_ref-esposito-30_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-30-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some legal schools held that a triple talaq performed in a single meeting constituted a "major" divorce, while others classified it as a "minor" divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Talaq al-bid'ah</i> reflects pre-Islamic divorce customs rather than Quranic principles, and it is considered to be a particularly disapproved, though legally valid form of divorce in traditional Sunni jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-esposito-30_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-30-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad denounced the practice of triple talaq, and the second caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> punished husbands who made use of it.<sup id="cite_ref-doi_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shiite jurisprudence does not recognize <i>talaq al-bid'ah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tafwid_(delegated_talaq)"><span id="Tafwid_.28delegated_talaq.29"></span>Tafwid (delegated talaq)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tafwid (delegated talaq)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">Tafwid</a></div> <p>The husband can delegate the right of repudiation to his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This delegation can be made at the time of drawing up the marriage contract (<a href="/wiki/Nikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah">nikah</a>) or during the marriage, with or without conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many women included such terms in their marriage contracts. Commonly, the contract gave the wife the right to "repudiate herself" if the husband married a second wife.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delegated repudiation is called <i>ṭalāq al-tafawud</i> or <i>tafwid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODI_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khulʿ_(mutual_divorce)"><span id="Khul.CA.BF_.28mutual_divorce.29"></span>Khulʿ (mutual divorce)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Khulʿ (mutual divorce)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khul%27" title="Khul'">Khul'</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence_2">Jurisprudence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khulʿ is a contractual type of divorce that is initiated by the wife. It is justified on the authority of verse 2:229:<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not licit for you to take back anything you have given them unless the two of them fear that they cannot conform to the bounds of God, no blame attaches to them both. If the woman gives back that with which she sets herself free. These are the bounds set by God; do not transgress them.</p></blockquote> <p>It is further based on a hadith in which Muhammad instructs a man to agree to his wife's wish of divorce if she gives back a garden received from him as part of her <i>mahr</i>. A khul' is concluded when the couple agrees to a divorce in exchange for a monetary compensation paid by the wife, which cannot exceed the value of the <i>mahr</i> she had received, and is generally a smaller sum or involves forfeiting the still unpaid portion.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikis</a> do not require a compensation paid by the wife.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divorce is final and irrevocable, effective when the contract is concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple cannot reconcile during the waiting period, defined as in the case of talaq, but the husband is required to pay maintenance during its term, unless the requirement is waived by the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the case of <i>talaq</i>, remarriage is possible until a khul' is concluded for a third time. If the husband pressures his wife to agree to khul' instead of pronouncing talaq, which would let him avoid attendant financial responsibilities, the divorce is considered to be invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like talaq, khulʿ takes place out of court.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice_2">Practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relative frequency of khul' has been noted in studies of Istanbul, Anatolia, Syria, Muslim Cyprus, Egypt and Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-HallaqIntro-P66-67_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallaqIntro-P66-67-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In studies of Mamluk Egypt and the Balkans under Ottoman rule, khul' was shown to have been the principal means of divorce. Women employed a number of strategies to force a settlement from their husbands. Some neglected their marital and household duties, making family life impossible for the husband. Others demanded immediate payment of the deferred mahr, knowing that the husband had no means to comply and would be jailed if he failed to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases the khul' contract involved no compensation from the wife, while in other cases women would waive all of their husband's financial obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to studies of the Ottoman Levant, various court procedures were put in place to ensure that a khul' was not actually a talaq.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikah_halala">Nikah halala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nikah halala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Nikah halala</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence_3">Jurisprudence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikah halala (also known as tahleel marriage) is a practice in which a woman, after being divorced by triple talaq, marries another man, consummates the marriage, and gets divorced again in order to be able to remarry her former husband.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However such marriages are forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, according to a <a href="/wiki/Sahih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih">Sahih</a> graded <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> which states that <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> cursed those who did such marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_divorce">Judicial divorce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judicial divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence_4">Jurisprudence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A marriage can also be dissolved by means of judicial divorce. Either spouse can petition a <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> court to obtain judicial divorce, but they must have compelling grounds for dissolving the marriage. The court starts the process by appointing an arbitrator from each of their families in order to seek a mediated reconciliation. If this effort fails, the court adjudicates the dispute by apportioning fault for the breakdown of the marriage with the associated financial consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of fault are cruelty; husband's failure to provide maintenance or pay the immediate installment of <i>mahr</i>; infidelity; desertion; moral or social incompatibility; certain ailments; and imprisonment harmful to the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judicial divorce can also be sought over violations of terms stipulated in the marriage contract. Different legal schools recognized different subsets of these grounds for divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maliki school, which recognized the widest range of grounds for divorce, also recognises wife's hatred for husband as a valid ground for divorce and stipulates a category of "harm" (ḍarar), which gave the judge significant discretion of interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice_3">Practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some areas under Ottoman rule it was hardly possible for women to obtain divorce except through khul' due to the restriction imposed by the prevailing Hanafi school, though some exceptions have been found. The most serious problem was abandonment, which was not recognized as grounds for judicial divorce. To address this, in some cases a man setting out for travel would leave his wife a letter authorizing talaq if he did not return within a specified period of time. In other cases, Hanafi judges invited a Maliki or Hanbali colleague to pronounce divorce, or the woman herself took the initiative to seek out a judge from one of these schools. The same approach was used to effect a divorce in cases of failure to provide maintenance. In the Ottoman Balkans a woman could file for divorce on the grounds that her husband was "not a good Muslim".<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since marriages between non-Muslim men and Muslim women are forbidden under Islamic law, when a married woman converted to Islam but her husband did not, the marriage would be considered void by Muslim authorities and the woman obtained custody of the children. Seventeenth-century sources indicate that non-Muslim women throughout the Ottoman Empire used this method to obtain a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oaths">Oaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Oaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisprudence_5">Jurisprudence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The husband can end marriage through three types of oaths: the oath of continence (<i>īlāʿ</i> and <i>iẓhar</i>), the denial of paternity (<i>liʿan</i>), and conditional ṭalāq.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two types were pre-Islamic practices confirmed by the Quran (2:226–227 for <i>ila</i>, and 58:2–4 for <i>izhar</i>), which also makes clear that <i>izhar</i> is reprehensible despite being legally valid.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ila</i> is an oath whereby the husband vows to refrain from sexual relations with his wife for at least four months. If he fulfils his oath, the marriage is dissolved; if he breaks it, the marriage continues.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>izhar</i> (or <i>ẓihār</i>) oath a man declares that his wife is as sexually prohibited to him as his mother. The husband is able to break the oath and resume the marriage. Breaking either oath requires expiation by means of feeding the poor or fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>li'an</i> oath, the husband denies paternity of his wife's child. The wife is given an opportunity to take an oath denying infidelity, and if she does so and the husband persists in his accusation, the marriage is dissolved by a judge and the couple can never remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the oath of conditional ṭalāq, the husband declares that he will divorce his wife if he or she performs a certain act. This oath can serve as a protection for the wife or as a threat by the husband, depending on the specified act.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice_4">Practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies of practices under Mamluk and Ottoman rule found no instances of the oaths of li'an or abstinence being used, while conditional talaq seems to have played a prominent role. It was used to issue various threats to the wife as well as to make promises. In Ottoman Egypt marriage contracts commonly included stipulations of conditional talaq which were not otherwise recognized by the prevailing Hanafi school as grounds for judicial divorce, such as non-payment of maintenance or marrying a second wife.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_consequences_of_divorce">Other consequences of divorce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other consequences of divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic law does not recognize the concept of communal property, and division of property is based on its attribution to either spouse. The wife obtains custody of the children until their majority (whose definition varies according to legal school), while the father retains guardianship.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Child custody practices under Ottoman rule appear to have followed the rules of Hanafi jurisprudence, although in Ottoman Egypt children generally stayed with their divorced mother beyond the prescribed age. A divorced woman could keep custody of the children unless she remarried and her husband claimed custody, in which case it generally passed to one of her female relatives. Under the Mamluks, women could waive the right to child support in order to obtain extended custody.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dower_(mahr)_in_divorce"><span id="Dower_.28mahr.29_in_divorce"></span>Dower (<i>mahr</i>) in divorce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dower (mahr) in divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i> is a nuptial gift made by groom to the bride at the time of marriage. Upon receipt, it becomes her sole property with complete freedom of use and disposal. The marriage contract is not valid without the mahr. The amount of the mahr generally depended on the socio-economic status of the bride. The payment of a portion of the mahr was commonly deferred and served as a deterrent to the exercise of the right of unilateral divorce by the husband, although classical jurists disagreed about the permissibility and manner of deferring payment of the mahr.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic jurisprudence has clear guidance on handling of mahr in the case of divorce, depending on who asks for the divorce and whether or not the intercourse occurred. If the husband asks for a divorce and intercourse has occurred or he had been alone with her, he pays full <i>mahr</i>; if the husband asks for a divorce and the intercourse has not occurred, the husband pays half the dower; if the wife asks for a divorce and intercourse has occurred, the husband pays half the <i>mahr</i>; and if the wife asks for a divorce and intercourse has not occurred, then no <i>mahr</i> is required to be paid by the husband.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_transformation">Legal transformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legal transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the modern era, sharia-based laws were widely replaced by statutes based on European models, and its classical rules were largely retained only in <a href="/wiki/Status_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Status (law)">personal status</a> (family) laws.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-vikor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon. Several scholars have argued that because these laws are more extensively specified in the Quran and hadith than others, it has been difficult for believers to accept deviating from these rules.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-modern_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-modern-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael Hallaq</a> sees it as a legacy of colonialism: changing family laws would have provided no benefit in colonial administration, and colonial powers promoted the theory that these laws were sacred to the population, advertising their preservation as a mark of respect, which in turn led to them being taken up as a point of reference in modern Muslim identity politics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important changes in family laws took place in the modern era. The laws underwent codification by legislative bodies and were also displaced from their original context into modern legal systems, which generally followed Western practices in court procedure and legal education.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-vikor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This severed them both from the classical interpretative tradition and from the institutional foundations of the pre-modern legal system into which they were embedded.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state, though they generally remained "within the orbit of Islamic law".<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-modern_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-modern-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her article 'An unequal partnership', Sulema Jahangir insists that, <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> and other international standards expect that non-financial contributions of women to a marriage ought to be recognized to enable an equal standing between spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Muslim countries are finding ways and means to account for non-financial contributions of women to a marriage and improve divorce compensations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim nations such as Jordan, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Syria, Libya and Tunisia, are effecting rules legislationes to pay additional compensation called 'mata'a' as part of Islamic kindness to departing spouses in addition to dower and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Muslim countries are adding conditions called 'haq meher' (right of financial maintenance and capital awards) in marriage contracts called <i>nikahnama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_of_reform">Methods of reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Methods of reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changing social conditions have led to increasing dissatisfaction with traditional Islamic law of divorce since the early 20th century. Various reforms have been undertaken in an attempt to restrict the husband's right of unilateral repudiation and give women greater ability to initiate divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-10-155_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-10-155-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reforms have utilized a number of methods, of which the most important are:<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-10-155_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-10-155-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Selection among classical juristic opinions without restriction to a single <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">legal school</a> (<i>takhayyur</i>) during state law codification</li> <li>Extending discretionary powers of the court</li> <li>Administrative measures justified with reference to the classical doctrine of <i>siyasa shar'iyya</i>, which authorizes the ruler to enact policies in consideration of equity and expedience<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Imposition of penal sanctions</li> <li>Modernistic interpretation of Quranic scriptures (sometimes called <i>neo-<a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_feminism_in_Islam" title="Hermeneutics of feminism in Islam">feminist tafsir</a>)</li> <li>Appeal to the doctrine of public interest (<i><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">maslaha</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>According to Sulema Jahangir in Turkey, the revised Civil Code expects equal division of property and assets acquired during the marriage as the default property regime. In Indonesia and Singapore, the courts have the discretionary powers; in Indonesia courts can split the matrimonial property upon divorce to recognise women's non-financial contributions to the marriage where as in Singapore wife's contribution to family is taken into account, and even in absence of financial contribution 35% assets have to be shared with wife as contributing in caring for home and children, where as in Malaysia depending on length of marriage and each spouse's contribution a divorcing spouse can get up to one third share in assets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Personal_Law_Board" title="All India Muslim Personal Law Board">All India Muslim Personal Law Board</a> issued a code of conduct in April 2017 regarding talaq in response to the controversy over the practice of <a href="/wiki/Triple_Talaq_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple Talaq in India">triple talaq in India</a>. It also warned that those who resort to triple talaq, or divorce recklessly, without justification or for reasons not prescribed under Shariat will be socially boycotted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, <a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Marriage)_Act,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019">The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019</a> was passed in July, 2019 which made instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) in any form — spoken, written, or by electronic means illegal, void, and punishable by up to three years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new law, an aggrieved woman is entitled to demand maintenance for her dependent children.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India is among 23 countries that have banned triple talaq.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Yossef Rapoport, in the 15th century, the rate of divorce was higher than it is today in the modern <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, which has generally lower rates of divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapoport_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapoport-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 15th century <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al-Sakhawi</a> recorded the marital history of 500 <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">women</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sample</a> on marriage in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and found that at least a third of all women in the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> of Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> married more than once, with many marrying three or more times. According to Al-Sakhawi, as many as three out of ten marriages in 15th century <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> ended in divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, some villages in western <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> had divorce rates as high as 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapoport_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapoport-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">Annulment (Catholic Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Get (divorce document)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rights" title="Holy Rights">Holy Rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/talaq-khula-faskh-tafweedh-the-different-methods-of-islamic-separation-part-1">"Talaq, Khula, Faskh and Tafweedh: The different methods of Islamic separation - Part 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113092258/https://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/talaq-khula-faskh-tafweedh-the-different-methods-of-islamic-separation-part-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talaq%2C+Khula%2C+Faskh+and+Tafweedh%3A+The+different+methods+of+Islamic+separation+-+Part+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familylaw.co.uk%2Fnews_and_comment%2Ftalaq-khula-faskh-tafweedh-the-different-methods-of-islamic-separation-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-hist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-hist_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaaike_Voorhoeve2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maaike Voorhoeve (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">"Divorce. Historical Practice"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976446-4"><bdi>978-0-19-976446-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204102020/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divorce.+Historical+Practice&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Women&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976446-4&rft.au=Maaike+Voorhoeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001%2Facref-9780199764464-e-0108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/talak-menurut-hukum-islam-atau-hukum-negara--mana-yang-berlaku-lt533782f670787/">"Talak Menurut Hukum Islam atau Hukum Negara, Mana yang Berlaku? - Klinik Hukumonline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629135621/https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/talak-menurut-hukum-islam-atau-hukum-negara--mana-yang-berlaku-lt533782f670787/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talak+Menurut+Hukum+Islam+atau+Hukum+Negara%2C+Mana+yang+Berlaku%3F+-+Klinik+Hukumonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hukumonline.com%2Fklinik%2Fa%2Ftalak-menurut-hukum-islam-atau-hukum-negara--mana-yang-berlaku-lt533782f670787%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-modern-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-modern_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-modern_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-modern_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaaike_Voorhoeve2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maaike Voorhoeve (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">"Divorce. Modern Practice"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976446-4"><bdi>978-0-19-976446-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204102020/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divorce.+Modern+Practice&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Women&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976446-4&rft.au=Maaike+Voorhoeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001%2Facref-9780199764464-e-0108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehlvi,_Ghulam_Rasool2017" class="citation web cs1">Dehlvi, Ghulam Rasool (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/india/triple-talaq-muslim-law-board-should-take-cues-from-divorce-rules-in-22-islamic-nations-not-delay-reforms-3382416.html">"Triple talaq: Muslim law board should take cues from divorce rules in 22 'Islamic nations', not delay reforms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415103940/http://www.firstpost.com/india/triple-talaq-muslim-law-board-should-take-cues-from-divorce-rules-in-22-islamic-nations-not-delay-reforms-3382416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triple+talaq%3A+Muslim+law+board+should+take+cues+from+divorce+rules+in+22+%27Islamic+nations%27%2C+not+delay+reforms&rft.pub=Firstpost&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.au=Dehlvi%2C+Ghulam+Rasool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Ftriple-talaq-muslim-law-board-should-take-cues-from-divorce-rules-in-22-islamic-nations-not-delay-reforms-3382416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-279-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-279_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarald_Motzki2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. Vol. 3. Brill. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marriage+and+divorce&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Harald+Motzki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=231">2:231</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=35">4:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=228">2:228</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/65?startingVerse=4">65:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=226">2:226</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-found-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-found_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbed_AwadHany_Mawla2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abed Awad; Hany Mawla (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">"Divorce. Legal Foundations"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976446-4"><bdi>978-0-19-976446-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204102020/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0108">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divorce.+Legal+Foundations&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Women&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976446-4&rft.au=Abed+Awad&rft.au=Hany+Mawla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199764464.001.0001%2Facref-9780199764464-e-0108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-281-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-281_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-281_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-281_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarald_Motzki2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 280–281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marriage+and+divorce&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=280-281&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Harald+Motzki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Spies. "Mahr." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Vol. 6, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIP-vikor-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP-vikor_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnut_S._Vikør2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Knut S. Vikør (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">"Sharīʿah"</a>. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">the original</a> on 2017-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shar%C4%AB%CA%BFah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Knut+S.+Vik%C3%B8r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbridgingcultures.neh.gov%2Fmuslimjourneys%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallaq-Intro-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallaq-Intro_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallaq-Intro_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWael_B._Hallaq2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wael_B._Hallaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wael B. Hallaq">Wael B. Hallaq</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00hall"><i>An Introduction to Islamic Law</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00hall/page/n18">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islamic+Law&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Wael+B.+Hallaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontois00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giunchi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giunchi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giunchi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisa_Giunchi2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Elisa Giunchi (2013). Elisa Giunchi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VFJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>From Jurists' </i>Ijtihad<i> to Judicial Neo-Ijtihad: Some introductory observations</i></a>. Vol. Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts. Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96488-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96488-9"><bdi>978-1-317-96488-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217023051/https://books.google.com/books?id=6VFJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Jurists%27+Ijtihad+to+Judicial+Neo-Ijtihad%3A+Some+introductory+observations&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96488-9&rft.au=Elisa+Giunchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VFJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallaq (2009), pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikør2005" class="citation book cs1">Vikør, Knut S. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweengodsultan0000vikr"><i>Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweengodsultan0000vikr/page/299">299</a>–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+God+and+the+Sultan%3A+A+History+of+Islamic+Law&rft.pages=299-300&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Vik%C3%B8r&rft.aufirst=Knut+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweengodsultan0000vikr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallaq-Sharia-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallaq-Sharia_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWael_B._Hallaq2009" class="citation book cs1">Wael B. Hallaq (2009). <i>Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations</i>. 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Will Banning it Help?"</a>. <i>The Quint</i>. Bloomberg LP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407051407/https://www.thequint.com/voices/women/so-what-does-the-quran-say-about-nikah-halala-triple-talaq-polygamy">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Sunan+Abi+Dawud+2076+%E2%80%93+Marriage+%28Kitab+Al-Nikah%29+%E2%80%93+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AD+%E2%80%93+Sunnah.com+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fabudawud%3A2076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTijana_Krstić2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tijana Krstić (2009). "Conversion". 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In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973935-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973935-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973935-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212102809/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0062">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siy%C4%81sah+Shar%CA%BF%C4%AByah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973935-6&rft.au=Felicitas+Opwis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001%2Facref-9780199739356-e-0062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaurya,_Surabhi2017" class="citation news cs1">Shaurya, Surabhi (17 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india.com/news/india/triple-talaq-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-issues-code-of-conduct-heres-what-it-says-2035881/">"Triple Talaq: All India Muslim Personal Law Board issues code of conduct; here's what it says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India.com" class="mw-redirect" title="India.com">India.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421205756/http://www.india.com/news/india/triple-talaq-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-issues-code-of-conduct-heres-what-it-says-2035881/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Triple+Talaq%3A+All+India+Muslim+Personal+Law+Board+issues+code+of+conduct%3B+here%27s+what+it+says&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.au=Shaurya%2C+Surabhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Ftriple-talaq-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-issues-code-of-conduct-heres-what-it-says-2035881%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai,_Namita2017" class="citation news cs1">Bajpai, Namita (16 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/16/all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-announces-code-of-conduct-for-triple-talaq-1594233.html">"All India Muslim Personal Law Board announces code of conduct for triple talaq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418220658/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/16/all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-announces-code-of-conduct-for-triple-talaq-1594233.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=All+India+Muslim+Personal+Law+Board+announces+code+of+conduct+for+triple+talaq&rft.date=2017-04-16&rft.au=Bajpai%2C+Namita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2017%2Fapr%2F16%2Fall-india-muslim-personal-law-board-announces-code-of-conduct-for-triple-talaq-1594233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/india-criminalises-muslim-practice-instant-divorce-190730143217161.html"><i>India criminalises Muslim practice of instant divorce</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801214427/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/india-criminalises-muslim-practice-instant-divorce-190730143217161.html">Archived</a> 2019-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Al Jazeera English, 30 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-ram-nath-kovind-gives-assent-to-triple-talaq-bill/article28780061.ece/amp/">"President Ram Nath Kovind gives assent to triple talaq Bill"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 1 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211161843/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-ram-nath-kovind-gives-assent-to-triple-talaq-bill/article28780061.ece/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=President+Ram+Nath+Kovind+gives+assent+to+triple+talaq+Bill&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fpresident-ram-nath-kovind-gives-assent-to-triple-talaq-bill%2Farticle28780061.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-muslim-neighbours-among-23-countries-that-have-banned-triple-talaq/story-J8b9HkOCwdMAIWyscwxZMK.html">"India's Muslim neighbours among 23 countries that have banned triple talaq"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 2018-09-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811235610/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-muslim-neighbours-among-23-countries-that-have-banned-triple-talaq/story-J8b9HkOCwdMAIWyscwxZMK.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=India%27s+Muslim+neighbours+among+23+countries+that+have+banned+triple+talaq&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Findia-s-muslim-neighbours-among-23-countries-that-have-banned-triple-talaq%2Fstory-J8b9HkOCwdMAIWyscwxZMK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapoport-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rapoport_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rapoport_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapoport2005" class="citation book cs1">Rapoport, Yossef (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriagemoneydiv00rapo_098"><i>Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriagemoneydiv00rapo_098/page/n14">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84715-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84715-X"><bdi>0-521-84715-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%2C+Money+and+Divorce+in+Medieval+Islamic+Society&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84715-X&rft.aulast=Rapoport&rft.aufirst=Yossef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarriagemoneydiv00rapo_098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADivorce+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapoport (2005) pp. 5–6.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_Islam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Divorce_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Divorce in Islam">Divorce in Islam</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Syed, Ibrahim B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/triple__talaq.htm">"Triple Talaq"</a>. Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc.</li> <li>Ul Akhir, Jamadi (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicvoice.com/october.97/ourd.htm">"Our Dialogue"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210081116/http://www.islamicvoice.com/october.97/ourd.htm">Archived</a> 2015-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Islamic Voice</i>. Vol 11-10 No: 129</li> <li>Kakakhel, Mian Muhibullah (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610232706/http://kakakhellaw.com/publications/synopsis-of-articles/149-the-law-of-divorce-in-pakistan.html">"The Law of Divorce in Pakistan"</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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