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class="vector-toc-text"> 5 King at war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_at_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle King at war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-King_at_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_struggles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_struggles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early struggles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_struggles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legend_of_burnt_cake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legend_of_burnt_cake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Legend of burnt cake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend_of_burnt_cake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-attack_and_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-attack_and_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Counter-attack and victory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-attack_and_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-880s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#880s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 880s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-880s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 King of the Anglo-Saxons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_attacks_(890s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_attacks_(890s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Viking attacks (890s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_attacks_(890s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_reorganisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_reorganisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Military reorganisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_reorganisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military reorganisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_reorganisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration_and_taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Administration and taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burghal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burghal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Burghal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burghal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 English navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legal reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_education_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_education_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Religion, education and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion,_education_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion, education and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion,_education_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_Danish_raids_on_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_Danish_raids_on_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Effect of Danish raids on education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_Danish_raids_on_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_a_court_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_a_court_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Establishment of a court school </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_a_court_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_of_education_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_of_education_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Advocacy of education in English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_of_education_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Appearance and character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Death and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Statues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Statues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pewsey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pewsey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Pewsey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pewsey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Southwark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wantage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wantage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Wantage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wantage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winchester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winchester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Winchester </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winchester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alfred_University,_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfred_University,_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5 Alfred University, New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfred_University,_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleveland,_Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleveland,_Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.6 Cleveland, Ohio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleveland,_Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Chronology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alfred the Great</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_die_Grote" title="Alfred die Grote – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfred die Grote" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%89%81_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%B5" title="ታላቁ አልፍሬድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታላቁ አልፍሬድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfred_Micela" title="Ælfred Micela – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ælfred Micela" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ألفريد العظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفريد العظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredu%27l_Grande" title="Alfredu'l Grande – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfredu'l Grande" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Alfred" title="Böyük Alfred – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Alfred" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="آلفرد بزرق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد بزرق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="মহামতি অ্যালফ্রেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহামতি অ্যালফ্রেড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_T%C4%81i-%C3%B4ng" title="Alfred Tāi-ông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alfred Tāi-ông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Бөйөк Альфред – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Альфред" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Альфрэд Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфрэд Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Альфрэд Вялікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альфрэд Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Алфред Велики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Велики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Veliki" title="Alfred Veliki – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alfred Veliki" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Veur" title="Alfred Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alfred Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_el_Gran" title="Alfred el Gran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred el Gran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Velik%C3%BD" title="Alfréd Veliký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfréd Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alffred_Fawr" title="Alffred Fawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alffred Fawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_den_Store" title="Alfred den Store – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred den Store" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Alfred der Große – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred der Große" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Suur" title="Alfred Suur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Suur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αλφρέδος ο Μέγας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλφρέδος ο Μέγας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_el_Grande" title="Alfredo el Grande – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfredo el Grande" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_la_Granda" title="Alfredo la Granda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfredo la Granda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Handia" title="Alfredo Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfredo Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="آلفرد بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_le_Grand" title="Alfred le Grand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred le Grand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Grutte" title="Alfred de Grutte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alfred de Grutte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailfrid_M%C3%B3r" title="Ailfrid Mór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailfrid Mór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_o_Grande" title="Alfredo o Grande – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfredo o Grande" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%86_%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%EC%99%95" title="앨프레드 대왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨프레드 대왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE" title="Ալֆրեդ Մեծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆրեդ Մեծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Veliki" title="Alfred Veliki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfred Veliki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_yang_Agung" title="Alfred yang Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred yang Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfr%C3%A1%C3%B0ur_r%C3%ADki" title="Elfráður ríki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elfráður ríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_il_Grande" title="Alfredo il Grande – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfredo il Grande" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="אלפרד הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ಮಹಾಶಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ಮಹಾಶಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_a_Mapia" title="Alfred a Mapia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alfred a Mapia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ დიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფრედ დიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Ұлы Альфред – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Альфред" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfred_Veur" title="Ælfred Veur – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ælfred Veur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredi_Mkuu" title="Alfredi Mkuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfredi Mkuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%C3%AA_Mezin" title="Alfredê Mezin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfredê Mezin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_(rex_Anglorum)" title="Alfredus (rex Anglorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus (rex Anglorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds_Lielais" title="Alfrēds Lielais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfrēds Lielais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Groussen" title="Alfred de Groussen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alfred de Groussen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredas_Didysis" title="Alfredas Didysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfredas Didysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_wessexi_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Alfréd wessexi király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfréd wessexi király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Алфред Велики – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфред Велики" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Lehibe" title="Alfred Lehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alfred Lehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="आल्फ्रिड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्फ्रिड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="الفريد العظيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفريد العظيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="گت آلفرد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گت آلفرد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အဲလဖရက်၊ သဂရိတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဲလဖရက်၊ သဂရိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Grote" title="Alfred de Grote – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred de Grote" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B" title="アルフレッド大王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド大王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_di_Grat" title="Alfred di Grat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alfred di Grat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_den_store" title="Alfred den store – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_den_store" title="Alfred den store – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfred den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Wessex" title="Alfred de Wessex – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfred de Wessex" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_Alfred" title="Buyuk Alfred – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk Alfred" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="الفریڈ اعظم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الفریڈ اعظم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لوی الفرد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوی الفرد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wielki" title="Alfred Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_de_Wessex" title="Alfredo de Wessex – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfredo de Wessex" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_cel_Mare" title="Alfred cel Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfred cel Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Альфред Великий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альфред Великий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alfred the Great" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfred the Great" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD" title="Alfréd Veľký – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfréd Veľký" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Veliki" title="Alfred Veliki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Veliki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Veliki" title="Alfred Veliki – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alfred Veliki" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Veliki" title="Alfred Veliki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfred Veliki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Suuri" title="Alfred Suuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Suuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_den_store" title="Alfred den store – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred den store" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="பேரரசர் ஆல்பிரட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேரரசர் ஆல்பிரட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Бөек Альфред – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Альфред" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="พระเจ้าอัลเฟรดมหาราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าอัลเฟรดมหาราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_(Wessex_kral%C4%B1)" title="Alfred (Wessex kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred (Wessex kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_I_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Альфред I Великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред I Великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="الفریڈ اعظم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔弗雷德大帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%BC%97%E5%88%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亞弗列大帝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞弗列大帝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="阿尔弗雷德大帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔弗雷德大帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliferedi_Ogwu_Ilile" title="Aliferedi Ogwu Ilile – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Wessex (871 – c. 886); King of the Anglo-Saxons (c. 886 – 899)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"King Alfred" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alfred the Great (disambiguation)">Alfred the Great (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Alfred_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="King Alfred (disambiguation)">King Alfred (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Alfred the Great</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_the_Great,_silver_penny;_struck_875%E2%80%93880_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_the_Great%2C_silver_penny%3B_struck_875%E2%80%93880_%28obverse%29.png/220px-Alfred_the_Great%2C_silver_penny%3B_struck_875%E2%80%93880_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_the_Great%2C_silver_penny%3B_struck_875%E2%80%93880_%28obverse%29.png/330px-Alfred_the_Great%2C_silver_penny%3B_struck_875%E2%80%93880_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Alfred_the_Great%2C_silver_penny%3B_struck_875%E2%80%93880_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Silver <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_penny_(c._600_%E2%80%93_1066)" title="History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)">penny</a> of Alfred, struck <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 875–880. Legend: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>elfre d rex</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the West Saxons">King of the West Saxons</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 871 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 886</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred I">Æthelred I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 886 – 26 October 899</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">847–849 <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkshire" title="History of Berkshire">Berkshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wantage1-2">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 899 (aged about 50)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Abbey" title="Hyde Abbey">Hyde Abbey</a> (now lost), <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, Hampshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 868)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d,_Lady_of_the_Mercians" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians">Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgifu,_Abbess_of_Shaftesbury" title="Æthelgifu, Abbess of Shaftesbury">Æthelgifu, Abbess of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders">Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(son_of_Alfred)" title="Æthelweard (son of Alfred)">Æthelweard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf, King of Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osburh" title="Osburh">Osburh</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Alfred the Great (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: Ælfrǣd <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈæɫvˌræːd]</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 849 – 26 October 899) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the West Saxons">King of the West Saxons</a> from 871 to 886, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a> from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a> and his first wife <a href="/wiki/Osburh" title="Osburh">Osburh</a>, who both died when Alfred was young. Three of Alfred's brothers, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelbald, King of Wessex">Æthelbald</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I_of_Wessex" title="Æthelred I of Wessex">Æthelred</a>, reigned in turn before him. Under Alfred's rule, considerable administrative and military reforms were introduced, prompting lasting change in England.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[2]</a> After ascending the throne, Alfred spent several years fighting <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> invasions. He won a decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> in 878 and made an agreement with the Vikings, dividing England between Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-ruled <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>, composed of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Scandinavian York</a>, the north-east Midlands and East Anglia. Alfred also oversaw the conversion of Viking leader <a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> to Christianity. He defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, becoming the dominant ruler in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200127–28-4">[3]</a> Alfred began styling himself as "King of the Anglo-Saxons" after reoccupying London from the Vikings. Details of his life are described in a work by 9th-century Welsh scholar and bishop <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a>. Alfred had a reputation as a learned and merciful man of a gracious and level-headed nature who encouraged education, proposing that primary education be conducted in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">English</a> rather than Latin, and improving the legal system and military structure and his people's quality of life. He was given the epithet "the Great" from as early as the 13th century, though it was only popularised from the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth2024-5">[4]</a> Alfred is the only native-born English monarch to be labelled as such. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Wessex family tree">House of Wessex family tree</a></div> Alfred was a son of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, and his wife Osburh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199826-6">[5]</a> According to his biographer, <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a>, writing in 893, "In the year of our Lord's Incarnation 849 Alfred, King of the Anglo-Saxons", was born at the royal estate called <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a>, in the district known as <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a><a href="#cite_note-wantage1-2">[a]</a> ("which is so called from Berroc Wood, where the box tree grows very abundantly"). This date has been accepted by the editors of Asser's biography, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Michael Lapidge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198313,_67,_101-7">[6]</a> and by other historians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Dumville" title="David Dumville">David Dumville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Pollard" title="Justin Pollard">Justin Pollard</a> and Richard Huscroft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville199623Huscroft2019xii-8">[7]</a> West Saxon genealogical lists state that Alfred was 23 when he became king in April 871, implying that he was born between April 847 and April 848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton20004Dumville198625-9">[8]</a> This dating is adopted in the biography of Alfred by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Alfred Smyth</a>, who regards Asser's biography as fraudulent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth19953-10">[9]</a> an allegation which is rejected by other historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2006Keynes201451-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Abels" title="Richard Abels">Richard Abels</a> in his biography discusses both sources but does not decide between them and dates Alfred's birth as 847/849, while <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Patrick Wormald</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> article dates it 848/849.<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> Berkshire had been historically disputed between Wessex and the midland kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, and as late as 844, a charter showed that it was part of Mercia, but Alfred's birth in the county is evidence that, by the late 840s, control had passed to Wessex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199826,_45–46Wormald2006-14">[12]</a> He was the youngest of six children. His eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Kent" title="Æthelstan of Kent">Æthelstan</a>, was old enough to be appointed sub-king of Kent in 839, almost 10 years before Alfred was born. He died in the early 850s. Alfred's next three brothers were successively kings of Wessex. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelbald, King of Wessex">Æthelbald</a> (858–860) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht</a> (860–865) were also much older than Alfred, but <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I,_King_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred I, King of Wessex">Æthelred</a> (865–871) was only a year or two older. Alfred's only known sister, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelswith" title="Æthelswith">Æthelswith</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Burgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgred">Burgred</a>, king of Mercia in 853. Most historians think that Osburh was the mother of all Æthelwulf's children, but some suggest that the older ones were born to an unrecorded first wife. Osburh was descended from the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. She was described by Alfred's biographer Asser as "a most religious woman, noble by temperament and noble by birth". She had died by 856 when Æthelwulf married <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders" title="Judith of Flanders">Judith</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199845–50,_55Nelson2003295Wormald2006Miller2004-15">[13]</a> In 868, Alfred married <a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a>, daughter of the Mercian nobleman <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_Mucel" title="Æthelred Mucel">Æthelred Mucel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a> of the Gaini, and his wife Eadburh, who was of royal Mercian descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeys2004-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> Their children were <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a>, Alfred's successor as king; <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelgifu">Æthelgifu</a>, abbess of <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Abbey" title="Shaftesbury Abbey">Shaftesbury</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders">Ælfthryth</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Margrave_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders">Baldwin</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>; and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(son_of_Alfred)" title="Æthelweard (son of Alfred)">Æthelweard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2006-19">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain_886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Britain_886.jpg/300px-Britain_886.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Britain_886.jpg/450px-Britain_886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Britain_886.jpg/600px-Britain_886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>Map of Britain in 886</figcaption></figure> Alfred's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a>, became king of Wessex in 802, and in the view of the historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Abels" title="Richard Abels">Richard Abels</a>, it must have seemed very unlikely to contemporaries that he would establish a lasting dynasty. For 200 years, three families had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. No ancestor of Ecgberht had been a king of Wessex since <a href="/wiki/Ceawlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceawlin">Ceawlin</a> in the late sixth century, but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of <a href="/wiki/Cerdic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdic">Cerdic</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">West Saxon dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[d]</a> This made Ecgberht an <a href="/wiki/%C3%86theling" title="Ætheling">ætheling</a> – a prince eligible for the throne. But after Ecgberht's reign, descent from Cerdic was no longer sufficient to make a man an ætheling. When Ecgberht died in 839, he was succeeded by his son Æthelwulf; all subsequent West Saxon kings were descendants of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf, and were also sons of kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200284–85Dumville197917–18Yorke1990142–143,_148–149-23">[19]</a> At the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxons</a>. Mercia dominated southern England, but its supremacy came to an end in 825 when it was decisively defeated by Ecgberht at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ellendun" title="Battle of Ellendun">Battle of Ellendun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199528,_39–41-24">[20]</a> Mercia and Wessex became allies, which was important in the resistance to <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199828–29-25">[21]</a> In 853, King Burgred of Mercia requested West Saxon help to suppress a Welsh rebellion, and Æthelwulf led a West Saxon contingent in a successful joint campaign. In the same year Burgred married Æthelwulf's daughter, Æthelswith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161-26">[22]</a> In 825, Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf to invade the Mercian sub-kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, and its sub-king, <a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Kent" title="Baldred of Kent">Baldred</a>, was driven out shortly afterwards. By 830, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a> had submitted to Ecgberht, and he had appointed Æthelwulf to rule the south-eastern territories as king of Kent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–121Kirby2000155–156-27">[23]</a> The Vikings ravaged the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> in 835, and the following year they defeated Ecgberht at <a href="/wiki/Carhampton" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> in Somerset,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004Kirby2000171-28">[24]</a> but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Cornishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornishmen">Cornishmen</a> and Vikings at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a>, reducing Cornwall to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Client_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Client kingdom">client kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013431-29">[25]</a> When Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne, he appointed his eldest son Æthelstan as sub-king of Kent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004-30">[26]</a> Ecgberht and Æthelwulf may not have intended a permanent union between Wessex and Kent because they both appointed sons as sub-kings, and charters in Wessex were attested (witnessed) by West Saxon magnates, while Kentish charters were witnessed by the Kentish elite; both kings kept overall control, and the sub-kings were not allowed to issue their own coinage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199831-31">[27]</a> Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated at Carhampton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004-30">[26]</a> In 850, Æthelstan defeated a Danish fleet off <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> in the first recorded naval battle in English history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971244-32">[28]</a> In 851, Æthelwulf and his second son, Æthelbald, defeated the Vikings at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> and, according to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, "there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen raiding-army that we have heard tell of up to this present day, and there took the victory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton200064-33">[29]</a> Æthelwulf died in 858 and was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, as king of Wessex and by his next oldest son, Æthelberht, as king of Kent. Æthelbald only survived his father by two years, and Æthelberht then for the first time united Wessex and Kent into a single kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199889–94-34">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/220px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/330px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/440px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Alfred's father <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf of Wessex">Æthelwulf of Wessex</a> in the early 14th-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England</figcaption></figure> According to Asser, in his childhood Alfred won a beautifully decorated book of English poetry, offered as a prize by his mother to the first of her sons able to memorise it. He must have had it read to him because his mother died when he was about six and he did not learn to read until he was 12.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200654–55-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199855–56-36">[32]</a> In 853, Alfred is reported by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> to have been sent to Rome where he was <a href="/wiki/Confirmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmed">confirmed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a>, who "anointed him as king".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_853-37">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> writers later interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his eventual succession to the throne of Wessex. This is unlikely; his succession could not have been foreseen at the time because Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul" and a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200663-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2006-19">[16]</a> It may be based upon the fact that Alfred later accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">king of the Franks</a>, around 854–855.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199855-39">[35]</a> On their return from Rome in 856, Æthelwulf was deposed by his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelbald of Wessex">Æthelbald</a>. With civil war looming, the magnates of the realm met in council to form a compromise. Æthelbald retained the western shires (i.e. historical Wessex), and Æthelwulf ruled in the east. After King Æthelwulf died in 858, Wessex was ruled by three of Alfred's brothers in succession: Æthelbald, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelberht of Wessex">Æthelberht</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred of Wessex">Æthelred</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofton20068-40">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_reigns_of_Alfred's_brothers">The reigns of Alfred's brothers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The reigns of Alfred's brothers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_Great_Army_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/England_Great_Army_map.svg/220px-England_Great_Army_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/England_Great_Army_map.svg/330px-England_Great_Army_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/England_Great_Army_map.svg/440px-England_Great_Army_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>A map of the route taken by the Viking <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> which arrived in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sweden">southern Sweden</a> in 865.</figcaption></figure> Alfred is not mentioned during the short reigns of his older brothers Æthelbald and Æthelberht. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> of Danes landing in East Anglia with the intent of conquering the four kingdoms which constituted Anglo-Saxon England in 865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198316–17-41">[37]</a> Alfred's public life began in 865 at age 16 with the accession of his third brother, 18-year-old Æthelred. During this period, Bishop Asser gave Alfred the unique title of secundarius, which may indicate a position similar to the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Tanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanist">tanist</a>, a recognised successor closely associated with the reigning monarch. This arrangement may have been sanctioned by Alfred's father or by the <a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a> to guard against the danger of a disputed succession should Æthelred fall in battle. It was a well known tradition among other Germanic peoples – such as the Swedes and Franks to whom the Anglo-Saxons were closely related – to crown a successor as royal prince and military commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_invasion">Viking invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viking invasion">edit</a>]</div> In 868, Alfred was recorded as fighting beside Æthelred in a failed attempt to keep the Great Heathen Army led by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> out of the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mercia">Kingdom of Mercia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_868-43">[39]</a> The Danes arrived in his homeland at the end of 870, and nine engagements were fought in the following year, with mixed results; the places and dates of two of these battles have not been recorded. A successful skirmish at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> in Berkshire on 31 December 870 was followed by a severe defeat at the siege and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> by Ivar's brother <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> on 5 January 871. Four days later, the Anglo-Saxons won a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_Wessex_Downs_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wessex Downs AONB">Berkshire Downs</a>, possibly near <a href="/wiki/Compton,_Berkshire" title="Compton, Berkshire">Compton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aldworth" title="Aldworth">Aldworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">[38]</a> The Saxons were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> on 22 January. They were defeated again on 22 March at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merton" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Merton">Battle of Merton</a> (perhaps Marden in Wiltshire or Martin in Dorset).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">[38]</a> Æthelred died shortly afterwards in April 871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_at_war">King at war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: King at war">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_struggles">Early struggles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early struggles">edit</a>]</div> In April 871, King Æthelred died and Alfred acceded to the throne of Wessex and the burden of its defence, even though Æthelred left two under-age sons, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhelm" title="Æthelhelm">Æthelhelm</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwold of Wessex">Æthelwold</a>. This was in accordance with the agreement that Æthelred and Alfred had made earlier that year in an assembly at an unidentified place called Swinbeorg. The brothers had agreed that whichever of them outlived the other would inherit the personal property that King Æthelwulf had left jointly to his sons in his will. The deceased's sons would receive only whatever property and riches their father had settled upon them and whatever additional lands their uncle had acquired. The unstated premise was that the surviving brother would be king. Given the Danish invasion and the youth of his nephews, Alfred's accession probably went uncontested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998135-44">[40]</a> While he was busy with the burial ceremonies for his brother, the Danes defeated the Saxon army in his absence at an unnamed spot and then again in his presence at <a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Wiltshire" title="Wilton, Wiltshire">Wilton</a> in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">[38]</a> The defeat at Wilton smashed any remaining hope that Alfred could drive the invaders from his kingdom. Alfred was forced instead to make peace with them. Although the terms of the peace are not recorded, Bishop Asser wrote that the pagans agreed to vacate the realm and made good their promise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998140–141-45">[41]</a> The Viking army withdrew from Reading in the autumn of 871 to take up winter quarters in Mercian London. Although not mentioned by Asser or by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Alfred probably paid the Vikings silver to leave, much as the Mercians were to do in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998140–141-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">Hoards</a> dating to the Viking occupation of London in 871/872 have been excavated at <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a>. These finds hint at the cost involved in making peace with the Vikings. For the next five years, the Danes occupied other parts of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGraham-Campbell198691–110-46">[42]</a> In 876, under Guthrum, Oscetel and Anwend, the Danes slipped past the Saxon army and attacked and occupied <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a> in Dorset. Alfred blockaded them but was unable to take Wareham by assault. He negotiated a peace that involved an exchange of hostages and oaths, which the Danes swore on a "holy ring" associated with the worship of <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>. The Danes broke their word, and after killing all the hostages, slipped away under cover of night to <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> in Devon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998148–50-47">[43]</a> Alfred blockaded the Viking ships in Devon, and with a relief fleet having been scattered by a storm, the Danes were forced to submit. The Danes withdrew to Mercia. In January 878, the Danes made a sudden attack on <a href="/wiki/Chippenham" title="Chippenham">Chippenham</a>, a royal stronghold in which Alfred had been staying over Christmas "and most of the people they killed, except the King Alfred, and he with a little band made his way by wood and swamp, and after <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> he made a fort at <a href="/wiki/Athelney" title="Athelney">Athelney</a> in the marshes of <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, and from that fort kept fighting against the foe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_878-48">[44]</a> Considering the fate of the Mercians' kingdom under similar Viking pressure and an analysis of charter signatories either side of the raid it has been suggested <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006157-169-49">[45]</a> that Alfred may have fallen prey to a Witan coup at Chippenham rather than simply being surprised by a Viking attack. From his fort at Athelney, an island in the marshes near <a href="/wiki/North_Petherton" title="North Petherton">North Petherton</a>, Alfred was able to mount a resistance campaign, rallying the local militias from Somerset, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">[38]</a> 878 was the nadir of the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. With all the other kingdoms having fallen to the Vikings, Wessex alone was resisting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988101-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legend_of_burnt_cake">Legend of burnt cake</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legend of burnt cake">edit</a>]</div> Having fled to the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a>, Alfred was purportedly given shelter by a peasant woman who, unaware of his identity, asked him to mind some wheaten cakes she left baking by the fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988101-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006178-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool20062-52">[48]</a> Preoccupied with the problems of his kingdom, Alfred accidentally let the cakes burn, and was roundly scolded by the woman upon her return. The first written account of the legend appears a century after Alfred's death, though it may have earlier origins in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool20062-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-attack_and_victory">Counter-attack and victory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Counter-attack and victory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Alfred%27s_Tower,_Stourhead,_Somerset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/King_Alfred%27s_Tower%2C_Stourhead%2C_Somerset.jpg/240px-King_Alfred%27s_Tower%2C_Stourhead%2C_Somerset.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/King_Alfred%27s_Tower%2C_Stourhead%2C_Somerset.jpg/360px-King_Alfred%27s_Tower%2C_Stourhead%2C_Somerset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/King_Alfred%27s_Tower%2C_Stourhead%2C_Somerset.jpg/480px-King_Alfred%27s_Tower%2C_Stourhead%2C_Somerset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Alfred%27s_Tower" title="King Alfred's Tower">King Alfred's Tower</a> (1772) in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, on the supposed site of Egbert's Stone, the mustering place before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[e]</a> </figcaption></figure> In the seventh week after Easter (4–10 May 878), around <a href="/wiki/Whitsuntide" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitsuntide">Whitsuntide</a>, Alfred rode to <a href="/wiki/Egbert%27s_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert's Stone">Egbert's Stone</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Selwood,_Somerset" title="Selwood, Somerset">Selwood</a> where he was met by "all the people of Somerset and of <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> and of that part of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> which is on this side of the sea (that is, west of <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Water" title="Southampton Water">Southampton Water</a>), and they rejoiced to see him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_878-48">[44]</a> Alfred's emergence from his marshland stronghold was part of a carefully planned offensive that entailed raising the <a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrds</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a>. This meant not only that the king had retained the loyalty of <a href="/wiki/Ealdormen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdormen">ealdormen</a>, royal <a href="/wiki/High-reeve" title="High-reeve">reeves</a> and king's <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a>, who were charged with levying and leading these forces, but that they had maintained their positions of authority in these localities well enough to answer his summons to war. Alfred's actions also suggest a system of scouts and messengers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010187–191-55">[50]</a> Alfred won a decisive victory in the ensuing Battle of Edington which may have been fought near <a href="/wiki/Westbury,_Wiltshire" title="Westbury, Wiltshire">Westbury, Wiltshire</a>. He then pursued the Danes to their stronghold at <a href="/wiki/Chippenham" title="Chippenham">Chippenham</a> and starved them into submission. One of the terms of the surrender was that Guthrum convert to Christianity. Three weeks later, the Danish king and 29 of his chief men were baptised at Alfred's court at Aller, near Athelney, with Alfred receiving Guthrum as his spiritual son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">[38]</a> According to Asser, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The unbinding of the <a href="/wiki/Chrisom" title="Chrisom">chrisom</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[f]</a> on the eighth day took place at a royal estate called <a href="/wiki/Wedmore" title="Wedmore">Wedmore</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, Ch. 56</cite></div></blockquote> At Wedmore, Alfred and Guthrum negotiated what some historians have called the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a>, but it was to be some years after the cessation of hostilities that a formal treaty was signed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool2006123–124-58">[52]</a> Under the terms of the so-called Treaty of Wedmore, the converted Guthrum was required to leave Wessex and return to East Anglia. Consequently, in 879 the Viking army left Chippenham and made its way to Cirencester.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983Ch._60-59">[53]</a> The formal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a>, preserved in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi College, Cambridge</a> (Manuscript 383), and in a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> compilation known as <a href="/wiki/Quadripartitus" title="Quadripartitus">Quadripartitus</a>, was negotiated later, perhaps in 879 or 880, when King <a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> was deposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998163-60">[54]</a> That treaty divided up the kingdom of Mercia. By its terms, the boundary between Alfred's and Guthrum's kingdoms was to run up the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> to the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a>, follow the Lea to its source (near <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>), from there extend in a straight line to <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a>, and from Bedford follow the <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Ouse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttenborough192298–101[httpsarchiveorgstreamlawsofearliesten00greapage98mode2up_Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Gunthrum]-61">[55]</a> Alfred succeeded to Ceolwulf's kingdom consisting of western Mercia, and Guthrum incorporated the eastern part of Mercia into an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Kingdom of East Anglia</a> (henceforward known as the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>). By terms of the treaty, moreover, Alfred was to have control over the Mercian city of London and its mints—at least for the time being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1998105–124-62">[56]</a> In 825, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle had recorded that the people of Essex, Sussex, Kent and Surrey surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert of Wessex">Egbert</a>, Alfred's grandfather. From then until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a>, Essex had formed part of Wessex. After the foundation of Danelaw, it appears that some of Essex would have been ceded to the Danes, but how much is not clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995303–304-63">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="880s">880s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 880s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></div> With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a>, an event most commonly held to have taken place around 880 when Guthrum's people began settling <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, Guthrum was neutralised as a threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200794-64">[58]</a> The Viking army, which had stayed at Fulham during the winter of 878–879, sailed for Ghent and was active on the continent from 879 to 892.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198386-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983250–151-66">[60]</a> There were local raids on the coast of Wessex throughout the 880s. In 882, Alfred fought a small sea battle against four Danish ships. Two of the ships were destroyed, and the others surrendered. This was one of four sea battles recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, three of which involved Alfred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998171-67">[61]</a> Similar small skirmishes with independent Viking raiders would have occurred for much of the period as they had for decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth199520–21-68">[62]</a> In 883, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Pope Marinus</a> exempted the Saxon quarter in Rome from taxation, probably in return for Alfred's promise to send alms annually to Rome, which may be the origin of the medieval tax called <a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a>. The pope sent gifts to Alfred, including what was reputed to be a piece of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998190–91-69">[63]</a> After the signing of the treaty with Guthrum, Alfred was spared any large-scale conflicts for some time. Despite this relative peace, the king was forced to deal with a number of Danish raids and incursions. Among these was a raid in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, an allied kingdom in <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>, during the year 885, which was possibly the largest raid since the battles with Guthrum. Asser's account of the raid places the Danish raiders at the Saxon city of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198386-65">[59]</a> where they built a temporary fortress in order to besiege the city. In response to this incursion, Alfred led an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> force against the Danes who, instead of engaging the army of Wessex, fled to their beached ships and sailed to another part of Britain. The retreating Danish force supposedly left Britain the following summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198387-70">[64]</a> Not long after the failed Danish raid in Kent, Alfred dispatched his fleet to East Anglia. The purpose of this expedition is debated, but Asser claims that it was for the sake of plunder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198387-70">[64]</a> After travelling up the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">River Stour</a>, the fleet was met by Danish vessels that numbered 13 or 16 (sources vary on the number), and a battle ensued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198387-70">[64]</a> The Anglo-Saxon fleet emerged victorious, and as <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> writes, "laden with spoils".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry_of_Huntingdon196981-71">[65]</a> The victorious fleet was surprised when attempting to leave the River Stour and was attacked by a Danish force at the mouth of the river. The Danish fleet defeated Alfred's fleet, which may have been weakened in the previous engagement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruff199386-72">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: King of the Anglo-Saxons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwark_Bridge_City_Plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southwark_Bridge_City_Plaque.JPG/300px-Southwark_Bridge_City_Plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southwark_Bridge_City_Plaque.JPG/450px-Southwark_Bridge_City_Plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southwark_Bridge_City_Plaque.JPG/600px-Southwark_Bridge_City_Plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>A plaque in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> noting the restoration of the Roman walled city by Alfred</figcaption></figure> A year later, in 886, Alfred reoccupied the city of London and set out to make it habitable again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199824-73">[67]</a> Alfred entrusted the city to the care of his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Ealdorman_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred, Ealdorman of Mercia">Æthelred</a>, ealdorman of Mercia. Soon afterwards, Alfred restyled himself as "King of the Anglo-Saxons". The restoration of London progressed through the latter half of the 880s and is believed to have revolved around a new street plan; added fortifications in addition to the existing Roman walls; and, some believe, the construction of matching fortifications on the south bank of the River Thames.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199823-74">[68]</a> This is also the period in which almost all chroniclers agree that the Saxon people of pre-unification England submitted to Alfred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt2007106-75">[69]</a> In 888, Æthelred, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>, also died. One year later Guthrum, or Athelstan by his baptismal name, Alfred's former enemy and king of East Anglia, died and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Suffolk" title="Hadleigh, Suffolk">Hadleigh, Suffolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodruff199389-76">[70]</a> Guthrum's death changed the political landscape for Alfred. The resulting power vacuum stirred other power-hungry warlords eager to take his place in the following years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_attacks_(890s)">Viking attacks (890s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Viking attacks (890s)">edit</a>]</div> After another lull, in the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes attacked again. Finding their position in mainland Europe precarious, they crossed to England in 330 ships in two divisions. They entrenched themselves, the larger body at <a href="/wiki/Appledore,_Kent" title="Appledore, Kent">Appledore, Kent</a>, and the lesser under <a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton, Kent">Milton</a>, also in Kent. The invaders brought their wives and children with them, indicating a meaningful attempt at conquest and colonisation. Alfred, in 893 or 894, took up a position from which he could observe both forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkle2009220-77">[71]</a> While he was in talks with Hastein, the Danes at Appledore broke out and struck north-westwards. They were overtaken by Alfred's eldest son Edward, and were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farnham" title="Battle of Farnham">Battle of Farnham</a> in Surrey. They took refuge on an island at <a href="/wiki/Thorney,_Buckinghamshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorney, Buckinghamshire">Thorney</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Hertfordshire" title="River Colne, Hertfordshire">River Colne</a> between <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, where they were blockaded and forced to give hostages and promise to leave Wessex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983115–116,_286-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkle2009220-77">[71]</a> They then went to Essex and after suffering another defeat at <a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">Benfleet</a>, joined with Hastein's force at <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">Shoebury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983115–116,_286-78">[72]</a> Alfred had been on his way to relieve his son at Thorney when he heard that the <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> and East Anglian Danes were besieging <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and an unnamed stronghold on the <a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a> shore. Alfred at once hurried westward and raised the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Exeter_(893)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Exeter (893) (page does not exist)">Siege of Exeter</a>. The fate of the other place is not recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> The force under Hastein set out to march up the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley" title="Thames Valley">Thames Valley</a>, possibly with the idea of assisting their friends in the west. They were met by a large force under the three great ealdormen of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, Wiltshire and Somerset and forced to head off to the north-west, being finally overtaken and blockaded at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a>. (Some identify this with Buttington Tump at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">River Wye</a>, others with <a href="/wiki/Buttington" title="Buttington">Buttington</a> near <a href="/wiki/Welshpool" title="Welshpool">Welshpool</a>.) An attempt to break through the English lines failed. Those who escaped retreated to Shoebury. After collecting reinforcements, they made a sudden dash across England and occupied the ruined <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> walls of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>. The English did not attempt a winter blockade but contented themselves with destroying all the supplies in the district.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> Early in 894 or 895 lack of food obliged the Danes to retire once more to Essex. At the end of the year, the Danes drew their ships up the River Thames and the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a> and fortified themselves twenty miles (32 km) north of London. A frontal attack on the Danish lines failed but later in the year, Alfred saw a means of obstructing the river to prevent the egress of the Danish ships. The Danes realised that they were outmanoeuvred, struck off north-westwards and wintered at <a href="/wiki/Quatford" title="Quatford">Cwatbridge</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth" title="Bridgnorth">Bridgnorth</a>. The next year, 896 (or 897), they gave up the struggle. Some retired to <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, some to East Anglia. Those who had no connections in England returned to the continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_reorganisation">Military reorganisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military reorganisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_the_great_silver_offering_penny_871_899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Alfred_the_great_silver_offering_penny_871_899.jpg/220px-Alfred_the_great_silver_offering_penny_871_899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Alfred_the_great_silver_offering_penny_871_899.jpg/330px-Alfred_the_great_silver_offering_penny_871_899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Alfred_the_great_silver_offering_penny_871_899.jpg/440px-Alfred_the_great_silver_offering_penny_871_899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Alfred the Great silver offering penny, 871–899. Legend: AELFRED REX SAXONUM ('Alfred King of the Saxons')</figcaption></figure> The Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries relied upon the unarmoured infantry supplied by their <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">tribal levy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a>, and it was upon this system that the military power of the several kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England depended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestonWiseWerner195670-80">[74]</a> The fyrd was a local militia in the Anglo-Saxon shire in which all freemen had to serve; those who refused military service were subject to fines or loss of their land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister196259–60-81">[75]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">law code</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">King Ine of Wessex</a>, issued in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 694: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If a nobleman who holds land neglects military service, he shall pay 120 shillings and forfeit his land; a nobleman who holds no land shall pay 60 shillings; a commoner shall pay a fine of 30 shillings for neglecting military service<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFAttenborough1922">Attenborough 1922</a>, pp. 52–53</cite></div></blockquote> Wessex's history of failures preceding Alfred's success in 878 emphasised to him that the traditional system of battle he had inherited played to the Danes' advantage. While the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes attacked settlements for plunder, they employed different tactics. In their raids the Anglo-Saxons traditionally preferred to attack head-on by assembling their forces in a <a href="/wiki/Shield_wall" title="Shield wall">shield wall</a>, advancing against their target and overcoming the oncoming wall marshalled against them in defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998194–195-82">[76]</a> The Danes preferred to choose easy targets, mapping cautious forays to avoid risking their plunder with high-stake attacks for more. Alfred determined their tactic was to launch small attacks from a secure base to which they could retreat should their raiders meet strong resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998194–195-82">[76]</a> The bases were prepared in advance, often by capturing an estate and augmenting its defences with ditches, <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">ramparts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisades</a>. Once inside the fortification, Alfred realised, the Danes enjoyed the advantage, better situated to outlast their opponents or crush them with a counter-attack because the provisions and stamina of the besieging forces waned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998194–195-82">[76]</a> The means by which the Anglo-Saxons marshalled forces to defend against marauders also left them vulnerable to the Vikings. It was the responsibility of the shire fyrd to deal with local raids. The king could call up the national militia to defend the kingdom but in the case of the Viking raids, problems with communication and raising supplies meant that the national militia could not be mustered quickly enough. It was only after the raids had begun that a call went out to landowners to gather their men for battle. Large regions could be devastated before the fyrd could assemble and arrive. Although the landowners were obliged to the king to supply these men when called, during the attacks in 878 many of them abandoned their king and collaborated with Guthrum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006157–169-83">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998139,_152-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon1997398-85">[79]</a> With these lessons in mind Alfred capitalised on the relatively peaceful years following his victory at Edington with an ambitious restructuring of Saxon defences. On a trip to Rome Alfred had stayed with Charles the Bald, and it is possible that he may have studied how the Carolingian kings had dealt with Viking raiders. Learning from their experiences he was able to establish a system of taxation and defence for Wessex. There had been a system of fortifications in pre-Viking Mercia that may have been an influence. When the Viking raids resumed in 892 Alfred was better prepared to confront them with a standing, mobile field army, a network of garrisons and a small fleet of ships navigating the rivers and estuaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998194-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198314-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010212-88">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_taxation">Administration and taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administration and taxation">edit</a>]</div> Tenants in Anglo-Saxon England had a threefold obligation based on their landholding: the so-called "common burdens" of military service, fortress work, and bridge repair. This threefold obligation has traditionally been called <a href="/wiki/Trinoda_necessitas" title="Trinoda necessitas">trinoda necessitas</a> or trimoda necessitas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle201070–73-89">[83]</a> The Old English name for the fine due for neglecting military service was fierdwite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttenborough192252–53-90">[84]</a> To maintain the <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burhs</a>, and to reorganise the fyrd as a standing army, Alfred expanded the tax and conscription system based on the productivity of a tenant's landholding. The hide was the basic unit of the system on which the tenant's public obligations were assessed. A hide is thought to represent the amount of land required to support one family. The hide differed in size according to the value and resources of the land and the landowner would have to provide service based on how many hides he owned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle201070–73-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2001-91">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burghal_system">Burghal system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Burghal system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Burghal_Hidage" title="Burghal Hidage">Burghal Hidage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Saxon_burhs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anglo-Saxon_burhs.svg/220px-Anglo-Saxon_burhs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anglo-Saxon_burhs.svg/330px-Anglo-Saxon_burhs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anglo-Saxon_burhs.svg/440px-Anglo-Saxon_burhs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burhs</a> named in the <a href="/wiki/Burghal_Hidage" title="Burghal Hidage">Burghal Hidage</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winchesterwalls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winchesterwalls.jpg/220px-Winchesterwalls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winchesterwalls.jpg/330px-Winchesterwalls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winchesterwalls.jpg/440px-Winchesterwalls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The walled defence round a <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Winchester_city_walls" title="Winchester city walls">City Walls</a> of Alfred's capital, <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations.</figcaption></figure> The foundation of Alfred's new military defence system was a network of burhs, distributed at tactical points throughout the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200795-92">[86]</a> There were thirty-three burhs, about 30 kilometres (19 miles) apart, enabling the military to confront attacks anywhere in the kingdom within a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2006xx-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998203-94">[88]</a> Alfred's burhs (of which 22 developed into <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a>) ranged from former <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman towns</a>, such as Winchester, where the stone walls were repaired and ditches added, to massive earthen walls surrounded by wide ditches, probably reinforced with wooden <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetments</a> and palisades, such as at <a href="/wiki/Burpham" title="Burpham">Burpham</a> in West Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait199918-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch1992127-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998304-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[g]</a> The size of the burhs ranged from tiny outposts such as <a href="/wiki/Pilton,_Devon" title="Pilton, Devon">Pilton</a> in Devon, to large fortifications in established towns, the largest being at Winchester.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> A document now known as the <a href="/wiki/Burghal_Hidage" title="Burghal Hidage">Burghal Hidage</a> provides an insight into how the system worked. It lists the hidage for each of the fortified towns contained in the document. <a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire" title="Wallingford, Oxfordshire">Wallingford</a> had a hidage of 2,400, which meant that the landowners there were responsible for supplying and feeding 2,400 men, the number sufficient for maintaining 9,900 feet (1.88 miles; 3.0 kilometres) of wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillRumble19965-101">[94]</a> A total of 27,071 soldiers were needed, approximately one in four of all the free men in Wessex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998204–207-102">[95]</a> Many of the burhs were twin towns that straddled a river and were connected by a fortified bridge, like those built by Charles the Bald a generation before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198314-87">[81]</a> The double-burh blocked passage on the river, forcing Viking ships to navigate under a garrisoned bridge lined with men armed with stones, spears or arrows. Other burhs were sited near fortified royal villas, allowing the king better control over his strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998198–202-103">[96]</a> The burhs were connected by a road system maintained for army use (known as <a href="/wiki/Herepath" title="Herepath">herepaths</a>). The roads allowed an army quickly to be assembled, sometimes from more than one burh, to confront the Viking invader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle200326-104">[97]</a> The road network posed significant obstacles to Viking invaders, especially those laden with booty. The system threatened Viking routes and communications making it far more dangerous for them. The Vikings lacked the equipment for a siege against a burh and a developed doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Siegecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegecraft">siegecraft</a>, having tailored their methods of fighting to rapid strikes and unimpeded retreats to well-defended fortifications. The only means left to them was to starve the burh into submission but this gave the king time to send his field army or garrisons from neighbouring burhs along the army roads. In such cases, the Vikings were extremely vulnerable to pursuit by the king's joint military forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1988204,_304-105">[98]</a> Alfred's burh system posed such a formidable challenge against Viking attack that when the Vikings returned in 892 and stormed a half-built, poorly garrisoned fortress up the <a href="/wiki/Lympne" title="Lympne">Lympne</a> estuary in Kent, the Anglo-Saxons were able to limit their penetration to the outer frontiers of Wessex and Mercia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998287,_304-106">[99]</a> Alfred's burghal system was revolutionary in its strategic conception and potentially expensive in its execution. His contemporary biographer Asser wrote that many nobles balked at the demands placed upon them even though they were for "the common needs of the kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998206-108">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_navy">English navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: English navy">edit</a>]</div> Alfred also tried his hand at naval design. In 896 he ordered the construction of a small fleet, perhaps a dozen or so longships that, at 60 oars, were twice the size of Viking warships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988111-109">[102]</a> This was not, as the Victorians asserted, the birth of the <a href="/wiki/English_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="English Navy">English Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirthSebo2020329–331-110">[103]</a> Wessex had possessed a royal fleet before this. Alfred's older brother sub-king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Kent" title="Æthelstan of Kent">Æthelstan of Kent</a> and Ealdorman Ealhhere had defeated a Viking fleet in 851 capturing nine ships and Alfred had conducted naval actions in 882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage198886–88,_97-111">[104]</a> The year 897 marked an important development in the naval power of Wessex. The author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle related that Alfred's ships were larger, swifter, steadier and rode higher in the water than either Danish or <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a> ships. It is probable that, under the classical tutelage of Asser, Alfred used the design of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Greek and Roman warships</a>, with high sides, designed for fighting rather than for navigation.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> Alfred had seapower in mind; if he could intercept raiding fleets before they landed, he could spare his kingdom from being ravaged. Alfred's ships may have been superior in conception, but in practice they proved to be too large to manoeuvre well in the close waters of estuaries and rivers, the only places in which a naval battle could be fought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998305–307-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirthSebo2020329–331-110">[103]</a> The warships of the time were not designed to be ship killers but rather troop carriers. It has been suggested that, like sea battles in late Viking age Scandinavia, these battles may have entailed a ship coming alongside an opposing vessel, lashing the two ships together and then boarding the craft. The result was a land battle involving hand-to-hand fighting on board the two lashed vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297-114">[107]</a> In the one recorded naval engagement in 896, Alfred's new fleet of nine ships intercepted six Viking ships at the mouth of an unidentified river in the south of England. The Danes had beached half their ships and gone inland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_896-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988111-109">[102]</a> Alfred's ships immediately moved to block their escape. The three Viking ships afloat attempted to break through the English lines. Only one made it; Alfred's ships intercepted the other two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988111-109">[102]</a> Lashing the Viking boats to their own, the English crew boarded and proceeded to kill the Vikings. One ship escaped because Alfred's heavy ships became grounded when the tide went out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297-114">[107]</a> A land battle ensued between the crews. The Danes were heavily outnumbered, but as the tide rose, they returned to their boats which, with shallower drafts, were freed first. The English watched as the Vikings rowed past them but they suffered so many casualties (120 dead against 62 Frisians and English) that they had difficulty putting out to sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297-114">[107]</a> All were too damaged to row around Sussex, and two were driven against the Sussex coast (possibly at <a href="/wiki/Selsey_Bill" title="Selsey Bill">Selsey Bill</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988111-109">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297-114">[107]</a> The shipwrecked crew were brought before Alfred at Winchester and hanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988111-109">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_reform">Legal reform</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legal reform">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doom_book" title="Doom book">Doom book</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_king_of_Wessex_London_880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alfred_king_of_Wessex_London_880.jpg/220px-Alfred_king_of_Wessex_London_880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alfred_king_of_Wessex_London_880.jpg/330px-Alfred_king_of_Wessex_London_880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Alfred_king_of_Wessex_London_880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>A coin of Alfred, London, 880 (based upon a Roman model)</figcaption></figure> In the late 880s or early 890s, Alfred issued a long <a href="/wiki/Domboc" class="mw-redirect" title="Domboc">domboc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Law_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Law code">law code</a> consisting of his own laws, followed by a code issued by his late seventh-century predecessor King <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine of Wessex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttenborough192262–93-116">[109]</a> Together these laws are arranged into 120 chapters. In his introduction Alfred explains that he gathered together the laws he found in many "<a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a>-books" and "ordered to be written many of the ones that our forefathers observed—those that pleased me; and many of the ones that did not please me, I rejected with the advice of my councillors, and commanded them to be observed in a different way".<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> Alfred singled out in particular the laws that he "found in the days of Ine, my kinsman, or <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a>, king of the Mercians, or King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a> who first among the English people received baptism". He appended, rather than integrated, the laws of Ine into his code and although he included, as had Æthelbert, a scale of payments in compensation for injuries to various body parts, the two injury tariffs are not aligned. Offa is not known to have issued a law code, leading historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Patrick Wormald</a> to speculate that Alfred had in mind the legatine <a href="/wiki/Capitulary" title="Capitulary">capitulary</a> of 786 that was presented to Offa by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/George_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="George of Ostia">George of Ostia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2001280–281-118">[111]</a> About a fifth of the law code is taken up by Alfred's introduction which includes translations into English of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, a few chapters from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, and the Apostolic Letter from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (15:23–29). The introduction may best be understood as Alfred's meditation upon the meaning of Christian law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt2007215-119">[112]</a> It traces the continuity between God's gift of law to Moses to Alfred's own issuance of law to the West Saxon people. By doing so, it linked the holy past to the historical present and represented Alfred's law-giving as a type of divine legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998248-120">[113]</a> Similarly Alfred divided his code into 120 chapters because 120 was the age at which Moses died and, in the number-symbolism of early medieval biblical exegetes, 120 stood for law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2001417-121">[114]</a> The link between <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">Mosaic law</a> and Alfred's code is the Apostolic Letter which explained that Christ "had come not to shatter or annul the commandments but to fulfill them; and he taught mercy and meekness" (Intro, 49.1). The mercy that Christ infused into Mosaic law underlies the injury tariffs that figure so prominently in barbarian law codes since Christian synods "established, through that mercy which Christ taught, that for almost every misdeed at the first offence secular lords might with their permission receive without sin the monetary compensation which they then fixed".<a href="#cite_note-keynes-122">[115]</a> The only crime that could not be compensated with a payment of money was treachery to a lord "since Almighty God adjudged none for those who despised Him, nor did Christ, the Son of God, adjudge any for the one who betrayed Him to death; and He commanded everyone to love his lord as Himself".<a href="#cite_note-keynes-122">[115]</a> Alfred's transformation of Christ's commandment, from "Love your neighbour as yourself" (Matt. 22:39–40) to love your secular lord as you would love the Lord Christ himself, underscores the importance that Alfred placed upon lordship which he understood as a sacred bond instituted by God for the governance of man.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> When one turns from the domboc's introduction to the laws themselves, it is difficult to uncover any logical arrangement. The impression is of a hodgepodge of miscellaneous laws. The law code, as it has been preserved, is singularly unsuitable for use in lawsuits. In fact, several of Alfred's laws contradicted <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex#Laws" title="Ine of Wessex">the laws of Ine</a> that form an integral part of the code. Patrick Wormald's explanation is that Alfred's law code should be understood not as a legal manual but as an ideological manifesto of kingship "designed more for symbolic impact than for practical direction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2001427-124">[117]</a> In practical terms the most important law in the code may well have been the first: "We enjoin, what is most necessary, that each man keep carefully his oath and his pledge" which expresses a fundamental tenet of Anglo-Saxon law.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> Alfred devoted considerable attention and thought to judicial matters. Asser underscores his concern for judicial fairness. Alfred, according to Asser, insisted upon reviewing contested judgments made by his ealdormen and reeves and "would carefully look into nearly all the judgements which were passed [issued] in his absence anywhere in the realm to see whether they were just or unjust".<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> A charter from the reign of his son Edward the Elder depicts Alfred as hearing one such appeal in his chamber while washing his hands.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> Asser represents Alfred as a <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Solomon" title="Judgement of Solomon">Solomonic</a> judge, painstaking in his own judicial investigations and critical of royal officials who rendered unjust or unwise judgments. Although Asser never mentions Alfred's law code he does say that Alfred insisted that his judges be literate so that they could apply themselves "to the pursuit of wisdom". The failure to comply with this royal order was to be punished by loss of office.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, commissioned at the time of Alfred, was probably written to promote unification of England,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200748–50-129">[122]</a> whereas Asser's The Life of King Alfred promoted Alfred's achievements and personal qualities. It was possible that the document was designed this way so that it could be disseminated in Wales because Alfred had acquired overlordship of that country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200748–50-129">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> Asser speaks grandiosely of Alfred's relations with foreign powers but little definite information is available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> His interest in foreign countries is shown by the insertions which he made in his translation of <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>. He corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Elias_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Elias III of Jerusalem">Elias III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">patriarch of Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> and embassies to Rome conveying the English alms to the pope were fairly frequent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198314-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[h]</a> Around 890, <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_of_Hedeby" title="Wulfstan of Hedeby">Wulfstan of Hedeby</a> undertook a journey from <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> along the Baltic Sea to the Prussian trading town of <a href="/wiki/Truso" title="Truso">Truso</a>. Alfred personally collected details of this trip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrosiusHampson185516-132">[124]</a> Alfred's relations with the Celtic princes in the western half of Great Britain are clearer. Comparatively early in his reign, according to Asser, the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">southern Welsh</a> princes, owing to the pressure on them from <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> and Mercia, commended themselves to Alfred. Later in his reign, the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Welsh</a> followed their example and the latter cooperated with the English in the campaign of 893 (or 894). That Alfred sent alms to Irish and Continental monasteries may be taken on Asser's authority. The visit of three pilgrim "<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scots</a>" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval Ireland">Irish</a>) to Alfred in 891 is undoubtedly authentic. The story that, in his childhood, he was sent to Ireland to be healed by Saint <a href="/wiki/Modwenna" title="Modwenna">Modwenna</a> may show Alfred's interest in that island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion,_education_and_culture">Religion, education and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion, education and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardHakluyt-BristolCathedral-stainedglasswindow-Alfred.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RichardHakluyt-BristolCathedral-stainedglasswindow-Alfred.jpg/220px-RichardHakluyt-BristolCathedral-stainedglasswindow-Alfred.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RichardHakluyt-BristolCathedral-stainedglasswindow-Alfred.jpg/330px-RichardHakluyt-BristolCathedral-stainedglasswindow-Alfred.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/RichardHakluyt-BristolCathedral-stainedglasswindow-Alfred.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Alfred depicted in a stained-glass window of c. 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> In the 880s, at the same time that he was "cajoling and threatening" his nobles to build and man the burhs, Alfred, perhaps inspired by the example of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> almost a century before, undertook an equally ambitious effort to revive learning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> During this period, the Viking raids were often seen as a divine punishment, and Alfred may have wished to revive religious awe in order to appease God's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1999"King_Alfred_the_Great_and_Shaftesbury_Abbey"-133">[125]</a> This revival entailed the recruitment of clerical scholars from Mercia, Wales and abroad to enhance the tenor of the court and of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a>; the establishment of a court school to educate his own children, the sons of his nobles, and intellectually promising boys of lesser birth; an attempt to require literacy in those who held offices of authority; a series of translations into the vernacular of Latin works the king deemed "most necessary for all men to know";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198328–29-134">[126]</a> the compilation of a chronicle detailing the rise of Alfred's kingdom and house, with a genealogy that stretched back to <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, thus giving the West Saxon kings a biblical ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGransden199634–35-135">[127]</a> Very little is known of the church under Alfred. The Danish attacks had been particularly damaging to the monasteries. Although Alfred founded monasteries at Athelney and Shaftesbury, these were the first new monastic houses in Wessex since the beginning of the eighth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1995201-136">[128]</a> According to Asser, Alfred enticed foreign monks to England for his monastery at Athelney because there was little interest for the locals to take up the monastic life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983101–102-137">[129]</a> Alfred undertook no systematic reform of ecclesiastical institutions or religious practices in Wessex. For him, the key to the kingdom's spiritual revival was to appoint pious, learned, and trustworthy bishops and abbots. As king, he saw himself as responsible for both the temporal and spiritual welfare of his subjects. Secular and spiritual authority were not distinct categories for Alfred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanft201278–79-138">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet18711–9-139">[131]</a> He was equally comfortable distributing his translation of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Care" title="Pastoral Care">Pastoral Care</a> to his bishops so that they might better train and supervise priests and using those same bishops as royal officials and judges. Nor did his piety prevent him from expropriating strategically sited church lands, especially estates along the border with the Danelaw, and transferring them to royal <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> and officials who could better defend them against Viking attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet18711–9-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1985-140">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_Danish_raids_on_education">Effect of Danish raids on education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Effect of Danish raids on education">edit</a>]</div> The Danish raids had a devastating effect on learning in England. Alfred lamented in the preface to his translation of Gregory's Pastoral Care that "learning had declined so thoroughly in England that there were very few men on this side of the Humber who could understand their divine services in English or even translate a single letter from Latin into English: and I suppose that there were not many beyond the Humber either".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983125-141">[133]</a> Alfred undoubtedly exaggerated, for dramatic effect, the abysmal state of learning in England during his youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199855-39">[35]</a> That Latin learning had not been obliterated is evidenced by the presence in his court of learned Mercian and West Saxon clerics such as Plegmund, Wæferth, and Wulfsige.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998265–268-142">[134]</a> Manuscript production in England dropped off precipitously around the 860s when the Viking invasions began in earnest, not to be revived until the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville1992190-143">[135]</a> Numerous Anglo-Saxon manuscripts burnt along with the churches that housed them. A solemn diploma from <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church, Canterbury">Christ Church, Canterbury</a>, dated 873, is so poorly constructed and written that historian <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Nicholas Brooks</a> posited a scribe who was either so blind he could not read what he wrote or who knew little or no Latin. "It is clear", Brooks concludes, "that the metropolitan church [of Canterbury] must have been quite unable to provide any effective training in the scriptures or in Christian worship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984172–173-144">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_a_court_school">Establishment of a court school</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Establishment of a court school">edit</a>]</div> Alfred established a court school for the education of his own children, those of the nobility, and "a good many of lesser birth". There they studied books in both English and Latin and "devoted themselves to writing, to such an extent… they were seen to be devoted and intelligent students of the liberal arts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198335–36,_90–91-145">[137]</a> He recruited scholars from the Continent and from Britain to aid in the revival of Christian learning in Wessex and to provide the king personal instruction. <a href="/wiki/Grimbald" title="Grimbald">Grimbald</a> and John the Saxon came from Francia; Plegmund (whom Alfred appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 890), Bishop Wærferth of Worcester, Æthelstan, and the royal chaplains Werwulf, from Mercia; and Asser, from <a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a>'s in southwestern Wales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198392–93-146">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy_of_education_in_English">Advocacy of education in English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Advocacy of education in English">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jewel_right_way_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alfred_Jewel_right_way_up.jpg/170px-Alfred_Jewel_right_way_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alfred_Jewel_right_way_up.jpg/255px-Alfred_Jewel_right_way_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alfred_Jewel_right_way_up.jpg/340px-Alfred_Jewel_right_way_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Line drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jewel" title="Alfred Jewel">Alfred Jewel</a>, showing the socket at its base</figcaption></figure> Alfred's educational ambitions seem to have extended beyond the establishment of a court school. Believing that without Christian wisdom there can be neither prosperity nor success in war, Alfred aimed "to set to learning (as long as they are not useful for some other employment) all the free-born young men now in England who have the means to apply themselves to it".<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[139]</a> Conscious of the decay of Latin literacy in his realm, Alfred proposed that primary education be taught in English, with those wishing to advance to holy orders to continue their studies in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983125–126-148">[140]</a> There were few "books of wisdom" written in English. Alfred sought to remedy this through an ambitious court-centred programme of translating into English the books he deemed "most necessary for all men to know".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983125–126-148">[140]</a> It is unknown when Alfred launched this programme, but it may have been during the 880s when Wessex was enjoying a respite from Viking attacks. Alfred was, until recently, often considered to have been the author of many of the translations, but this is now considered doubtful in almost all cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodden20071–23-149">[141]</a> Scholars more often refer to translations as "Alfredian", indicating that they probably had something to do with his patronage, but are unlikely to be his own work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBately2014113–142-150">[142]</a> Apart from the lost Handboc or Encheiridio, which seems to have been a <a href="/wiki/Commonplace_book" title="Commonplace book">commonplace book</a> kept by the king, the earliest work to be translated was the Dialogues of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, a book greatly popular in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The translation was undertaken at Alfred's command by <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rferth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wærferth">Wærferth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a>, with the king merely furnishing a preface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911583-79">[73]</a> Remarkably, Alfred – undoubtedly with the advice and aid of his court scholars – translated four works himself: Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">Consolation of Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soliloquies_of_Augustine" title="Soliloquies of Augustine">Soliloquies</a> and the first fifty psalms of the <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bately-151">[143]</a> Alfred's psalms have credibly been attested as surviving in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Psalter_(Anglo-Saxon)" title="Paris Psalter (Anglo-Saxon)">Paris Psalter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emms-152">[144]</a> One might add to this list the translation, in Alfred's law code, of excerpts from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Book of Exodus. The Old English versions of <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>'s Histories against the Pagans and <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a> are no longer accepted by scholars as Alfred's own translations because of lexical and stylistic differences.<a href="#cite_note-Bately-151">[143]</a> Nonetheless, the consensus remains that they were part of the Alfredian programme of translation. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Michael Lapidge</a> suggest this also for Bald's Leechbook and the anonymous Old English Martyrology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198333–34-153">[145]</a> The preface of Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[139]</a> explained why he thought it necessary to translate works such as this from Latin into English. Although he described his method as translating "sometimes word for word, sometimes sense for sense", the translation keeps very close to the original although, through his choice of language, he blurred throughout the distinction between spiritual and secular authority. Alfred meant the translation to be used, and circulated it to all his bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911584-154">[146]</a> Interest in Alfred's translation of Pastoral Care was so enduring that copies were still being made in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2015MS_Ii.2.4-155">[147]</a> Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy was the most popular philosophical handbook of the Middle Ages. Unlike the translation of the Pastoral Care, the <a href="/wiki/Metres_of_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres of Boethius">Alfredian text</a> deals very freely with the original and, though the late Dr. G. Schepss showed that many of the additions to the text are to be traced not to the translator himself<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchepss1895149–160-156">[148]</a> but to the glosses and commentaries which he used, still there is much in the work which is distinctive to the translation and has been taken to reflect philosophies of kingship in Alfred's milieu. It is in the Boethius that the oft-quoted sentence occurs: "To speak briefly: I desired to live worthily as long as I lived, and after my life to leave to them that should come after, my memory in good works."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983133-157">[149]</a> The book has come down to us in two manuscripts only. In one of these<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> the writing is prose, in the other<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> a combination of prose and alliterating verse. The latter manuscript was severely damaged in the 18th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan1998Alfred_the_Great's_Burnt_"Boethius"-160">[152]</a> The last of the Alfredian works is one which bears the name Blostman ("Blooms") or Anthology. The first half is based mainly on the Soliloquies of St <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, the remainder is drawn from various sources. The material has traditionally been thought to contain much that is Alfred's own and highly characteristic of him. The last words of it may be quoted; they form a fitting epitaph for the noblest of English kings. "Therefore, he seems to me a very foolish man, and truly wretched, who will not increase his understanding while he is in the world, and ever wish and long to reach that endless life where all shall be made clear."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911584-154">[146]</a> Alfred appears as a character in the twelfth- or 13th-century poem <a href="/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Nightingale" title="The Owl and the Nightingale">The Owl and the Nightingale</a> where his wisdom and skill with proverbs is praised. <a href="/wiki/The_Proverbs_of_Alfred" title="The Proverbs of Alfred">The Proverbs of Alfred</a>, a 13th-century work, contains sayings that are not likely to have originated with Alfred but attest to his posthumous medieval reputation for wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2007115–126-161">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred-jewel-ashmolean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alfred-jewel-ashmolean.jpg/220px-Alfred-jewel-ashmolean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alfred-jewel-ashmolean.jpg/330px-Alfred-jewel-ashmolean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alfred-jewel-ashmolean.jpg/440px-Alfred-jewel-ashmolean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jewel" title="Alfred Jewel">Alfred Jewel</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, Oxford, commissioned by Alfred; probably a pointer to aid reading</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Alfred_jewel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred jewel">Alfred jewel</a>, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> in 1693, has long been associated with King Alfred because of its Old English inscription AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN ("Alfred ordered me to be made"). The jewel is about 2.5 inches (6.4 centimetres) long, made of <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigreed</a> gold, enclosing a highly polished piece of quartz crystal beneath which is set in a cloisonné enamel plaque with an enamelled image of a man holding floriate sceptres, perhaps personifying Sight or the Wisdom of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt2007189–191-162">[154]</a> It was at one time attached to a thin rod or stick based on the hollow socket at its base. The jewel certainly dates from Alfred's reign. Although its function is unknown, it has been often suggested that the jewel was one of the æstels – pointers for reading – that Alfred ordered sent to every bishopric accompanying a copy of his translation of the Pastoral Care. Each æstel was worth the princely sum of 50 <a href="/wiki/Mancus" title="Mancus">mancuses</a> which fits in well with the quality workmanship and expensive materials of the Alfred jewel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983203–206-163">[155]</a> Historian Richard Abels sees Alfred's educational and military reforms as complementary. Restoring religion and learning in Wessex, Abels contends, was to Alfred's mind as essential to the defence of his realm as the building of the burhs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998219–257-164">[156]</a> As Alfred observed in the preface to his English translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, kings who fail to obey their divine duty to promote learning can expect earthly punishments to befall their people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983124–145-165">[157]</a> The pursuit of wisdom, he assured his readers of the Boethius, was the surest path to power: "Study wisdom, then, and, when you have learned it, condemn it not, for I tell you that by its means you may without fail attain to power, yea, even though not desiring it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgefield190035-166">[158]</a> The portrayal of the West-Saxon resistance to the Vikings by Asser and the chronicler as a Christian holy war was more than mere rhetoric or propaganda. It reflected Alfred's own belief in a doctrine of divine rewards and punishments rooted in a vision of a hierarchical Christian world order in which God is the Lord to whom kings owe obedience and through whom they derive their authority over their followers. The need to persuade his nobles to undertake work for the 'common good' led Alfred and his court scholars to strengthen and deepen the conception of Christian kingship that he had inherited by building upon the legacy of earlier kings including Offa, clerical writers including Bede, and Alcuin and various participants in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>. This was not a cynical use of religion to manipulate his subjects into obedience but an intrinsic element in Alfred's worldview. He believed, as did other kings in ninth-century England and Francia, that God had entrusted him with the spiritual as well as physical welfare of his people. If the Christian faith fell into ruin in his kingdom, if the clergy were too ignorant to understand the Latin words they butchered in their offices and liturgies, if the ancient monasteries and collegiate churches lay deserted out of indifference, he was answerable before God, as <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> had been. Alfred's ultimate responsibility was the pastoral care of his people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998219–257-164">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_character">Appearance and character</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Appearance and character">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredtheGreatbyGeorgeSStuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AlfredtheGreatbyGeorgeSStuart.jpg/220px-AlfredtheGreatbyGeorgeSStuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AlfredtheGreatbyGeorgeSStuart.jpg/330px-AlfredtheGreatbyGeorgeSStuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/AlfredtheGreatbyGeorgeSStuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>No known portrait of Alfred the Great exists from life, except on coins. Above, a likeness by artist and historian George S. Stuart, created from his physical description mentioned in historical records.</figcaption></figure> Asser wrote of Alfred in his <a href="/wiki/Life_of_King_Alfred" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of King Alfred">Life of King Alfred</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Now, he was greatly loved, more than all his brothers, by his father and mother—indeed, by everybody—with a universal and profound love, and he was always brought up in the royal court and nowhere else...[He] was seen to be more comely in appearance than his other brothers, and more pleasing in manner, speech and behaviour...[and] in spite of all the demands of the present life, it has been the desire for wisdom, more than anything else, together with the nobility of his birth, which have characterized the nature of his noble mind.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 74–75</cite></div></blockquote> It is also written by Asser that Alfred did not learn to read until he was 12 years old or later, which is described as "shameful negligence" of his parents and tutors. Alfred was an excellent listener and had an incredible memory and he retained poetry and psalms very well. A story is told by Asser about how his mother held up a book of Saxon poetry to him and his brothers, and said; "I shall give this book to whichever one of you can learn it the fastest." After excitedly asking, "Will you really give this book to the one of us who can understand it the soonest and recite it to you?" Alfred then took it to his teacher, learned it, and recited it back to his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198375-167">[159]</a> Alfred is noted as carrying around a small book, probably a medieval version of a small pocket notebook, that contained psalms and many prayers that he often collected. Asser writes: these "he collected in a single book, as I have seen for myself; amid all the affairs of the present life he took it around with him everywhere for the sake of prayer, and was inseparable from it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198375-167">[159]</a> An excellent hunter in every branch of the sport, Alfred is remembered as an enthusiastic huntsman against whom nobody's skills could compare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198375-167">[159]</a> He was the youngest of his brothers, and he was probably the most open-minded. He was an early advocate for education. His desire for learning could have come from his early love of English poetry and inability to read or physically record it until later in life. Asser writes that Alfred "could not satisfy his craving for what he desired the most, namely the liberal arts; for, as he used to say, there were no good scholars in the entire kingdom of the West Saxons at that time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198375-167">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_2">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> In 868, Alfred married <a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a>, daughter of a Mercian nobleman, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_Mucel" title="Æthelred Mucel">Æthelred Mucel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaini" title="Gaini">Gaini</a>. The Gaini were probably one of the tribal groups of the Mercians. Ealhswith's mother, Eadburh, was a member of the Mercian royal family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198377,_240–241-168">[160]</a> They had five or six children together, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> who succeeded his father as king; <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a> who became lady of the Mercians; and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders">Ælfthryth</a> who married <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II, Count of Flanders">Baldwin II, Count of Flanders</a>. Alfred's mother was <a href="/wiki/Osburga" class="mw-redirect" title="Osburga">Osburga</a>, daughter of Oslac of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, Chief <a href="/wiki/Butler#Ancient_through_medieval_eras" title="Butler">Butler</a> of England. Asser, in his Vita Ælfredi asserts that this shows his lineage from the <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> of the Isle of Wight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198368-169">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osferth" title="Osferth">Osferth</a> was described as a relative in King Alfred's will and he attested charters in a high position until 934. A charter of King Edward's reign described him as the king's brother – mistakenly according to Keynes and Lapidge, but in the view of <a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Janet Nelson</a>, he probably was an illegitimate son of King Alfred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983322,_n._79-170">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199960–62-171">[163]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:16%;">Name</th> <th style="width:14%;">Birth</th> <th style="width:14%;">Death</th> <th style="width:64%;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Æthelflæd </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870 </td> <td>12 June 918 </td> <td>Married <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 886, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> d. 911; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edward </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 874 </td> <td>17 July 924 </td> <td>Married (1) <a href="/wiki/Ecgwynn" title="Ecgwynn">Ecgwynn</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d,_wife_of_Edward_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfflæd, wife of Edward the Elder">Ælfflæd</a>, (3) 919 <a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Kent" title="Eadgifu of Kent">Eadgifu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelgifu">Æthelgifu</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Abbess of <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Abbey" title="Shaftesbury Abbey">Shaftesbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(son_of_Alfred)" title="Æthelweard (son of Alfred)">Æthelweard</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 880 </td> <td>16 October 922(?) </td> <td>Married and had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders">Ælfthryth</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>929 </td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II, Count of Flanders">Baldwin II</a> d. 918; had issue </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/170px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/255px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/340px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>Alfred's will</figcaption></figure> Alfred died on 26 October 899 at the age of 50 or 51.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998308-172">[164]</a> How he died is unknown, but he suffered throughout his life with a painful and unpleasant illness. His biographer Asser gave a detailed description of Alfred's symptoms, and this has allowed modern doctors to provide a possible diagnosis. It is thought that he had either <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haemorrhoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemorrhoids">haemorrhoids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1991303–305-173">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson199258-174">[166]</a> His grandson King <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> seems to have had a similar illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmesbury1904145-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[i]</a> Alfred was temporarily buried at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Minster" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Minster">Old Minster</a> in Winchester with his wife <a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a> and later, his son Edward the Elder. Before his death he had ordered the construction of the <a href="/wiki/New_Minster" class="mw-redirect" title="New Minster">New Minster</a> hoping that it would become a mausoleum for him and his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoubledayPage1903116–122-178">[169]</a> Four years after his death, the bodies of Alfred and his family were exhumed and moved to their new resting place in the New Minster and remained there for 211 years. When <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> rose to the English throne after the Norman conquest in 1066, many Anglo-Saxon abbeys were demolished and replaced with Norman cathedrals. One of those unfortunate abbeys was the very New Minster abbey where Alfred was laid to rest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoubledayPage1903116–122-178">[169]</a> Before demolition, the monks at the New Minster exhumed the bodies of Alfred and his family to safely transfer them to a new location. The New Minster monks moved to Hyde in 1110 a little north of the city, and they transferred to <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Abbey" title="Hyde Abbey">Hyde Abbey</a> along with Alfred's body and those of his wife and children, which were interred before the high altar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoubledayPage1903116–122-178">[169]</a> Many churches were vandalised during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, including Hyde. The Abbey was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">dissolved</a> in 1538,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoubledayPage1903116–122-178">[169]</a> the church and cloister were demolished and treated like a quarry, and the stones that made up the abbey were then re-used in local architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Neil_2019-179">[170]</a> The stone graves housing Alfred and his family stayed underground, and the land returned to farming. These graves remained intact until 1788 when the site was acquired by the county for the construction of a town jail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall190077–78-180">[171]</a> Before construction began, convicts that would later be imprisoned at the site were sent in to prepare the ground, to ready it for building. While digging the foundation trenches, the convicts discovered the coffins of Alfred and his family. A local Roman Catholic priest, <a href="/wiki/John_Milner_(bishop)" title="John Milner (bishop)">Dr Milner</a> recounted this event:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Thus miscreants couch amidst the ashes of our Alfreds and Edwards; and where once religious silence and contemplation were only interrupted by the bell of regular observance, the chanting of devotion, now alone resound the clank of the captives chains and the oaths of the profligate! In digging for the foundation of that mournful edifice, at almost every stroke of the mattock or spade some ancient sepulchre was violated, the venerable contents of which were treated with marked indignity. On this occasion a great number of stone coffins were dug up, with a variety of other curious articles, such as chalices, patens, rings, buckles, the leather of shoes and boots, velvet and gold lace belonging to chasubles and other vestments; as also the crook, rims, and joints of a beautiful crosier double gilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall190078-181">[172]</a></blockquote> The convicts broke the stone coffins into pieces, the lead, which lined the coffins, was sold for two <a href="/wiki/Guineas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guineas">guineas</a>, and the bones within scattered around the area.<a href="#cite_note-Neil_2019-179">[170]</a> The prison was demolished between 1846 and 1850.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Church_Monuments_Society''-182">[173]</a> Further excavations were inconclusive in 1866 and 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester_Museums_Service2009Hyde_Community_Archaeology_Project-183">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200437-184">[175]</a> In 1866, amateur antiquarian John Mellor claimed to have recovered a number of bones from the site which he said were those of Alfred. These came into the possession of the vicar of nearby St Bartholomew's Church who reburied them in an unmarked grave in the church graveyard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Church_Monuments_Society''-182">[173]</a> Excavations conducted by the Winchester Museums Service of the Hyde Abbey site in 1999 located a second pit dug in front of where the high altar would have been located, which was identified as probably dating to Mellor's 1866 excavation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester_Museums_Service2009Hyde_Community_Archaeology_Project-183">[174]</a> The 1999 archaeological excavation uncovered the foundations of the abbey buildings and some bones, suggested at the time to be those of Alfred; they proved instead to belong to an elderly woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013-185">[176]</a> In March 2013, the Diocese of Winchester exhumed the bones from the unmarked grave at <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bartholomew">St Bartholomew</a>'s and placed them in secure storage. The diocese made no claim that they were the bones of Alfred, but intended to secure them for later analysis, and from the attentions of people whose interest may have been sparked by the recent identification of the remains of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013-185">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2013-186">[177]</a> The bones were radiocarbon-dated but the results showed that they were from the 1300s and therefore not of Alfred. In January 2014, a fragment of pelvis that had been unearthed in the 1999 excavation of the Hyde site, and had subsequently lain in a Winchester museum store room, was radiocarbon-dated to the correct period. It has been suggested that this bone may belong to either Alfred or his son Edward, but this remains unproven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_staff2014-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys2014-188">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Alfred_the_Great" title="Cultural depictions of Alfred the Great">Cultural depictions of Alfred the Great</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_the_Great_-_Samuel_Woodforde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alfred_the_Great_-_Samuel_Woodforde.jpg/170px-Alfred_the_Great_-_Samuel_Woodforde.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alfred_the_Great_-_Samuel_Woodforde.jpg/255px-Alfred_the_Great_-_Samuel_Woodforde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alfred_the_Great_-_Samuel_Woodforde.jpg/340px-Alfred_the_Great_-_Samuel_Woodforde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Eighteenth century portrait of Alfred by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Woodforde" title="Samuel Woodforde">Samuel Woodforde</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> attempted unsuccessfully to have Alfred canonised by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> in 1441. The current "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a>" does not mention Alfred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2011231-189">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">venerates</a> him as a Christian hero, with a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Festival">Lesser Festival</a> on 26 October,<a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> and he may often be found depicted in stained glass in <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> parish churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool2006190–191-191">[182]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church</a> canonised "All Saints of the British Isles" including King Alfred.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016-193">[184]</a> He is honoured during the Feast of all Saints of the British Isles on the third Sunday after Pentecost and on his feast day of 26 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2016-193">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchison-Hall201785-88-194">[185]</a> There is an Orthodox Mission named after St Alfred in <a href="/wiki/Middleburg,_Florida" title="Middleburg, Florida">Middleburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> Alfred commissioned Bishop Asser to write his biography, which inevitably emphasised Alfred's positive aspects. Later medieval historians such as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> also reinforced Alfred's favourable image. By the time of the Reformation, Alfred was seen as a pious Christian ruler who promoted the use of English rather than Latin, and so the translations that he commissioned were viewed as untainted by the later Roman Catholic influences of the Normans. Consequently, while Alfred's epithet, "the Great", was in regular use from the 13th century, it was writers of the 16th century who popularised it. There is no evidence of Alfred's contemporaries using the sobriquet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth2024-5">[4]</a> The epithet was retained by succeeding generations who admired Alfred's patriotism, success against barbarism, promotion of education, and establishment of the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1999-196">[187]</a> The Royal Navy named one ship and two shore establishments <a href="/wiki/HMS_King_Alfred" title="HMS King Alfred">HMS King Alfred</a>, and one of the early ships of the U.S. Navy was named <a href="/wiki/USS_Alfred" title="USS Alfred">USS Alfred</a> in his honour. In 2002, Alfred was ranked number 14 in the BBC's list of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> following a UK-wide vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BBC_Top_100''2002-197">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statues">Statues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Statues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pewsey">Pewsey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pewsey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Alfred_Statue_Pewsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/King_Alfred_Statue_Pewsey.jpg/230px-King_Alfred_Statue_Pewsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/King_Alfred_Statue_Pewsey.jpg/345px-King_Alfred_Statue_Pewsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/King_Alfred_Statue_Pewsey.jpg/460px-King_Alfred_Statue_Pewsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>1913 statue of Alfred in <a href="/wiki/Pewsey" title="Pewsey">Pewsey</a>, Wiltshire</figcaption></figure> A prominent statue of King Alfred the Great stands in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Pewsey" title="Pewsey">Pewsey</a>, where he was a landowner. It was unveiled in June 1913 to commemorate the coronation of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southwark">Southwark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Southwark">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_The_Great_statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alfred_The_Great_statue.JPG/200px-Alfred_The_Great_statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alfred_The_Great_statue.JPG/300px-Alfred_The_Great_statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alfred_The_Great_statue.JPG/400px-Alfred_The_Great_statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="3259" /></a><figcaption>Hybrid ancient and modern statue of Alfred in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alfred_the_Great,_Southwark" title="Statue of Alfred the Great, Southwark">statue of Alfred the Great</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Square" title="Trinity Church Square">Trinity Church Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> is considered to be the oldest outdoor statue in London, and part of it has been found to date to <a href="/wiki/Roman_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman times">Roman times</a>. The sculpture was thought to be <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> until 2021 conservation work. The lower half was then discovered to be <a href="/wiki/Bath_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath Stone">Bath Stone</a> and part of a colossal ancient sculpture dedicated to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>. It is typical of the 2nd Century, dating to around the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. The lower older half is likely to have been carved by a continental craftsman used to working with British stone. The upper half dates to the late 18th or early 19th century, cast from artificial <a href="/wiki/Coade_stone" title="Coade stone">Coade stone</a> to fit the lower portion.<a href="#cite_note-199">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wantage">Wantage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Wantage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_King_Alfred_in_Wantage_Market_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Statue_of_King_Alfred_in_Wantage_Market_Square.jpg/170px-Statue_of_King_Alfred_in_Wantage_Market_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Statue_of_King_Alfred_in_Wantage_Market_Square.jpg/255px-Statue_of_King_Alfred_in_Wantage_Market_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Statue_of_King_Alfred_in_Wantage_Market_Square.jpg/340px-Statue_of_King_Alfred_in_Wantage_Market_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Alfred the Great in <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a>, Oxfordshire</figcaption></figure> A statue of Alfred the Great, situated in the <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Market place">market place</a>, was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Victor_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg">Count Gleichen</a>, a relative of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, and unveiled on 14 July 1877 by the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Princess of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownsend2008-200">[191]</a> The statue was vandalised on New Year's Eve 2007, losing part of its right arm and axe. After the arm and axe were replaced, the statue was again vandalised on Christmas Eve 2008, losing its axe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownsend2008-200">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winchester">Winchester</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Winchester">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alfred_the_Great,_Winchester" title="Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester">Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester</a></div> A bronze statue of Alfred the Great stands at the eastern end of The Broadway, close to the site of <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>'s medieval East Gate. The statue was designed by <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Thornycroft" title="Hamo Thornycroft">Hamo Thornycroft</a>, cast in bronze by <a href="/wiki/John_Webb_Singer" title="John Webb Singer">Singer & Sons of Frome</a> and erected in 1899 to mark one thousand years since Alfred's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2016-201">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a> The statue is placed on a pedestal consisting of two immense blocks of grey Cornish granite.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alfred_University,_New_York">Alfred University, New York</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Alfred University, New York">edit</a>]</div> The centerpiece of Alfred University's quad is a bronze statue of the king, created in 1990 by then-professor <a href="/wiki/William_Underhill" title="William Underhill">William Underhill</a>. It features the king as a young man, holding a shield in his left hand and an open book in his right.<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleveland,_Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cleveland, Ohio">edit</a>]</div> A marble statue of Alfred the Great stands on the North side of the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County_Courthouse" title="Cuyahoga County Courthouse">Cuyahoga County Courthouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. It was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Konti" title="Isidore Konti">Isidore Konti</a> in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86thelswith,_Queen_of_Mercia,_in_British_Library_Cotton_MS_Claudius_B_VI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/%C3%86thelswith%2C_Queen_of_Mercia%2C_in_British_Library_Cotton_MS_Claudius_B_VI.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="314" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Alfred's sister, Queen <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelswith" title="Æthelswith">Æthelswith</a> of Mercia, in a manuscript of 1220</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 848 </td> <td>Alfred is born in Wantage, Berkshire. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 852 </td> <td>Alfred's oldest brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Kent" title="Æthelstan of Kent">Æthelstan of Kent</a> dies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 853 </td> <td>Alfred's sister, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelswith" title="Æthelswith">Æthelswith</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Burgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgred">Burgred</a>, the king of Mercians. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 854 </td> <td>Alfred's father <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a> sends Alfred and his youngest older brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I_of_Wessex" title="Æthelred I of Wessex">Æthelred</a> on a pilgrimage to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_854-206">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred's mother <a href="/wiki/Osburh" title="Osburh">Osburh</a> dies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 855 </td> <td>Æthelwulf goes on a pilgrimage with Alfred, after dividing his realm between his sons, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelbald of Wessex">Æthelbald</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelbert of Wessex">Æthelberht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200917-18-207">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 856 </td> <td>Preteen <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders" title="Judith of Flanders">Judith of Flanders</a> becomes the stepmother of Alfred after <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a> marries her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200917-18-207">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Æthelwulf returns home, but Æthelbald refuses to give up his position, forcing Æthelwulf to retire to Kent with Æthelberht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Hunt188916-208">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 858 </td> <td>Æthelwulf dies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 860 </td> <td>Æthelbald dies and is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelbert of Wessex">Æthelberht</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 865 </td> <td>Æthelberht dies and is succeeded by his brother Æthelred. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> lands in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 868 </td> <td>Æthelred aids Burgred against the Danes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred marries Ealhswith in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870 </td> <td>Alfred's first child <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a> is born. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 871 </td> <td>Æthelred dies and is succeeded by Alfred. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred makes peace with the Danes and takes Winchester as his residence. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 872 </td> <td>Burgred pays tribute to the Danes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 873 </td> <td>The Danes invade Mercia and seize <a href="/wiki/Repton" title="Repton">Repton</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 874 </td> <td>Danes sack <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>, exiling Burgred. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred's first son Edward is born. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Great Heathen Army splits as <a href="/wiki/Halfdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfdan">Halfdan</a> retires to Northumbria. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 875 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> invades Alfred's realm. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 876 </td> <td>Guthrum takes <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a>, but is besieged by Alfred. The Danes abandon Wareham, only to take <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> instead. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 877 </td> <td>Alfred besieges Exeter and is able to expel the Danes from his realm. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 878 </td> <td>Alfred is forced to flee to <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a> and begin guerilla warfare. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred defeats Guthrum decisively in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a>, causing Guthrum's conversion to Christianity. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Alfred's subject</a> defeats another Danish invasion in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 886 </td> <td>Alfred conquers London and declares himself the king of the Anglo-Saxons. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 888 </td> <td>Æthelswith dies in Pavia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 893 </td> <td>Edward marries <a href="/wiki/Ecgwynn" title="Ecgwynn">Ecgwynn</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 894 </td> <td>Alfred becomes a grandfather when Ecgwynn gives birth to <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a>, the son of Edward. </td></tr> <tr> <td>899 </td> <td>Alfred dies. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wantage1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wantage1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wantage1_2-1">b</a> Since 1974 Wantage has been in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Tomas Kalmar argues that we do know when Alfred was born. He regards the date of birth of 849 in Asser's biography is a later interpolation, and considers that the period of 23 years in the genealogy (in MS A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) is not Alfred's age when he acceded to the throne, but the period from his succession to the date the genealogy was compiled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalmar2016aKalmar2016b-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> According to Richard Abels, Ealhswith was descended from King <a href="/wiki/Cenwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenwulf">Cenwulf</a> of Mercia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998121-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Historians have expressed doubt both whether the genealogy for Ecgberht going back to Cerdic was fabricated to legitimise his seizure of the West Saxon throne,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-20">[17]</a> and broadly whether Cerdic was a real person or if the story of Cerdic is a "foundation myth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2004-21">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The inscription reads "ALFRED THE GREAT AD 879 on this Summit Erected his Standard Against Danish Invaders To him We owe The Origin of Juries The Establishment of a Militia The Creation of a Naval Force ALFRED The Light of a Benighted Age Was a Philosopher and a Christian The Father of his People The Founder of the English MONARCHY and LIBERTY".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool200673-53">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> A chrisom was the face-cloth or piece of linen laid over a child's head when he or she was baptised or christened. Originally the purpose of the chrisom-cloth was to keep the <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a>, a consecrated oil, from accidentally rubbing off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENares1859160-56">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The Alfredian burh represented a stage in the evolution of English medieval towns and boroughs. Of the twenty two burhs that became boroughs three did not attain full town status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait199918-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyn1991138-98">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Some versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported that Alfred sent a delegation to India, although this could just mean western Asia, as other versions say "<a href="/wiki/Iudea" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudea">Iudea</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998190–192-130">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> According to St Dunstan's apprentice, "poor King Eadred would suck the juice out of the food, chew what remained for a little while and spit it out: a nasty practice that often turned the stomachs of the thegns who dined with him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunstan1992248-176">[168]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x27487">"Wantage"</a>. British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626231415/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x27487">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wantage&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fterm%2Fx27487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMolyneaux2015">Molyneaux 2015</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200127–28-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200127–28_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth2024-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth2024_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth2024_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirth2024">Firth 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199826-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199826_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198313,_67,_101-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198313,_67,_101_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 13, 67, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville199623Huscroft2019xii-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville199623Huscroft2019xii_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumville1996">Dumville 1996</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2019">Huscroft 2019</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton20004Dumville198625-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton20004Dumville198625_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanton2000">Swanton 2000</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFDumville1986">Dumville 1986</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth19953-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth19953_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1995">Smyth 1995</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2006Keynes201451-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2006Keynes201451_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald2006">Wormald 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2014">Keynes 2014</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalmar2016aKalmar2016b-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalmar2016aKalmar2016b_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalmar2016a">Kalmar 2016a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKalmar2016b">Kalmar 2016b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199826,_45–46Wormald2006-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199826,_45–46Wormald2006_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 26, 45–46; <a href="#CITEREFWormald2006">Wormald 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199845–50,_55Nelson2003295Wormald2006Miller2004-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199845–50,_55Nelson2003295Wormald2006Miller2004_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 45–50, 55; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2003">Nelson 2003</a>, p. 295; <a href="#CITEREFWormald2006">Wormald 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeys2004-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostambeys2004_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostambeys2004">Costambeys 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998121-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998121_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2006-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2006_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2006_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald2006">Wormald 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2004">Edwards 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2004-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke2004_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYorke2004">Yorke 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200284–85Dumville197917–18Yorke1990142–143,_148–149-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200284–85Dumville197917–18Yorke1990142–143,_148–149_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels2002">Abels 2002</a>, pp. 84–85; <a href="#CITEREFDumville1979">Dumville 1979</a>, pp. 17–18; <a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 142–143, 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199528,_39–41-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199528,_39–41_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1995">Keynes 1995</a>, pp. 28, 39–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199828–29-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199828–29_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–121Kirby2000155–156-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–121Kirby2000155–156_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, pp. 120–121; <a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004Kirby2000171-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004Kirby2000171_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2004">Edwards 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013431-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013431_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharles-Edwards2013">Charles-Edwards 2013</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson2004">Nelson 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199831-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199831_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971244-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971244_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton200064-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton200064_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanton2000">Swanton 2000</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199889–94-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199889–94_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 89–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200654–55-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard200654–55_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard2006">Pollard 2006</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199855–56-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199855–56_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_853-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_853_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilesIngram1996">Giles & Ingram 1996</a>, Year 853. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200663-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard200663_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard2006">Pollard 2006</a>, pp. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199855-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199855_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199855_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofton20068-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrofton20068_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrofton2006">Crofton 2006</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198316–17-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198316–17_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer1911582–584_42-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlummer1911">Plummer 1911</a>, pp. 582–584. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_868-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_868_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilesIngram1996">Giles & Ingram 1996</a>, Year 868. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998135-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998135_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998140–141-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998140–141_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998140–141_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGraham-Campbell198691–110-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGraham-Campbell198691–110_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooksGraham-Campbell1986">Brooks & Graham-Campbell 1986</a>, pp. 91–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998148–50-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998148–50_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 148–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_878-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_878_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_878_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilesIngram1996">Giles & Ingram 1996</a>, Year 878. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006157-169-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2006157-169_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard2006">Pollard 2006</a>, p. 157-169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988101-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1988101_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1988101_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavage1988">Savage 1988</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006178-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2006178_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard2006">Pollard 2006</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool20062-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorspool20062_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorspool20062_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorspool2006">Horspool 2006</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool200673-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorspool200673_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorspool2006">Horspool 2006</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010187–191-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2010187–191_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavelle2010">Lavelle 2010</a>, pp. 187–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENares1859160-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENares1859160_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNares1859">Nares 1859</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorspool2006123–124-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorspool2006123–124_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorspool2006">Horspool 2006</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983Ch._60-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983Ch._60_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, Ch. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998163-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998163_60-0">^</a> <a 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href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 287, 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Asser, translated by <a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998206-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998206_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage1988111-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1988111_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1988111_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1988111_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1988111_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage1988111_109-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavage1988">Savage 1988</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirthSebo2020329–331-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirthSebo2020329–331_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirthSebo2020329–331_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirthSebo2020">Firth & Sebo 2020</a>, pp. 329–331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage198886–88,_97-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage198886–88,_97_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavage1988">Savage 1988</a>, pp. 86–88, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 305–307 <abbr title="Compare">Cf.</abbr> the much more positive view of the capabilities of these ships in <a href="#CITEREFGiffordGifford2003">Gifford & Gifford 2003</a>, pp. 281–289 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998305–307-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998305–307_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 305–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2010286–297_114-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavelle2010">Lavelle 2010</a>, pp. 286–297. </li> <li 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p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The charter is Sawyer 1445 and is printed in <a href="#CITEREFWhitelock1996">Whitelock 1996</a>, pp. 544–546. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Asser, chap. 106, in <a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200748–50-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker200748–50_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker200748–50_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2007">Parker 2007</a>, pp. 48–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998190–192-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998190–192_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 190–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrosiusHampson185516-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrosiusHampson185516_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrosiusHampson1855">Orosius & Hampson 1855</a>, p. 16. </li> <li 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href="#CITEREFDumville1992">Dumville 1992</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984172–173-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984172–173_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooks1984">Brooks 1984</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198335–36,_90–91-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198335–36,_90–91_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 35–36, 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198392–93-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198392–93_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitwinchester.co.uk/king-alfred-great">the original</a> on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+Winchester%3A+King+Alfred+the+Great&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitwinchester.co.uk%2Fking-alfred-great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/thornycroft/36.html">"Victorian Web: Alfred the Great – Sculpture by Sir W. Hamo Thornycroft"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007062553/http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/thornycroft/36.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Web%3A+Alfred+the+Great+%E2%80%93+Sculpture+by+Sir+W.+Hamo+Thornycroft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fsculpture%2Fthornycroft%2F36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127131351/https://www.alfred.edu/glance/statue_of_king_alfred.cfm">"About the Statue of King Alfred"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfred.edu/glance/statue_of_king_alfred.cfm">the original</a> on 27 November 2017 – via Alfred University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Statue+of+King+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfred.edu%2Fglance%2Fstatue_of_king_alfred.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oosi.sculpturecenter.org/items/show/345">"Alfred the Great", Isidore Konti, 1910</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225449/http://oosi.sculpturecenter.org/items/show/345">Archived</a> 3 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sculpture Center, Retrieved 3 October 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_854-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilesIngram1996Year_854_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilesIngram1996">Giles & Ingram 1996</a>, Year 854. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200917-18-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200917-18_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200917-18_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, p. 17-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Hunt188916-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Hunt188916_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1998">Keynes 1998</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFHunt1889">Hunt 1889</a>, p. 16. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels1988" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard P. (1988). Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England. British Museum Press. pp. 58–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0552-9"><bdi>978-0-7141-0552-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lordship+and+Military+Obligation+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pages=58-78&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-0552-9&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels1998" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-4047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-4047-2"><bdi>978-0-5820-4047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+War%2C+Kingship+and+Culture+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-5820-4047-2&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels2002" class="citation journal cs1">Abels, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99y7ZHIZSZEC&pg=PA83">"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex"</a>. The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 12: 83–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3008-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3008-5"><bdi>978-1-8438-3008-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Haskins+Society+Journal%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Royal+Succession+and+the+Growth+of+Political+Stability+in+Ninth-Century+Wessex&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=83-97&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-3008-5&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99y7ZHIZSZEC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough1922" class="citation book cs1">Attenborough, F.L., ed. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#page/52/mode/2up">The laws of the earliest English kings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 52–53, 62–93, 98–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4045-6545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4045-6545-9"><bdi>978-0-4045-6545-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010103544/https://archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#page/52/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+earliest+English+kings&rft.pages=52-53%2C+62-93%2C+98-101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=978-0-4045-6545-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flawsofearliesten00grea%23page%2F52%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBately1970" class="citation journal cs1">Bately, Janet (1970). "King Alfred and the Old English Translation of Orosius". Anglia. 88: 433–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fangl.1970.1970.88.433">10.1515/angl.1970.1970.88.433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161672815">161672815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglia&rft.atitle=King+Alfred+and+the+Old+English+Translation+of+Orosius&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=433-460&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fangl.1970.1970.88.433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161672815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bately&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBately1990" class="citation book cs1">Bately, Janet (1990). ""Those books that are most necessary for all men to know": The Classics and late ninth-century England: a reappraisal". In Bernardo, Aldo S.; Levin, Saul (eds.). The Classics in the Middle Ages. Binghamtion, New York: <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a>. pp. 45–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Those+books+that+are+most+necessary+for+all+men+to+know%22%3A+The+Classics+and+late+ninth-century+England%3A+a+reappraisal&rft.btitle=The+Classics+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Binghamtion%2C+New+York&rft.pages=45-78&rft.pub=Binghamton+University&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Bately&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBately2014" class="citation book cs1">Bately, Janet M. (2014). "Alfred as Author and Translator". In Nicole Guenther Discenza; Paul E. Szarmach (eds.). A Companion to Alfred the Great. Leiden: Brill. pp. 113–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004283763_006">10.1163/9789004283763_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-8376-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-8376-3"><bdi>978-9-0042-8376-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+as+Author+and+Translator&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=113-142&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004283763_006&rft.isbn=978-9-0042-8376-3&rft.aulast=Bately&rft.aufirst=Janet+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_staff2014" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-25760383">"Bone fragment 'could be King Alfred or son Edward'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bone+fragment+%27could+be+King+Alfred+or+son+Edward%27&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-25760383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1998" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, M.A.S. (1998). "The London mint in the reign of Alfred". In Blackburn, M.A.S.; Dumville, D.N. (eds.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the 9th Century. pp. 105–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+London+mint+in+the+reign+of+Alfred&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Currency+and+Alliances%3A+History+and+Coinage+of+Southern+England+in+the+9th+Century&rft.pages=105-124&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=M.A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw1999" class="citation cs1">Bradshaw, Anthony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogdoad.force9.co.uk/alfred/alfhidage.htm">The Burghal Hidage: Alfred's Towns</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716192353/http://www.ogdoad.force9.co.uk/alfred/alfhidage.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burghal+Hidage%3A+Alfred%27s+Towns&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogdoad.force9.co.uk%2Falfred%2Falfhidage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1984" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066. pp. 172–173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Church+of+Canterbury%3A+Christ+Church+from+597+to+1066&rft.pages=172-173&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksGraham-Campbell1986" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, N.P.; <a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Campbell" title="James Graham-Campbell">Graham-Campbell, J.A.</a> (1986). "Reflections on the Viking-age silver hoard from Croydon, Surrey". Anglo-Saxon Monetary History: Essays in Memory of Michael Dolley. pp. 91–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Viking-age+silver+hoard+from+Croydon%2C+Surrey&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Monetary+History%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Michael+Dolley&rft.pages=91-110&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=N.P.&rft.au=Graham-Campbell%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1997" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00john_0">The Oxford Companion to British History</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1986-6176-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-1986-6176-2"><bdi>0-1986-6176-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-1986-6176-2&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00john_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards" title="Thomas Charles-Edwards">Charles-Edwards, T. M.</a> (2013). 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Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1731-2"><bdi>978-0-1982-1731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales+and+the+Britons+350%E2%80%931064&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-1731-2&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Church_Monuments_Society" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081121/http://www.churchmonumentssociety.org/Alfred.html">"The Post-Mortem Adventures of Alfred The Great"</a>. The Church Monuments Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchmonumentssociety.org/Alfred.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+Monuments+Society&rft.atitle=The+Post-Mortem+Adventures+of+Alfred+The+Great&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchmonumentssociety.org%2FAlfred.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Tamara (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/could-these-be-the-bones-of-alfred-the-great-1492441">"Could these be the bones of Alfred the Great?"</a>. IOL Scitech. Retrieved 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+these+be+the+bones+of+Alfred+the+Great%3F&rft.pub=IOL+Scitech&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fcould-these-be-the-bones-of-alfred-the-great-1492441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostambeys2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Costambeys, Marios (2004). "Ealhswith (d. 902)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39226">10.1093/ref:odnb/39226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ealhswith+%28d.+902%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39226&rft.aulast=Costambeys&rft.aufirst=Marios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/alfred-great-r-871-899">"Alfred 'The Great' (r. 871–899)"</a>. 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Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar : six essays on political, cultural, and ecclesiastical revival. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5308-7"><bdi>978-0-8511-5308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wessex+and+England+from+Alfred+to+Edgar+%3A+six+essays+on+political%2C+cultural%2C+and+ecclesiastical+revival&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8511-5308-7&rft.aulast=Dumville&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumville1996" class="citation book cs1">Dumville, David (1996). Fryde, E.B.; Greenway, D. 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The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 49 (2): 329–340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJNAr..49..329F">2020IJNAr..49..329F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1095-9270.12421">10.1111/1095-9270.12421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9270">1095-9270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Kingship+and+Maritime+Power+in+10th-Century+England&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-340&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1095-9270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12421&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020IJNAr..49..329F&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Sebo%2C+Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1095-9270.12421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Fleming" title="Robin Fleming">Fleming, Robin</a> (1985). 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Ashgate. pp. 281–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0957-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-0957-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred%27s+new+longships&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great+%28Studies+in+early+medieval+Britain%29&rft.pages=281-289&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0957-5&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Gifford%2C+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesIngram1996" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/657">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>. Translated by Giles, J. A.; Ingram, J. Project Gutenberg. September 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061518/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/657">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> — "Note: This electronic edition [of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle] is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the [1847] Everyman edition". It was "Originally compiled on the orders of King Alfred the Great, approximately A.D. 890, and subsequently maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until the middle of the 12th Century".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodden2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Godden" title="Malcolm Godden">Godden, M. R.</a> (2007). "Did King Alfred Write Anything?". 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Historical Writing in England: c. 500 to c. 1307. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4151-5124-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-4151-5124-4"><bdi>0-4151-5124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Writing+in+England%3A+c.+500+to+c.+1307&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-4151-5124-4&rft.aulast=Gransden&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet1871" class="citation book cs1">Gregory I, Pope; Alfred, King of England (1871). Sweet, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kingalfredswests00greg#page/2/mode/2up">King Alfred's West-Saxon version of Gregory's Pastoral care</a>. London: N. Trübner & Company for the Early English text society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322085559/https://archive.org/stream/kingalfredswests00greg#page/2/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Alfred%27s+West-Saxon+version+of+Gregory%27s+Pastoral+care&rft.place=London&rft.pub=N.+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company+for+the+Early+English+text+society&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Gregory+I%2C+Pope&rft.au=Alfred%2C+King+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkingalfredswests00greg%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Paul (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great. Westholme. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhlWPwAACAAJ&pg=PA17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5941-6087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5941-6087-5"><bdi>978-1-5941-6087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Wars+of+Alfred+the+Great&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Westholme&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-5941-6087-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillRumble1996" class="citation book cs1">Hill, David; Rumble, Alexander R., eds. (1996). The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications. 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Peritia. 17: 79–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.PERIT.5.112197">10.1484/J.PERIT.5.112197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-1592">0332-1592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peritia&rft.atitle=Born+in+the+Margin%3A+The+Chronological+Scaffolding+of+Asser%27s+Vita+%C3%86lfredi&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=79-98&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.PERIT.5.112197&rft.issn=0332-1592&rft.aulast=Kalmar&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalmar2016b" class="citation book cs1">Kalmar, Tomas (2016b). "Then Alfred took the Throne and then what? Parker's Error and Plummer's Blind Spot". In Volodarskaya, Emma; Roberts, Jane (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/9327">Language, Culture and Society in Russian/English Studies: the Proceedings of the Sixth Conference 27–28 July 2015</a>. London, Senate House: University of London. pp. 37–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8896-6097-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8896-6097-2"><bdi>978-5-8896-6097-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628094412/https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/9327">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Then+Alfred+took+the+Throne+and+then+what%3F+Parker%27s+Error+and+Plummer%27s+Blind+Spot&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Russian%2FEnglish+Studies%3A+the+Proceedings+of+the+Sixth+Conference+27%E2%80%9328+July+2015&rft.place=London%2C+Senate+House&rft.pages=37-83&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-5-8896-6097-2&rft.aulast=Kalmar&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsas-space.sas.ac.uk%2F9327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/27/alfred-the-great-bones-exhumed">"'Alfred the Great' bones exhumed from unmarked grave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Alfred+the+Great%27+bones+exhumed+from+unmarked+grave&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2Fmar%2F27%2Falfred-the-great-bones-exhumed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a> (1983). Alfred the Great, Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1404-4409-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-1404-4409-2"><bdi>0-1404-4409-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2893362M">2893362M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%2C+Asser%27s+Life+of+King+Alfred+and+other+contemporary+sources&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2893362M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-1404-4409-2&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Lapidge%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1993" class="citation journal cs1">Keynes, Simon (1993). "The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century". Early Medieval Europe. 2 (2): 111–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x">10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0254">1468-0254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Control+of+Kent+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-131&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x&rft.issn=1468-0254&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1995" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (1995). "England, 700–900". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-6292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-6292-4"><bdi>978-0-5213-6292-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=England%2C+700%E2%80%93900&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=18-42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-6292-4&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1998" class="citation cs1">Keynes, Simon (1998). "Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A.S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). Kings, currency, and alliances: history and coinage of southern England in the ninth century. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5598-2"><bdi>978-0-8511-5598-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+and+the+Mercians&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+currency%2C+and+alliances%3A+history+and+coinage+of+southern+England+in+the+ninth+century&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=1-46&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8511-5598-2&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1999" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (1999). "King Alfred the Great and Shaftesbury Abbey". Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey. Dorset County Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8521-6887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8521-6887-5"><bdi>978-0-8521-6887-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41466697">41466697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+Alfred+the+Great+and+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Early+History+of+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.pub=Dorset+County+Council&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41466697&rft.isbn=978-0-8521-6887-5&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keynes, Simon (2014). "Asser". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4706-5632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4706-5632-7"><bdi>978-0-4706-5632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asser&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=51-52&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-4706-5632-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeys2014" class="citation news cs1">Keys, David (17 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/bones-of-king-alfred-the-great-believed-to-be-found-in-a-box-in-at-winchester-city-museum-9067601.html">"Bones of King Alfred the Great believed to have been found in a box at Winchester City Museum"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140117211019/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/bones-of-king-alfred-the-great-believed-to-be-found-in-a-box-in-at-winchester-city-museum-9067601.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bones+of+King+Alfred+the+Great+believed+to+have+been+found+in+a+box+at+Winchester+City+Museum&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fbones-of-king-alfred-the-great-believed-to-be-found-in-a-box-in-at-winchester-city-museum-9067601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D. H. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-4211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-4211-0"><bdi>978-0-4152-4211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-4211-0&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1998" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Kevin S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/iconic/iconic.htm">"Alfred the Great's Burnt Boethius"</a>. In Bornstein, George; Tinkle, Theresa (eds.). The Iconic Page in Manuscript, Print, and Digital Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+the+Great%27s+Burnt+Boethius&rft.btitle=The+Iconic+Page+in+Manuscript%2C+Print%2C+and+Digital+Culture&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2F~kiernan%2Ficonic%2Ficonic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge2001" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael (2001). Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London, UK: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6312-2492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-6312-2492-0"><bdi>0-6312-2492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-6312-2492-0&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2010" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2010). Alfred's Wars: Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3569-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3569-1"><bdi>978-1-8438-3569-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred%27s+Wars%3A+Sources+and+Interpretations+of+Anglo-Saxon+Warfare+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydel+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-3569-1&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyn1991" class="citation book cs1">Loyn, H.R (1991). Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5820-7297-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-5820-7297-2"><bdi>0-5820-7297-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England+and+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pub=Longman+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-5820-7297-2&rft.aulast=Loyn&rft.aufirst=H.R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2003" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2003). Fortifications in Wessex c. 800-1066. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6639-3"><bdi>978-1-8417-6639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortifications+in+Wessex+c.+800-1066&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-8417-6639-3&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmesbury1904" class="citation book cs1">Malmesbury, William (1904). Giles, J.A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamofmalmes00will">Chronicle of the Kings of England</a>. London: George Bell and Sons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225020504/https://archive.org/details/williamofmalmes00will">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Kings+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Malmesbury&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamofmalmes00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkle2009" class="citation book cs1">Merkle, Benjamin (2009). The White Horse King: The Life of Alfred the Great. New York: Thomas Nelson. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5955-5252-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5955-5252-5"><bdi>978-1-5955-5252-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Horse+King%3A+The+Life+of+Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-5955-5252-5&rft.aulast=Merkle&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2004). "Æthelred [Ethelred] I (d. 871)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8913">10.1093/ref:odnb/8913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelred+%5BEthelred%5D+I+%28d.+871%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8913&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolyneaux2015" class="citation book cs1">Molyneaux, George (2015). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1910-2775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1910-2775-8"><bdi>978-0-1910-2775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+English+Kingdom+in+the+Tenth+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-1910-2775-8&rft.aulast=Molyneaux&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNares1859" class="citation book cs1">Nares, Robert (1859). A Glossary; or Collection of Words, Phrases, Names and Allusions to Customs, Proverbs, etc., Which Have Been Thought to Require Illustration in the Works of English Authors, Particularly Shakespeare and His Contemporaries. London: John Russel Smith. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRRJAAAAcAAJ&q=blount's%20glossography%20chrisom&pg=PA160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL44953520M">44953520M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary%3B+or+Collection+of+Words%2C+Phrases%2C+Names+and+Allusions+to+Customs%2C+Proverbs%2C+etc.%2C+Which+Have+Been+Thought+to+Require+Illustration+in+the+Works+of+English+Authors%2C+Particularly+Shakespeare+and+His+Contemporaries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=John+Russel+Smith&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL44953520M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Nares&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Nelson, Janet</a> (1999). 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Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 293–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0957-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-0957-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred%27s+Carolingian+Contemporaries&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+UK&rft.pages=293-310&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0957-5&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nelson, Janet (2004). "Æthelwulf (d. 858)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8921">10.1093/ref:odnb/8921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelwulf+%28d.+858%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8921&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrosiusHampson1855" class="citation book cs1">Orosius, Paulus; Hampson, Robert Thomas (1855). A Literal Translation of King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of the Compendious History of the World. Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GhNAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16">16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literal+Translation+of+King+Alfred%27s+Anglo-Saxon+Version+of+the+Compendious+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Orosius&rft.aufirst=Paulus&rft.au=Hampson%2C+Robert+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2007" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Joanne (2007). 'England's Darling'. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7356-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-7356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27England%27s+Darling%27&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7356-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2015" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Suzanne (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-II-00002-00004/1">"Alfred the Great's Old English translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care (MS Ii.2.4)"</a>. Cambridge Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703080221/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-II-00002-00004/1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%27s+Old+English+translation+of+Gregory+the+Great%27s+Pastoral+Care+%28MS+Ii.2.4%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+Digital+Library&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-II-00002-00004%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2016" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Andrew (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthochristian.com/95232.html#:~:text=On%20August%2021%2C%202007%2C%20the,the%20third%20Sunday%20after%20Pentecost.">"THE SYNAXIS OF ALL SAINTS OF BRITAIN AND IRELAND"</a>. Orthodox Christianity. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity&rft.atitle=THE+SYNAXIS+OF+ALL+SAINTS+OF+BRITAIN+AND+IRELAND&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F95232.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%2520August%252021%252C%25202007%252C%2520the%2Cthe%2520third%2520Sunday%2520after%2520Pentecost.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Plummer, Charles (1911). "Alfred the Great". Encylcopedia Britannica. 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London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719566660" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719566660"><bdi>978-0719566660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Alfred+the+Great+-+The+Man+Who+Made+England%27&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0719566660&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt2007" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, David (2007). The political thought of King Alfred the Great. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Vol. 67. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0350-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0350-2"><bdi>978-0-5218-0350-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+thought+of+King+Alfred+the+Great&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Medieval+Life+and+Thought%3A+Fourth+Series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-0350-2&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestonWiseWerner1956" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Richard A; <a href="/wiki/Sydney_F._Wise" title="Sydney F. Wise">Wise, Sydney F</a>; Werner, Herman O (1956). 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Plymouth, England: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7432-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7432-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-7432-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Doctrine+of+Incarnation+Shaped+Western+Culture&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+England&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7432-6&rft.aulast=Ranft&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2016" class="citation web cs1">Ross, David (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011103358/http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/hampshire/winchester/alfred-statue.htm">"Statue of King Alfred the Great"</a>. 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Papermac. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3334-8881-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-3334-8881-4"><bdi>0-3334-8881-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Chronicles&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-3334-8881-4&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchepss1895" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schepss, G. (1895). "Zu König Alfreds Boethius". 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0139-5"><bdi>978-0-1928-0139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-1928-0139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanton" title="Michael Swanton">Swanton, Michael</a>, ed. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. London, UK: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2003-3"><bdi>978-1-8421-2003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicles&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-8421-2003-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait1999" class="citation book cs1">Tait, James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalenglishb0000tait">The Medieval English Borough</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0339-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0339-3"><bdi>0-7190-0339-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+English+Borough&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7190-0339-3&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalenglishb0000tait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2008" class="citation news cs1">Townsend, Ian (3 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldseries.co.uk/news/1936676.statue_damage_quiz_man_bailed">"Statue damage quiz man bailed"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wantage_Herald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wantage Herald (page does not exist)">Wantage Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702155448/http://www.heraldseries.co.uk/news/1936676.statue_damage_quiz_man_bailed">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wantage+Herald&rft.atitle=Statue+damage+quiz+man+bailed&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldseries.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1936676.statue_damage_quiz_man_bailed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall1900" class="citation book cs1">Wall, James Charles (1900). Alfred the Great: His Abbeys of Hyde, Athelney and Shaftesbury. E. Stock. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FMAsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA78">https://books.google.com/books?id=FMAsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA78</a> 78].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+His+Abbeys+of+Hyde%2C+Athelney+and+Shaftesbury&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMAsAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA78+78&rft.pub=E.+Stock&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=James+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1992" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Martin (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. London: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-6566-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-6566-2"><bdi>0-7134-6566-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7134-6566-2&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1996" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1996). English historical documents. Volume 1, C. 500–1042 (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2034-3950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2034-3950-0"><bdi>978-0-2034-3950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+historical+documents.+Volume+1%2C+C.+500%E2%80%931042&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-2034-3950-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester_Museums_Service2009" class="citation web cs1">Winchester Museums Service (4 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713231516/http://www.winchester.gov.uk/GeneralR.asp?id=SX9452-A781BCE7">"Summary of Hyde Community Archaeology Project (completed in 1999)"</a>. Winchester Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winchester.gov.uk/GeneralR.asp?id=SX9452-A781BCE7">the original</a> on 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+Hyde+Community+Archaeology+Project+%28completed+in+1999%29&rft.pub=Winchester+Council&rft.date=2009-12-04&rft.au=Winchester+Museums+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winchester.gov.uk%2FGeneralR.asp%3Fid%3DSX9452-A781BCE7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff1993" class="citation book cs1">Woodruff, Douglas (1993). The Life And Times of Alfred the Great. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-3194-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-3194-5"><bdi>978-0-2978-3194-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+And+Times+of+Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-2978-3194-5&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald2001" class="citation book cs1">Wormald, Patrick (2001) [1999]. The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Wiley. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2740-3"><bdi>978-0-6312-2740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+English+Law%3A+King+Alfred+to+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-6312-2740-3&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wormald, Patrick (2006). "Alfred [Ælfred] (848/9–899)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F183">10.1093/ref:odnb/183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+%5B%C3%86lfred%5D+%28848%2F9%E2%80%93899%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F183&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)<a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-6639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-6639-3"><bdi>978-0-4151-6639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingdoms+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-4151-6639-3&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1995" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the early Middle Ages. Leicester: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1856-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1856-1"><bdi>978-0-7185-1856-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wessex+in+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1856-1&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Yorke, Barbara (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/barbara-yorke/alfred-great-most-perfect-man-history">"Alfred the Great: The Most Perfect Man in History?"</a>. History Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209112817/http://www.historytoday.com/barbara-yorke/alfred-great-most-perfect-man-history">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+The+Most+Perfect+Man+in+History%3F&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fbarbara-yorke%2Falfred-great-most-perfect-man-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke2001" class="citation cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2001). "Alfred, king of Wessex (871–899)". In Lapidge, Michael; et al. (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-5565-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-5565-2"><bdi>978-0-6311-5565-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred%2C+king+of+Wessex+%28871%E2%80%93899%29&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-6311-5565-2&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Cerdic (fl. 6th cent.)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5003">10.1093/ref:odnb/5003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cerdic+%28fl.+6th+cent.%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5003&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Discenza, Nicole; Szarmach, Paul, eds. (2015). A Companion to Alfred the Great. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-7484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-7484-6"><bdi>978-9-0042-7484-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9-0042-7484-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fry, Fred (2006). Patterns of Power: The Military Campaigns of Alfred the Great. Melrose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9052-2693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9052-2693-1"><bdi>978-1-9052-2693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Power%3A+The+Military+Campaigns+of+Alfred+the+Great&rft.pub=Melrose+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-9052-2693-1&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Giles, J. A., ed. (1858). The Whole Works of King Alfred the Great (Jubilee in 3 vols ed.). Oxford and Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Works+of+King+Alfred+the+Great&rft.edition=Jubilee+in+3+vols&rft.pub=Oxford+and+Cambridge&rft.date=1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Heathorn, Stephen (December 2002). "The Highest Type of Englishman: Gender, War, and the Alfred the Great Commemoration of 1901". Canadian Journal of History. 37 (3): 459–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.37.3.459">10.3138/cjh.37.3.459</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20690214">20690214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Highest+Type+of+Englishman%3A+Gender%2C+War%2C+and+the+Alfred+the+Great+Commemoration+of+1901&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=459-484&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.37.3.459&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20690214&rft.aulast=Heathorn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Irvine, Susan (2006). "Beginnings and Transitions: Old English". In Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199544394">The Oxford History of English</a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-4439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-4439-4"><bdi>978-0-1995-4439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beginnings+and+Transitions%3A+Old+English&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+English&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-1995-4439-4&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199544394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganCorbishleyGillinghamKelly1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan, Kenneth O.</a>; Corbishley, Mike; <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a>; Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike">"The kingdoms in Britain & Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike">The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland</a>. Walton St., Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1991-0035-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-1991-0035-7"><bdi>0-1991-0035-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+kingdoms+in+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.btitle=The+Young+Oxford+History+of+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.place=Walton+St.%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-1991-0035-7&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O.&rft.au=Corbishley%2C+Mike&rft.au=Gillingham%2C+John&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Mason%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungoxfordhisto00mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Peddie, John (1989). Alfred the Good Soldier. Bath, UK: Millstream Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9489-7519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9489-7519-6"><bdi>978-0-9489-7519-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Good+Soldier&rft.place=Bath%2C+UK&rft.pub=Millstream+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-9489-7519-6&rft.aulast=Peddie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Justin (2006). Alfred the Great: the man who made England. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6666-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6666-5"><bdi>0-7195-6666-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+the+man+who+made+England&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7195-6666-5&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Reuter, Timothy, ed. (2003). Alfred the Great. Studies in early medieval Britain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0957-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-0957-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great&rft.series=Studies+in+early+medieval+Britain&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0957-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1885–1900 <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography's</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/%C3%86lfred_(849-901)" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ælfred (849-901)">Ælfred (849-901)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/alfred-great-r-871-899">Alfred the Great</a> at the official website of the British monarchy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alfred_the_great.shtml">Alfred the Great</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=17">Alfred 8</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00039">Portraits of King Alfred ('The Great')</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83476#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Alfred the Great </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a></div>Born: 847–849 October 26 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred of Wessex">Æthelred</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a> 871–899 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Last holder </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the West Saxons">King of the West Saxons</a> 871–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 886 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Became king of the Anglo-Saxons </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 886–899 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Wessex">Cerdic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynric" title="Cynric">Cynric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex" title="Ceawlin of Wessex">Ceawlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceol_of_Wessex" title="Ceol of Wessex">Ceol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Wessex" title="Ceolwulf of Wessex">Ceolwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynegils" title="Cynegils">Cynegils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwichelm_of_Wessex" title="Cwichelm of Wessex">Cwichelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenwalh_of_Wessex" title="Cenwalh of Wessex">Cenwalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Wessex" title="Seaxburh of Wessex">Seaxburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenfus_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenfus of Wessex">Cenfus</a> (disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86scwine_of_Wessex" title="Æscwine of Wessex">Æscwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelheard_of_Wessex" title="Æthelheard of Wessex">Æthelheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthred_of_Wessex" title="Cuthred of Wessex">Cuthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_Wessex" title="Sigeberht of Wessex">Sigeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynewulf_of_Wessex" title="Cynewulf of Wessex">Cynewulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhtric_of_Wessex" title="Beorhtric of Wessex">Beorhtric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelbald, King of Wessex">Æthelbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred I">Æthelred I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred the Great</a> (until c. 886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" title="Template:Kings of the Anglo-Saxons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Kings of the Anglo-Saxons (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of the Anglo-Saxons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of the Anglo-Saxons</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred the Great</a> (from c. 886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (until 927)</li></ul> <ul><li>Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 881–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 914–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 970–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> (865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 890)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_English_prose" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_English_prose" title="Template:Old English prose"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_English_prose" title="Template talk:Old English prose"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_English_prose" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old English prose"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_English_prose" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature#Prose" title="Old English literature">Old English prose</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Martyrology" title="Old English Martyrology">Old English Martyrology</a></li> <li>Lives of Saints</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Resting-Places_of_the_Saints" title="On the Resting-Places of the Saints">On the Resting-Places of the Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia#Visio_Leofrici" title="Leofric, Earl of Mercia">Visio Leofrici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">Homilies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blickling_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Blickling Homilies">Blickling Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Homilies" title="Lambeth Homilies">Lambeth Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercelli_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercelli Homilies">Vercelli Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermo_Lupi_ad_Anglos" title="Sermo Lupi ad Anglos">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_falsis_diis" title="De falsis diis">De falsis diis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_(homily)" title="Judith (homily)">Judith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Orosius" title="Old English Orosius">History of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_Annals" title="Winchcombe Annals">Winchcombe Annals</a></li> <li>Old English <a href="/wiki/Hexameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameron">Hexameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Saturn#Prose_Solomon_and_Saturn" title="Solomon and Saturn">The Prose Solomon and Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_and_Ritheus" title="Adrian and Ritheus">Adrian and Ritheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Durham_Proverbs" title="The Durham Proverbs">The Durham Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Dicts_of_Cato" title="Old English Dicts of Cato">Old English Dicts of Cato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ælfredian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_English_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old English Boethius">Froforboc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura_Pastoralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Pastoralis">Hierdeboc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliloquies_of_Augustine" title="Soliloquies of Augustine">Blostman</a></li> <li>Psalms 1–50</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werferth" title="Werferth">Dialogi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Legal texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon laws">Law codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%BEync%C3%B0o" title="Geþyncðo">Geþyncðo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Textus_Roffensis" title="Textus Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters" title="Anglo-Saxon charters">Charters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Edgar" title="Canons of Edgar">Canons of Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonthill_Letter" title="Fonthill Letter">Fonthill Letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bald%27s_Leechbook" title="Bald's Leechbook">Leechbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leechbook_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Leechbook III">Leechbook III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth_of_Ramsey#Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrhtferth of Ramsey">Byrhtferth's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apuleius#Translation:_the_Old_English_Herbarium" title="Pseudo-Apuleius">Old English Herbarium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecclesiastical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbook_for_a_Confessor" title="Handbook for a Confessor">Handbook for a Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_Gospels" title="Hatton Gospels">Hatton Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Gospels" title="Wessex Gospels">Wessex Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Old English Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindicta_Salvatoris" title="Vindicta Salvatoris">Vindicta Salvatoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Hexateuch" title="Old English Hexateuch">Old English Hexateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogationes_Sigewulfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogationes Sigewulfi">Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">Genealogies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Royal_Legend" title="Kentish Royal Legend">Kentish Royal Legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyre#Translations" title="Apollonius of Tyre">Apollonius of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Lapidary" title="Old English Lapidary">Old English Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_East" title="Wonders of the East">Wonders of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ælfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth_of_Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrhtferth of Ramsey">Byrhtferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werferth" title="Werferth">Werferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/16px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/24px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/32px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Portal:Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Alfred the Great at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" class="extiw" title="c:Alfred the Great">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" class="extiw" title="q:Alfred the Great">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alfred_the_Great" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Alfred the Great">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83476#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83476#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83476#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115945283">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10639246">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41144648266223778463">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316410797">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/55879/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrGtQ7hdkMC4QqRfHCDHK">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118637681">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80069041">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12212704s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12212704s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620256">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV168972">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35003154">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525340&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1186395">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072253991">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90550377">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000623271">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=319155">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhj92m0r7skn3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810577510005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/5619">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257503205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04345718?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:alfredus-magnus.">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500227156">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785659">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118637681.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118637681">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030780098">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zk5dt0">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&oldid=1259532674">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Great&oldid=1259532674</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alfred_the_Great" title="Category:Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:840s_births" title="Category:840s births">840s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:899_deaths" title="Category:899 deaths">899 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Christians" title="Category:9th-century Christians">9th-century Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_English_monarchs" title="Category:9th-century English monarchs">9th-century English monarchs</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_April_2024" title="Category:EngvarB from April 2024">EngvarB from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from June 2024">Use Oxford spelling from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Old_English_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Old English IPA">Pages with Old English IPA</a></li><li><a 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[\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite DNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"DNB poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 17,\n [\"IPA-ang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Kings of the Anglo-Saxons\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Old English prose\"] = 1,\n [\"PASE\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-break\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 2,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n 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generator)","80","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.4"],["[others]","400","16.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-58b97c867d-dmrvd","timestamp":"20241125181047","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_the_Great","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83476","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83476","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-27T20:04:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T18:10:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Alfred_the_Great%2C_silver_penny%3B_struck_875%E2%80%93880_%28obverse%29.png","headline":"king of Wessex (r. 872\u2013901)"}</script> </body> </html>