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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_as_King_of_Scots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_as_King_of_Scots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accession as King of Scots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_as_King_of_Scots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Abdication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriage and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fictional portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Balliol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Scotta_Cyning" title="Iohannes Scotta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iohannes Scotta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="جون من باليول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون من باليول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(So%CD%98-kat-l%C3%A2n)" title="John (So͘-kat-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John (So͘-kat-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_I_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Іаан I Баліял – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іаан I Баліял" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_I_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Джон I Бейлиъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон I Бейлиъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Balliol" title="Joan Balliol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan Balliol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_I._Skotsk%C3%BD" title="Jan I. Skotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan I. Skotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB" title="Τζων Μπάλλιολ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζων Μπάλλιολ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Balliol" title="Juan de Balliol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan de Balliol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_de_Balliol" title="Johano de Balliol – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano de Balliol" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanes_Eskoziakoa" title="Joanes Eskoziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joanes Eskoziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Balliol" title="Jean Balliol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Balliol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Balliol" title="John de Balliol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John de Balliol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo%C3%A1n_I_de_Escocia" title="Xoán I de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xoán I de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B0%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%AC" title="존 발리올 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 발리올" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉन बैलियोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन बैलियोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Balliol" title="Ivan Balliol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan Balliol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Scozia" title="Giovanni di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ג'ון, מלך סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון, מלך סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_(rex_Scotiae)" title="Ioannes (rex Scotiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes (rex Scotiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly" title="János skót király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="János skót király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="جون من باليول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون من باليول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジョン・ベイリャル (スコットランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ベイリャル (スコットランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Balliol" title="Johan Balliol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johan Balliol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Balliol" title="Jan Balliol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Balliol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="João da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="João da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Иоанн I (король Шотландии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иоанн I (король Шотландии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="जाह्न बालियोल – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जाह्न बालियोल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Scotland" title="John of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Џон Бејлиол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Бејлиол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Balliol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhon_Balliol" title="Jhon Balliol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jhon Balliol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Іоанн (Шотландський король) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іоанн (Шотландський король)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">King of Scots from 1292 to 1296</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his father, see <a href="/wiki/John_I_de_Balliol" title="John I de Balliol">John I de Balliol</a>. For the 1825 play, see <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol_(play)" title="John Balliol (play)">John Balliol (play)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">John Balliol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John,_King_of_Scotland_(seal).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John%2C_King_of_Scotland_%28seal%29.png/220px-John%2C_King_of_Scotland_%28seal%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John%2C_King_of_Scotland_%28seal%29.png/330px-John%2C_King_of_Scotland_%28seal%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John%2C_King_of_Scotland_%28seal%29.png/440px-John%2C_King_of_Scotland_%28seal%29.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="845" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Seal of King John</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1292 –<br />10 July 1296</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1292</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a> (1290)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a> (1306)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1249</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">late 1314 (aged around 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_H%C3%A9licourt" title="Château de Hélicourt">Château de Hélicourt</a>, Picardy, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">prob. Hélicourt</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_de_Warenne" title="Isabella de Warenne">Isabella de Warenne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">Balliol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_I_de_Balliol" title="John I de Balliol">John I de Balliol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dervorguilla_of_Galloway" title="Dervorguilla of Galloway">Dervorguilla of Galloway</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Balliol</b> or <b>John de Balliol</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1249</span> – late 1314), known derisively as <b>Toom Tabard</b> (meaning 'empty coat'), was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> from 1292 to 1296. Little is known of his early life. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a>, Scotland entered an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> during which several <a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Competitors for the Crown of Scotland">competitors for the Crown of Scotland</a> put forward claims. Balliol was chosen from among them as the new King of Scotland by a group of selected noblemen headed by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>. </p><p>Edward used his influence over the process to subjugate Scotland and undermined Balliol's personal reign by treating Scotland as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of England. Edward's influence in Scottish affairs tainted Balliol's reign, and the Scottish nobility deposed him and appointed a council of twelve to rule instead. This council signed a treaty with France known as the "<a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>". </p><p>In retaliation, Edward invaded Scotland, starting the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>. After a Scottish defeat in 1296, Balliol abdicated and was imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. Eventually, Balliol was sent to his estates in France and retired into obscurity, taking no more part in politics. Scotland was then left without a monarch until the accession of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> in 1306. John Balliol's son <a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a> would later exert a claim to the Scottish throne against the Bruce claim during the minority of Robert's son <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balliol_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Balliol_arms.svg/220px-Balliol_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Balliol_arms.svg/330px-Balliol_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Balliol_arms.svg/440px-Balliol_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Balliol arms: <i>Gules an escutcheon voided Argent</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Norman French</a> his name was Johan de Bailliol;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> it was <i>Jhon Ballioun</i>, and in Scottish Gaelic, <i>Iain Bailiol</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> he was known by the nickname Toom Tabard, usually understood to mean "empty coat" in the sense that he was an ineffective king. Alternatively the word <i>coat</i> may refer to a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>; either to the Balliol arms which are a plain shield with an orle, also known as an <i>inescutcheon voided</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or because his arms were stripped from his <a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">tabard</a> in public.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little of Balliol's early life is known. He was born between 1248 and 1250 at an unknown location; possibilities include <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Castle" title="Barnard Castle">Barnard Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of <a href="/wiki/John,_5th_Baron_Balliol" class="mw-redirect" title="John, 5th Baron Balliol">John, 5th Baron Balliol</a>, Lord of Barnard Castle (and founder of <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Balliol College">Balliol College</a>, Oxford), and his wife <a href="/wiki/Dervorguilla_of_Galloway" title="Dervorguilla of Galloway">Dervorguilla of Galloway</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alan,_Lord_of_Galloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan, Lord of Galloway">Alan, Lord of Galloway</a> and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/David,_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="David, Earl of Huntingdon">David, Earl of Huntingdon</a> — the brother of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar115_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his mother he inherited significant lands in Galloway and claim to lordship over the Gallovidians, as well as various English and Scottish estates of the Huntingdon inheritance; from his father he inherited large estates in England and France, such as <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_as_King_of_Scots">Accession as King of Scots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Accession as King of Scots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_Scotland.jpg/220px-John_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_Scotland.jpg/330px-John_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_Scotland.jpg/440px-John_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The seal of John Balliol</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1284 Balliol had attended a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">parliament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a>, which had recognised <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a>, as heir presumptive to her grandfather, <a href="/wiki/King_Alexander_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alexander III">King Alexander III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the deaths of Alexander III in 1286 and Margaret in 1290, John Balliol was a <a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Competitors for the Crown of Scotland">competitor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish crown</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Cause">Great Cause</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar115_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he was a great-great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> through his mother (and therefore one generation further than his main rival <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce,_5th_Lord_of_Annandale" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale">Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale</a>, grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>, who later became king), being senior in genealogical <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> but not in <a href="/wiki/Proximity_of_blood" title="Proximity of blood">proximity of blood</a>. He submitted his claim to the Scottish auditors with King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> as the administrator of the court, at <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>, on 6 June 1291.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar116_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish auditors' decision in favour of Balliol was pronounced in the Great Hall of <a href="/wiki/Berwick_Castle" title="Berwick Castle">Berwick Castle</a> on 17 November 1292,<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar116_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was inaugurated accordingly <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scotland</a> at Scone, 30 November 1292, <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Day">St. Andrew's Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar115_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward I, who had coerced recognition as Lord Paramount of Scotland, the feudal superior of the realm, steadily undermined John's authority. He demanded homage to be paid towards himself, legal authority over the Scottish king in any disputes brought against him by his own subjects, contribution towards the costs for the defence of England, and military support was expected in his war against France. He treated Scotland as a feudal vassal state and repeatedly humiliated the new king. The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king; the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a council of twelve — in practice, a new panel of guardians — at <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> in July 1295. They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France — known in later years as the "<a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abdication">Abdication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abdication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, commenced the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>. The Scots were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1296)" title="Battle of Dunbar (1296)">Dunbar</a> and the English took <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a> on 27 April 1296.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar116_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John abdicated at <a href="/wiki/Stracathro" title="Stracathro">Stracathro</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Angus" title="Montrose, Angus">Montrose</a>, on 10 July 1296.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar116_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balliol was imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> until allowed to go to France in July 1299. When his baggage was examined at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, the Royal Golden Crown and Seal of the Kingdom of Scotland, with many vessels of gold and silver, and a considerable sum of money, were found in his chests. Edward I ordered that the crown be offered to the shrine of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Becket" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Becket">St Thomas Becket</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and that the money be returned to Balliol for the expenses of his journey. But he kept the seal himself.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balliol was released into the custody of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> on condition that he remain at a papal residence. He was released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's ancestral estates at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9licourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hélicourt">Hélicourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next few years, there were several Scottish rebellions against Edward (for example, in 1297 under <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moray" title="Andrew Moray">Andrew Moray</a>). When Wallace was chosen as commander, he claimed to act in the name of his king, John Balliol.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim came to look increasingly tenuous, as Balliol's position under nominal house-arrest meant that he could not return to Scotland nor campaign for his release, despite the Scots' diplomatic attempts in Paris and Rome. After 1302, he made no further attempts to extend his personal support to the Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balliol died in late 1314 at his family's <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_H%C3%A9licourt" title="Château de Hélicourt">château at Hélicourt</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 January 1315, King Edward II of England, writing to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X of France</a>, said that he had heard of the death of "Sir John de Balliol"<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar117_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar117-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and requested the fealty and homage of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a> to be given by proxy.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A John de Bailleul is interred in the church of St. Waast at <a href="/wiki/Bailleul-Neuville" title="Bailleul-Neuville">Bailleul-Neuville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar117_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar117-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balliol was survived by his son, Edward Balliol, who later revived his family's claim to the Scottish throne, received support from the English, and had some temporary successes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg/220px-SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg/330px-SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg/440px-SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>John Balliol and his wife</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Balliol,_King_of_Scotland_seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Edward_Balliol%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png/220px-Edward_Balliol%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Edward_Balliol%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png/330px-Edward_Balliol%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Edward_Balliol%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png/440px-Edward_Balliol%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Edward Balliol, King of Scotland seal</figcaption></figure> <p>Balliol married around 9 February 1281 to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_de_Warenne" title="Isabella de Warenne">Isabella de Warenne</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey" title="John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey">John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar115_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been established that Balliol and de Warenne had at least one child, Edward Balliol, <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Scottish pretender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunbar115_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbar115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other children linked to the couple include Henry Balliol, killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annan" title="Battle of Annan">Battle of Annan</a> on 16 December 1332,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnes (or Maud or Anne) Balliol (who might actually have been his sister), who married <a href="/wiki/Bryan_FitzAlan,_Lord_FitzAlan" title="Bryan FitzAlan, Lord FitzAlan">Bryan FitzAlan, Lord FitzAlan</a>, and Margaret Balliol who married Sir John St Clere, knight, of <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinsted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol,_An_Historical_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Balliol, An Historical Drama">John Balliol, An Historical Drama</a>. In Five Acts</i> (1825), play based on his life by <a href="/wiki/William_Tennant_(poet)" title="William Tennant (poet)">William Tennant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_monarchs%27_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish monarchs' family tree">Scottish monarchs' family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSee_also:_Beam2008" class="citation book cs1">See also: Beam, Amanda (2008). <i>The Balliol Dynasty, 1210–1364</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balliol+Dynasty%2C+1210%E2%80%931364&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=See+also%3A+Beam&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/actisanddeidisi00henrgoog/actisanddeidisi00henrgoog_djvu.txt=false">Hary, Blind. <i>The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1870" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Joseph (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1oJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67"><i>Documents illustrative of the history of Scotland, Volume 2</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+illustrative+of+the+history+of+Scotland%2C+Volume+2&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1oJAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgsonHodgson-Hinde1832" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, John; Hodgson-Hinde, John (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AxYMAQAAMAAJ&q=arms+of+John+Balliol&pg=PA124"><i>A history of Northumberland, in three parts</i></a>. Printed by E. Walker. p. 124<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Northumberland%2C+in+three+parts&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Printed+by+E.+Walker&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hodgson-Hinde%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAxYMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Darms%2Bof%2BJohn%2BBalliol%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2010" class="citation book cs1">Young, Alan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0b8SDQAAQBAJ&q=arms+of+John+Balliol+Toom+Tabard&pg=PT74"><i>In the Footsteps of William Wallace: In Scotland and Northern England</i></a>. The History Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750951432" title="Special:BookSources/9780750951432"><bdi>9780750951432</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+William+Wallace%3A+In+Scotland+and+Northern+England&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780750951432&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0b8SDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Darms%2Bof%2BJohn%2BBalliol%2BToom%2BTabard%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. P. Stell, "John [John de Balliol] (c. 1249–1314)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1209,">accessed 25 July 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunbar115-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar115_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar115_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar115_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar115_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar115_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., <i>Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625</i>, Edinburgh, 1899: p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vL8CgAAQBAJ&q=john+balliol+death+1313+history&pg=PA75"><i>The Oxford Companion to British History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191044816" title="Special:BookSources/9780191044816"><bdi>9780191044816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.isbn=9780191044816&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Crowcroft%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vL8CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djohn%2Bballiol%2Bdeath%2B1313%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_James_George_Mackay" title="Aeneas James George Mackay">Mackay, Aeneas James George</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baliol, John de (1249-1315)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Baliol,_John_de_(1249-1315)">"Baliol, John de (1249-1315)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 03. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baliol%2C+John+de+%281249-1315%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Aeneas+James+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuyshe1906" class="citation book cs1">Huyshe, Wentworth (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iw6AQAAMAAJ&dq=john+balliol+estates+in+England+and+France,+such+as+Hitchin,+in+Hertfordshire&pg=PA136"><i>The Royal Manor of Hitchins and Its Lords Harold and the Balliols</i></a>. London: Macmillan. p. 136<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Manor+of+Hitchins+and+Its+Lords+Harold+and+the+Balliols&rft.place=London&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Huyshe&rft.aufirst=Wentworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iw6AQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Djohn%2Bballiol%2Bestates%2Bin%2BEngland%2Band%2BFrance%2C%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BHitchin%2C%2Bin%2BHertfordshire%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Foedera</i>, p 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunbar116-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar116_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar116_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar116_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar116_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., <i>Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625</i>, Edinburgh, 1899: p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2003" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Magnus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC&q=scotland+king+balliol&pg=PA117"><i>Scotland: The Story of a Nation</i></a>. Grove Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802139320" title="Special:BookSources/9780802139320"><bdi>9780802139320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+The+Story+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802139320&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEV4zgXOJLsC%26q%3Dscotland%2Bking%2Bballiol%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Foedera" class="mw-redirect" title="Foedera">Foedera</a></i>, vol.1, part 2, p. 909</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2003" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Magnus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC&q=scotland+king+balliol&pg=PA117"><i>Scotland: The Story of a Nation</i></a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802139320" title="Special:BookSources/9780802139320"><bdi>9780802139320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+The+Story+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802139320&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEV4zgXOJLsC%26q%3Dscotland%2Bking%2Bballiol%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_James_George_Mackay" title="Aeneas James George Mackay">Mackay, Aeneas James George</a> (1899). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallace, William (1272?-1305)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Wallace,_William_(1272%3F-1305)">"Wallace, William (1272?-1305)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 59. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wallace%2C+William+%281272%3F-1305%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Aeneas+James+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunbar117-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar117_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbar117_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., <i>Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625</i>, Edinburgh, 1899: p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webster, Bruce (2004). "Balliol, Edward". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1206">10.1093/ref:odnb/1206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balliol%2C+Edward&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1206&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., <i>Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625</i>, Edinburgh, 1899: p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kJbAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Margt.+d.+of+John+Bayloll%22&pg=PP11">"Visitation of Sussex, 1570"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visitation+of+Sussex%2C+1570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kJbAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522Margt.%2Bd.%2Bof%2BJohn%2BBayloll%2522%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/tennant_william.htm">William Tennant in <i>"Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen"</i> by William Chambers</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baliol,_John_de" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baliol, John de">Baliol, John de</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBold2007" class="citation cs2">Bold, Valentina (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp3J3_1DhcIC"><i>James Hogg: a bard of nature's making</i></a>, Peter Lang, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039108978" title="Special:BookSources/9783039108978"><bdi>9783039108978</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Hogg%3A+a+bard+of+nature%27s+making&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783039108978&rft.aulast=Bold&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZp3J3_1DhcIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rymer,_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rymer, Thomas">Rymer, Thomas</a>, <i> Foedera Conventions, Literae et cuiuscunque generis Acta Publica inter Reges Angliae</i>, London, 1745. (Latin) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/fderaconventione01ryme">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baliol,_John" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher_born_1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Chambers (publisher born 1802)">Chambers, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Napier_Thomson" title="Thomas Napier Thomson">Thomson, Thomas Napier</a> (1857). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/Baliol, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_biographical_dictionary_of_eminent_Scotsmen/Baliol,_John">"Baliol, John" </a></span>. <i>A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen</i>. Vol. 1. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>121 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baliol%2C+John&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Eminent+Scotsmen&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Blackie+and+Son&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Thomas+Napier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_James_George_Mackay" title="Aeneas James George Mackay">Mackay, Aeneas James George</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baliol, John de (1249-1315)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Baliol,_John_de_(1249-1315)">"Baliol, John de (1249-1315)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 03. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baliol%2C+John+de+%281249-1315%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Aeneas+James+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Balliol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Balliol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John of Scotland">John Balliol</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/john-balliol-r-1292-1296">John Balliol</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp86915">Portraits of John de Balliol, King of Scots</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310065#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>John Balliol </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">House of Balliol</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> ? c. 1249</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> November 1314</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> </b><br />1292–1296 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts <br /> (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots<br />(traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310065#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310065#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310065#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxXCmw3KwvjkB3FBjQ3w3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1023275635">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008171570">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535239805606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/1023275635.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1023275635">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bh2h2z">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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