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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Regencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_in_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_in_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rule in Scotland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rule_in_Scotland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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</a> <ul id="toc-Highlands_and_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Theory of monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Literary patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accession in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_reign_in_England,_King_of_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign_in_England,_King_of_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early reign in England, King of Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_reign_in_England,_King_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early reign in England, King of Great Britain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_reign_in_England,_King_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gunpowder_Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder_Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gunpowder Plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder_Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_and_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_and_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>King and Parliament</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_and_Parliament-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King and Parliament subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_and_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_match" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_match"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Spanish match</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_match-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_and_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_and_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>King and Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_and_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Titles, styles, honours, and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles, styles, honours, and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Titles and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>List of writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James VI and I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_I_van_Engeland" title="Jakobus I van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jakobus I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_I_Bretta_Cyning" title="Iacobus I Bretta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus I Bretta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="جيمس السادس والأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس السادس والأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacobu_I_d%27Inglaterra_y_VI_d%27Escocia" title="Xacobu I d'Inglaterra y VI d'Escocia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xacobu I d'Inglaterra y VI d'Escocia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ceyms" title="I Ceyms – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Ceyms" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="بیرینجی جیمز (اینگیلیس) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی جیمز (اینگیلیس)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_1-s%C3%A8" title="James 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_I_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Якаў I (кароль Англіі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якаў I (кароль Англіі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_I_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Джеймс I (Англия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс I (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_I,_kralj_Engleske" title="Jakov I, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jakov I, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakez_Ia%C3%B1_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Jakez Iañ (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jakez Iañ (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_I_d%27Anglaterra" title="Jaume I d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaume I d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_I._Stuart" title="Jakub I. Stuart – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub I. Stuart" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago_VI_yr_Alban_a_I_Lloegr" title="Iago VI yr Alban a I Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iago VI yr Alban a I Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_6._af_Skotland_og_1._af_England" title="Jakob 6. af Skotland og 1. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakob 6. af Skotland og 1. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I._(England)" title="Jakob I. (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakob I. (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_ja_I" title="James VI ja I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James VI ja I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιάκωβος Α΄ και ΣΤ΄ της Αγγλίας και της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάκωβος Α΄ και ΣΤ΄ της Αγγλίας και της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_I_de_Inglaterra_y_VI_de_Escocia" title="Jacobo I de Inglaterra y VI de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobo I de Inglaterra y VI de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo_la_1-a_(Anglio)" title="Jakobo la 1-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo la 1-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakue_I.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Jakue I.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakue I.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85_%D9%88_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="جیمز ششم و یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز ششم و یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_VI_et_Ier" title="Jacques VI et Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques VI et Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_I_fan_Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Jakobus I fan Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jakobus I fan Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amas_VI,_Albain_agus_S%C3%A9amas_I,_Sasana_agus_%C3%89ire" title="Séamas VI, Albain agus Séamas I, Sasana agus Éire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séamas VI, Albain agus Séamas I, Sasana agus Éire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seumas_VI_na_h-Alba_is_Seumas_I_Shasainn" title="Seumas VI na h-Alba is Seumas I Shasainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seumas VI na h-Alba is Seumas I Shasainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacobe_VI_de_Escocia_e_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Xacobe VI de Escocia e I de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xacobe VI de Escocia e I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8_(%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="제임스 1세 (잉글랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 1세 (잉글랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_da_kuma_I" title="James VI da kuma I – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="James VI da kuma I" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2_%D4%B1" title="Հակոբ Ա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակոբ Ա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="जेम्स षष्ठम और प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स षष्ठम और प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_I._Stuart" title="Jakov I. Stuart – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov I. Stuart" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_la_1ma_di_Anglia" title="James la 1ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James la 1ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Charles_Stuart" title="James Charles Stuart – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Charles Stuart" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_VI_de_Scotia_e_I_de_Anglaterra" title="Jacobo VI de Scotia e I de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jacobo VI de Scotia e I de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_6._Skotakonungur" title="Jakob 6. Skotakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jakob 6. Skotakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_I_d%27Inghilterra" title="Giacomo I d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacomo I d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ג'יימס הראשון, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס הראשון, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_saking_Inggris" title="James I saking Inggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James I saking Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_I_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ჯეიმზ I (ინგლისი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ I (ინგლისი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamys_VI_hag_I" title="Jamys VI hag I – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jamys VI hag I" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_I_(rex_Angliae)" title="Iacobus I (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus I (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_I_Stjuarts" title="Džeimss I Stjuarts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss I Stjuarts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I._vun_England" title="James I. vun England – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James I. vun England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jok%C5%ABbas_VI" title="Jokūbas VI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jokūbas VI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Jakab_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Jakab angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Jakab angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_I_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Јаков I (Англија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаков I (Англија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James VI and I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="ജെയിംസ് ആറാമനും ഒന്നാമനും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് ആറാമനും ഒന്നാമനും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इंग्लंडचा पहिला जेम्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडचा पहिला जेम्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="جيمس السادس و الاولانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس السادس و الاولانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_dan_I" title="James VI dan I – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James VI dan I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_I_van_Engeland" title="Jacobus I van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacobus I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジェームズ1世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ1世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakob_VI._an_I._(K%C3%B6ning_faan_Skotlun,_Ingelun_an_Irlun)" title="Jaakob VI. an I. (Köning faan Skotlun, Ingelun an Irlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jaakob VI. an I. (Köning faan Skotlun, Ingelun an Irlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I_av_England" title="Jakob I av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakob I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_VI_av_Skottland_og_I_av_England" title="Jakob VI av Skottland og I av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakob VI av Skottland og I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Stuart" title="Jaume Stuart – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jaume Stuart" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="جیمز ششم تے اول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز ششم تے اول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%BE%DA%96%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%85%D8%B2" title="شپږم او اول جېمز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شپږم او اول جېمز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_I_Stuart" title="Jakub I Stuart – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub I Stuart" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_VI_da_Esc%C3%B3cia_e_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Jaime VI da Escócia e I de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jaime VI da Escócia e I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacob_I_al_Angliei" title="Iacob I al Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iacob I al Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Яков I (король Англии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яков I (король Англии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A5%AC_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)" title="जेम्स ६ (स्काटलैंड) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेम्स ६ (स्काटलैंड)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI,_King_o_Scots" title="James VI, King o Scots – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James VI, King o Scots" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhejmes_VI_i_Skocis%C3%AB_dhe_un%C3%AB_i_Anglis%C3%AB" title="Xhejmes VI i Skocisë dhe unë i Anglisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhejmes VI i Skocisë dhe unë i Anglisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James VI and I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_I._(Anglicko)" title="Jakub I. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakub I. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I._Angle%C5%A1ki" title="Jakob I. Angleški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jakob I. Angleški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جەیمزی یەکەمی ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمزی یەکەمی ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_I_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Џејмс I Стјуарт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс I Стјуарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_Stuart" title="James I Stuart – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James I Stuart" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_I_(Englanti)" title="Jaakko I (Englanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaakko I (Englanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I_av_England" title="Jakob I av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakob I av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் ஜேம்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் ஜேம்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._James_(%C4%B0ngiltere_kral%C4%B1)" title="I. James (İngiltere kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. James (İngiltere kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Яків I (король Англії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яків I (король Англії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="جیمز ششم اور اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز ششم اور اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="James I của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James I của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_han_Inglatera" title="James I han Inglatera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James I han Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96%E6%90%AD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="詹姆斯六世搭一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯六世搭一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Scotland from 1567 to 1625, King of England and Ireland from 1603</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">James VI and I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesIEngland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="James's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/220px-JamesIEngland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/330px-JamesIEngland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/440px-JamesIEngland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2952" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/John_de_Critz" title="John de Critz">John de Critz</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1605</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Styles_of_English_and_Scottish_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of English and Scottish sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_James_I_and_Anne" title="Coronation of James I and Anne">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1603</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Styles_of_Scottish_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of Scottish sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_James_VI" title="Coronation of James VI">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1567</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stewart, Earl of Moray">James Stewart, Earl of Moray</a> (1567‍–‍1570) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_4th_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox">Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox</a> (1570‍–‍1571) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(died_1572)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (died 1572)">John Erskine, Earl of Mar</a> (1571‍–‍1572) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas, Earl of Morton</a> (1572‍–‍1579)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">19 June 1566<br /><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 1625 (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/Theobalds_House" title="Theobalds House">Theobalds House</a>, Hertfordshire, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1625<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="20 August 1589">1589</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="2 March 1619">1619</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_Queen_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stuart_(1598%E2%80%931600)" title="Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I, King of England">Charles I, King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Duke_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne">Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(1605%E2%80%931607)" title="Mary Stuart (1605–1607)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Stuart" title="Sophia Stuart">Sophia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">James Charles Stuart</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_I_of_England_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James VI and I's signature"><img alt="James VI and I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/James_I_of_England_signature.svg/125px-James_I_of_England_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/James_I_of_England_signature.svg/188px-James_I_of_England_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/James_I_of_England_signature.svg/250px-James_I_of_England_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James VI and I</b> (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a> as <b>James VI</b> from 24 July 1567 and <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> as <b>James I</b> from the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Scottish_and_English_crowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of the Scottish and English crowns">union of the Scottish and English crowns</a> on 24 March 1603 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_James_VI_and_I" title="Death and funeral of James VI and I">his death</a> in 1625. Although he long tried to get both countries to adopt a closer political union, the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> remained <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, ruled by James in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. </p><p>James was the son of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, and a great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. He acceded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was forced to <a href="/wiki/Abdicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicate">abdicate</a> in his favour. Four <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> governed during his <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minority</a>, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1589, he married <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a>. Three of their children survived to adulthood: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a>. In 1603, James <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Elizabeth_I" title="Succession to Elizabeth I">succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a> monarch of England and Ireland, who died childless. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a>, until his death in 1625. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, returning to Scotland only once, in 1617, and <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">styled</a> himself "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain and Ireland">King of Great Britain and Ireland</a>". He advocated for a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_colonisation_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonisation of the Americas">English colonisation of the Americas</a> began. </p><p>At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign#Scotland" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">longest of any Scottish monarch</a>. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> in 1605 and conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="English Parliament">English Parliament</a>. Under James, the "Golden Age" of <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan literature</a> and drama continued, with writers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> contributing to a flourishing literary culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilling2004155_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilling2004155-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was a prolific writer, authoring works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597), <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies" title="The True Law of Free Monarchies">The True Law of Free Monarchies</a></i> (1598), and <i><a href="/wiki/Basilikon_Doron" title="Basilikon Doron">Basilikon Doron</a></i> (1599).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Translation_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation of the Bible">translation of the Bible</a> into English (later named after him, the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)">1604 revision</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OxClass_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxClass-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary courtier <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weldon" title="Anthony Weldon">Anthony Weldon</a> claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>" (wise in small things, foolish otherwise) an epithet associated with his character ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was strongly committed to a peace policy, and tried to avoid involvement in <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">religious wars</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> that devastated much of Central Europe. He tried but failed to prevent the rise of hawkish elements in the English Parliament who wanted war with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first English king of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>, he was succeeded by his second son, Charles I. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/170px-King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/255px-King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/340px-King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3922" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of James as a boy, after <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bronckorst" title="Arnold Bronckorst">Arnold Bronckorst</a>, 1574</figcaption></figure> <p>James was the only son of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, and her second husband, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a>. Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> through <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a>, the older sister of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholics</a>, faced a rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the queen's private secretary, <a href="/wiki/David_Rizzio" title="David Rizzio">David Rizzio</a>, just three months before James's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James was born on 19 June 1566 at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, and as the eldest son and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> of the monarch automatically became <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Scotland">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Steward of Scotland">Great Steward of Scotland</a>. Five days later, the English diplomat <a href="/wiki/Henry_Killigrew_(diplomat)" title="Henry Killigrew (diplomat)">Henry Killigrew</a> saw the queen, who had not fully recovered and could only speak faintly. The baby was "sucking at his nurse" and was "well proportioned and like to prove a goodly prince".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_James_VI" title="Baptism of James VI">baptised</a> "Charles James" or "James Charles" on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>. His godparents were <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> (represented by <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Ligny" title="John III, Count of Ligny">John, Count of Brienne</a>), <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_2nd_Earl_of_Bedford" title="Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford">Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a> (represented by ambassador <a href="/wiki/Philibert_du_Croc" title="Philibert du Croc">Philibert du Croc</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary refused to let the <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)">Archbishop of St Andrews</a>, whom she referred to as "a pocky priest", spit in the child's mouth, as was then the custom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson197499_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson197499-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_James_VI" title="Baptism of James VI">subsequent entertainment</a>, devised by Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Bastian_Pagez" title="Bastian Pagez">Bastian Pagez</a>, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, to which the English guests took offence, thinking the satyrs "done against them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1827171–172_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1827171–172-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lord_Darnley" title="Murder of Lord Darnley">Lord Darnley was murdered</a> on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for the killing of Rizzio. James inherited his father's titles of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ross" title="Earl of Ross">Earl of Ross</a>. Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_Earl_of_Bothwell" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell</a>, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in <a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Lochleven Castle</a>; she never saw her son again. She was forced to <a href="/wiki/Act_Anent_the_demission_of_the_Crown_in_favour_of_our_Sovereign_Lord,_and_his_Majesty%27s_Coronation_1567" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567">abdicate on 24 July 1567</a> in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stewart, Earl of Moray">James Stewart, Earl of Moray</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made James the third consecutive Scottish monarch to ascend to the throne as an infant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regencies">Regencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Stuart_James.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mary_Stuart_James.jpg/220px-Mary_Stuart_James.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mary_Stuart_James.jpg/330px-Mary_Stuart_James.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mary_Stuart_James.jpg/440px-Mary_Stuart_James.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>James (right) depicted aged 17 beside his mother, 1583. In reality, they were separated when he was still a baby.</figcaption></figure> <p>The care of James was entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(died_1572)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (died 1572)">Earl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annabell_Murray,_Countess_of_Mar" title="Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar">Countess of Mar</a>, "to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the security of Stirling Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_James_VI" title="Coronation of James VI">anointed King of Scotland</a> at the age of thirteen months at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Rude" title="Church of the Holy Rude">Church of the Holy Rude</a> in Stirling, by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Bothwell" title="Adam Bothwell">Adam Bothwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Orkney" title="Bishop of Orkney">Bishop of Orkney</a>, on 29 July 1567.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200311_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200311-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sermon at the <a href="/wiki/Coronation#Scotland" title="Coronation">coronation</a> was preached by <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtney202418_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney202418-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the religious beliefs of most of the Scottish ruling class, James was brought up as a member of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, the Kirk. The <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a> selected <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Young_(tutor)" title="Peter Young (tutor)">Peter Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Erskine" title="Adam Erskine">Adam Erskine</a> (lay <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Cambuskenneth" title="Abbot of Cambuskenneth">abbot of Cambuskenneth</a>), and <a href="/wiki/David_Erskine,_Commendator_of_Dryburgh" title="David Erskine, Commendator of Dryburgh">David Erskine</a> (lay <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Dryburgh" title="Abbot of Dryburgh">abbot of Dryburgh</a>) as James's <a href="/wiki/Preceptor" title="Preceptor">preceptors</a> or tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196319_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196319-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the young king's senior tutor, Buchanan subjected James to regular beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200312–13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200312–13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan sought to turn James into a God-fearing, Protestant king who accepted the limitations of monarchy, as outlined in his <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> <i>De Jure Regni apud Scotos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200313,_18_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200313,_18-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle, leading to several years of sporadic violence. The Earl of Moray defeated Mary's troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langside" title="Battle of Langside">Battle of Langside</a>, forcing her to flee to England, where she was subsequently kept in confinement by Elizabeth. On 23 January 1570, Moray was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_of_Bothwellhaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh">James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next regent was James's paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_4th_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox">Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox</a>, who was carried fatally wounded into Stirling Castle a year later after a raid by Mary's supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200313_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200313-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, the Earl of Mar, "took a vehement sickness" and died on 28 October 1572 at Stirling. Mar's illness, wrote <a href="/wiki/James_Melville_of_Halhill" title="James Melville of Halhill">James Melville</a>, followed a banquet at <a href="/wiki/Dalkeith_Palace" title="Dalkeith Palace">Dalkeith Palace</a> given by <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton">James Douglas, Earl of Morton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1827248–249_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1827248–249-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morton was elected to Mar's office and proved in many ways the most effective of James's regents,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he made enemies by his rapacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200315_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200315-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fell from favour when Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Esm%C3%A9_Stewart,_1st_Duke_of_Lennox" title="Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox">Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny</a>, first cousin of James's father Lord Darnley and future <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lennox" title="Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a>, arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the first of James's powerful favourites.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was proclaimed an adult ruler in a <a href="/wiki/Entry_of_James_VI_into_Edinburgh" title="Entry of James VI into Edinburgh">ceremony of Entry to Edinburgh</a> on 19 October 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morton was executed on 2 June 1581, belatedly charged with complicity in Darnley's murder.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August, James made Lennox the only duke in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart200363_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200363-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king, then fifteen years old, remained under the influence of Lennox for about one more year.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule_in_Scotland">Rule in Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rule in Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James-VI-1586-Age-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James-VI-1586-Age-20.jpg/170px-James-VI-1586-Age-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James-VI-1586-Age-20.jpg/255px-James-VI-1586-Age-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James-VI-1586-Age-20.jpg/340px-James-VI-1586-Age-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>James in 1586, age 20 (attrib. <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vanson" title="Adrian Vanson">Adrian Vanson</a> or the school of <a href="/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello" title="Alonso Sánchez Coello">Alonso Sánchez Coello</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lennox was a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> convert, but he was distrusted by Scottish <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a> who noticed the physical displays of affection between him and the king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200315_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200315-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1582, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Ruthven_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthven Raid">Ruthven Raid</a>, the Protestant earls <a href="/wiki/William_Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">William Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_8th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus">Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus</a> lured James into <a href="/wiki/Huntingtower_Castle" title="Huntingtower Castle">Ruthven Castle</a>, imprisoned him,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. On 19 September 1582, during James's imprisonment, <a href="/wiki/John_Craig_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Craig (minister)">John Craig</a>, whom the king had personally appointed royal chaplain in 1579, rebuked him so sharply from the pulpit for having issued a proclamation so offensive to the clergy "that the king wept".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw1904[httpsarchiveorgstreamcollectedessays00lawgoogpagen318mode2up_295,_297]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw1904[httpsarchiveorgstreamcollectedessays00lawgoogpagen318mode2up_295,_297]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After James escaped from Falkland on 27 June 1583,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scottish_Episcopal_Church#Episcopal_government_maintained" title="History of the Scottish Episcopal Church">Black Acts</a> to assert royal authority over the Kirk, and denounced the writings of his former tutor Buchanan.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1584 and 1603, he established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by <a href="/wiki/John_Maitland_of_Thirlestane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Maitland of Thirlestane">John Maitland of Thirlestane</a>, who led the government until 1592.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200320_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200320-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An eight-man commission known as the <a href="/wiki/Octavians" title="Octavians">Octavians</a> brought some control over the ruinous state of James's finances in 1596, but it drew opposition from vested interests. It was disbanded within a year after a riot in Edinburgh, which was stoked by anti-Catholicism and led the court to withdraw to Linlithgow temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ruthven" title="Alexander Ruthven">Alexander Ruthven</a>, the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/John_Ruthven,_3rd_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie">John Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gowrie_House_(Perth,_Scotland)" title="Gowrie House (Perth, Scotland)">Gowrie House</a>, the seat of the Ruthvens.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthven was run through by James's page <a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay,_1st_Earl_of_Holderness" title="John Ramsay, 1st Earl of Holderness">John Ramsay</a>, and the Earl of Gowrie was killed in the ensuing fracas; there were few surviving witnesses. Given James's history with the Ruthvens and the fact that he owed them a great deal of money, his account of the circumstances was not universally believed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1586, James signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1586)" title="Treaty of Berwick (1586)">Treaty of Berwick</a> with England. That and his mother's execution in 1587, which he denounced as a "preposterous and strange procedure", helped clear the way for his succession south of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Elizabeth was unmarried and childless, and James was her <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Elizabeth_I" title="Succession to Elizabeth I">most likely successor</a>. Securing the English succession became a cornerstone of his policy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> crisis of 1588, he assured Elizabeth of his support as "your natural son and compatriot of your country".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200323_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200323-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth sent James <a href="/wiki/English_subsidy_of_James_VI" title="English subsidy of James VI">an annual subsidy</a> from 1586 which gave her some leverage over affairs in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_contract_between_Princess_Anna_of_Denmark_and_Jacob_6._of_Scotland_1589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marriage_contract_between_Princess_Anna_of_Denmark_and_Jacob_6._of_Scotland_1589.jpg/220px-Marriage_contract_between_Princess_Anna_of_Denmark_and_Jacob_6._of_Scotland_1589.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marriage_contract_between_Princess_Anna_of_Denmark_and_Jacob_6._of_Scotland_1589.jpg/330px-Marriage_contract_between_Princess_Anna_of_Denmark_and_Jacob_6._of_Scotland_1589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marriage_contract_between_Princess_Anna_of_Denmark_and_Jacob_6._of_Scotland_1589.jpg/440px-Marriage_contract_between_Princess_Anna_of_Denmark_and_Jacob_6._of_Scotland_1589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1669" /></a><figcaption>1589 marriage contract between James and Anne of Denmark</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_De_Critz_Anne_of_Denmark_1605.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_De_Critz_Anne_of_Denmark_1605.jpg/220px-John_De_Critz_Anne_of_Denmark_1605.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_De_Critz_Anne_of_Denmark_1605.jpg/330px-John_De_Critz_Anne_of_Denmark_1605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_De_Critz_Anne_of_Denmark_1605.jpg/440px-John_De_Critz_Anne_of_Denmark_1605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Queen Anne <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1605, portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/John_de_Critz" title="John de Critz">John de Critz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout his youth, James was praised for his chastity, since he showed little interest in women. After the loss of Lennox, he continued to prefer male company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200323–24_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200323–24-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suitable marriage, however, was necessary to reinforce his rule, and the choice fell on fourteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a>, younger daughter of the Protestant Danish king <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a>. Shortly after a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">proxy marriage</a> in Copenhagen in August 1589, Anne sailed for Scotland but was forced by storms to the coast of Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtney2024114_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney2024114-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On hearing that the crossing had been abandoned, James sailed from <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> with a 300-strong retinue to fetch Anne personally in what historian <a href="/wiki/David_Harris_Willson" title="David Harris Willson">David Harris Willson</a> called "the one romantic episode of his life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196385_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196385-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple were married formally at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bishop%27s_Palace_in_Oslo" title="Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo">Bishop's Palace in Oslo</a> on 23 November. James received a dowry of 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Danish_rigsdaler" title="Danish rigsdaler">Danish dalers</a> and a gift of 10,000 dalers from his mother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow" title="Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow">Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After stays at <a href="/wiki/Elsinore" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsinore">Elsinore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, James and Anne returned to Scotland on 1 May 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By all accounts, James was at first infatuated with Anne and, in the early years of their marriage, seems always to have shown her patience and affection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196385–95_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196385–95-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attended the wedding celebrations of courtiers and danced in <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> costume.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearce2022108–123_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearce2022108–123-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal couple produced three children who survived to adulthood: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, who died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> in 1612, aged 18; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia">Elizabeth</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Bohemia">queen of Bohemia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a>, James's successor. </p><p>Anne suffered from recurrent bouts of sickness and was seriously ill from 1617. James visited Anne only three times during her last illness. She <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Anne_of_Denmark" title="Death and funeral of Anne of Denmark">died before her husband</a>, in March 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003101_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003101-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witch_hunts">Witch hunts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Witch hunts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Berwick_Witches.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/North_Berwick_Witches.png/220px-North_Berwick_Witches.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/North_Berwick_Witches.png/330px-North_Berwick_Witches.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/North_Berwick_Witches.png/440px-North_Berwick_Witches.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Suspected witches kneeling before King James; <i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</figcaption></figure> <p>James's visit to Denmark, a country familiar with <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunts</a>, sparked an interest in the study of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200326_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200326-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he considered a branch of theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">North Berwick witch trials</a>, the first major <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">persecution of witches in Scotland</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1563" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft Act 1563">Witchcraft Act 1563</a>. Several people were convicted of using witchcraft to send <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark_and_contrary_winds" title="Anne of Denmark and contrary winds">storms against James's ship</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Sampson" title="Agnes Sampson">Agnes Sampson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James became concerned with the threat posed by witches and wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> in 1597, a tract inspired by his personal involvement that opposed the practice of witchcraft and that provided background material for Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeayKeay1994556_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeayKeay1994556-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103–105_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103–105-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James personally supervised the torture of women accused of being witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeayKeay1994556_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeayKeay1994556-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1599, his views became more sceptical.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later letter written in England to his son Henry, James congratulates the prince on "the discovery of yon little counterfeit wench. I pray God ye may be my heir in such discoveries ... most miracles now-a-days prove but illusions, and ye may see by this how wary judges should be in trusting accusations."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highlands_and_Islands">Highlands and Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Highlands and Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forcible dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of the Isles">Lordship of the Isles</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> in 1493 had led to troubled times for the western seaboard. James IV had subdued the organised military might of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, but he and his immediate successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of governance. As a result, the 16th century became known as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">linn nan creach</i></span>, the time of raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000143,_166_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000143,_166-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the effects of the Reformation were slow to affect the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></i></span>, driving a religious wedge between this area and centres of political control in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000174_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000174-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1540, <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a> had toured the Hebrides, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">clan chiefs</a> to accompany him. There followed a period of peace, but the clans were soon at loggerheads with one another again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson196840–41_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson196840–41-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During James VI's reign, the citizens of the Hebrides were portrayed as lawless barbarians rather than being the cradle of Scottish Christianity and nationhood. Official documents describe the peoples of the Highlands as "void of the knawledge and feir of God" who were prone to "all kynd of barbarous and bestile cruelteis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000175_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000175-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a> language, spoken fluently by James IV and probably by James V, became known in the time of James VI as "Erse" or Irish, implying that it was foreign in nature. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament</a> decided that Gaelic had become a principal cause of the Highlanders' shortcomings and sought to abolish it.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_VI_unite_1609_662019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/James_VI_unite_1609_662019.jpg/220px-James_VI_unite_1609_662019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/James_VI_unite_1609_662019.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption>Scottish gold coin from 1609–1625</figcaption></figure> <p>It was against this background that James VI authorised the "<a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Adventurers_of_Fife" title="Gentleman Adventurers of Fife">Gentleman Adventurers of Fife</a>" to civilise the "most barbarous <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a>" in 1598. James wrote that the colonists were to act "not by agreement" with the local inhabitants, but "by extirpation of thame". Their landing at <a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a> began well, but the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod. The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result, although a third attempt in 1607 was more successful.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a> were enacted in 1609, which required clan chiefs to provide support for Protestant ministers to Highland parishes; to outlaw bards; to report regularly to Edinburgh to answer for their actions; and to send their heirs to <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland Scotland">Lowland Scotland</a>, to be educated in English-speaking Protestant schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000176_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000176-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So began a process "specifically aimed at the extirpation of the Gaelic language, the destruction of its traditional culture and the suppression of its bearers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon199146_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon199146-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a>, James's cousin <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney">Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney</a>, resisted the Statutes of Iona and was consequently imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His natural son Robert led an unsuccessful rebellion against James, and the Earl and his son were hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963321_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963321-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their estates were forfeited, and the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> islands were annexed to the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963321_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963321-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_monarchy">Theory of monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theory of monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg/170px-True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>James argued a theological basis for monarchy in <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies" title="The True Law of Free Monarchies">The True Law of Free Monarchies</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1597–98, James wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies" title="The True Law of Free Monarchies">The True Law of Free Monarchies</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Basilikon_Doron" title="Basilikon Doron">Basilikon Doron</a></i> (<i>Royal Gift</i>), in which he argues a theological basis for monarchy. In the <i>True Law</i>, he sets out the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, explaining that kings are higher beings than other men for Biblical reasons, though "the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would "stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003131–133_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003131–133-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Basilikon Doron</i> was written as a book of instruction for the four-year-old Prince Henry and provides a more practical guide to kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963133_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963133-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is considered to be well written and perhaps the best example of James's prose.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's advice concerning parliaments, which he understood as merely the king's "head court", foreshadows his difficulties with the <a href="/wiki/English_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="English House of Commons">English House of Commons</a>: "Hold no Parliaments," he tells Henry, "but for the necesitie of new Lawes, which would be but seldome".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003133_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003133-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>True Law</i>, James maintains that the king owns his realm as a feudal lord owns his fief, because kings arose "before any estates or ranks of men, before any parliaments were holden, or laws made, and by them was the land distributed, which at first was wholly theirs. And so it follows of necessity that kings were the authors and makers of the laws, and not the laws of the kings."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_patronage">Literary patronage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literary patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1580s and 1590s, James promoted the literature of his native country. He published his treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Reulis_and_Cautelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Reulis and Cautelis">Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody</a></i> in 1584 at the age of 18. It was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Scots</a>, applying Renaissance principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988126–127_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988126–127-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made statutory provision to reform and promote the teaching of music, seeing the two in connection. One act of his reign urges the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a> to reform and support the teaching of music in <i>Sang Sculis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In furtherance of these aims, James was both patron and head of a loose circle of Scottish <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a> court poets and musicians known as the <a href="/wiki/Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler_(makar)" title="William Fowler (makar)">William Fowler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Montgomerie" title="Alexander Montgomerie">Alexander Montgomerie</a> among others, Montgomerie being a favourite of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was himself a poet, and was happy to be seen as a practising member of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988125_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988125-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1590s, James's championing of native Scottish tradition was reduced to some extent by the increasing likelihood of his succession to the English throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988137_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988137-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Stirling" title="William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling">William Alexander</a> and other courtier poets started to <a href="/wiki/Anglicise" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicise">anglicise</a> their written language, and followed the king to London after 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's role as active literary participant and patron made him a defining figure in many respects for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which reached a pinnacle of achievement in his reign,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">high style</a> in the Scottish tradition, which included his ancestor <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a>, became largely sidelined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988137–138_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988137–138-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_in_England">Accession in England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accession in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_the_Crowns_Royal_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Union_of_the_Crowns_Royal_Badge.svg/170px-Union_of_the_Crowns_Royal_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Union_of_the_Crowns_Royal_Badge.svg/255px-Union_of_the_Crowns_Royal_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Union_of_the_Crowns_Royal_Badge.svg/340px-Union_of_the_Crowns_Royal_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>The Union of the Crowns was symbolised in James's personal <a href="/wiki/Royal_Badges_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Badges of England">royal heraldic badge</a> after 1603, the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimidiated" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimidiated">dimidiated</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Scottish thistle</a> <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensigned</a> by the royal crown.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth's life, certain English politicians—notably her chief minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—maintained a <a href="/wiki/Secret_correspondence_of_James_VI" title="Secret correspondence of James VI">secret correspondence with James</a> to prepare in advance for a smooth succession.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne in March 1603. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March, and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200349_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200349-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963158_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963158-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 April, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return every three years (a promise that he did not keep), and progressed slowly southwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtney2024239_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney2024239-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local lords received him with lavish hospitality along the route and James was amazed by the wealth of his new land and subjects, claiming that he was "swapping a stony couch for a deep feather bed". James arrived in the capital on 7 May, nine days after Elizabeth's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200349_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200349-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His new subjects flocked to see him, relieved that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200350_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200350-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On arrival at London, he was mobbed by a crowd of spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003169_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003169-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_James_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of James I">James's English coronation</a> took place on 25 July at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. An outbreak of plague restricted festivities. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Entry">Royal Entry</a> to London with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(writer)" title="Thomas Dekker (writer)">Thomas Dekker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> was deferred to 15 March 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dekker wrote that "the streets seemed to be paved with men; stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children; open casements filled up with women".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003173_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003173-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom to which James succeeded, however, had its problems. Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance, and the costs of <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">war in Ireland</a> had become a heavy burden on the government,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200350–51_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200350–51-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had debts of £400,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign_in_England,_King_of_Great_Britain"><span id="Early_reign_in_England.2C_King_of_Great_Britain"></span>Early reign in England, King of Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early reign in England, King of Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_wearing_the_jewel_called_the_Three_Brothers_in_his_hat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_wearing_the_jewel_called_the_Three_Brothers_in_his_hat.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_wearing_the_jewel_called_the_Three_Brothers_in_his_hat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_wearing_the_jewel_called_the_Three_Brothers_in_his_hat.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_wearing_the_jewel_called_the_Three_Brothers_in_his_hat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_wearing_the_jewel_called_the_Three_Brothers_in_his_hat.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_wearing_the_jewel_called_the_Three_Brothers_in_his_hat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>Portrait after <a href="/wiki/John_de_Critz" title="John de Critz">John de Critz</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1605. James wears the <a href="/wiki/Three_Brothers_(jewel)" title="Three Brothers (jewel)">Three Brothers jewel</a>, three rectangular red <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinels</a>; the jewel is now lost.</figcaption></figure> <p>James survived two conspiracies in the first year of his reign in England, despite the smoothness of the succession and the warmth of his welcome: the <a href="/wiki/Bye_Plot" title="Bye Plot">Bye Plot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Main_Plot" title="Main Plot">Main Plot</a>, which led to the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Lord_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham">Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200351-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those hoping for a change in government from James were disappointed at first when he kept Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Councillors</a> in office, as secretly planned with Cecil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200351-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but James soon added long-time supporter <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">Henry Howard</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">Thomas Howard</a> to the Privy Council, as well as five Scottish nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200351-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years of James's reign, the day-to-day running of the government in England was tightly managed by the shrewd Cecil, later <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a>, ably assisted by the experienced <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">Thomas Egerton</a>, whom James made Baron Ellesmere and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Thomas Sackville</a>, soon <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dorset" title="Earl of Dorset">Earl of Dorset</a>, who continued as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Treasurer">Lord Treasurer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200351-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, James was free to concentrate on bigger issues, such as a scheme for a closer union between England and Scotland and matters of foreign policy, as well as to enjoy his leisure pursuits, particularly hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200351-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James was ambitious to build on the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of Scotland and England to establish a single country under one monarch, one parliament, and one law, a plan that met opposition from both the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200352–54_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200352–54-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Hath He not made us all in one island," James told the English Parliament, "compassed with one sea and of itself by nature indivisible?" In April 1604, however, the Commons refused his request to be titled "King of Great Britain" on legal grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1604, he assumed the title "King of Great Britain" instead of "King of England" and "King of Scotland", though <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> told him that he could not use the style in "any legal proceeding, instrument or assurance" and the title was not used on English statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963249–253_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963249–253-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James forced the Scottish Parliament to use it, and it was used on proclamations, coinage, letters, and treaties in both realms.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James achieved more success in foreign policy. Never having been at war with Spain, he devoted his efforts to bringing the long <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Spanish War (1585)">Anglo–Spanish War</a> to an end, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">a peace treaty</a> was signed between the two countries in August 1604, thanks to the skilled diplomacy of the delegation, in particular Robert Cecil and Henry Howard, now <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northampton" title="Earl of Northampton">Earl of Northampton</a>. James celebrated the treaty by hosting a great banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200352–53_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200352–53-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom of worship for Catholics in England, however, continued to be a major objective of Spanish policy, causing constant dilemmas for James, distrusted abroad for repression of Catholics while at home being encouraged by the Privy Council to show even less tolerance towards them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003118_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003118-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunpowder_Plot">Gunpowder Plot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gunpowder Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></div> <p>A dissident Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>, was discovered in the cellars of the parliament buildings on the night of 4–5 November 1605, the eve of the <a href="/wiki/State_opening" class="mw-redirect" title="State opening">state opening</a> of the second session of James's first English Parliament. Fawkes was guarding a pile of wood not far from 36 barrels of gunpowder with which he intended to blow up Parliament House the following day and cause the destruction, as James put it, "not only ... of my person, nor of my wife and posterity also, but of the whole body of the State in general".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003219_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003219-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensational discovery of the "Gunpowder Plot", as it quickly became known, aroused a mood of national relief at the delivery of the king and his sons. The Earl of Salisbury exploited this to extract higher subsidies from the ensuing Parliament than any but one granted to Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200364_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200364-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fawkes and others implicated in the unsuccessful conspiracy were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_and_Parliament">King and Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: King and Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England_and_the_English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England and the English Parliament">James I of England and the English Parliament</a></div> <p>The co-operation between monarch and Parliament following the Gunpowder Plot was atypical. Instead, it was the previous session of 1604 that shaped the attitudes of both sides for the rest of the reign, though the initial difficulties owed more to mutual incomprehension than conscious enmity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200363_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200363-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 July 1604, James had angrily <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">prorogued Parliament</a> after failing to win its support either for full union or financial subsidies. "I will not thank where I feel no thanks due", he had remarked in his closing speech. "... I am not of such a stock as to praise fools ... You see how many things you did not well ... I wish you would make use of your liberty with more modesty in time to come".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As James's reign progressed, his government faced growing financial pressures, partly due to creeping inflation but also to the profligacy and financial incompetence of James's court. In February 1610, Salisbury proposed a scheme, known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Contract" title="Great Contract">Great Contract</a>, whereby Parliament, in return for ten royal concessions, would grant a lump sum of £600,000 to pay off the king's debts plus an annual grant of £200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200375–81_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200375–81-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing prickly negotiations became so protracted that James eventually lost patience and dismissed Parliament on 31 December 1610. "Your greatest error", he told Salisbury, "hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same pattern was repeated with the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Addled_Parliament" title="Addled Parliament">Addled Parliament</a>" of 1614, which James dissolved after a mere nine weeks when the Commons hesitated to grant him the money he required.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James then ruled without parliament until 1621, employing officials such as the merchant <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Cranfield,_1st_Earl_of_Middlesex" title="Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex">Lionel Cranfield</a>, who were astute at raising and saving money for the crown, and sold baronetcies and other dignities, many created for the purpose, as an alternative source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963409_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963409-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_match">Spanish match</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spanish match"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_match" title="Spanish match">Spanish match</a></div> <p>Another potential source of income was the prospect of a Spanish dowry from a marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and Infanta <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Maria Anna of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963348,_357_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963348,_357-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_match" title="Spanish match">Spanish match</a>, as it was called, was also attractive to James as a way to maintain peace with Spain and avoid the additional costs of a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama200159_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama200159-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace could be maintained as effectively by keeping the negotiations alive as by consummating the match—which may explain why James protracted the negotiations for almost a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_I_of_England_404446.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/James_I_of_England_404446.jpg/220px-James_I_of_England_404446.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/James_I_of_England_404446.jpg/330px-James_I_of_England_404446.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/James_I_of_England_404446.jpg/440px-James_I_of_England_404446.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Somer_I" title="Paul van Somer I">Paul van Somer</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1620. In the background is the <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a>, by architect <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>, commissioned by James.</figcaption></figure> <p>The policy was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Howards" class="mw-redirect" title="Howards">Howards</a> and other Catholic-leaning ministers and diplomats—together known as the Spanish Party—but deeply distrusted in Protestant England. When Walter Raleigh was released from imprisonment in 1616, he embarked on a hunt for gold in South America with strict instructions from James not to engage the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963369–370_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963369–370-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raleigh's expedition was a disastrous failure, and his son Walter was killed fighting the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Raleigh's return to England, James had him executed to the indignation of the public, who opposed the appeasement of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963374–377_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963374–377-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's policy was further jeopardised by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, especially after his Protestant son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick V, Elector Palatine">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a>, was ousted from <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> by the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ferdinand II">Emperor Ferdinand II</a> in 1620, and Spanish troops simultaneously invaded Frederick's <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> home territory. Matters came to a head when James finally called a Parliament in 1621 to fund a military expedition in support of his son-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963408–416_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963408–416-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commons on the one hand granted subsidies inadequate to finance serious military operations in aid of Frederick,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the other—remembering the profits gained under Elizabeth by naval attacks on Spanish gold shipments—called for a war directly against Spain. In November 1621, roused by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>, they framed a petition asking not only for war with Spain but also for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant, and for enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963421_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963421-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James flatly told them not to interfere in matters of <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> or they would risk punishment,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963422_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963422-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provoked them into issuing a statement protesting their rights, including freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urged on by <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham</a>, and the Spanish ambassador <a href="/wiki/Diego_Sarmiento_de_Acu%C3%B1a,_Count_of_Gondomar" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar">Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar</a>, James ripped the protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963243_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963243-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1623, Prince Charles, now 22, and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Spain incognito, to win Infanta Maria Anna directly, but the mission proved an ineffectual mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Anna detested Charles, and the Spanish confronted them with terms that included the repeal of anti-Catholic legislation by Parliament. Though a treaty was signed, Charles and Buckingham returned to England in October without the infanta and immediately renounced the treaty, much to the delight of the British people.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disillusioned by the visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham now turned James's Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003120–121_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003120–121-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed upon James to call another Parliament, which met in February 1624. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in court, where control of policy was shifting from James to Charles and Buckingham,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who pressured the king to declare war and engineered the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Lionel Cranfield, by now made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Middlesex" title="Earl of Middlesex">Earl of Middlesex</a>, when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare or fund a war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to finance a war against Spain, a stance that was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_and_Church">King and Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: King and Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I_and_religious_issues" title="James VI and I and religious issues">James VI and I and religious issues</a></div> <p>After the Gunpowder Plot, James sanctioned harsh measures to control English Catholics. In May 1606, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Popish_Recusants_Act_1605" title="Popish Recusants Act 1605">Popish Recusants Act</a>, which could require any subject to take an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_of_James_I_of_England" title="Oath of Allegiance of James I of England">Oath of Allegiance</a> denying the pope's authority over the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003225_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003225-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was conciliatory towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963228_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963228-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tolerated <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity#Intra-Christian_cases" title="Crypto-Christianity">crypto-Catholicism</a> even at court.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Howard, for example, was a crypto-Catholic, received back into the Catholic Church in his final months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003162_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003162-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On ascending the English throne, James suspected that he might need the support of Catholics in England, so he assured <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland</a>, a prominent sympathiser of the old religion, that he would not persecute "any that will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law".<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a> of 1603, the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> clergy demanded the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, wedding rings, and the term "priest", among other things, and that the wearing of cap and <a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a> become optional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963201_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963201-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was strict in enforcing conformity at first, inducing a sense of persecution amongst many Puritans;<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but ejections and suspensions from livings became rarer as the reign continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003158_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003158-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Conference" title="Hampton Court Conference">Hampton Court Conference</a> of 1604, some Puritan demands were acceded to in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)">1604 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a>, though many remained displeased.<sup id="cite_ref-OxClass_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxClass-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference also commissioned a new translation and compilation of approved books of the Bible to resolve discrepancies among different translations then being used. The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>, as it came to be known, was completed in 1611 and is considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003157_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003157-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963213–215_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963213–215-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still in widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003157_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003157-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scotland, James attempted to bring the Scottish Kirk "so neir as can be" to the English church and to reestablish <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a>, a policy that met with strong opposition from <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">presbyterians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James returned to Scotland in 1617 for the only time after his accession in England, in the hope of implementing Anglican ritual. James's bishops forced his <a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Perth" title="Five Articles of Perth">Five Articles of Perth</a> through a General Assembly the following year, but the rulings were widely resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James left the church in Scotland divided at his death, a source of future problems for his son.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_relationships">Personal relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_James_VI_and_I" title="Sexuality of James VI and I">Sexuality of James VI and I</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Carr,_Earl_of_Somerset_by_John_Hoskins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_Carr%2C_Earl_of_Somerset_by_John_Hoskins.jpg/167px-Robert_Carr%2C_Earl_of_Somerset_by_John_Hoskins.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_Carr%2C_Earl_of_Somerset_by_John_Hoskins.jpg/251px-Robert_Carr%2C_Earl_of_Somerset_by_John_Hoskins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_Carr%2C_Earl_of_Somerset_by_John_Hoskins.jpg/334px-Robert_Carr%2C_Earl_of_Somerset_by_John_Hoskins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3082" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George.Villiers.(digital-tweak-of-restored-Rubens).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/George.Villiers.%28digital-tweak-of-restored-Rubens%29.jpg/167px-George.Villiers.%28digital-tweak-of-restored-Rubens%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/George.Villiers.%28digital-tweak-of-restored-Rubens%29.jpg/251px-George.Villiers.%28digital-tweak-of-restored-Rubens%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/George.Villiers.%28digital-tweak-of-restored-Rubens%29.jpg/334px-George.Villiers.%28digital-tweak-of-restored-Rubens%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2390" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset">Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a>, are both said to have been James's lovers.</div></div></div></div> <p>Throughout his life James had close relationships with male courtiers, which has caused debate among historians about their exact nature.<sup id="cite_ref-bucholz_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bucholz-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland <a href="/wiki/Anne_Lyon,_Countess_of_Kinghorne" title="Anne Lyon, Countess of Kinghorne">Anne Murray</a> was known as the king's mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his accession in England, his peaceful and scholarly attitude contrasted strikingly with the bellicose and flirtatious behaviour of Elizabeth,<sup id="cite_ref-bucholz_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bucholz-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as indicated by the contemporary epigram <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex fuit Elizabeth, nunc est regina Iacobus</i></span> (Elizabeth was King, now James is Queen).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of James's biographers conclude that Esmé Stewart, Duke of Lennox; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset">Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset</a>; and <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a>, were his lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Oglander" title="John Oglander">John Oglander</a> observed that he "never yet saw any fond husband make so much or so great dalliance over his beautiful spouse as I have seen King James over his favourites, especially the Duke of Buckingham"<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom the king would, recalled <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Peyton,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Peyton, 2nd Baronet">Sir Edward Peyton</a>, "tumble and kiss as a mistress".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restoration of <a href="/wiki/Apethorpe_Palace" title="Apethorpe Palace">Apethorpe Palace</a>, Northamptonshire, undertaken in 2004–08 revealed a previously unknown passage linking the bedchambers of James and Villiers.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some biographers of James argue that the relationships were not sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's <i>Basilikon Doron</i> lists <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> among crimes "ye are bound in conscience never to forgive", and James's wife Anne gave birth to seven live children, as well as suffering two stillbirths and at least three other miscarriages.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Huguenot poet <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Viau" title="Théophile de Viau">Théophile de Viau</a> observed that "it is well known that the king of England / fucks the Duke of Buckingham".<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buckingham himself provides evidence that he slept in the same bed as the king, writing to James many years later that he had pondered "whether you loved me now ... better than at the time which I shall never forget at Farnham, where the bed's head could not be found between the master and his dog".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockyer198122_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockyer198122-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buckingham's words may be interpreted as non-sexual, in the context of 17th-century court life,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remain ambiguous despite their fondness.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that James was bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Earl of Salisbury died in 1612, he was little mourned by those who jostled to fill the power vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until Salisbury's death, the Elizabethan administrative system over which he had presided continued to function with relative efficiency; from this time forward, however, James's government entered a period of decline and disrepute.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salisbury's passing gave James the notion of governing in person as his own chief Minister of State, with his young Scottish favourite Robert Carr carrying out many of Salisbury's former duties, but James's inability to attend closely to official business exposed the government to factionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963334–335_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963334–335-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Howard party (consisting of Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton; Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk; Suffolk's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/William_Knollys,_1st_Earl_of_Banbury" title="William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury">William Knollys, Lord Knollys</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lake" title="Thomas Lake">Thomas Lake</a>) soon took control of much of the government and its patronage. Even the powerful Carr fell into the Howard camp, hardly experienced for the responsibilities thrust upon him and often dependent on his intimate friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Overbury" title="Thomas Overbury">Thomas Overbury</a> for assistance with government papers.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carr had an adulterous affair with <a href="/wiki/Frances_Carr,_Countess_of_Somerset" title="Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset">Frances Howard, Countess of Essex</a>, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk. James assisted Frances by securing an annulment of her marriage to free her to marry Carr, now Earl of Somerset.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summer 1615, however, it emerged that Overbury had been poisoned. He had died on 15 September 1613 in the Tower of London, where he had been placed at the king's request.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those convicted of the murder were the Earl and Countess of Somerset; the Earl had been replaced as the king's favourite in the meantime by Villiers. James pardoned the Countess and commuted the Earl's sentence of death, eventually pardoning him in 1624.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200391_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200391-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implication of the king in such a scandal provoked much public and literary conjecture and irreparably tarnished James's court with an image of corruption and depravity.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent downfall of the Howards left Villiers unchallenged as the supreme figure in the government by 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_death">Health and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_James_VI_and_I" title="Death and funeral of James VI and I">Death and funeral of James VI and I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg/220px-James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg/330px-James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg/440px-James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="3849" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Mijtens" title="Daniël Mijtens">Daniël Mijtens</a>, 1621, in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In his later years, James suffered increasingly from <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003101_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003101-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963378,_404_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963378,_404-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also lost his teeth and drank heavily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003101_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003101-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963379_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963379-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king was often seriously ill during the last year of his life, leaving him an increasingly peripheral figure, rarely able to visit London, while Buckingham consolidated his control of Charles to ensure his own future.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory is that James suffered from <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a>, a disease of which his descendant <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> exhibited some symptoms. James described his urine to physician <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_de_Mayerne" title="Théodore de Mayerne">Théodore de Mayerne</a> as being the "dark red colour of Alicante wine".<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory is dismissed by some experts, particularly in James's case, because he had kidney stones which can lead to blood in the urine, colouring it red.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1625, James was plagued by severe attacks of arthritis, gout, and fainting fits, and fell seriously ill in March with <a href="/wiki/Tertian_ague" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertian ague">tertian ague</a> and then suffered a stroke. He died at <a href="/wiki/Theobalds_House" title="Theobalds House">Theobalds House</a> in Hertfordshire on 27 March during a violent attack of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, with Buckingham at his bedside.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's funeral on 7 May was a magnificent but disorderly affair.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a> of Lincoln preached the sermon, observing, "King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> died in Peace, when he had lived about sixty years ... and so you know did King James". The sermon was later printed as <i>Great Britain's Salomon</i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>].<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James was <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_James_VI_and_I" title="Death and funeral of James VI and I">buried in Westminster Abbey</a>. The position of the tomb was lost for many years until his lead coffin was found in the Henry VII vault, during an excavation in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_James_VI_and_I" title="Cultural depictions of James VI and I">Cultural depictions of James VI and I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banqueting_House_03_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Banqueting_House_03_crop.jpg/220px-Banqueting_House_03_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Banqueting_House_03_crop.jpg/330px-Banqueting_House_03_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Banqueting_House_03_crop.jpg/440px-Banqueting_House_03_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>On the ceiling of the Banqueting House, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a> depicted James being carried to heaven by angels.</figcaption></figure> <p>James was widely mourned. For all his flaws, he had largely retained the affection of his people, who had enjoyed uninterrupted peace and comparatively low taxation during the Jacobean era. "As he lived in peace", remarked the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kellie" title="Earl of Kellie">Earl of Kellie</a>, "so did he die in peace, and I pray God our king [Charles I] may follow him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003130_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003130-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Earl prayed in vain: once in power, King Charles I and the Duke of Buckingham sanctioned a series of reckless military expeditions that ended in humiliating failure.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James had often neglected the business of government for leisure pastimes, such as the hunt; his later dependence on favourites at a scandal-ridden court undermined the respected image of monarchy so carefully constructed by Elizabeth I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003129_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003129-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under James, the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a> by English and Scots Protestants began, and the <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation of the Americas">English colonisation of North America</a> started its course with the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, in 1607<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003146_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003146-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland">Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland</a>, in 1610. During the next 150 years, England would fight with Spain, the Netherlands, and France for control of the continent, while religious division in Ireland between Protestants and Catholics <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">has lasted for 400 years</a>. By actively pursuing more than just a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of his realms, James helped lay the foundations for a unitary British state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200367_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200367-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a tradition originating with anti-<a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> historians of the mid-17th-century, James's taste for <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">political absolutism</a>, his financial irresponsibility, and his cultivation of unpopular favourites established the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. James bequeathed his son Charles a fatal belief in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, combined with a disdain for Parliament, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">abolition of the monarchy</a>. Over the last three hundred years, the king's reputation has suffered from the acid description of him by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weldon" title="Anthony Weldon">Anthony Weldon</a>, whom James had sacked and who wrote treatises on James in the 1650s.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other influential anti-James histories written during the 1650s include: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Peyton,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Peyton, 2nd Baronet">Edward Peyton</a>'s <i>Divine Catastrophe of the Kingly Family of the House of Stuarts</i> (1652); <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wilson_(writer)" title="Arthur Wilson (writer)">Arthur Wilson</a>'s <i>History of Great Britain, Being the Life and Reign of King James I</i> (1658); and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne" title="Francis Osborne">Francis Osborne</a>'s <i>Historical Memoirs of the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James</i> (1658).<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Harris_Willson" title="David Harris Willson">David Harris Willson</a>'s 1956 biography continued much of this hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft20036_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft20036-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockyer19984_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockyer19984-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Jenny Wormald</a>, Willson's book was an "astonishing spectacle of a work whose every page proclaimed its author's increasing hatred for his subject".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2011_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2011-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Willson, however, the stability of James's government in Scotland and in the early part of his English reign, as well as his relatively enlightened views on religion and war, have earned him a re-evaluation from many historians, who have rescued his reputation from this tradition of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Representative of the new historical perspective is the 2003 biography by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Croft" title="Pauline Croft">Pauline Croft</a>. Reviewer John Cramsie summarises her findings:</p><blockquote><p>Croft's overall assessment of James is appropriately mixed. She recognises his good intentions in matters like Anglo-Scottish union, his openness to different points of view, and his agenda of a peaceful foreign policy within his kingdoms' financial means. His actions moderated frictions between his diverse peoples. Yet he also created new ones, particularly by supporting colonisation that polarised the crown's interest groups in Ireland, obtaining insufficient political benefit with his open-handed patronage, an unfortunate lack of attention to the image of monarchy (particularly after the image-obsessed regime of Elizabeth), pursuing a pro-Spanish foreign policy that fired religious prejudice and opened the door for Arminians within the English church, and enforcing unpalatable religious changes on the Scottish Kirk. Many of these criticisms are framed within a longer view of James' reigns, including the legacy—now understood to be more troubled—which he left Charles I.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms"><span id="Titles.2C_styles.2C_honours.2C_and_arms"></span>Titles, styles, honours, and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, honours, and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Titles and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Scotland, James was "James the sixth, King of Scotland", until 1604. He was proclaimed "James the first, King of England, France, and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the faith">defender of the faith</a>" in London on 24 March 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 October 1604, James issued a proclamation at Westminster changing his style to "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c."<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style was not used on English statutes, but was used on proclamations, coinage, letters, treaties, and in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963252–253_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963252–253-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James styled himself "King of France", <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">in line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1801</a>, although he did not actually rule France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As King of Scotland, James bore the ancient <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">royal arms of Scotland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a>, a lion <a href="/wiki/Rampant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampant">rampant</a> <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> armed and langued <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> within a double <a href="/wiki/Tressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tressure">tressure</a> flory counter-flory Gules. The arms were <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supported</a> by two unicorns <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> armed, crined and unguled Proper, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and <a href="/wiki/Fleurs_de_lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs de lys">fleurs de lys</a> a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or. The <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> was a lion <a href="/wiki/Sejant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejant">sejant</a> affrontée Gules, imperially crowned Or, holding in the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">dexter</a> paw a sword and in the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">sinister</a> paw a sceptre both erect and Proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974159–160_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974159–160-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland under James was symbolised heraldically by combining their arms, supporters and <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">badges</a>. Contention as to how the arms should be <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">marshalled</a>, and to which kingdom should take precedence, was solved by having different arms for each country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arms used in England were: Quarterly, I and IV, quarterly 1st and 4th Azure three fleurs de lys Or (for France), 2nd and 3rd Gules three lions <a href="/wiki/Passant_guardant" class="mw-redirect" title="Passant guardant">passant guardant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">pale</a> Or (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">for England</a>); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">for Ireland</a>, this was the first time that Ireland was included in the royal arms).<sup id="cite_ref-brooke-little_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooke-little-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supporters became: dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned and sinister the Scottish unicorn. The unicorn replaced the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a> introduced by the Tudors. The unicorn has remained in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal arms of the two united realms</a>. The English crest and motto was retained. The compartment often contained a branch of the Tudor rose, with shamrock and thistle engrafted on the same stem. The arms were frequently shown with James's personal motto, <i>Beati pacifici</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arms used in Scotland were: Quarterly, I and IV Scotland, II England and France, III Ireland, with Scotland taking precedence over England. The supporters were: dexter a unicorn of Scotland imperially crowned, supporting a tilting lance flying a banner Azure a saltire Argent (<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Cross of Saint Andrew</a>) and sinister the crowned lion of England supporting a similar lance flying a banner Argent a cross Gules (<a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Saint George">Cross of Saint George</a>). The Scottish crest and motto was retained, following the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_heraldry" title="Scottish heraldry">Scottish practice</a> the motto <i>In defens</i> (which is short for <i><a href="/wiki/In_My_Defens_God_Me_Defend" class="mw-redirect" title="In My Defens God Me Defend">In My Defens God Me Defend</a></i>) was placed above the crest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169_216-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Royal_Badges_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Badges of England">royal badges</a> James used: the Tudor rose, the thistle (for Scotland; first used by <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a>), the Tudor rose <a href="/wiki/Dimidiated" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimidiated">dimidiated</a> with the thistle ensigned with the royal crown, a harp (for Ireland) and a fleur de lys (for France).<sup id="cite_ref-brooke-little_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooke-little-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" style="width:80%; margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="33%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/300px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/400px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="33%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_England_(1603%E2%80%931649).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931649%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931649%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931649%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="33%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_(1603-1649).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Coat of arms used from 1567 to 1603 </td> <td>Coat of arms used from 1603 to 1625 outside Scotland </td> <td>Coat of arms used from 1603 to 1625 in Scotland </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_I_and_his_royal_progeny_by_Willem_van_de_Passe_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/James_I_and_his_royal_progeny_by_Willem_van_de_Passe_cropped.jpg/250px-James_I_and_his_royal_progeny_by_Willem_van_de_Passe_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/James_I_and_his_royal_progeny_by_Willem_van_de_Passe_cropped.jpg/375px-James_I_and_his_royal_progeny_by_Willem_van_de_Passe_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/James_I_and_his_royal_progeny_by_Willem_van_de_Passe_cropped.jpg/500px-James_I_and_his_royal_progeny_by_Willem_van_de_Passe_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption><i>James I and his royal progeny</i> by Charles Turner, from a <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> by Samuel Woodburn (1814), after <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Passe" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem de Passe">Willem de Passe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>James's queen, Anne of Denmark, gave birth to seven children who survived beyond birth, of whom three reached adulthood:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003140,_142_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003140,_142-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612). Died, probably of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, aged 18.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_Queen_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</a> (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662). Married 1613 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick V, Elector Palatine">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a>. Died aged 65.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stuart_(1598%E2%80%931600)" title="Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)">Margaret</a> (24 December 1598 – March 1600). Died aged 1.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland</a> (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649). Married 1625 <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a>. Succeeded James I & VI.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kintyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre">Robert, Duke of Kintyre</a> (18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602). Died aged 4 months.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(1605%E2%80%931607)" title="Mary Stuart (1605–1607)">Mary</a> (8 April 1605 – 16 December 1607). Died aged 2.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Stuart_(1606)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Stuart (1606)">Sophia</a> (June 1606). Died within 48 hours of birth.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">James's relationship to the houses of Stuart and Tudor<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;border:1px dashed #00F; border-radius:0.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II,<br />King of Scots</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III,<br />King of Scots</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary Stewart</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Elizabeth Hamilton</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;border:1px dashed #f00; border-radius:0.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_3rd_Earl_of_Lennox" title="John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox">John Stewart</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII,<br />King of England</a></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV,<br />King of Scotland</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus">Archibald Douglas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII,<br />King of England</a></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V,<br />King of Scotland</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_4th_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox">Matthew Stewart</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Douglas">Margaret Douglas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I,<br />Queen of England</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I,<br />Queen of England</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI,<br />King of England</a></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary,<br />Queen of Scots</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>James VI & I,<br />King of Scotland<br />and England</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of James VI and I</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_3rd_Earl_of_Lennox" title="John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox">John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_4th_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox">Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Lennox">Elizabeth Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus">Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Douglas">Margaret Douglas</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> = 13</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>James VI and I</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> = 11</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_of_Bourbon" title="Antoinette of Bourbon">Antoinette of Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_writings">List of writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Reulis_and_Cautelis_to_be_observit_and_eschewit_in_Scottis_poesie" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Reulis and Cautelis to be observit and eschewit in Scottis poesie">The Essayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of Poesie</a></i> (also called <i>Some Reulis and Cautelis</i>), 1584</li> <li><i>His Majesties Poeticall Exercises at Vacant Houres</i>, 1591 <ul><li><i>Lepanto</i>, poem</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i>, 1597</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extra-titular_Works_from_the_Collected_Demonology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extra-titular Works from the Collected Demonology (page does not exist)">Extra-titular Works from the Collected Demonology</a></i>, 1616 <ul><li><i>A Letter To The Whole Church Militant</i>,</li> <li><i>The Argument Of This Whole Epistle</i>,</li> <li><i>A Paraphrase Upon The Revelation</i>,</li> <li><i>The Two Meditations</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies" title="The True Law of Free Monarchies">The True Law of Free Monarchies</a></i>, 1598</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilikon_Doron" title="Basilikon Doron">Basilikon Doron</a></i>, 1599</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Counterblaste_to_Tobacco" title="A Counterblaste to Tobacco">A Counterblaste to Tobacco</a></i>, 1604, a strong denunciation of tobacco</li> <li><i>An Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance</i>, 1608</li> <li><i>A Premonition to All Most Mightie Monarches</i>, 1609</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the Earl of Bedford was a Protestant, his place in the ceremony was taken by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jean_Stewart" title="Lady Jean Stewart">Jean, Countess of Argyll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196317_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196317-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth I wrote to Mary: "My ears have been so astounded, my mind so disturbed and my heart so appalled at hearing the horrible report of the abominable murder of your late husband and my slaughtered cousin, that I can scarcely as yet summon the spirit to write about it ... I will not conceal from you that people for the most part are saying that you will look through your fingers at this deed instead of avenging it and that you don't care to take action against those who have done you this pleasure." Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">John Guy</a> nonetheless concludes: "Not a single piece of uncontaminated evidence has ever been found to show that Mary had foreknowledge of Darnley's murder".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2004312–313_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2004312–313-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historian David Harris Willson's view, however: "That Bothwell was the murderer no one can doubt; and that Mary was his accomplice seems equally certain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196318_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196318-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James's captors forced from him a proclamation, dated 30 August, declaring that he was not being held prisoner "forced or constrained, for fear or terror, or against his will", and that no one should come to his aid as a result of "seditious or contrary reports".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart200366_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200366-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James briefly broke off diplomatic relations with England over Mary's execution, but he wrote privately that Scotland "could never have been without factions if she had beene left alive".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200322_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200322-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James heard on 7 October of the decision to postpone the crossing for winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003107–110_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003107–110-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James described Cecil as "king there in effect".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200348_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200348-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The introduction of Henry Howard (soon Earl of Northampton) and of Thomas Howard (soon Earl of Suffolk) marked the beginning of the rise of the Howard family to power in England, which culminated in their dominance of James's government after the death of Cecil in 1612. Henry Howard, son of poet <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey">Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey</a>, had been a diligent correspondent with James in advance of the succession (James referred to him as "long approved and trusted Howard"). His connection with James may have owed something to the attempt by his brother <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_4th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a>, to free and marry Mary, Queen of Scots, leading to his execution in 1572.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For details on the Howards, see <i>The Trials of Frances Howard</i> by David Lindley. Henry Howard is a traditionally reviled figure (Willson [1956] called him "A man of dark counsels and creeping schemes, learned but bombastic, and a most fulsome flatterer"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963156_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963156-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) whose reputation was upgraded by Linda Levy Peck's 1982 biography <i>Northampton</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft20036_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft20036-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English and Scot, James insisted, should "join and coalesce together in a sincere and perfect union, as two twins bred in one belly, to love one another as no more two but one estate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963250_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963250-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A crypto-Catholic was someone who outwardly conformed to Protestantism but remained a Catholic in private.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In March 1605, <a href="/wiki/John_Spottiswood" class="mw-redirect" title="John Spottiswood">Archbishop Spottiswood</a> wrote to James warning him that sermons against bishops were being preached daily in Edinburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003164_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003164-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assessments of the Kirk at James's death are divided. Some historians argue that the Scots might have accepted James's policies eventually, others that James left the Kirk in crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003167_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003167-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the original: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Et ce savant roy d'Angleterre / foutoit-il pas le Boukinquan</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northampton assumed the day-to-day running of government business, and spoke of "the death of the little man for which so many rejoice and few do as much as seem to be sorry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963269_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963269-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The commissioners judging the case reached a 5–5 verdict, so James quickly appointed two extra judges guaranteed to vote in favour, an intervention which aroused public censure. When <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bilson_(MP_for_Winchester)" title="Thomas Bilson (MP for Winchester)">Thomas Bilson</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bilson" title="Thomas Bilson">Bishop Bilson of Winchester</a>, one of the added commissioners) was knighted after the annulment, he was given the nickname "Sir Nullity Bilson".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1993120_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1993120-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is very likely that Overbury was the victim of a 'set-up' contrived by the earls of Northampton and Suffolk, with Carr's complicity, to keep him out of the way during the annulment proceedings. Overbury knew too much of Carr's dealings with Frances and he opposed the match with a fervour that made him dangerous, motivated by a deep political hostility to the Howards. It cannot have been difficult to secure James's compliance, because he disliked Overbury and his influence over Carr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1993145_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1993145-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(letter_writer)" title="John Chamberlain (letter writer)">John Chamberlain</a> reported that the king "hath long had a desire to remove him from about the lord of Rochester, as thinking it a dishonour to him that the world should have an opinion that Rochester ruled him and Overbury ruled Rochester".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963342_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963342-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some historians (for example Willson) consider James, who was 58 in 1624, to have lapsed into premature senility;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963425_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963425-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he suffered from an agonising species of arthritis which constantly left him indisposed, as well as other ailments; and Pauline Croft suggests that James regained some control over his affairs in summer 1624, afforded relief by the warm weather. She sees his continuing refusal to sanction war against Spain as a deliberate stand against the aggressive policies of Charles and Buckingham.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A medicine recommended by Buckingham had only served to make the king worse, which led to rumours that the duke had poisoned him.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In recent decades, much scholarship has emphasised James's success in Scotland (though there have been partial dissenters, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Michael Lynch</a>), and there is an emerging appreciation of James's successes in the early part of his reign in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft20031–9,_46_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft20031–9,_46-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilling2004155-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilling2004155_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilling2004">Milling 2004</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischlinFortier2002">Fischlin & Fortier 2002</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodesRichardsMarshall2003">Rhodes, Richards & Marshall 2003</a>, p. 1: "James VI and I was the most writerly of British monarchs. He produced original poetry, as well as translation and a treatise on poetics; works on witchcraft and tobacco; meditations and commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">Scriptures</a>; a manual on kingship; works of <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a>; and, of course, speeches to parliament ... He was the patron of Shakespeare, Jonson, Donne, and the translators of the "Authorized version" of the Bible, surely the greatest concentration of literary talent ever to enjoy royal sponsorship in England."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxClass-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxClass_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxClass_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCummings,_Brian2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Cummings_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Cummings (academic)">Cummings, Brian</a>, ed. (2011). <i>The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 737.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+The+Texts+of+1549%2C+1559%2C+and+1662&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pages=737&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2003">Smith 2003</a>, p. 238: "The label 'the wisest fool in Christendom', often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> but possibly coined by Anthony Weldon, catches James's paradoxical qualities very neatly"; Anthony Weldon (1651), <i>The Court and Character of King James I</i>, quoted by <a href="#CITEREFStroud1999">Stroud 1999</a>, p. 27: "A very wise man was wont to say that he believed him the wisest fool in Christendom, meaning him wise in small things, but a fool in weighty affairs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 6: "Historians have returned to reconsidering James as a serious and intelligent ruler"; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 4–6; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2003">Smith 2003</a>, p. 238: "In contrast to earlier historians, recent research on his reign has tended to emphasize the wisdom and downplay the foolishness".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1959">Davies 1959</a>, pp. 47–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 236–237, 241–242, 270; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 248–250; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Bain, <i>Calendar State Papers Scotland</i>, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196317-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196317_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson197499-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson197499_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1974">Donaldson 1974</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1827171–172-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1827171–172_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1827">Thomson 1827</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2004312–313-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2004312–313_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196318-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196318_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 364–365; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of Mary to Mar, 29 March 1567, quoted by <a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 27: "Suffer nor admit no noblemen of our realm or any others, of what condition soever they be of, to enter or come within our said Castle or to the presence of our said dearest son, with any more persons but two or three at the most."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200311-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200311_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney202418-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtney202418_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourtney2024">Courtney 2024</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196319-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196319_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200312–13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200312–13_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200313,_18-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200313,_18_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 13, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spottiswoode,_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Spottiswoode, John">Spottiswoode, John</a> (1851), <i>History of the Church in Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofchurcho02spot#page/120/mode/2up">vol. 2, p. 120</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200313-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200313_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1827248–249-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1827248–249_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1827">Thomson 1827</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200315-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200315_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200315_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 11–12; <a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, pp. 51–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigginsRichardson2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wiggins, Martin; Richardson, Catherine (2012). <i>British Drama 1533–1642: A Catalogue</i>. Vol. II: 1567–1589. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">242–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-6572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-6572-5"><bdi>978-0-1992-6572-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25969471M">25969471M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Drama+1533%E2%80%931642%3A+A+Catalogue&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25969471M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-6572-5&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Calderwood" title="David Calderwood">David Calderwood</a> quoted by <a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 63: "So ended this nobleman, one of the chief instruments of the reformation; a defender of the same, and of the King in his minority, for the which he is now unthankfully dealt with."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200363-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart200363_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 13–15; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200366-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart200366_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw1904[httpsarchiveorgstreamcollectedessays00lawgoogpagen318mode2up_295,_297]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw1904[httpsarchiveorgstreamcollectedessays00lawgoogpagen318mode2up_295,_297]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw1904">Law 1904</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/collectedessays00lawgoog#page/n318/mode/2up">295, 297</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ruthven, William", by T. F. Henderson, in <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Volume 50 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1897)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 17–18; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 39, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200320-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200320_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 29, 41–42; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 121–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 24–25; <a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, pp. 150–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 45; <a href="/wiki/George_Nicholson_(diplomat)" title="George Nicholson (diplomat)">George Nicolson</a> quoted by <a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 154: "It is begun to be noted that the reports coming from the King should differ"; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1970">Williams 1970</a>, p. 61: "The two principal characters were dead, the evidence of eyewitnesses was destroyed and only King James's version remained"; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 126–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200322-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200322_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 29–31; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200323-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200323_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodare2000" class="citation book cs1">Goodare, Julian (2000). "James VI's English Subsidy". In Goodare, Julian; Lynch, Michael (eds.). <i>The Reign of James VI</i>. East Linton: Tuckwell. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+VI%27s+English+Subsidy&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+James+VI&rft.place=East+Linton&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Tuckwell&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Goodare&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200323–24-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200323–24_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney2024114-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtney2024114_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourtney2024">Courtney 2024</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196385-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196385_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003107–110-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003107–110_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, pp. 107–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr-PetersonPearce2020" class="citation book cs1">Kerr-Peterson, Miles; Pearce, Michael (2020). <i>James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588–1596</i>. Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI. Woodbridge. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+VI%27s+English+Subsidy+and+Danish+Dowry+Accounts%2C+1588%E2%80%931596&rft.series=Scottish+History+Society+Miscellany+XVI&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Woodbridge&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kerr-Peterson&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1997" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (1997). <i>Scotland's Last Royal Wedding</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+Last+Royal+Wedding&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson196385–95-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson196385–95_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 85–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearce2022108–123-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearce2022108–123_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearce2022">Pearce 2022</a>, pp. 108–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003101-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003101_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003101_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003101_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200326-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200326_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillumsen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Willumsen, Liv Helene (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irss.uoguelph.ca/index.php/irss/article/view/5801">"Witchcraft against Royal Danish Ships in 1589 and the Transnational Transfer of Ideas"</a>. <i>International Review of Scottish Studies</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">54–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21083%2Firss.v45i0.5801">10.21083/irss.v45i0.5801</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10037%2F20205">10037/20205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1923-5755">1923-5755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229451135">229451135</a> – via www.irss.uoguelph.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Scottish+Studies&rft.atitle=Witchcraft+against+Royal+Danish+Ships+in+1589+and+the+Transnational+Transfer+of+Ideas&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10037%2F20205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229451135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1923-5755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21083%2Firss.v45i0.5801&rft.aulast=Willumsen&rft.aufirst=Liv+Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irss.uoguelph.ca%2Findex.php%2Firss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeayKeay1994556-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeayKeay1994556_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeayKeay1994556_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeayKeay1994">Keay & Keay 1994</a>, p. 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103–105-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963103–105_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 105, 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkrigg1984">Akrigg 1984</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000143,_166-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000143,_166_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter2000">Hunter 2000</a>, pp. 143, 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000174-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000174_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter2000">Hunter 2000</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson196840–41-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson196840–41_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1968">Thompson 1968</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000175-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000175_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter2000">Hunter 2000</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1968">Thompson 1968</a>, pp. 40–41; <a href="#CITEREFHunter2000">Hunter 2000</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter2000">Hunter 2000</a>, p. 175; <a href="#CITEREFRotary_Club_of_Stornoway1995">Rotary Club of Stornoway 1995</a>, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2000176-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2000176_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter2000">Hunter 2000</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon199146-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon199146_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKinnon1991">MacKinnon 1991</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 139; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963321-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963321_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963321_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James quoted by <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 131: "Kings are called gods by the prophetical <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> because they sit upon God His throne in earth and have the count of their administration to give unto Him."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003131–133-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003131–133_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 131–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963133-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963133_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 134–135: "James wrote well, scattering engaging asides throughout the text"; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 132: "<i>Basilikon Doron</i> is the best prose James ever wrote".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003133-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003133_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988126–127-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988126–127_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJack1988">Jack 1988</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Jack" title="Ronald Jack">Jack, R. D. S.</a> (2000), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ScotLit/ASLS/RDSJack.html">Scottish Literature: 1603 and all that</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211125608/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ScotLit/ASLS/RDSJack.html">Archived</a> 11 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Scottish_Literary_Studies" title="Association for Scottish Literary Studies">Association for Scottish Literary Studies</a>, retrieved 18 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Jack" title="Ronald Jack">Jack, R. D. S.</a> (1985), <i>Alexander Montgomerie</i>, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988125-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988125_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJack1988">Jack 1988</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988137-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988137_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJack1988">Jack 1988</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiller, Michael (1988), "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660", in Craig, Cairns (general editor), <i>The History of Scottish Literature</i>, Aberdeen University Press, vol. 1, pp. 141–152. Spiller points out that the trend, although unambiguous, was generally more mixed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Rhodes, Neil (2004), "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James", in Maley, Willy; Murphy, Andrew (eds), <i>Shakespeare and Scotland</i>, Manchester University Press, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1988137–138-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1988137–138_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJack1988">Jack 1988</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200348-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200348_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 161–162; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200349-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200349_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200349_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963158-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963158_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney2024239-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourtney2024239_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourtney2024">Courtney 2024</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2016">Martin 2016</a>, p. 315; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 160–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200350-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200350_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003169-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003169_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 172; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003173-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003173_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200350–51-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200350–51_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200351-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200351_103-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy 2004</a>, pp. 461–468; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963156-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963156_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft20036-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft20036_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft20036_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200352–54-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200352–54_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963250-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963250_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963249–253-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963249–253_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 249–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 249–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200352–53-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200352–53_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003118-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003118_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003219-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003219_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200364-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200364_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nicholls, Mark (2004). "Rookwood, Ambrose (c. 1578–1606)". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24066"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24066">10.1093/ref:odnb/24066</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24066&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F24066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200363-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200363_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by <a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200375–81-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200375–81_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 75–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, p. 167; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963409-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963409_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963348,_357-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963348,_357_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 348, 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama200159-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama200159_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama2001">Schama 2001</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Phillipps_Kenyon" class="mw-redirect" title="John Phillipps Kenyon">Kenyon, J. P.</a> (1978). <i>Stuart England</i>. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963369–370-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963369–370_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 369–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 372–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963374–377-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963374–377_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 374–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963408–416-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963408–416_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 408–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, p. 148; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963421-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963421_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963422-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963422_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James quoted by <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 423: "We cannot with patience endure our subjects to use such anti-monarchical words to us concerning their liberties, except they had subjoined that they were granted unto them by the grace and favour of our predecessors."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963243-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963243_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 118–119; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 431–435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogswell2005">Cogswell 2005</a>, pp. 224–225, 243, 281–299; <a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 120; <a href="#CITEREFSchama2001">Schama 2001</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003120–121-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003120–121_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrugler2004">Krugler 2004</a>, pp. 63–64: "The aging monarch was no match for the two men closest to him. By the end of the year, the prince and the royal favourite spoke openly against the Spanish marriage and pressured James to call a parliament to consider their now repugnant treaties ... with hindsight ... the prince's return from Madrid marked the end of the king's reign. The prince and the favourite encouraged popular anti-Spanish sentiments to commandeer control of foreign and domestic policy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 125; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 126: "On that divergence of interpretation, relations between the future king and the Parliaments of the years 1625–9 were to founder".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003225-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003225_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963228-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963228_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003162-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003162_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkrigg1984">Akrigg 1984</a>, pp. 207–208; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963201-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963201_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 205: "In seeking conformity, James gave a name and a purpose to nonconformity"; <i>Basilikon Doron</i> quoted by <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 201, 209: "In things indifferent, they are seditious which obey not the magistrates".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003158-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003158_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinks2006" class="citation book cs1">Spinks, Bryan D. (2006). "Anglicans and Dissenters". In Wainwright, Geoffrey; <a href="/wiki/Karen_B._Westerfield_Tucker" title="Karen B. Westerfield Tucker">Westerfield Tucker, Karen B.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_History_of_Christian_Worship" title="The Oxford History of Christian Worship">The Oxford History of Christian Worship</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 503-504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-3886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-3886-3"><bdi>978-0-1951-3886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglicans+and+Dissenters&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=503-504&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-1951-3886-3&rft.aulast=Spinks&rft.aufirst=Bryan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003157-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003157_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003157_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963213–215-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963213–215_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 213–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003164-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003164_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 166; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 185–186; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003167-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003167_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bucholz-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bucholz_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bucholz_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBucholzKey2004">Bucholz & Key 2004</a>, p. 208: "... his sexuality has long been a matter of debate. He clearly preferred the company of handsome young men. The evidence of his correspondence and contemporary accounts have led some historians to conclude that the king was homosexual or <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>. In fact, the issue is murky."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1894" class="citation cs2">Bain, Joseph (1894), <i>Calendar of letters and papers relating to the affairs of the borders of England and Scotland</i>, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Creative Media Partners, pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31, 44, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0157-9859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0157-9859-5"><bdi>978-1-0157-9859-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL46169615M">46169615M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+letters+and+papers+relating+to+the+affairs+of+the+borders+of+England+and+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31%2C+44&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL46169615M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-0157-9859-5&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">Hyde, H. Montgomery</a> (1970). <i>The Love That Dared Not Speak its Name</i>. London: Heinemann. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Love+That+Dared+Not+Speak+its+Name&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Young, Michael B. (2000), <i>King James and the History of Homosexuality</i>, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9693-1">978-0-8147-9693-1</a>; Bergeron, David M. (1991), <i>Royal Family, Royal Lovers: King James of England and Scotland</i>, University of Missouri Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2011" class="citation cs2">Murphy, Timothy (2011), <i>Reader's Guide To Gay & Lesbian Studies</i>, Routledge Dearborn Publishers, p. 312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+To+Gay+%26+Lesbian+Studies&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Routledge+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergeron1999" class="citation book cs1">Bergeron, David M. (1999). <i>King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire</i>. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James+and+Letters+of+Homoerotic+Desire&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuigh1971" class="citation book cs1">Ruigh, Robert E. (1971). <i>The Parliament of 1624: Politics and Foreign Policy</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliament+of+1624%3A+Politics+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Ruigh&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2008" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Fiona (5 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7436409.stm">"To the manor bought"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=To+the+manor+bought&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F7436409.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1990" class="citation cs2">Lee, Maurice (1990), <i>Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms</i>, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-1686-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-1686-8"><bdi>978-0-2520-1686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%27s+Solomon%3A+James+VI+and+I+in+his+Three+Kingdoms&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-2520-1686-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1981">Lockyer 1981</a>, pp. 19, 21; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i>. Random House. pp. <span class="nowrap">249–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9"><bdi>0-7126-7448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7126-7448-9&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rictor_Norton" title="Rictor Norton">Norton, Rictor</a> (8 January 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/jamesi.htm">"Queen James and His Courtiers"</a>, <i>Gay History and Literature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gay+History+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Queen+James+and+His+Courtiers&rft.date=2000-01-08&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Rictor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frictornorton.co.uk%2Fjamesi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudiani1981" class="citation cs2">Gaudiani, Claire Lynn (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzpkFJIo5GYC"><i>The Cabaret poetry of Théophile de Viau: Texts and Traditions</i></a>, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>104, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8780-8892-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8780-8892-9"><bdi>978-3-8780-8892-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cabaret+poetry+of+Th%C3%A9ophile+de+Viau%3A+Texts+and+Traditions&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Gunter+Narr+Verlag&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-8780-8892-9&rft.aulast=Gaudiani&rft.aufirst=Claire+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzpkFJIo5GYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockyer198122-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockyer198122_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1981">Lockyer 1981</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bray" title="Alan Bray">Bray, Alan</a> (2003). <i>The Friend</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2260-7180-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-2260-7180-4"><bdi>0-2260-7180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Friend&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-2260-7180-4&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bray" title="Alan Bray">Bray, Alan</a> (1994). "Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England". In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Goldberg" title="Jonathan Goldberg">Goldberg, Jonathan</a> (ed.). <i>Queering the Renaissance</i>. Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1385-5"><bdi>0-8223-1385-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homosexuality+and+the+Signs+of+Male+Friendship+in+Elizabethan+England&rft.btitle=Queering+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8223-1385-5&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (2014). <i>The History of England</i>. Vol. III: Civil War. Macmillan. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2307-0641-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2307-0641-5"><bdi>978-0-2307-0641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-2307-0641-5&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (2004). <i>The Stuarts</i>. Hambledon. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8528-5432-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-8528-5432-4"><bdi>1-8528-5432-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuarts&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Hambledon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-8528-5432-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabiri" class="citation web cs1">Dabiri, Emma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4qVDwb2kBfd2G4Pkz3P88kZ/filled-with-a-number-of-male-lovelies-the-surprising-court-of-king-james-vi-and-i">"Filled with 'a number of male lovelies': the surprising court of King James VI and I"</a>. <i>BBC Scotland</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Scotland&rft.atitle=Filled+with+%27a+number+of+male+lovelies%27%3A+the+surprising+court+of+King+James+VI+and+I&rft.aulast=Dabiri&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Farticles%2F4qVDwb2kBfd2G4Pkz3P88kZ%2Ffilled-with-a-number-of-male-lovelies-the-surprising-court-of-king-james-vi-and-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963269-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963269_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 333: "Finances fell into chaos, foreign affairs became more difficult. James exalted a worthless favourite and increased the power of the Howards. As government relaxed and honour cheapened, we enter a period of decline and weakness, of intrigue, scandal, confusion and treachery."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963334–335-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963334–335_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 349; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, speaking at Carr's trial, quoted by <a href="#CITEREFPerry2006">Perry 2006</a>, p. 105: "Packets were sent, sometimes opened by my lord, sometimes unbroken unto Overbury, who perused them, registered them, made table-talk of them, as they thought good. So I will undertake the time was, when Overbury knew more of the secrets of state, than the council-table did."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1993120-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1993120_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1993">Lindley 1993</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarroll2001">Barroll 2001</a>, p. 136: "Rumours of foul play involving Rochester and his wife with Overbury had, however, been circulating since his death. Indeed, almost two years later, in September 1615, and as James was in the process of replacing Rochester with a new favourite, George Villiers, the Governor of the Tower of London sent a letter to the king informing him that one of the warders in the days before Overbury had been found dead had been bringing the prisoner poisoned food and medicine"; <a href="#CITEREFLindley1993">Lindley 1993</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1993145-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1993145_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1993">Lindley 1993</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963342-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963342_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200391-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200391_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1959">Davies 1959</a>, p. 20: "Probably no single event, prior to the attempt to arrest the five members in 1642, did more to lessen the general reverence with which royalty was regarded in England than this unsavoury episode."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 98–99; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963378,_404-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963378,_404_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 378, 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963379-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963379_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963425-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963425_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 126–127; <a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 101: "James never became a cypher"; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, p. 174: "During the last eighteen months of his life James fought a very effective rearguard action to preserve his control of foreign policy ... he never became a cypher."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">Röhl, John C. G.</a>; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998), <i>Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe</i>, London: Bantam Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5930-4148-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-5930-4148-8">0-5930-4148-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Dean, Geoffrey (2002), <i>The Turnstone: A Doctor's Story</i>., Liverpool University Press, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 127–128; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 445–447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(letter_writer)" title="John Chamberlain (letter writer)">John Chamberlain</a> quoted in <a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 129 and <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 447: "All was performed with great magnificence, but ... very confused and disorderly."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 129–130; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A15453.0001.001?view=toc">"Great Britains Salomon A sermon preached at the magnificent funerall, of the most high and mighty king, Iames, the late King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. At the Collegiat Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, the seuenth of May 1625. By the Right Honorable, and Right Reuerend Father in God, Iohn, Lord Bishop of Lincolne, Lord Keeper of the Great Seale of England, &c"</a>. <i>quod.lib.umich.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=Great+Britains+Salomon+A+sermon+preached+at+the+magnificent+funerall%2C+of+the+most+high+and+mighty+king%2C+Iames%2C+the+late+King+of+Great+Britaine%2C+France%2C+and+Ireland%2C+defender+of+the+faith%2C+%26c.+At+the+Collegiat+Church+of+Saint+Peter+at+Westminster%2C+the+seuenth+of+May+1625.+By+the+Right+Honorable%2C+and+Right+Reuerend+Father+in+God%2C+Iohn%2C+Lord+Bishop+of+Lincolne%2C+Lord+Keeper+of+the+Great+Seale+of+England%2C+%26c.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA15453.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1886" class="citation cs2">Stanley, Arthur (1886), <i>Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey</i>, London: John Murray, pp. <span class="nowrap">499–</span>526.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Memorials+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E526&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003130-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003130_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 348: "A 1627 mission to save the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> ended in an ignominious siege on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_R%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Ré">Isle of Ré</a>, leaving the Duke as the object of widespread ridicule."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003129-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003129_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft2003146-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft2003146_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200367-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200367_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 3–4: "Often witty and perceptive but also prejudiced and abusive, their status as eye-witness accounts and their compulsive readability led too many historians to take them at face value"; <a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on the influence of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a> historians on the tradition of tracing Charles I's errors back to his father's reign, see <a href="#CITEREFLindley1993">Lindley 1993</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockyer19984-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockyer19984_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockyer1998">Lockyer 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2011-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2011_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWormald2011">Wormald 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft20031–9,_46-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft20031–9,_46_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, pp. 1–9, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramsie2003" class="citation cs2">Cramsie, John (June 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/334">"The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I"</a>, <i>Reviews and History: Covering books and digital resources across all fields of history</i> (review no. 334)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+and+History%3A+Covering+books+and+digital+resources+across+all+fields+of+history&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Reputations+of+Elizabeth+I+and+James+VI+%26+I&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Cramsie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Freview%2F334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelde,_Francois" class="citation cs2">Velde, Francois, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/brit-proclamations.htm#James1"><i>Proclamation by the King, 24 March 1603</i></a>, heraldica.org<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+by+the+King%2C+24+March+1603&rft.pub=heraldica.org&rft.au=Velde%2C+Francois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fbrit-proclamations.htm%23James1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelde,_Francois" class="citation cs2">Velde, Francois, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm#1604"><i>Proclamation by the King, 20 October 1604</i></a>, heraldica.org<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+by+the+King%2C+20+October+1604&rft.pub=heraldica.org&rft.au=Velde%2C+Francois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fbritstyles.htm%231604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963252–253-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963252–253_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974159–160-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974159–160_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974168–169_216-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brooke-little-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brooke-little_217-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brooke-little_217-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Brooke-Little" title="John Brooke-Little">Brooke-Little, J. P.</a> (1978) [1950], <i>Boutell's Heraldry</i> Revised edition, London: Frederick Warne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7232-2096-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7232-2096-4">0-7232-2096-4</a>, pp. 213, 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2003140,_142-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2003140,_142_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, pp. 140, 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 248: "Latter day experts have suggested enteric fever, typhoid fever, or <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a>, but at the time poison was the most popular explanation ... <a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(letter_writer)" title="John Chamberlain (letter writer)">John Chamberlain</a> wrote that it was 'verily thought that the disease was no other than the ordinary ague that had reigned and raged all over England'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarroll2001">Barroll 2001</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFStewart2003">Stewart 2003</a>, p. 142; <a href="#CITEREFWillson1963">Willson 1963</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarnicke2006">Warnicke 2006</a>, p. xvi–xvii</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkrigg1984" class="citation cs2">Akrigg, G. P. V. (George Philip Vernon), ed. (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofkingjam0000jame"><i>Letters of King James VI & I</i></a>, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-4707-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-4707-5"><bdi>978-0-5200-4707-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+King+James+VI+%26+I&rft.place=Berkeley+%26+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-4707-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofkingjam0000jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarroll2001" class="citation cs2">Barroll, J. Leeds (2001), <i>Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography</i>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3574-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-3574-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anna+of+Denmark%2C+Queen+of+England%3A+A+Cultural+Biography&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3574-6&rft.aulast=Barroll&rft.aufirst=J.+Leeds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucholzKey2004" class="citation cs2">Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton (2004), <i>Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-1393-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-1393-2"><bdi>978-0-6312-1393-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+England%2C+1485%E2%80%931714%3A+A+Narrative+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-6312-1393-2&rft.aulast=Bucholz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Key%2C+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogswell2005" class="citation cs2">Cogswell, Thomas (2005) [1989], <i>The Blessed Revolution: English Politics and the Coming of War 1621–24</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-2313-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-2313-9"><bdi>978-0-5210-2313-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blessed+Revolution%3A+English+Politics+and+the+Coming+of+War+1621%E2%80%9324&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-2313-9&rft.aulast=Cogswell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney2024" class="citation cs2">Courtney, Alexander (2024), <i>James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-60626-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-60626-5"><bdi>978-1-138-60626-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+VI%2C+Britannic+Prince%3A+King+of+Scots+and+Elizabeth%27s+Heir%2C+1566%E2%80%931603&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-138-60626-5&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroft2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Croft" title="Pauline Croft">Croft, Pauline</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingjames00crof"><i>King James</i></a>, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3336-1395-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3336-1395-5"><bdi>978-0-3336-1395-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3336-1395-5&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingjames00crof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Davies" title="Godfrey Davies">Davies, Godfrey</a> (1959) [1937], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlystuarts160300davi"><i>The Early Stuarts</i></a>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1704-6"><bdi>978-0-1982-1704-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Stuarts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-1704-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlystuarts160300davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Donaldson" title="Gordon Donaldson">Donaldson, Gordon</a> (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00dona"><i>Mary, Queen of Scots</i></a>, London: English Universities Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3401-2383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3401-2383-6"><bdi>978-0-3401-2383-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-3401-2383-6&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryqueenofscots00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischlinFortier2002" class="citation cs2">Fischlin, Daniel; Fortier, Mark (2002), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Enregistrate Speech': Stratagems of Monarchic Writing in the Work of James VI and I", in Fischlin, Daniel; Fortier, Mark (eds.), <i>Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I</i>, Wayne State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2877-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2877-4"><bdi>978-0-8143-2877-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Enregistrate+Speech%27%3A+Stratagems+of+Monarchic+Writing+in+the+Work+of+James+VI+and+I&rft.btitle=Royal+Subjects%3A+Essays+on+the+Writings+of+James+VI+and+I&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2877-4&rft.aulast=Fischlin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Fortier%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (2004), <i>My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots</i>, London and New York: Fourth Estate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8411-5752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8411-5752-8"><bdi>978-1-8411-5752-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Heart+is+My+Own%3A+The+Life+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8411-5752-8&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Hunter_(historian)" title="James Hunter (historian)">Hunter, James</a> (2000), <i>Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: Mainstream, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8401-8376-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8401-8376-4"><bdi>978-1-8401-8376-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+of+the+Free%3A+A+History+of+the+Highlands+and+Islands+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Mainstream&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-8401-8376-4&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Jack" title="Ronald Jack">Jack, R. D. S. (Ronald)</a> (1988), "Poetry under King James VI", in Craig, Cairns (ed.), <i>The History of Scottish Literature</i>, vol. 1, Aberdeen University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poetry+under+King+James+VI&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Scottish+Literature&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=R.+D.+S.+%28Ronald%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeayKeay1994" class="citation cs2">Keay, John; Keay, Julia (1994), <a href="/wiki/Collins_Encyclopaedia_of_Scotland" title="Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland"><i>Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland</i></a>, London: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0025-5082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0025-5082-6"><bdi>978-0-0025-5082-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+Encyclopaedia+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-0025-5082-6&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Keay%2C+Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugler2004" class="citation cs2">Krugler, John D. (2004), <i>English and Catholic: The Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7963-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7963-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-7963-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+and+Catholic%3A+The+Lords+Baltimore+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7963-0&rft.aulast=Krugler&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1904" class="citation cs2">Law, Thomas Graves (1904), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedessays00lawgoog">"John Craig"</a>, in Brown, P. Hume (ed.), <i>Collected Essays and Reviews of Thomas Graves Law</i>, Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable, Edinburgh University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Craig&rft.btitle=Collected+Essays+and+Reviews+of+Thomas+Graves+Law&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+%26+A.+Constable%2C+Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Graves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedessays00lawgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1993" class="citation cs2">Lindley, David (1993), <i>The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-5206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-5206-1"><bdi>978-0-4150-5206-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trials+of+Frances+Howard%3A+Fact+and+Fiction+at+the+Court+of+King+James&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-4150-5206-1&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lockyer" title="Roger Lockyer">Lockyer, Roger</a> (1981), <i>Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, 1592–1628</i>, Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5825-0296-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5825-0296-3"><bdi>978-0-5825-0296-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckingham%3A+The+Life+and+Political+Career+of+George+Villiers%2C+First+Duke+of+Buckingham%2C+1592%E2%80%931628&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-5825-0296-3&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer1998" class="citation cs2">—— (1998), <i>James VI and I</i>, Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-7961-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-7961-2"><bdi>978-0-5822-7961-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+VI+and+I&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-5822-7961-2&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1991" class="citation cs2">MacKinnon, Kenneth (1991), <i>Gaelic – A Past and Future Prospect</i>, Edinburgh: The Saltire Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8541-1047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8541-1047-6"><bdi>978-0-8541-1047-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+%E2%80%93+A+Past+and+Future+Prospect&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=The+Saltire+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8541-1047-6&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2016" class="citation cs2">Martin, Patrick H. (2016), <i>Elizabethan Espionage: Plotters and Spies in the Struggle Between Catholicism and the Crown</i>, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6255-8"><bdi>978-1-4766-6255-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabethan+Espionage%3A+Plotters+and+Spies+in+the+Struggle+Between+Catholicism+and+the+Crown&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6255-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Patrick+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilling2004" class="citation cs2">Milling, Jane (2004), "The Development of a Professional Theatre", in Milling, Jane; Thomson, Peter; Donohue, Joseph W. (eds.), <i>The Cambridge History of British Theatre</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-5040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-5040-3"><bdi>978-0-5216-5040-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+a+Professional+Theatre&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+British+Theatre&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-5216-5040-3&rft.aulast=Milling&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2022" class="citation cs2">Pearce, Michael (2022), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Maskerye claythis' for James VI and Anna of Denmark", in Twycross, Meg (ed.), <i>Medieval English Theatre 43</i>, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-630-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-630-7"><bdi>978-1-84384-630-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Maskerye+claythis%27+for+James+VI+and+Anna+of+Denmark&rft.btitle=Medieval+English+Theatre+43&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-630-7&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2006" class="citation cs2">Perry, Curtis (2006), <i>Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England</i>, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-5405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-5405-4"><bdi>978-0-5218-5405-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Favoritism+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-5405-4&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinchesPinches1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Pinches" title="John Pinches">Pinches, John</a>; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), <i>The Royal Heraldry of England</i>, London: Heraldry Today, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9004-5525-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9004-5525-X"><bdi>0-9004-5525-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Heraldry+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heraldry+Today&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-9004-5525-X&rft.aulast=Pinches&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pinches%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodesRichardsMarshall2003" class="citation cs2">Rhodes, Neil; Richards, Jennifer; Marshall, Joseph (2003), <i>King James VI and I: Selected Writings</i>, Ashgate Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0482-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-0482-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James+VI+and+I%3A+Selected+Writings&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0482-2&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Richards%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotary_Club_of_Stornoway1995" class="citation cs2">Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995), <i>The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide</i>, Machynlleth: Kittiwake, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9511-0035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9511-0035-6"><bdi>978-0-9511-0035-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outer+Hebrides+Handbook+and+Guide&rft.place=Machynlleth&rft.pub=Kittiwake&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9511-0035-6&rft.au=Rotary+Club+of+Stornoway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (2001), <i>A History of Britain</i>, vol. II, New York: Hyperion, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6752-3"><bdi>978-0-7868-6752-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6752-3&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(historian)" title="David Smith (historian)">Smith, David L.</a> (2003), "Politics in Early Stuart Britain", in Coward, Barry (ed.), <i>A Companion to Stuart Britain</i>, Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-1874-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-1874-6"><bdi>978-0-6312-1874-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+in+Early+Stuart+Britain&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Stuart+Britain&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-6312-1874-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2003" class="citation cs2">Stewart, Alan (2003), <i>The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I</i>, London: Chatto and Windus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6984-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6984-8"><bdi>978-0-7011-6984-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle+King%3A+A+Life+of+James+VI+%26+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-6984-8&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroud1999" class="citation cs2">Stroud, Angus (1999), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stuartengland0000stro"><i>Stuart England</i></a></span>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-0652-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-0652-5"><bdi>978-0-4152-0652-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stuart+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-0652-5&rft.aulast=Stroud&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstuartengland0000stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1968" class="citation cs2">Thompson, Francis (1968), <i>Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides</i>, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-4260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-4260-2"><bdi>978-0-7153-4260-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harris+and+Lewis%2C+Outer+Hebrides&rft.place=Newton+Abbot&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-4260-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1827" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(advocate)" title="Thomas Thomson (advocate)">Thomson, Thomas</a>, ed. (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcRYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sir James Melvill of Halhill; Memoirs of his own life</i></a>, Bannatyne Club</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+James+Melvill+of+Halhill%3B+Memoirs+of+his+own+life&rft.pub=Bannatyne+Club&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcRYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnicke2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Retha_Warnicke" title="Retha Warnicke">Warnicke, Retha M.</a> (2006). <i>Mary Queen of Scots</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-9182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-9182-8"><bdi>978-0-4152-9182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-9182-8&rft.aulast=Warnicke&rft.aufirst=Retha+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1970" class="citation cs2">Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anneofdenmarkwif00will"><i>Anne of Denmark</i></a>, London: Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5821-2783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5821-2783-8"><bdi>978-0-5821-2783-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+of+Denmark&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-5821-2783-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Carleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanneofdenmarkwif00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Harris_Willson" title="David Harris Willson">Willson, David Harris</a> (1963) [1956], <i>King James VI & I</i>, London: Jonathan Cape, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2246-0572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2246-0572-4"><bdi>978-0-2246-0572-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James+VI+%26+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-2246-0572-4&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=David+Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (May 2011) [2004], "James VI and I (1566–1625)", <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14592">10.1093/ref:odnb/14592</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+VI+and+I+%281566%E2%80%931625%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14592&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkrigg1978" class="citation book cs1">Akrigg, G. P. V. (1978). <i>Jacobean Pageant: The Court of King James I</i>. New York: Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6897-0003-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-6897-0003-2"><bdi>0-6897-0003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobean+Pageant%3A+The+Court+of+King+James+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-6897-0003-2&rft.aulast=Akrigg&rft.aufirst=G.+P.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (1974). <i>King James VI of Scotland, I of England</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2977-6775-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-2977-6775-5"><bdi>0-2977-6775-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James+VI+of+Scotland%2C+I+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-2977-6775-5&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Coward" title="Barry Coward">Coward, Barry</a> and Gaunt, Peter (2017). <i>The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714</i>. 5th ed., ch. 4. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-94954-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-94954-6">978-1-138-94954-6</a></li> <li>Durston, Christopher (1993). <i>James I</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4150-7779-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-4150-7779-6">0-4150-7779-6</a></li> <li>Fincham, Kenneth; Lake, Peter (1985). "The ecclesiastical policy of King James I". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>, <b>24</b> (2): 169–207</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">Gardiner, S. R.</a> (1907). "Britain under James I" in <i>The Cambridge Modern History</i>, vol. 3, ch. 17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh317.html">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Goodare" title="Julian Goodare">Goodare, Julian</a> (2009). "The debts of James VI of Scotland". <i>The Economic History Review</i> <b>62</b> (4): 926–952</li> <li>Hirst, Derek (1986). <i>Authority and Conflict: England 1603–1658</i>, pp. 96–136, Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6740-5290-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-6740-5290-0">0-6740-5290-0</a></li> <li>Houston, S. J. (1974). <i>James I</i>. Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5823-5208-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-5823-5208-8">0-5823-5208-8</a></li> <li>Lee, Maurice (1984). "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King After All?" <i>Albion</i> <b>16</b> (2): 151–163. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4049286">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Montague, F. C. (1907). <i>The History of England from the Accession of James 1st to the Restoration (1603–1660)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalhistor06unkngoog">online</a></li> <li>Peck, Linda Levy (1982). <i>Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I</i>. Harper Collins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0494-2177-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-0494-2177-8">0-0494-2177-8</a></li> <li>Schwarz, Marc L. (1974). "James I and the Historians: Toward a Reconsideration" <i>Journal of British Studies</i>, <b>13</b> (2): 114–134 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175090">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Smith, D. L. (1998). <i>A History of the Modern British Isles – 1603–1707 – The Double Crown</i> chs. 2, 3.1, and 3.2. Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-9402-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-9402-6">978-0-6311-9402-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (1983). "James VI and I: Two Kings or One?". <i>History</i>. <b>68</b> (223): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1983.tb01404.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb01404.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=James+VI+and+I%3A+Two+Kings+or+One%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=223&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1983.tb01404.x&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1999" class="citation book cs1">Young, Michael B. (1999). <i>King James VI and I and the History of Homosexuality</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James+VI+and+I+and+the+History+of+Homosexuality&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2012" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2012). "James VI and I: Time for a Reconsideration?". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">540–</span>567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F664955">10.1086/664955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142991232">142991232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=James+VI+and+I%3A+Time+for+a+Reconsideration%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E540-%3C%2Fspan%3E567&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F664955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142991232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+VI+and+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/james-i-king-of-great-britain-1566-1625-james-vi-of-scotland-and-i-of-england#/type/subject">James I</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_i_vi.shtml">James I and VI</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02390">Portraits of King James I and VI</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79972#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1418">Works by James VI and I</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/james-i">Documents on James I</a> curated by <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives (United Kingdom)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>James VI of Scotland & I of England</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 19 June 1566</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 27 March 1625</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a> </b><br />1567–1625 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> </b><br />1603–1625 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> </b><br />1566–1567 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a> </b><br /><i>4th creation</i><br />1567 </td> <td style="width: 30%; 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Picts">Monarchs of the Picts <br /> (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots<br />(traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James VI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Rothesay38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template talk:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Rothesay38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Dukes of Rothesay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David</a> <i>(1398–1402)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1402–1406)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander</a> <i>(1430)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1430–1437)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1452–1460)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1473–1488)</i></li> <li>James <i>(1507–1508)</i></li> <li>Arthur <i>(1509–1510)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James</a> <i>(1512–1513)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James</a> <i>(1540–1541)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a> <i>(1566–1567)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> <i>(1594–1612)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> <i>(1612–1625)</i></li> <li>Charles James <i>(1629)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> <i>(1630–1649)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> <i>(1688–1689)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> <i>(1714–1727)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> <i>(1727–1751)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> <i>(1762–1820)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a> <i>(1841–1901)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> <i>(1901–1910)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> <i>(1910–1936)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> <i>(1952–2022)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> <i>(2022–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/75px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/113px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/150px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="475" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Albany101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Albany" title="Template:Dukes of Albany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Albany" title="Template talk:Dukes of Albany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Albany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Albany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Albany101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Dukes of Albany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart</a> (1398–1420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany">Murdoch Stewart</a> (1420–1425)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander Stewart</a> (c. 1458–1485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="John Stewart, Duke of Albany">John Stewart</a> (1485–1536)</li> <li>Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a> (1565–1567)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Stuart</a> (1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles Stuart</a> (1603–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James Stuart</a> (1660–1685)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany">Ernest Augustus</a> (1716–1728)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Edward</a> (1760–1767)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick</a> (1784–1827)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold</a> (1881–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Charles Edward</a> (1884–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>italics denote <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Dukes of York and Albany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Stewart112" style="vertical-align:middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="House of Stuart/Stewart"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template talk:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Stewart112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stewart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lennox" title="Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lennox" title="Duke of Lennox">Duke of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond" title="Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a></li> <li>Lord of Sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aubigny" title="Duke of Aubigny">Duke of Aubigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Moray" title="Earl of Moray">Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Galloway" title="Earl of Galloway">Earl of Galloway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Stewart of Appin</a></li> <li>Stewart of Ballechin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart" title="Earl Castle Stewart">Stewart of Castle Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Balquhidder" title="Stewart of Balquhidder">Stewart of Balquhidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Darnley" title="Stewart of Darnley">Stewart of Darnley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal<br />Stewarts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="The_generations_indicate_descent_from_Robert_II_of_Scotland,_first_monarch_of_the_House_of_Stewart273">The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II of Scotland</a>, first monarch of the House of Stewart</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter, Earl of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander, Earl of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Hay" title="Thomas de la Hay">Elizabeth, Lady Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">Isabella, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Jean, Lady Keith</li> <li>Katherine Logan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles#Family" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">Margaret, Lady of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">Marjorie, Countess of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David, Earl of Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter, Earl of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale#Marriage" title="William Douglas of Nithsdale">Egidia, Lady Douglas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a></li> <li>Robert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas">Margaret, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Mary, Countess of Angus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_1st_Lord_Dalkeith" title="James Douglas, 1st Lord Dalkeith">Elizabeth, Lady Dalkeith</a></li> <li>Egidia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret, Dauphine of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella, Duchess of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stewart,_Countess_of_Morton" title="Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton">Joan, Countess of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan">Mary, Countess of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_of_Scotland" title="Annabella of Scotland">Annabella, Countess of Geneva and Huntly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary, Countess of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" title="David Stewart, Earl of Moray">David, Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1479)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart_(born_c._1455)" title="Margaret Stewart (born c. 1455)">Margaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1507)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Arthur, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross">Alexander, Duke of Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li>Robert, Duke of Albany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James VI of Scotland and I of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stuart_(1598%E2%80%931600)" title="Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne" title="Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne">Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(1605%E2%80%931607)" title="Mary Stuart (1605–1607)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia of England">Sophia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_(daughter_of_Charles_I)" title="Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stuart_(1637%E2%80%931640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Stuart (1637–1640)">Anne</a></li> <li>Katherine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge">James, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kendal" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal">Charles, Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, Duke of Cambridge">Edgar, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Stuart" title="Louisa Maria Stuart">Louisa Maria Theresa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward "Bonnie Prince Charlie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry, Cardinal York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Stuart" title="Category:House of Stuart">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_Queen_of_Scots276" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Template:Mary, Queen of Scots"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Template talk:Mary, Queen of Scots"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary, Queen of Scots"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_Queen_of_Scots276" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Scotland">Queen of Scotland</a> (1542–1567), <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen consort of France</a> (1559–1560)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V of Scotland</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a> (mother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James VI and I</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Electress of the Palatinate</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Husbands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Commendator_of_Kelso_and_Melrose" title="James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose">James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Moray" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray">James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Commendator_of_Coldingham" title="John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham">John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney">Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jean_Stewart" title="Lady Jean Stewart">Jean Campbell, Countess of Argyll</a> (half-sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entry_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_into_Edinburgh" title="Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots, into Edinburgh">Royal Entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Francis,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France">First wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Henry,_Lord_Darnley" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry, Lord Darnley">Second wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lord_Darnley" title="Murder of Lord Darnley">Murder of Lord Darnley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots">Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Funeral of Mary, Queen of Scots">Funeral</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Battles and wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh" title="Burning of Edinburgh">Burning of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carberry_Hill" title="Battle of Carberry Hill">Battle of Carberry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corrichie" title="Battle of Corrichie">Battle of Corrichie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1562)" title="Siege of Inverness (1562)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_civil_war" title="Marian civil war">Marian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Plots and rebellions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaseabout_Raid" title="Chaseabout Raid">Chaseabout Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridolfi_plot" title="Ridolfi plot">Ridolfi plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throckmorton_Plot" title="Throckmorton Plot">Throckmorton Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_North" title="Rising of the North">Rising of the North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Bond" title="Secret Bond">Secret Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Tavern_Bond" title="Ainslie Tavern Bond">Ainslie Tavern Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_and_Coronation_Act_1567" title="Accession and Coronation Act 1567">Accession and Coronation Act 1567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Haddington" title="Treaty of Haddington">Treaty of Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Matrimonial" title="Crown Matrimonial">Crown Matrimonial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Cultural depictions of Mary, Queen of Scots">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart" title="The Execution of Mary Stuart">The Execution of Mary Stuart</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="The Loves of Mary, Queen of Scots">The Loves of Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_the_Queen" title="The Heart of the Queen">The Heart of the Queen</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Scotland_(film)" title="Mary of Scotland (film)">Mary of Scotland (film)</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(1971_film)" title="Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film)">Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film)</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_Crack%27d" title="The Mirror Crack'd">The Mirror Crack'd</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth:_The_Golden_Age" title="Elizabeth: The Golden Age">Elizabeth: The Golden Age</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_(2013_film)" title="Mary Queen of Scots (2013 film)">Mary Queen of Scots</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_(2018_film)" title="Mary Queen of Scots (2018 film)">Mary Queen of Scots</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder,_Treason_%26_Plot" title="Gunpowder, Treason & Plot">Gunpowder, Treason & Plot</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(2005_TV_series)" title="Elizabeth I (2005 TV series)">Elizabeth I (2005 TV series)</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens:_The_Virgin_and_the_Martyr" title="Queens: The Virgin and the Martyr">Queens: The Virgin and the Martyr</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_(TV_series)" title="Reign (TV series)">Reign (TV series)</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If_It_Had_Happened_Otherwise" title="If It Had Happened Otherwise">If It Had Happened Otherwise</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Queen" title="The Other Queen">The Other Queen</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Column_of_Fire" title="A Column of Fire">A Column of Fire</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Plays and<br />operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Il_Cromuele" title="Il Cromuele">Il Cromuele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodes_(ballet)" title="Episodes (ballet)">Episodes (ballet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Eagle_(play)" title="Golden Eagle (play)">Golden Eagle (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Stuarda" title="Maria Stuarda">Maria Stuarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Stuart_(opera)" title="Marie Stuart (opera)">Marie Stuart (opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart_(play)" title="Mary Stewart (play)">Mary Stewart (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Mary Stuart (Schiller play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(opera)" title="Mary, Queen of Scots (opera)">Mary, Queen of Scots (opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(play)" title="Mary, Queen of Scots (play)">Mary, Queen of Scots (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivat!_Vivat_Regina!" title="Vivat! Vivat Regina!">Vivat! Vivat Regina!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Rizzio" title="David Rizzio">David Rizzio</a> (private secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewels_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots">Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Wardrobe of Mary, Queen of Scots">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assured_Scots" title="Assured Scots">Assured Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casket_letters" title="Casket letters">Casket letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Articles" title="Book of Articles">Book of Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxburgh_Hangings" title="Oxburgh Hangings">Oxburgh Hangings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ane_New_Yeir_Gift_to_Quene_Mary" title="Ane New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary">Ane New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_James_VI" title="Association of Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI">Association of Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places_of_imprisonment22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Places of imprisonment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Lochleven Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workington_Hall" title="Workington Hall">Workington Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Castle" title="Bolton Castle">Bolton Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Castle" title="Sheffield Castle">Sheffield Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Manor_Lodge" title="Sheffield Manor Lodge">Sheffield Manor Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingfield_Manor" title="Wingfield Manor">Wingfield Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartley_Castle" title="Chartley Castle">Chartley Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixall_Gatehouse" title="Tixall Gatehouse">Tixall Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">← James V</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James VI →</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scots_makars204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scots_makars" title="Template:Scots makars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scots_makars" title="Template talk:Scots makars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scots_makars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scots makars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scots_makars204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Makar" title="Makar">Scots makars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">c. 1370 – c. 1460</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">John Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huchoun" title="Huchoun">Huchoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hay_(poet)" title="Gilbert Hay (poet)">Sir Gilbert Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun" title="Andrew of Wyntoun">Andrew of Wyntoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holland" title="Richard Holland">Richard Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">c. 1460 – c. 1560</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Harry" title="Blind Harry">Blind Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henryson" title="Robert Henryson">Robert Henryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_(poet)" title="Walter Kennedy (poet)">Walter Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Douglas" title="Gavin Douglas">Gavin Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lyndsay" title="David Lyndsay">David Lyndsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Maitland" title="Richard Maitland">Richard Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis" title="John Stewart of Baldynneis">John Stewart of Baldynneis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_(makar)" title="William Stewart (makar)">William Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">c. 1560 – 17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scott_(16th-century_poet)" title="Alexander Scott (16th-century poet)">Alexander Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Montgomerie" title="Alexander Montgomerie">Alexander Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fowler_(makar)" title="William Fowler (makar)">William Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindsay" title="Christian Lindsay">Christian Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Melville" title="Elizabeth Melville">Elizabeth Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hume" title="Alexander Hume">Alexander Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sempill_the_elder" title="Robert Sempill the elder">Robert Sempill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sempill_the_younger" title="Robert Sempill the younger">Robert Sempill the younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sempill" title="Francis Sempill">Francis Sempill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden" title="William Drummond of Hawthornden">William Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis" title="John Stewart of Baldynneis">John Stewart of Baldynneis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century – 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)" title="Allan Ramsay (poet)">Allan Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fergusson" title="Robert Fergusson">Robert Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Ann_Spottiswoode" title="Alicia Ann Spottiswoode">Alicia Ann Spottiswoode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Soutar" title="William Soutar">William Soutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garioch" title="Robert Garioch">Robert Garioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Goodsir_Smith" title="Sydney Goodsir Smith">Sydney Goodsir Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Scott_(poet)" title="Tom Scott (poet)">Tom Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_Hay" title="George Campbell Hay">George Campbell Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scott_(20th-century_poet)" title="Alexander Scott (20th-century poet)">Alexander Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Henderson" title="Hamish Henderson">Hamish Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neill_(poet)" title="William Neill (poet)">William Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Makar_(National_Poet_for_Scotland)" title="Makar (National Poet for Scotland)">Makar or National Poet for Scotland</a><br />(from 2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Morgan_(poet)" title="Edwin Morgan (poet)">Edwin Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Lochhead" title="Liz Lochhead">Liz Lochhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Kay" title="Jackie Kay">Jackie Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Jamie" title="Kathleen Jamie">Kathleen Jamie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0draig_MacAoidh" title="Pàdraig MacAoidh">Pàdraig MacAoidh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglicanism327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template talk:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglicanism327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compassrose_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/100px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/150px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/200px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">History of Christianity in Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygeberht" title="Hygeberht">Hygeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Church" title="Modern Church">Modern Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Anglicanism" title="Eucharist in Anglicanism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_United_States)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1962)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1962)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Morning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_converted_to_Anglicanism" title="List of people who have converted to Anglicanism">Converts to Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Armorial of the Church of England">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_prayer_beads" title="Anglican prayer beads">Anglican prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_churches_in_the_Americas" title="Anglican churches in the Americas">Anglicanism of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Gunpowder_Plot_of_160578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gunpowder_Plot" title="Template:Gunpowder Plot"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gunpowder_Plot" title="Template talk:Gunpowder Plot"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gunpowder_Plot" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gunpowder Plot"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Gunpowder_Plot_of_160578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">The Gunpowder Plot of 1605</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original plotters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Catesby" title="Robert Catesby">Robert Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Christopher_Wright" title="John and Christopher Wright">John Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_and_Thomas_Wintour" title="Robert and Thomas Wintour">Thomas Wintour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(Gunpowder_Plot)" title="Thomas Percy (Gunpowder Plot)">Thomas Percy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keyes" title="Robert Keyes">Robert Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bates" title="Thomas Bates">Thomas Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Christopher_Wright" title="John and Christopher Wright">Christopher Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grant_(Gunpowder_Plot)" title="John Grant (Gunpowder Plot)">John Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_and_Thomas_Wintour" title="Robert and Thomas Wintour">Robert Wintour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Rookwood" title="Ambrose Rookwood">Ambrose Rokewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everard_Digby" title="Everard Digby">Everard Digby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Tresham" title="Francis Tresham">Francis Tresham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot_in_popular_culture" title="Gunpowder Plot in popular culture">Gunpowder Plot in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_mask" title="Guy Fawkes mask">Guy Fawkes mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire_Night" title="Bonfire Night">Bonfire Night</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker,_4th_Baron_Monteagle" title="William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle">William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle</a> (informer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3781" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3781" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79972#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109229555">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88905668">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52265/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGjrxVFT4t6bR36YT8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118639889">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80035841">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119304190">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119304190">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001187656">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="James I <re d'Inghilterra>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV239117">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35241508">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020225013&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX823910">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068907117">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90093331">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prsjhw0zz8tfc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810549884605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17021">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263238305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509041606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21261358">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14621997">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14254420">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01985509?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500341025">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/492524">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118639889">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/878524">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118639889.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118639889">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027475506">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kf2p12">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/65530">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/108108">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&oldid=1277729729">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_VI_and_I&oldid=1277729729</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James_VI_and_I" title="Category:James VI and I">James VI and I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1566_births" title="Category:1566 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[\"Tree chart\"] = 16,\n [\"Tree chart/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree chart/start\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","15.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","12.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","10.5"],["?","120","10.5"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Identifiers\u003E","60","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.5"],["type","40","3.5"],["(for generator)","40","3.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.5"],["[others]","300","26.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-c4cdbd856-5grtw","timestamp":"20250226110239","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"James VI and I","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_VI_and_I","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79972","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79972","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-09T21:26:43Z","dateModified":"2025-02-26T11:02:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/JamesIEngland.jpg","headline":"King of Scotland (1566\u20131625), England and Ireland 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