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id="toc-Demarcation_of_science_from_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demarcation_of_science_from_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demarcation of science from religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demarcation_of_science_from_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Private life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Tyndall's_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Tyndall's_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>John Tyndall's books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Tyndall's_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies_of_John_Tyndall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_of_John_Tyndall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Biographies of John Tyndall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_of_John_Tyndall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Tyndall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جون تندل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون تندل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جان تیندال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان تیندال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джон Тындаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Тындаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Джон Тиндал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Тиндал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جان تیندال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان تیندال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall_(physicien)" title="John Tyndall (physicien) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Tyndall (physicien)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%8B%B4%EB%93%A4" title="존 틴들 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 틴들" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="ג'ון טינדל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון טינדל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾನ್ ಟಿಂಡಾಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಟಿಂಡಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ტინდალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ტინდალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD" title="ജോൺ ടിൻഡൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ടിൻഡൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ტინდალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ ტინდალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جون تندل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون تندل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျွန် တင်းဒါးလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် တင်းဒါးလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB" title="ジョン・ティンダル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ティンダル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%89%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جان ټینډال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان ټینډال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Tyndall" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тиндаль, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиндаль, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Tyndall" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Irish physicist and chemist (1820–1893)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the scientist. For the far-right activist, see <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">John Tyndall (far-right activist)</a>. For the Canadian poet, see <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(poet)" title="John Tyndall (poet)">John Tyndall (poet)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Tyndall</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyndall_portrait_mid_career.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Tyndall_portrait_mid_career.jpg/220px-John_Tyndall_portrait_mid_career.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Tyndall_portrait_mid_career.jpg/330px-John_Tyndall_portrait_mid_career.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/John_Tyndall_portrait_mid_career.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1820-08-02</span>)</span>2 August 1820<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Leighlinbridge" title="Leighlinbridge">Leighlinbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Carlow" title="County Carlow">County Carlow</a>, Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1893<span style="display:none">(1893-12-04)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Haslemere" title="Haslemere">Haslemere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall%27s_bar_breaker" title="Tyndall's bar breaker">Tyndall's bar breaker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall effect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Capnography" title="Capnography">Capnography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thermophoresis" title="Thermophoresis">Thermophoresis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor_windows" title="Water vapor windows">Water vapor windows</a></li><li>Coining the term <i><a href="/wiki/Calorescence" title="Calorescence">calorescence</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Charlotte_Tyndall" title="Louisa Charlotte Tyndall">Louisa Charlotte Hamilton</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1876)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1852)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1853)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Bakerian_Medal" title="Royal Society Bakerian Medal">Bakerian Medal</a> (1855, 1861, 1864, 1881)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1864)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Knoblauch" title="Hermann Knoblauch">Hermann Knoblauch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnTyndallSignature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/JohnTyndallSignature.png/150px-JohnTyndallSignature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/JohnTyndallSignature.png/225px-JohnTyndallSignature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/JohnTyndallSignature.png/300px-JohnTyndallSignature.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Tyndall</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 2 August 1820 – 4 December 1893) was an Irish <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>. His scientific fame arose in the 1850s from his study of <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetism</a>. Later he made discoveries in the realms of <a href="/wiki/Infrared_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared radiation">infrared radiation</a> and the physical properties of air, proving the connection between atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> and what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> in 1859. </p><p>Tyndall also published more than a dozen science books which brought state-of-the-art 19th century <a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">experimental physics</a> to a wide audience. From 1853 to 1887 he was professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institution of Great Britain">Royal Institution of Great Britain</a> in London. He was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_education">Early years and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tyndall was born in <a href="/wiki/Leighlinbridge" title="Leighlinbridge">Leighlinbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Carlow" title="County Carlow">County Carlow</a>, Ireland. His father was a local police constable, descended from <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> emigrants who settled in southeast Ireland around 1670. Tyndall attended the local schools (Ballinabranna Primary School) in County Carlow until his late teens, and was probably an assistant teacher near the end of his time there. Subjects learned at school notably included <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">technical drawing</a> and mathematics with some applications of those subjects to <a href="/wiki/Land_surveying" class="mw-redirect" title="Land surveying">land surveying</a>. He was hired as a <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">draftsman</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Survey of Ireland">Ordnance Survey of Ireland</a> in his late teens in 1839, and moved to work for the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> for Great Britain in 1842. In the decade of the 1840s, a railway-building boom was in progress, and Tyndall's land surveying experience was valuable and in demand by the railway companies. Between 1844 and 1847, he was lucratively employed in railway construction planning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YoungJohnTyndall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/YoungJohnTyndall.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>John Tyndall circa 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1847, Tyndall opted to become a mathematics and surveying teacher at <a href="/wiki/Queenwood_College" title="Queenwood College">Queenwood College</a>, a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>. Recalling this decision later, he wrote: "the desire to grow intellectually did not forsake me; and, when railway work slackened, I accepted in 1847 a post as master in Queenwood College."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another recently arrived young teacher at Queenwood was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a>, who had previously worked as a chemical laboratory assistant for the British Geological Survey. Frankland and Tyndall became good friends. On the strength of Frankland's prior knowledge, they decided to go to Germany to further their education in science. Among other things, Frankland knew that certain German universities were ahead of any in Britain in experimental chemistry and physics. (British universities were still focused on classics and mathematics and not laboratory science.) The pair moved to Germany in summer 1848 and enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>, attracted by the reputation of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> as a teacher. Tyndall studied under Bunsen for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps more influential for Tyndall at Marburg was Professor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Knoblauch" title="Hermann Knoblauch">Hermann Knoblauch</a>, with whom Tyndall maintained communications by letter for many years afterwards. Tyndall's Marburg dissertation was a mathematical analysis of screw surfaces in 1850 (under Friedrich Ludwig Stegmann). Tyndall stayed in Germany for a further year doing research on magnetism with Knoblauch, including some months' visit at the Berlin laboratory of Knoblauch's main teacher, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gustav_Magnus" title="Heinrich Gustav Magnus">Heinrich Gustav Magnus</a>. It is clear today that Bunsen and Magnus were among the very best experimental science instructors of the era. Thus, when Tyndall returned to live in England in summer 1851, he probably had as good an education in experimental science as anyone in England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_scientific_work">Early scientific work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early scientific work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tyndall's early original work in physics was his experiments on <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic polarity">polarity</a>, on which he worked from 1850 to 1856. His two most influential reports were the first two, co-authored with Knoblauch. One of them was entitled "The magneto-optic properties of crystals, and the relation of magnetism and diamagnetism to molecular arrangement", dated May 1850. The two described an inspired experiment, with an inspired interpretation. These and other magnetic investigations very soon made Tyndall known among the leading scientists of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1852. In his search for a suitable research appointment, he was able to ask the longtime editor of the leading German physics journal (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorff" title="Johann Christian Poggendorff">Poggendorff</a>) and other prominent men to write testimonials on his behalf. In 1853, he attained the prestigious appointment of Professor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Philosophy">Natural Philosophy</a> (Physics) at the Royal Institution in London, due in no small part to the esteem his work had garnered from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, the leader of magnetic investigations at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a decade later Tyndall was appointed the successor to the positions held by Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution on Faraday's retirement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alpine_mountaineering_and_glaciology">Alpine mountaineering and glaciology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alpine mountaineering and glaciology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tyndall visited the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> mountains in 1856 for scientific reasons and ended up becoming a pioneering mountain climber. He visited the Alps almost every summer from 1856 onward, was a member of the very first mountain-climbing team to reach the top of the <a href="/wiki/Weisshorn" title="Weisshorn">Weisshorn</a> (1861), and led one of the early teams to reach the top of the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (1868). His is one of the names associated with the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_alpinism" title="Golden age of alpinism">Golden age of alpinism</a>" — the mid-Victorian years when the more difficult of the Alpine peaks were summited for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndall_1896_Figure_7-37-MJ2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tyndall_1896_Figure_7-37-MJ2.jpg/300px-Tyndall_1896_Figure_7-37-MJ2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tyndall_1896_Figure_7-37-MJ2.jpg/450px-Tyndall_1896_Figure_7-37-MJ2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tyndall_1896_Figure_7-37-MJ2.jpg/600px-Tyndall_1896_Figure_7-37-MJ2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4177" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>John Tyndall explored the glacial tributaries feeding <a href="/wiki/Mer_de_Glace" title="Mer de Glace">Mer de Glace</a> in 1857. General topology (left); dirt-bands in glacier (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Alps, Tyndall studied <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Glacier_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier motion">glacier motion</a>. His explanation of glacial flow brought him into dispute with others, particularly <a href="/wiki/James_David_Forbes" title="James David Forbes">James David Forbes</a>. Much of the early scientific work on glacier motion had been done by Forbes, but Forbes at that time did not know of the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Regelation" title="Regelation">regelation</a>, which was discovered a little later by Michael Faraday. Regelation played a key role in Tyndall's explanation. Forbes did not see regelation in the same way at all. Complicating their debate, a disagreement arose publicly over who deserved to get investigator credit for what. Articulate friends of Forbes, as well as Forbes himself, thought that Forbes should get the credit for most of the good science, whereas Tyndall thought the credit should be distributed more widely. Tyndall commented: "The idea of semi-fluid motion belongs entirely to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rendu" title="Louis Rendu">Louis Rendu</a>; the proof of the quicker central flow belongs in part to Rendu, but almost wholly to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> and Forbes; the proof of the retardation of the bed belongs to Forbes alone; while the discovery of the locus of the point of maximum motion belongs, I suppose, to me."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Forbes and Tyndall were in the grave, their disagreement was continued by their respective official biographers. Everyone tried to be reasonable, but agreement was not attained. More disappointingly, aspects of glacier motion remained not understood or not proved. </p><p>Numerous landforms and geographical features are named for John Tyndall, including <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Glacier_(Chile)" title="Tyndall Glacier (Chile)">Tyndall Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Glacier_(Colorado)" title="Tyndall Glacier (Colorado)">Tyndall Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Glacier_(Alaska)" title="Tyndall Glacier (Alaska)">Tyndall Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tyndall" title="Mount Tyndall">Mount Tyndall</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tyndall_(Tasmania)" title="Mount Tyndall (Tasmania)">Mount Tyndall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_scientific_work">Main scientific work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Main scientific work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work on glaciers alerted Tyndall to the research of <a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Horace Bénédict de Saussure</a> into the heating effect of sunlight, and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Jospeph Fourier</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pouillet" title="Claude Pouillet">Claude Pouillet</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins">William Hopkins</a>, that heat from the sun penetrates the atmosphere more easily than "obscure heat" (<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>) "terrestrial radiation" from the warmed Earth, causing what we now call the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>. In the spring of 1859, Tyndall began research into how <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a>, both visible and obscure, affects different gases and aerosols. He developed differential <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">absorption spectroscopy</a> using the electro-magnetic <a href="/wiki/Thermopile" title="Thermopile">thermopile</a> devised by <a href="/wiki/Macedonio_Melloni" title="Macedonio Melloni">Macedonio Melloni</a>. Tyndall began intensive experiments on 9 May 1859, at first without significant results, <sup id="cite_ref-Tyndall_Bakerian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyndall_Bakerian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Lab_Book_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Lab_Book-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then improved the sensitivity of the apparatus and on 18 May wrote in his journal "Experimented all day; the subject is completely in my hands!" On 26 May he gave the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> a note which described his methods, and stated "With the exception of the celebrated memoir of M. Pouillet on Solar Radiation through the atmosphere, nothing, so far as I am aware, has been published on the transmission of radiant heat through gaseous bodies. We know nothing of the effect even of air upon heat radiated from terrestrial sources."<sup id="cite_ref-RI_who_discovered_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RI_who_discovered-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_pp._37–39_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Royal_Society_pp._37–39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 June, he demonstrated the research in a Royal Society lecture, noting that <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a> strongly absorbed (infrared) <a href="/wiki/Radiant_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heat">radiant heat</a>, and his experimental confirmation of the (<a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>) concept; that solar heat crosses an atmosphere, but "when the heat is absorbed by the planet, it is so changed in quality that the rays emanating from the planet cannot get with the same freedom back into space. Thus the atmosphere admits of the entrance of solar heat; but checks its exit, and the result is a tendency to accumulate heat at the surface of the planet."<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Lab_Book_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Lab_Book-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RI_10_June_1859_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RI_10_June_1859-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyndall's studies of the action of <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> on the constituents of air led him onto several lines of inquiry, and his original research results included the following: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.svg/300px-Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.svg/450px-Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.svg/600px-Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Tyndall's sensitive <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">ratio spectrophotometer</a> (drawing published in 1861) measured the extent to which infrared radiation was absorbed and emitted by various gases filling its central tube.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tyndall explained the heat in the Earth's atmosphere in terms of the capacities of the various gases in the air to absorb radiant heat, in the form of infrared radiation. His measuring device, which used <a href="/wiki/Thermopile" title="Thermopile">thermopile</a> technology, is an early landmark in the history of <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">absorption spectroscopy</a> of gases.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first to correctly measure the relative infrared absorptive powers of the gases <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, water vapour, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, and other trace gases and vapours. He concluded that <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a> is the strongest absorber of radiant heat in the atmosphere and is the principal gas controlling air temperature. Absorption by the other gases is not negligible but relatively small. Prior to Tyndall it was widely surmised that the Earth's atmosphere warms the surface in what was later called a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>, but he was the first to prove it. The proof was that water vapour strongly absorbed infrared radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years earlier, in 1856, the American scientist <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Newton_Foote" title="Eunice Newton Foote">Eunice Newton Foote</a> had announced experiments demonstrating that water vapour and carbon dioxide absorb heat from solar radiation, but she did not differentiate the effects of infrared.<sup id="cite_ref-RI_who_discovered_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RI_who_discovered-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatedly, Tyndall in 1860 was first to demonstrate and quantify that visually transparent gases are infrared emitters.<sup id="cite_ref-InfraredEmissionByGases_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfraredEmissionByGases-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He devised demonstrations that advanced the question of how radiant heat is absorbed and emitted at the molecular level. He appears to be the first person to have demonstrated experimentally that emission of heat in chemical reactions has its physical origination within the newly created molecules (1864).<sup id="cite_ref-MolecularPhysicsInDomainOfRadiantHeat_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolecularPhysicsInDomainOfRadiantHeat-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He produced instructive demonstrations involving the incandescent conversion of infrared into visible light at the molecular level, which he called <a href="/wiki/Calorescence" title="Calorescence">calorescence</a> (1865), in which he used materials that are transparent to infrared and opaque to visible light or vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He usually referred to infrared as "radiant heat", and sometimes as "ultra-red undulations", as the word "infrared" did not start coming into use until the 1880s. His main reports of the 1860s were republished as a 450-page collection in 1872 under the title <i>Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</i>.</li> <li>In the investigations on radiant heat in air it had been necessary to use air from which all traces of floating dust and other <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulates</a> had been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very sensitive way to detect particulates is to bathe the air with intense light. The scattering of light by particulate impurities in air and other gases, and in liquids, is known today as the <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall effect</a> or Tyndall scattering.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In studying this scattering during the late 1860s Tyndall was a beneficiary of recent improvements in electric-powered lights. He also had the use of good light concentrators. He developed the <a href="/wiki/Nephelometer" title="Nephelometer">nephelometer</a> and similar instruments that show properties of <a href="/wiki/Aerosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosols">aerosols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloids">colloids</a> through concentrated light beams against a dark background and are based on exploiting the Tyndall effect. (When combined with microscopes, the result is the <a href="/wiki/Ultramicroscope" title="Ultramicroscope">ultramicroscope</a>, which was developed later by others).</li> <li>He was the first to observe and report the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Thermophoresis" title="Thermophoresis">thermophoresis</a> in aerosols. He spotted it surrounding hot objects while investigating the Tyndall effect with focused lightbeams in a dark room. He devised a better way to demonstrate it, and then simply reported it (1870), without investigating the physics of it in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In radiant-heat experiments that called for much laboratory expertise in the early 1860s, he showed for a variety of readily vaporisable liquids that, molecule for molecule, the vapour form and the liquid form have essentially the same power to absorb radiant heat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In modern experiments using narrow-band spectra, some small differences are found that Tyndall's equipment was unable to get at; see e.g. <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">absorption spectrum of H<sub>2</sub>O</a>).</li> <li>He consolidated and enhanced the results of <a href="/wiki/Paul-Quentin_Desains" title="Paul-Quentin Desains">Paul-Quentin Desains</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_David_Forbes" title="James David Forbes">James D. Forbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Knoblauch" title="Hermann Knoblauch">Hermann Knoblauch</a> and others demonstrating that the principal properties of visible light can be reproduced for radiant heat – namely reflection, refraction, diffraction, polarisation, depolarisation, double refraction, and rotation in a magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Using his expertise about radiant heat absorption by gases, he invented a system for measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in a sample of exhaled human breath (1862, 1864). The basics of Tyndall's system is in daily use in hospitals today for monitoring patients under <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Capnometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Capnometry">capnometry</a>.)</li> <li>When studying the absorption of radiant heat by <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, he came up with a demonstration that helped confirm or reaffirm that ozone is an oxygen cluster (1862).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndalls_setup_for_broths_in_optically_pure_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tyndalls_setup_for_broths_in_optically_pure_air.jpg/170px-Tyndalls_setup_for_broths_in_optically_pure_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tyndalls_setup_for_broths_in_optically_pure_air.jpg/255px-Tyndalls_setup_for_broths_in_optically_pure_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tyndalls_setup_for_broths_in_optically_pure_air.jpg/340px-Tyndalls_setup_for_broths_in_optically_pure_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Tyndall's setup for preserving broths in optically pure air.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In the lab he came up with the following simple way to obtain "optically pure" air, i.e. air that has no visible signs of <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a>. He built a square wooden box with a couple of glass windows on it. Before closing the box, he coated the inside walls and floor of the box with <a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a>, which is a sticky syrup. He found that after a few days' wait the air inside the box was entirely particulate-free when examined with strong light beams through the glass windows. The various floating-matter particulates had all ended up getting stuck to the walls or settling on the sticky floor.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, in the optically pure air there were no signs of any "germs", i.e. no signs of floating micro-organisms. Tyndall sterilised some meat-broths by simply boiling them, and then compared what happened when he let these meat-broths sit in the optically pure air, and in ordinary air. The broths sitting in the optically pure air remained "sweet" (as he said) to smell and taste after many months of sitting, while the ones in ordinary air started to become putrid after a few days. This demonstration extended <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>'s earlier demonstrations that the presence of micro-organisms is a precondition for biomass decomposition. However, the next year (1876) Tyndall failed to consistently reproduce the result. Some of his supposedly heat-sterilized broths rotted in the optically pure air. From this Tyndall was led to find viable <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial spores">bacterial spores</a> (endospores) in supposedly heat-sterilized broths. He discovered the broths had been contaminated with dry bacterial spores from <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> in the lab. All bacteria are killed by simple boiling, except that bacteria have a spore form that can survive boiling, he correctly contended, citing research by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn" title="Ferdinand Cohn">Ferdinand Cohn</a>. Tyndall found a way to eradicate the bacterial spores that came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a>". Tyndallization historically was the earliest known effective way to destroy bacterial spores. At the time, it affirmed the "<a href="/wiki/Germ_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ theory">germ theory</a>" against a number of critics whose experimental results had been defective from the same cause. During the mid-1870s Pasteur and Tyndall were in frequent communication.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndalls_setup_for_demonstrating_reflection_of_sound_in_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tyndalls_setup_for_demonstrating_reflection_of_sound_in_air.jpg/220px-Tyndalls_setup_for_demonstrating_reflection_of_sound_in_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tyndalls_setup_for_demonstrating_reflection_of_sound_in_air.jpg/330px-Tyndalls_setup_for_demonstrating_reflection_of_sound_in_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tyndalls_setup_for_demonstrating_reflection_of_sound_in_air.jpg/440px-Tyndalls_setup_for_demonstrating_reflection_of_sound_in_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>One of Tyndall's setups for showing that sound is reflected in air at the interface between air bodies of different densities.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Invented a better fireman's <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirator</a>, a hood that filtered smoke and noxious gas from air (1871, 1874).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the late 1860s and early 1870s he wrote an introductory book about sound propagation in air, and was a participant in a large-scale British project to develop a better <a href="/wiki/Foghorn" title="Foghorn">foghorn</a>. In laboratory demonstrations motivated by foghorn issues, Tyndall established that sound is partially <i>reflected</i> (i.e. partially bounced back like an echo) at the location where an air mass of one temperature meets another air mass of a different temperature; and more generally when a body of air contains two or more air masses of different densities or temperatures, the sound travels poorly because of reflections occurring at the interfaces between the air masses, and very poorly when many such interfaces are present. (He then argued, though inconclusively, that this is the usual main reason why the same distant sound, e.g. foghorn, can be heard stronger or fainter on different days or at different times of day.)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>An index of 19th-century scientific research journals has John Tyndall as the author of more than 147 papers in science research journals, with practically all of them dated between 1850 and 1884, which is an average of more than four papers a year over that 35-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his lectures at the Royal Institution Tyndall put a great value on, and was talented at producing, lively, visible demonstrations of physics concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one lecture, Tyndall demonstrated the propagation of light down through a stream of falling water via <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a> of the light. It was referred to as the "light fountain". It is historically significant today because it demonstrates the scientific foundation for modern fibre optic technology. During second half of the 20th century Tyndall was usually credited with being the first to make this demonstration. However, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Daniel_Colladon" title="Jean-Daniel Colladon">Jean-Daniel Colladon</a> published a report of it in <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_Rendus" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes Rendus">Comptes Rendus</a></i> in 1842, and there's some suggestive evidence that Tyndall's knowledge of it came ultimately from Colladon and no evidence that Tyndall claimed to have originated it himself.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_physics_of_radiant_heat">Molecular physics of radiant heat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Molecular physics of radiant heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndall_setup_for_looking_at_aerosols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tyndall_setup_for_looking_at_aerosols.jpg/335px-Tyndall_setup_for_looking_at_aerosols.jpg" decoding="async" width="335" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tyndall_setup_for_looking_at_aerosols.jpg/503px-Tyndall_setup_for_looking_at_aerosols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tyndall_setup_for_looking_at_aerosols.jpg/670px-Tyndall_setup_for_looking_at_aerosols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>With this setup Tyndall observed new chemical reactions produced by high frequency light waves acting on certain vapours. The main scientific interest here from his point of view was the additional hard data it lent to the grand question of the mechanism by which molecules absorb <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tyndall was an experimenter and laboratory apparatus builder, not an abstract model builder. But in his experiments on radiation and the heat-absorptive power of gases, he had an underlying agenda to understand the physics of molecules. Tyndall said in 1879: "During nine years of labour on the subject of radiation [in the 1860s], heat and light were handled throughout by me, not as ends, but as instruments by the aid of which the mind might perchance lay hold upon the ultimate particles of matter."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agenda is explicit in the title he picked for his 1872 book <i>Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</i>. It is present less explicitly in the spirit of his widely read 1863 book <i>Heat Considered as a Mode of Motion</i>. Besides heat he also saw magnetism and sound propagation as reducible to molecular behaviours. Invisible molecular behaviours were the ultimate basis of all physical activity. With this mindset, and his experiments, he outlined an account whereby differing types of molecules have differing absorptions of infrared radiation because their molecular structures give them differing oscillating resonances. He'd gotten into the oscillating resonances idea because he'd seen that any one type of molecule has differing absorptions at differing radiant frequencies, and he was entirely persuaded that the only difference between one frequency and another is the frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He'd also seen that the absorption behaviour of molecules is quite different from that of the atoms composing the molecules. For example, the gas nitric oxide (NO) absorbed more than a thousand times more infrared radiation than either nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) or oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He'd also seen in several kinds of experiments that – no matter whether a gas is a weak absorber of broad-spectrum radiant heat – any gas will strongly absorb the radiant heat coming from a separate body of the same type of gas.<sup id="cite_ref-MolecularPhysicsInDomainOfRadiantHeat_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolecularPhysicsInDomainOfRadiantHeat-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That demonstrated a kinship between the molecular mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission (electromagnetic radiation)">emission</a>. Such a kinship was also in evidence in experiments by <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a> and others, cited and extended by Tyndall, that showed with respect to broad-spectrum radiant heat that molecules that are weak absorbers are weak emitters and strong absorbers are strong emitters.<sup id="cite_ref-InfraredEmissionByGases_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfraredEmissionByGases-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For example, <a href="/wiki/Rock-salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-salt">rock-salt</a> is an exceptionally poor absorber of heat via radiation, and a good absorber of heat via conduction. When a plate of rock-salt is heated via conduction and let stand on an insulator, it takes an exceptionally long time to cool down; i.e., it's a poor emitter of infrared.) The kinship between absorption and emission was also consistent with some generic or abstract features of <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemical decomposition of molecules by lightwaves (<a href="/wiki/Photochemical_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical effect">photochemical effect</a>) convinced Tyndall that the resonator could not be the molecule as a whole unit; it had to be some substructure, because otherwise the photochemical effect would be impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he was without testable ideas as to the form of this substructure, and did not partake in speculation in print. His promotion of the molecular mindset, and his efforts to experimentally expose what molecules are, has been discussed by one historian under the title <i>"John Tyndall, The Rhetorician of Molecularity"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educator">Educator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Educator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrations_in_the_book_Heat_considered_as_a_mode_of_motion_(fig_4_and_5)_by_John_Tyndall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Illustrations_in_the_book_Heat_considered_as_a_mode_of_motion_%28fig_4_and_5%29_by_John_Tyndall.jpg/280px-Illustrations_in_the_book_Heat_considered_as_a_mode_of_motion_%28fig_4_and_5%29_by_John_Tyndall.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Illustrations_in_the_book_Heat_considered_as_a_mode_of_motion_%28fig_4_and_5%29_by_John_Tyndall.jpg/420px-Illustrations_in_the_book_Heat_considered_as_a_mode_of_motion_%28fig_4_and_5%29_by_John_Tyndall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Illustrations_in_the_book_Heat_considered_as_a_mode_of_motion_%28fig_4_and_5%29_by_John_Tyndall.jpg/560px-Illustrations_in_the_book_Heat_considered_as_a_mode_of_motion_%28fig_4_and_5%29_by_John_Tyndall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>John Tyndall's tutorial books about physics contained many illustrations. This one, from <i>Heat Considered as Mode of Motion</i>, is his setup for demonstrating that air cools during the act of expanding in volume; and that air heats up during the act of compressing in volume. (Click on image for more explanation).</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides being a scientist, John Tyndall was a science teacher and evangelist for the cause of science. He spent a significant amount of his time disseminating science to the general public. He gave hundreds of public lectures to non-specialist audiences at the Royal Institution in London.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he went on a public lecture tour in the US in 1872, large crowds of non-scientists paid fees to hear him lecture about the nature of light.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical statement of Tyndall's reputation at the time is this from a London publication in 1878: "Following the precedent set by Faraday, Professor Tyndall has succeeded not only in original investigation and in teaching science soundly and accurately, but in making it attractive.... When he lectures at the Royal Institution the theatre is crowded."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyndall said of the occupation of teacher "I do not know a higher, nobler, and more blessed calling."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His greatest audience was gained ultimately through his books, most of which were not written for experts or specialists. He published more than a dozen science books.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-1860s on, he was one of the world's most famous living physicists, due firstly to his skill and industry as a tutorialist. Most of his books were translated into German<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and French<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his main tutorials staying in print in those languages for decades. </p><p>As an indicator of his teaching attitude, here are his concluding remarks to the reader at the end of a 200-page tutorial book for a "youthful audience", <i>The Forms of Water</i> (1872): "Here, my friend, our labours close. It has been a true pleasure to me to have you at my side so long. In the sweat of our brows we have often reached the heights where our work lay, but you have been steadfast and industrious throughout, using in all possible cases your own muscles instead of relying upon mine. Here and there I have stretched an arm and helped you to a ledge, but the work of climbing has been almost exclusively your own. It is thus that I should like to teach you all things; showing you the way to profitable exertion, but leaving the exertion to you.... Our task seems plain enough, but you and I know how often we have had to wrangle resolutely with the facts to bring out their meaning. The work, however, is now done, and you are master of a fragment of that sure and certain knowledge which is founded on the faithful study of nature.... Here then we part. And should we not meet again, the memory of these days will still unite us. Give me your hand. Good bye."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyndall_-_1863_-_Pictet%27s_experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An etching by John Tyndall illustrating 'Pictet's Experiment' which shows the reflection of radiant heat from a source in the bottom mirror focused on a blackened balloon filled with Hydrogen and Oxygen which explodes when the source is applied." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/John_Tyndall_-_1863_-_Pictet%27s_experiment.jpg/220px-John_Tyndall_-_1863_-_Pictet%27s_experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="592" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/John_Tyndall_-_1863_-_Pictet%27s_experiment.jpg/330px-John_Tyndall_-_1863_-_Pictet%27s_experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/John_Tyndall_-_1863_-_Pictet%27s_experiment.jpg/440px-John_Tyndall_-_1863_-_Pictet%27s_experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Tydall's illustration of <a href="/wiki/Pictet%27s_experiment" title="Pictet's experiment">Pictet's experiment</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As another indicator, here is the opening paragraph of his 350-page tutorial entitled <i>Sound</i> (1867): "In the following pages I have tried to render the science of acoustics interesting to all intelligent persons, including those who do not possess any special scientific culture. The subject is treated experimentally throughout, and I have endeavoured so to place each experiment before the reader that he should realise it as an actual operation." In the preface to the 3rd edition of this book, he reports that earlier editions were translated into Chinese at the expense of the Chinese government and translated into German under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (a big name in the science of acoustics).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first published tutorial, which was about glaciers (1860), similarly states: "The work is written with a desire to interest intelligent persons who may not possess any special scientific culture." </p><p>His most widely praised tutorial, and probably his biggest seller, was the 550-page <i>"Heat: a Mode of Motion"</i> (1863; updated editions until 1880). It was in print for at least 50 years,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is in print today. Its primary feature is, as James Clerk Maxwell said in 1871, "the doctrines of the science [of heat] are forcibly impressed on the mind by well-chosen illustrative experiments."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyndall's three longest tutorials, namely <i>Heat</i> (1863), <i>Sound</i> (1867), and <i>Light</i> (1873), represented state-of-the-art experimental physics at the time they were written. Much of their contents were recent major innovations in the understanding of their respective subjects, which Tyndall was the first writer to present to a wider audience. One caveat is called for about the meaning of "state of the art". The books were devoted to laboratory science and they avoided mathematics. In particular, they contain absolutely no infinitesimal calculus. Mathematical modelling using infinitesimal calculus, especially differential equations, was a component of the state-of-the-art understanding of heat, light and sound at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demarcation_of_science_from_religion">Demarcation of science from religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demarcation of science from religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyndall,_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Tyndall%2C_1872.jpg/170px-John_Tyndall%2C_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Tyndall%2C_1872.jpg/255px-John_Tyndall%2C_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/John_Tyndall%2C_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Tyndall caricatured as a preacher in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 1872.</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of the progressive and innovative British physicists of Tyndall's generation were conservative and orthodox on matters of religion. That includes for example <a href="/wiki/James_Joule" class="mw-redirect" title="James Joule">James Joule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> – all names investigating heat or light contemporaneously with Tyndall. These conservatives believed, and sought to strengthen the basis for believing, that religion and science were consistent and harmonious with each other. Tyndall, however, was a member of a <a href="/wiki/X_Club" title="X Club">club</a> that vocally supported <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of evolution and sought to strengthen the barrier, or separation, between religion and science. The most prominent member of this club was the anatomist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a>. Tyndall first met Huxley in 1851 and the two had a lifelong friendship. Chemist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Archer_Hirst" title="Thomas Archer Hirst">Thomas Archer Hirst</a>, both of whom Tyndall had known since before going to university in Germany, were members too. Others included the social philosopher <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>. </p><p>Though not nearly so prominent as Huxley in controversy over philosophical problems, Tyndall played his part in communicating to the educated public what he thought were the virtues of having a clear separation between science (knowledge & rationality) and religion (faith & spirituality).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the elected president of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> in 1874, he gave a long <a href="/wiki/Keynote_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynote speech">keynote speech</a> at the Association's annual meeting held that year in Belfast. The speech gave a favourable account of the history of evolutionary theories, mentioning Darwin's name favourably more than 20 times, and concluded by asserting that religious sentiment should not be permitted to "intrude on the region of <i>knowledge</i>, over which it holds no command". This was a hot topic. The newspapers carried the report of it on their front pages – in Britain, Ireland & North America, even the European Continent – and many critiques of it appeared soon after. The attention and scrutiny increased the friends of the evolutionists' philosophical position, and brought it closer to mainstream ascendancy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Rome in 1864, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus of Errors</a></i> decreed that it was an <i>error</i> that "reason is the ultimate standard by which man can and ought to arrive at knowledge" and an <i>error</i> that "divine revelation is imperfect" in the Bible – and anyone maintaining those errors was to be "<a href="/wiki/Anathematized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anathematized">anathematized</a>" – and in 1888 decreed as follows: "The fundamental doctrine of rationalism is the supremacy of the human reason, which, refusing due submission to the divine and eternal reason, proclaims its own independence... A doctrine of such character is most hurtful both to individuals and to the State... It follows that it is quite unlawful to demand, to defend, or to grant, unconditional [or promiscuous] freedom of thought, speech, writing, or religion."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those principles and Tyndall's principles were profound enemies. Luckily for Tyndall he didn't need to get into a contest with them in Britain. Even in Italy, Huxley and Darwin were awarded honorary medals and most of the Italian governing class was hostile to the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in Ireland during Tyndall's lifetime the majority of the population grew increasingly doctrinaire and vigorous in its Roman Catholicism and also grew stronger politically. Between 1886 and 1893, Tyndall was active in the debate in England about whether to give the Catholics of Ireland more freedom to go their own way. Like the great majority of Irish-born scientists of the 19th century he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Irish Home Rule Movement</a>. He had ardent views about it, which were published in newspapers and pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in an opinion piece in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> on 27 December 1890 he saw priests and Catholicism as "the heart and soul of this movement" and wrote that placing the non-Catholic minority under the dominion of "the priestly horde" would be "an unspeakable crime".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried unsuccessfully to get the UK's premier scientific society to denounce the Irish Home Rule proposal as contrary to the interests of science.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several essays included in his book <i>Fragments of Science for Unscientific People</i>, Tyndall attempted to dissuade people from believing in the potential effectiveness of prayers. At the same time, though, he was not broadly anti-religious.<sup id="cite_ref-TyndallOnReligion_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TyndallOnReligion-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeYoung_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeYoung-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of his readers interpret Tyndall to be a confirmed agnostic,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he never explicitly declared himself to be so.<sup id="cite_ref-TyndallOnReligion_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TyndallOnReligion-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeYoung_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeYoung-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following statement from Tyndall is an example of Tyndall's agnostic mindset, made in 1867, and reiterated in 1878: "The phenomena of matter and force come within our intellectual range... but behind, and above, and around us the real mystery of the universe lies unsolved, and, as far as we are concerned, is incapable of solution.... Let us lower our heads, and acknowledge our ignorance, priest and philosopher, one and all."<sup id="cite_ref-TyndallOnReligion_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TyndallOnReligion-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tyndall did not marry until age 55. His bride, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Charlotte_Tyndall" title="Louisa Charlotte Tyndall">Louisa Hamilton</a>, was the 30-year-old daughter of a member of parliament (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Claud_Hamilton_(1813%E2%80%931884)" title="Lord Claud Hamilton (1813–1884)">Lord Claud Hamilton, M.P.</a>). The following year, 1877, they built a summer <a href="/wiki/Chalet" title="Chalet">chalet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belalp" title="Belalp">Belalp</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>. Before getting married Tyndall had been living for many years in an upstairs apartment at the Royal Institution and continued living there after marriage until 1885 when he and Louisa moved to a house near <a href="/wiki/Haslemere" title="Haslemere">Haslemere</a> 45 miles southwest of London. The marriage was a happy one and without children. He retired from the Royal Institution at age 66 having complaints of ill health.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tyndall became financially well-off from sales of his popular books and fees from his lectures (but there is no evidence that he owned commercial patents). For many years he got non-trivial payments for being a part-time scientific advisor to a couple of quasi-governmental agencies and partly donated the payments to charity. His successful lecture tour of the United States in 1872 netted him a substantial amount of dollars, all of which he promptly donated to a trustee for fostering science in America.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in life his money donations went most visibly to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Unionist">Irish Unionist</a> political cause.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he died, his wealth was £22,122.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison's sake, the income of a police constable in London was about £80 per year at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndall-Denkmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tyndall-Denkmal.jpg/170px-Tyndall-Denkmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tyndall-Denkmal.jpg/255px-Tyndall-Denkmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tyndall-Denkmal.jpg/340px-Tyndall-Denkmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss memorial to John Tyndall, with the <a href="/wiki/Aletsch_Glacier" title="Aletsch Glacier">Aletsch Glacier</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndall%27s_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tyndall%27s_grave.jpg/220px-Tyndall%27s_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tyndall%27s_grave.jpg/330px-Tyndall%27s_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tyndall%27s_grave.jpg/440px-Tyndall%27s_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Tyndall's grave in St Bartholomew's churchyard, <a href="/wiki/Haslemere" title="Haslemere">Haslemere</a>, Surrey U.K.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_and_Louisa_Tyndall_grave_(2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_and_Louisa_Tyndall_grave_%282024%29.jpg/220px-John_and_Louisa_Tyndall_grave_%282024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_and_Louisa_Tyndall_grave_%282024%29.jpg/330px-John_and_Louisa_Tyndall_grave_%282024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_and_Louisa_Tyndall_grave_%282024%29.jpg/440px-John_and_Louisa_Tyndall_grave_%282024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="3374" /></a><figcaption>The gravestone of John and Louisa Tyndall (2024)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaques_to_Tyndall_and_Vigors,_Leighlinbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plaques_to_Tyndall_and_Vigors%2C_Leighlinbridge.jpg/220px-Plaques_to_Tyndall_and_Vigors%2C_Leighlinbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plaques_to_Tyndall_and_Vigors%2C_Leighlinbridge.jpg/330px-Plaques_to_Tyndall_and_Vigors%2C_Leighlinbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plaques_to_Tyndall_and_Vigors%2C_Leighlinbridge.jpg/440px-Plaques_to_Tyndall_and_Vigors%2C_Leighlinbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Plaques to Tyndall in Leighlinbridge</figcaption></figure> <p>In his last years Tyndall often took <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a> to treat his <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>. When bedridden and ailing, he died from an accidental overdose<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of this drug in 1893 at the age of 73, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Haslemere" title="Haslemere">Haslemere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overdose was administered by his wife Louisa. "My darling," said Tyndall when he realized what had happened, "you have killed your John."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterwards, Tyndall's wife took possession of his papers and assigned herself supervisor of an official biography of him. She procrastinated on the project, however, and it was still unfinished when she died in 1940 aged 95.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book eventually appeared in 1945, written by A. S. Eve and C. H. Creasey, whom Louisa Tyndall had authorised shortly before her death. </p><p>John Tyndall is commemorated by a memorial (the <i>Tyndalldenkmal</i>) erected at an elevation of 2,340 metres (7,680 ft) on the mountain slopes above the village of <a href="/wiki/Belalp" title="Belalp">Belalp</a>, where he had his holiday home, and in sight of the <a href="/wiki/Aletsch_Glacier" title="Aletsch Glacier">Aletsch Glacier</a>, which he had studied.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="John_Tyndall's_books"><span id="John_Tyndall.27s_books"></span>John Tyndall's books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: John Tyndall's books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tyndall, J. (1860), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glaciersofalpsbe00tyndrich">The glaciers of the Alps, Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are related</a>, (1861 edition) Ticknor and Fields, Boston</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1862), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mountaineeringi00tyndgoog">Mountaineering in 1861. A vacation tour</a>, Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, London</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1865), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Radiation_(Rede_Lecture)" class="extiw" title="s:On Radiation (Rede Lecture)">On Radiation</a>: One Lecture</i> (40 pages) <sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1868), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heatconsideredas00tyndrich">Heat : A mode of motion</a>, (1869 edition) D. Appleton, New York</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1869), <i>Natural Philosophy in Easy Lessons</i> (180 pages) (a physics book intended for use in secondary schools)</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faradayasdiscove00tynduoft">Faraday as a discoverer</a>, Longmans, Green, London</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1870), <i>Three Scientific Addresses by Prof. John Tyndall</i> (75 pages) <sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1870), <i>Notes of a Course of Nine Lectures on Light</i> (80 pages)</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1870), <i>Notes of a Course of Seven Lectures on Electrical Phenomena and Theories</i> (50 pages)</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/researchesondiam00tynd"><i>Researches on diamagnetism and magne-crystallic action: including the question of diamagnetic polarity</i></a>, (a compilation of 1850s research reports), Longmans, Green, London</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hoursofexercisei00tynd_0">Hours of exercise in the Alps</a>, Longmans, Green, and Co., London</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21497059"><i>Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Lectures, and Reviews</i></a>, (1872 edition), Longmans, Green, London</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionsto03tyndgoog"><i>Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</i></a>, (a compilation of 1860s research reports), (1873 edition), D. Appleton and Company, New York</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1873), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21310099">The forms of water in clouds & rivers, ice & glaciers</a>, H. S. King & Co., London</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1873), <i>Six Lectures on Light</i> (290 pages)</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1876), <i>Lessons in Electricity at the Royal Institution</i> (100 pages), (intended for secondary school students)</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundacourseeig01tyndgoog">Sound; delivered in eight lectures</a>, (1969 edition), Greenwood Press, New York</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1882), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysonfloatin02tyndgoog">Essays on the floating matter of the air, in relation to putrefaction and infection</a>, D. Appleton, New York</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lightelectricity00tyndiala">Light and electricity: notes of two courses of lectures before the Royal Institution of Great Britain</a>, D. Appleton and Company, New York</li> <li>Tyndall, J. (1892), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfragments00tynduoft"><i>New Fragments</i></a> (miscellaneous essays for a broad audience), D. Appleton, New York</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheet dynamics">Ice sheet dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndalls_setup_for_measuring_radiant_heat_absorption_by_gases_annotated.jpg" title="File:Tyndalls setup for measuring radiant heat absorption by gases annotated.jpg">John Tyndall's system for measuring radiant heat absorption in gases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telhistory.ru/telephone_history/inostrannye-izobretateli/mikhail-pupin/">"Музей истории телефона - История телефона"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+-+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelhistory.ru%2Ftelephone_history%2Finostrannye-izobretateli%2Fmikhail-pupin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pupin, Michael. From immigrant to inventor. — New York, London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1949. — p. 200. — 396 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1868&year-max=1868%5C&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1868%26year-max%3D1868%255C%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When working for the government's land surveying agency in Lancashire, Tyndall was one of a number of employees who signed a petition calling for higher wages plus some other changes in working conditions. In November 1843, all of the signatories to the petition were dismissed from their jobs. In August 1844, Tyndall was hired by a railway surveying company in Lancashire at almost four times higher pay than the government had been paying him. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Thompson1957" class="citation journal cs1">D. Thompson (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057875780000061">"John Tyndall: A study in vocational enterprise"</a>. <i>The Vocational Aspect of Education</i>. <b>9</b> (18): 38–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057875780000061">10.1080/03057875780000061</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vocational+Aspect+of+Education&rft.atitle=John+Tyndall%3A+A+study+in+vocational+enterprise&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=38-48&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057875780000061&rft.au=D.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03057875780000061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> Also Eve, A.S. & Creasey, C.H. (1945). <i>Life and Work of John Tyndall</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall was the chief surveyor for the proposed railway line from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a> to <a href="/wiki/Keighley" title="Keighley">Keighley</a> in 1846, according to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Archer_Hirst" title="Thomas Archer Hirst">Thomas Archer Hirst</a>, who worked under Tyndall at the same engineering firm at the time – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Hirst.html">Ref</a>. Tyndall described himself as the "principal assistant" at the firm – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/proceedings52royauoft#page/xiv/mode/2up">"Tyndall's Obituary for Hirst"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>52</b>: xiv–xv. 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Tyndall%27s+Obituary+for+Hirst&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=xiv-xv&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fproceedings52royauoft%23page%2Fxiv%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall gave detailed recollections about his life in the 1840s in "Address Delivered at the Birkbeck Institution on October 22, 1884", which is published as a chapter in his <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfragments00tynd">New Fragments</a></i> essays (1892).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall studied under Bunsen from 1848 to 1850. Thirty-five years later, he praised Bunsen for explaining chemistry and physics in "the language of experiment" and said "I still look back on Bunsen as the nearest approach to my ideal of a university teacher." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfragments00tynd"><i>New Fragments</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall's main 1850s research reports on diamagnetism were later republished as a collection, which is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/researchesondiam00tynduoft">Archive.org</a>. In the preface to the collection Tyndall writes about the work's historical context. <a href="#Biographies_of_John_Tyndall">William T. Jeans' biography of Tyndall</a> (pp. 22–34) also goes into the historical context of Tyndall's diamagnetic investigations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Faraday advocated for Tyndall's appointment at the Royal Institution. As part of that, in a letter to the managers of the Royal Institution on 23 May 1853, Faraday praised Tyndall's abilities as a lecturer: "I have heard him on two or three occasions, when his manner of expounding nature by discourse and experiment was in my judgement excellent". Source: Emily Hankin (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/study_msc/dissertations/stable/2008_hankin.pdf">"John Tyndall's Lecture Courses at the Royal Institution and their Reception"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094241/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/study_msc/dissertations/stable/2008_hankin.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the account in Tyndall's book <i>The Glaciers of the Alps</i> (1860), Tyndall in 1858 reached the summit of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a> solo carrying only a ham sandwich for sustenance. The first ascent of Monte Rosa had taken place only in 1855. He had already reached the summit of Monte Rosa in a guided group on 10 August 1858 but he made an unplanned second ascent solo on 17 August 1858 after breakfast: "the waiter then provided me with a ham sandwich, and, with my <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scrip#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:scrip">scrip</a> thus frugally furnished, I thought the heights of Monte Rosa might be won...." (continued at pages 151–157 of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glaciersalpsbeing00tyndrich">Glaciers of the Alps</a></i>). Besides Tyndall's own books, information about Tyndall as a mountaineer is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmountai006709mbp"><i>A History of Mountaineering in the Alps</i></a> by Claire Eliane Engel and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorianmountai010590mbp"><i>The Victorian Mountaineers</i></a> by Ronald Clark.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That quotation from Tyndall appears in <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm (1911)</a>. For Forbes' view of the issue see "Appendix A" (plus Chapter XV) of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjam00shaiuoft">Life and Letters of James David Forbes</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/summary/1411466">"Geographic Names Information System"</a>. <i>edits.nationalmap.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edits.nationalmap.gov&rft.atitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsummary%2F1411466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer,_William_H.1873" class="citation journal cs1">Brewer, William H. (1873). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_2/April_1873/Discovery_of_Mount_Tyndall">"Discovery of Mount Tyndall"</a>. <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>. <b>2</b>: 739–741.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+Mount+Tyndall&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=739-741&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Brewer%2C+William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPopular_Science_Monthly%2FVolume_2%2FApril_1873%2FDiscovery_of_Mount_Tyndall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaast,_Julius1864" class="citation journal cs1">Haast, Julius (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOoRAAAAYAAJ&q=Mount+Tyndall&pg=PA89">"Notes on the Mountains and Glaciers of the Canterbury Province, New Zealand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London">Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London</a></i>. <b>34</b>: 87–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1798467">10.2307/1798467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798467">1798467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Mountains+and+Glaciers+of+the+Canterbury+Province%2C+New+Zealand&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=87-96&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1798467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1798467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Haast%2C+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOoRAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMount%2BTyndall%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyndall_Bakerian-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyndall_Bakerian_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyndall1861" class="citation journal cs1">Tyndall, John (31 December 1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1861.0001">"I. The Bakerian Lecture.—On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>151</b>. The Royal Society: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1dKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">1–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1861.0001">10.1098/rstl.1861.0001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>. <q>Received January 10, Read February 7, 1861</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=I.+The+Bakerian+Lecture.%E2%80%94On+the+Absorption+and+Radiation+of+Heat+by+Gases+and+Vapours%2C+and+on+the+Physical+Connexion+of+Radiation%2C+Absorption%2C+and+Conduction&rft.volume=151&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=1861-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1861.0001&rft.issn=0261-0523&rft.aulast=Tyndall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1861.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_Lab_Book-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_Lab_Book_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_Lab_Book_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Roland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2018/john-tyndall-founder-of-climate-science/">"John Tyndall: founder of climate science?"</a>. <i>Climate Lab Book</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Lab+Book&rft.atitle=John+Tyndall%3A+founder+of+climate+science%3F&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate-lab-book.ac.uk%2F2018%2Fjohn-tyndall-founder-of-climate-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RI_who_discovered-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RI_who_discovered_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RI_who_discovered_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2020" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Roland (5 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rigb.org/blog/2019/may/who-discovered-the-greenhouse-effect">"Who discovered the greenhouse effect?"</a>. <i>The Royal Institution: Science Lives Here</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Institution%3A+Science+Lives+Here&rft.atitle=Who+discovered+the+greenhouse+effect%3F&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigb.org%2Fblog%2F2019%2Fmay%2Fwho-discovered-the-greenhouse-effect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> Note; it is now appreciated that in 1856 <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Newton_Foote" title="Eunice Newton Foote">Eunice Foote</a> had published experiments on how the sun's rays heated gases, giving evidence that CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat absorption">absorbed heat</a>, and speculated that changes in their proportions could affect <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, but she did not differentiate the effects of <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> heat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Royal_Society_pp._37–39-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_pp._37–39_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyndall1860" class="citation journal cs1">Tyndall, John (31 December 1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1859.0017">"VII. Note on the transmission of radiant heat through gaseous bodies"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>10</b>. The Royal Society: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amlr21axjUAC&pg=PA37">37–39</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1859.0017">10.1098/rspl.1859.0017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0370-1662">0370-1662</a>. <q>Received May 26, 1859</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=VII.+Note+on+the+transmission+of+radiant+heat+through+gaseous+bodies&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=37-39&rft.date=1860-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1859.0017&rft.issn=0370-1662&rft.aulast=Tyndall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspl.1859.0017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RI_10_June_1859-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RI_10_June_1859_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weekly Evening Meeting, Friday, June 10, 1859. <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">The Prince Consort</a>, Vice-Patron, in the Chair. John Tyndall, Esq. F.R.S. "On the Transmission of Heat of different qualities through Gases of different kinds", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Institution_of_Great_Britain1862" class="citation book cs1">Royal Institution of Great Britain (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA158"><i>Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain: With Abstracts of the Discourses Delivered at the Evening Meetings</i></a>. pp. 155–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notices+of+the+Proceedings+at+the+Meetings+of+the+Members+of+the+Royal+Institution+of+Great+Britain%3A+With+Abstracts+of+the+Discourses+Delivered+at+the+Evening+Meetings&rft.pages=155-158&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Royal+Institution+of+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FFJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Details of Tyndall's device for measuring the infrared absorptive power of a gas are described in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Rodger_Fleming2005" class="citation book cs1">James Rodger Fleming (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09RtcSCGv7gC&pg=PA69"><i>Historical Perspectives on Climate Change</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518973-5"><bdi>978-0-19-518973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Perspectives+on+Climate+Change&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518973-5&rft.au=James+Rodger+Fleming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09RtcSCGv7gC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> Greater details are in Chapter I of Tyndall's own book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionsto01tyndgoog">Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baum_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baum, Rudy M. Sr. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/future-calculations">"Future Calculations: The first climate change believer"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 38–39<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Future+Calculations%3A+The+first+climate+change+believer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=38-39&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Rudy+M.+Sr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Ffuture-calculations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall explained the "greenhouse effect" in a public lecture in January 1863 entitled "On Radiation Through The Earth's Atmosphere". He emphasized that our environment would be much colder at nighttime in the absence of the greenhouse effect. This short, readable lecture is reprinted in his 1872 book about radiant heat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributionsto01tyndgoog#page/n441/mode/1up">available here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Roland (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2018.0066">"Eunice Foote, John Tyndall and a question of priority"</a>. <i>Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 105–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2018.0066">10.1098/rsnr.2018.0066</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186208096">186208096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records%3A+The+Royal+Society+Journal+of+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Eunice+Foote%2C+John+Tyndall+and+a+question+of+priority&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-118&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2018.0066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186208096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsnr.2018.0066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfraredEmissionByGases-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InfraredEmissionByGases_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InfraredEmissionByGases_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">After his measurements of infrared absorption by gases in 1859, Tyndall measured infrared emission by gases in 1860, with respect to broad-spectrum infrared radiation. He did this for many different gases, and when the gases were ranked by their emissive powers the rank order was the same as it was for their absorptive powers. His February 1861 article "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1dKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction</a>" in <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>, Volume 151, pages 1–36, year 1861, was later republished in the book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionsto01tyndgoog">Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</a></i>, Chapter I; and in the same book there is more in Chapter II section 11 (year 1862), and chapter IX section 6 (year 1865). These laboratory experiments by Tyndall on "the reciprocity of absorption and radiation on the part of gases" were informed by experiments done on solids by Balfour Stewart in 1858 and 1859. The two relevant articles by Balfour Stewart are online as republished in 1901 in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawsofradiationa00bracrich">The Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs by Prévost, Stewart, Kirchhoff and Bunsen</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MolecularPhysicsInDomainOfRadiantHeat-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MolecularPhysicsInDomainOfRadiantHeat_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MolecularPhysicsInDomainOfRadiantHeat_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the late 1850s Balfour Stewart had showed that cold rock-salt was a very strong absorber of the radiations from hot rock-salt, even though rock-salt was a very weak absorber of the radiations from all other kinds of heat-sources tested. By the early 1860s this had been generalized in the scientific literature to the principle that any kind of chemical will very strongly absorb the radiations coming from a separate body of the same kind of chemical. In Tyndall's words this was a "principle which lies at the basis of spectrum analysis, ... namely, that a body which is competent to emit any ray, whether of heat or light, is competent in the same degree to absorb that ray" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fragmscience01tyndrich#page/83/mode/1up">(1866)</a>. Tyndall made several original observations around 1863 by beginning with the assumption that this principle is correct. The following is a summary of one of them. It was well-known at the time that in a flame of burning carbon monoxide, the carbon monoxide chemically combines with the oxygen of the air to form carbon dioxide plus heat. Tyndall observed that if a body of cold or room-temperature carbon dioxide is placed near the flame "the cold gas is intensely opaque to [i.e. it very strongly absorbs] the radiation from this particular flame, though it is highly transparent to [i.e. it very weakly absorbs] heat of every other kind." Thus the great bulk of the heat in the carbon monoxide flame fits the <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission spectrum</a> of carbon dioxide, implying the heat is a radiant emission from the newly formed carbon dioxide molecules. Tyndall got the same type of result with a flame of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">burning hydrogen</a>, another flame known to be chemically simple in the sense that very little intermediate or transitory molecules are produced in it. This appears to be the first demonstration that the heat given out in chemical reactions has its physical origination within the new molecules. Tyndall's report of the demonstration is in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionsto01tyndgoog">Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</a></i>, sections 11–17 of Chapter VI, dated 1864. A related demonstration is in sections 3–8 of Chapter V, dated 1863. It is also discussed in Tyndall's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fragmscience01tyndrich#page/74/mode/1up">Fragments of Science, Volume I</a></i> Chapter III, dated 1866. For a modern analysis of where the heat is coming from in the carbon monoxide flame see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._N._Dixon1963" class="citation journal cs1">R. N. Dixon (1963). "The Carbon Monoxide Flame Bands". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A</i>. <b>275</b> (1362): 431–446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963RSPSA.275..431D">1963RSPSA.275..431D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1963.0178">10.1098/rspa.1963.0178</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2414583">2414583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98444207">98444207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A&rft.atitle=The+Carbon+Monoxide+Flame+Bands&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1362&rft.pages=431-446&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1963.0178&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98444207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2414583%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963RSPSA.275..431D&rft.au=R.+N.+Dixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> Tyndall also interpreted the carbon monoxide flame as showing that carbon dioxide's spectral profile remains the same at room temperature and at a temperature of over 2000 °C, the temperature in the flame; and likewise for the product of the hydrogen flame. This was in contrast to the easily seen fact in solids such as carbon and platinum where the spectral profile moves towards the quicker frequencies when the temperature is increased.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Calorescence" title="Calorescence">calorescence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reported in a 10-page biography of John Tyndall by Arthur Whitmore Smith, a professor of physics, writing in an American scientific monthly in 1920; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributions05michuoft#page/n90/mode/1up">available online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndall Scattering">Tyndall Scattering</a> is subject to some definitional overlap with the terms <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_Scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayleigh Scattering">Rayleigh Scattering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mie_Scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mie Scattering">Mie Scattering</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A brief account of the early history of thermophoresis studies is given in <i>Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science</i>, 2nd edition, year 2006, pages 6274–6275. Thermophoresis was first described by Tyndall in a Royal Institution lecture titled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scientificaddre01tyndgoog#page/n23/mode/1up">"On Haze and Dust"</a>, year 1870, which is included in Tyndall's 1870 book <i>Scientific Addresses</i>. He observed the thermophoresis in gas mixtures. Unrelatedly and unknown to him, thermophoresis was observed in liquid mixtures in 1856 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionsto01tyndgoog">Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</a></i> pages 199–214, dated 1863. Those experiments demanded "scrupulous accuracy, and minute attention to details", he later said <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newfragments00tynd/#page/91/mode/1up">(ref)</a>. In one of his other and simpler experiments, infrared plus visible light beaming from an 1860s-vintage electric lamp was brought to a focus point via a powerful concave mirror. On its way to the focus point, the beam was passed through a body of liquid water. At the focus point, beyond the water, the beam was able to set wood on fire but was not able to melt frozen water. On removal of the intervening body of liquid water, the frozen water rapidly melted. This indicates that frequencies emerging from water are specifically frequencies that water molecules do not absorb and water's <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">phase state</a> does not have a discernible role. <i>Contributions to Molecular Physics</i> page 314 (year 1865); and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fragmscience01tyndrich/#page/84/mode/1up">ref</a> page 84-85 (year 1866).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_W._GentryLin_Jui-Chen1996" class="citation journal cs1">James W. Gentry; Lin Jui-Chen (1996). "The Legacy of John Tyndall in Aerosol Science". <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. <b>27</b>: S503–S504. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JAerS..27S.503G">1996JAerS..27S.503G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-8502%2896%2900324-2">10.1016/0021-8502(96)00324-2</a>. <q>Tyndall's primary contributions were...[among other things]... the design of experiments which increased the deflections of the galvanometer by two orders of magnitude from the earlier measurements for double refraction (by Knoblauch) and the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_effect" title="Faraday effect">Faraday effect</a> (by de la Provostaye and Desains).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aerosol+Science&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+John+Tyndall+in+Aerosol+Science&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=S503-S504&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0021-8502%2896%2900324-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JAerS..27S.503G&rft.au=James+W.+Gentry&rft.au=Lin+Jui-Chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> Tyndall's presentation of the subject begins under the heading "The Identity of Light and Radiant Heat" in his 1873 tutorial book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sixlecturesonlig00tyndrich#page/179/mode/1up">Six Lectures on Light</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_B._Jaffe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Michael B. Jaffe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/reprint/107/3/890.pdf">"Infrared Measurement of Carbon Dioxide in the Human Breath: Breathe-Through Devices from Tyndall to the Present Day"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anesthesia & Analgesia</i>. <b>107</b> (3): 890–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1213%2Fane.0b013e31817ee3b3">10.1213/ane.0b013e31817ee3b3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18713902">18713902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15610449">15610449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anesthesia+%26+Analgesia&rft.atitle=Infrared+Measurement+of+Carbon+Dioxide+in+the+Human+Breath%3A+Breathe-Through+Devices+from+Tyndall+to+the+Present+Day&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=890-904&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15610449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18713902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1213%2Fane.0b013e31817ee3b3&rft.au=Michael+B.+Jaffe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anesthesia-analgesia.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F107%2F3%2F890.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> See also John Tyndall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionsto01tyndgoog"><i>Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</i></a>, §4 of Chapter II (dated 1862) and §13 of Chapter VI (dated 1864).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall's experiment on ozone is in sections 17–19 of "Further Researches on the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gaseous Matter", dated January 1862; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributionsto03tyndgoog#page/n128/mode/1up">online</a>. Some biographical sketches of Tyndall state that Tyndall "showed that ozone was an oxygen cluster rather than a hydrogen compound" (this statement is at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://todayinsci.com/12/12_04.htm"><i>Today in Science History</i></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Tyndall,_John"><i>The Encyclopedia of Earth</i></a>, for example). But it is an overstatement, because other researchers had already shown at an earlier date that ozone was an oxygen cluster. Tyndall's experiment just helped to reaffirm it by a different method. For background historical context see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2001-Rubin.pdf">"The History of Ozone 1839 – 1868"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411012834/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2001-Rubin.pdf">Archived</a> 11 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Mordecai B. Rubin (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discussed in Tyndall's book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysonfloating00tynduoft">The Floating-matter of the Air</a></i>. Tyndall writes (page 46): "Gravity is not the only agent.... It is practically impossible to surround a closed vessel by an absolutely uniform temperature; and where differences of temperature, however small, exist, air-currents will be established. By such gentle currents the floating particles are gradually brought into contact with all the surrounding surfaces. To these they adhere, and the suspended matter finally disappears from the air altogether."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R97614.pdf">Microform.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035248/http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R97614.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> has a catalog (perhaps incomplete) of letters from Pasteur to Tyndall. Communications between the two were most frequent during the mid-1870s. The earliest letter from Pasteur to Tyndall is dated 10 August 1871. Pasteur's early research had been in fermentation vats and broths. As he aimed to extend his program to air, he got in touch with Tyndall as someone who was an expert at dealing technically with air. In June 1871 extracts from a lecture by Tyndall entitled "Dust and Disease" were published in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/essaysonfloating00tynduoft#page/1/mode/1up">"Dust and Disease" lecture</a> was Tyndall's first publication in this area. Ten years later Tyndall published a 350-page book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysonfloating00tynduoft">Essays on the Floating-matter of the Air in relation to Putrefaction and Infection</a></i> which consists primarily of descriptions of his own experiments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConant,_James_Bryant1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryant Conant">Conant, James Bryant</a> (1957). "Pasteur's and Tyndall's Study of Spontaneous Generation". <i>Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 489–539.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pasteur%27s+and+Tyndall%27s+Study+of+Spontaneous+Generation&rft.btitle=Harvard+Case+Histories+in+Experimental+Science&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=489-539&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Conant%2C+James+Bryant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Taggart <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/gasmask/page.html">History of air-purifying type gas-masks in the 19th-century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502145330/http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/gasmask/page.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. John Tyndall (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fragmentsscienc10tyndgoog#page/n318/mode/2up"><i>Fireman's Respirator</i></a>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Tyndall1874" class="citation journal cs1">John Tyndall (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philtrans07303711">"On Some Recent Experiments with a Fireman's Respirator"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>22</b> (148–155): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philtrans07303711/page/n0">359</a>–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1873.0060">10.1098/rspl.1873.0060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/112853">112853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145628172">145628172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+Some+Recent+Experiments+with+a+Fireman%27s+Respirator&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=148%E2%80%93155&rft.pages=359-361&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145628172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F112853%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1873.0060&rft.au=John+Tyndall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiltrans07303711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a>, who published a much-praised tome about sound in 1877–78, has a review of Tyndall's original contributions to the science of sound in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/proceedings14roya#page/216/mode/1up"><i>Proceedings of the Royal Institution</i>, Volume XIV</a>, pages 221–223, dated 16 March 1894. Tyndall's own presentation of his "Researches on the Acoustic Transparency of the Atmosphere" is in chapter VII of the 3rd edition (1875) of Tyndall's book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sound05tyndgoog#page/n36/mode/2up">Sound</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the later 19th century the Royal Society of London compiled an international catalog of scientific research papers, covering the whole century, indexed by author. In the Royal Society's catalog 147 entries appear under Tyndall's name between 1850 and 1883. Between 1850 and 1863 Tyndall published 74 papers in research journals, an average of nearly one every two months. A listing of these papers can be found in the Royal Society's 1872 publication <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofscien06roya#page/75/mode/1up">Catalogue of Scientific Papers Volume VI</a></i>. From 1864 through 1873 he published 41 papers, and these are listed in the Royal Society's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofscien08roya#page/1130/mode/1up">Catalogue of Scientific Papers Volume VIII</a></i>. From 1874 through 1883 he published 32 papers, and these are listed in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofscien11roya#page/662/mode/1up">Catalogue of Scientific Papers Volume XI</a></i>. He produced very little after he got sick in 1885. Apart from his research papers, between 1860 and 1881 Tyndall also published 13 science books (see <a href="#John_Tyndall's_books">List of John Tyndall's books</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/study_msc/dissertations/stable/2008_hankin.pdf">"John Tyndall's Lecture Courses at the Royal Institution and their Reception"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094241/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/study_msc/dissertations/stable/2008_hankin.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Emily Hankin (year 2008), pages 28–31, says that Tyndall and his audiences liked experimental demonstrations that had an element of spectacle, and that Tyndall selected lecture topics with that consideration partly in mind. The biographers Eve and Creasey are quoted as saying: "His lectures were written down, rehearsed, and profusely illustrated with experiment. He knew that a public lecture should have the same exacting care in production as a play in a theatre."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Colladon's 1842 "light fountain" article is entitled "On the reflections of a ray of light inside a parabolic liquid stream". The history of this during the 19th century is in the book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7HqAvWGUUkC"><i>The Story of Fiber Optics</i></a> by Jeff Hecht, year 1999, Chapter 2. In Tyndall's own 1870 book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/notesofcourseofn00tyndrich#page/20/mode/2up">Notes on Light</a></i> Tyndall has a section entitled "Total Reflexion" where he explains: "When the light passes from air into water, the refracted ray is bent <i>towards</i> the perpendicular.... When the ray passes from water to air it is bent <i>from</i> the perpendicular.... If the angle which the ray in water encloses with the perpendicular to the surface be greater than 48 degrees, the ray will not quit the water at all: it will be <i>totally reflected</i> at the surface.... The angle which marks the limit where total reflexion begins is called the limiting angle of the medium. For water this angle is 48° 27', for flint glass it is 38° 41', while for diamond it is 23° 42'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from Tyndall's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fragmscience02tyndrich#page/385/mode/1up">Fragments of Science, Volume II</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In early 1861 Tyndall was writing: "All the gases and vapours hitherto mentioned [which are absorbers of radiant heat] are transparent to light; that is to say, the waves of the visible spectrum pass among them without sensible absorption. Hence it is plain that their absorptive power depends on the periodicity of the undulations which strike them.... By Kirchhoff it has been conclusively shown that every atom absorbs in a special degree those waves which are synchronous with its own periods of vibration." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributionsto01tyndgoog#page/n69/mode/1up">Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributionsto01tyndgoog#page/n102/mode/1up">pages 80–81 (dated 1862)</a>. He says on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributionsto01tyndgoog#page/n355/mode/1up">page 334 (dated 1869)</a> that the difference in absorption rates "may be a millionfold" : [abridged] "Let nitrogen and hydrogen be mixed mechanically together in the proportion of 14:3. Radiant heat will pass through the mixture as through a vacuum; the amount of heat intercepted is so small as to be practically insensible. The moment the nitrogen and hydrogen build themselves together into the molecules of ammonia [NH<sub>3</sub>] the amount of radiant heat which they absorb is augmented more than a thousandfold. It may be a millionfold, for we do not yet know how small the absorption of the absolutely pure mixture really is. The act of chemical union is the sole cause of the enormous alteration in the amount of heat intercepted. The converse is also true: dissolve the chemical bond of the ammonia, and you instantly destroy the absorption."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1853 <a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Ångström</a> had argued, based on general principles of resonance, that an incandescent gas should emit luminous rays of the same frequencies as those it can absorb. After this was affirmed and made more general experimentally by Tyndall and others in the early 1860s, Ångström got a lot of plaudits. When the original paper by Ångström (published in German in 1854) was published in English in 1855, the translator from the German was John Tyndall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Charles_Drury_Brand1995" class="citation book cs1">John Charles Drury Brand (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spYSK-g8DrkC&pg=PA61"><i>Lines of light: the sources of dispersive spectroscopy, 1800–1930</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88449-162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88449-162-4"><bdi>978-2-88449-162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+light%3A+the+sources+of+dispersive+spectroscopy%2C+1800%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-88449-162-4&rft.au=John+Charles+Drury+Brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DspYSK-g8DrkC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributionsto01tyndgoog#page/n448/mode/1up">page 428, dated 1868</a>. When talking about chemical reactions produced by light he says "if the absorption [of radiant energy] were the act of the molecule as a whole, the relative motions of its constituent atoms would remain unchanged, and there would be no mechanical cause for their separation [in a photochemical decomposition]." Therefore in a photochemical decomposition, "it is probably the synchronism of the vibrations of <i>one portion</i> of the molecule with the incident waves which enables the amplitude of those vibrations to augment [i.e. resonate] until the chain which binds the parts of the molecule together is snapped asunder."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Yamalidou1999" class="citation journal cs1">Maria Yamalidou (1999). "John Tyndall, The Rhetorician of Molecularity. Part One. Crossing the Boundary towards the Invisible". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 231–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0077">10.1098/rsnr.1999.0077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145674374">145674374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=John+Tyndall%2C+The+Rhetorician+of+Molecularity.+Part+One.+Crossing+the+Boundary+towards+the+Invisible&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-242&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145674374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Maria+Yamalidou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Yamalidou1999" class="citation journal cs1">Maria Yamalidou (1999). "John Tyndall, The Rhetorician of Molecularity. Part Two. Questions Put to Nature". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 319–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0085">10.1098/rsnr.1999.0085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144929561">144929561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=John+Tyndall%2C+The+Rhetorician+of+Molecularity.+Part+Two.+Questions+Put+to+Nature&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-331&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144929561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Maria+Yamalidou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> See also Tyndall's popular essay <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newfragments00tynd/#page/78/mode/1up">"Atoms, Molecules, and Ether Waves" (year 1882)</a> in Tyndall's book of essays for a broad audience, <i>New Fragments</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the hundreds of public lectures by Tyndall for non-specialist audiences at the Royal Institution, he delivered in 1861, 1863, 1865, 1867, 1869, 1871, 1873, 1875, 1877, 1879, 1882 and 1884 the annual <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Royal Institution Christmas Lectures</a> for young audiences on the subjects <i>Light</i>; <i>Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion</i>; <i>Sound</i>; <i>Heat and Cold</i>; <i>Light</i>; <i>Ice, Water, Vapour and Air</i>; <i>The Motion and Sensation of Sound</i>; <i>Experimental Electricity</i>; <i>Heat, Visible and Invisible</i>; <i>Water and Air</i>; <i>Light and the Eye</i> and <i>The Sources of Electricity</i>, respectively. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/study_msc/dissertations/stable/2008_hankin.pdf">Appendix A at REF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094241/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/study_msc/dissertations/stable/2008_hankin.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> lists subject areas of other lecture series for non-experts by Tyndall at the Royal Institution over the years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the 14 days in December 1872 when Tyndall gave public evening lectures in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <i>The New York Times</i> printed news items about Tyndall on 9 of the days, some of them lengthy efforts at recapitulating what Professor Tyndall had said in his lecture the night before about the nature of light. <i>The New York Times</i> noted that more than half the people attending the lectures were women (which was generally true of Tyndall's lectures in London as well) and noted that the series of evening lectures about the nature of light delivered in Washington DC was attended by eminent U.S. Senators, Cabinet Ministers, and one night the U.S. President himself, accompanied by his daughter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=%22Prof.+Tyndall%22&srchst=p&submit.x=30&submit.y=11&submit=sub&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=12&day1=04&year1=1872&mon2=02&day2=09&year2=1873"><i>The New York Times</i> Archives, 4 December 1872 – 9 February 1873</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall was a celebrity in the later 19th century and he was one of the people profiled in the 1878 book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celebritiesathom02yate">Celebrities at Home (2nd Series)</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndall said in 1884: "Two factors went to the formation of a teacher. In regard to knowledge he must, of course, be master of his work.... [and secondly] a power of character must underlie and enforce the work of the intellect. There were men who could so rouse and energise their pupils – so call forth their strength and the pleasure of its exercise – as to make the hardest work agreeable. Without this power it is questionable whether the teacher could ever really enjoy his vocation; with it, I do not know a higher, nobler, and more blessed calling." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newfragments00tynd/#page/232/mode/1up">New Fragments</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some of his science books were short, like 80 pages, and others were not. See the <a href="#John_Tyndall's_books">List of John Tyndall's books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A catalog of the German editions of Tyndall's books at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AJohn+Tyndall&fq=ln%3Ager">Worldcat.org</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A catalog of the French editions of Tyndall's books at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AJohn+Tyndall&fq=ln%3Afre">Worldcat.org</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from Tyndall's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/formsofwaterincl00tyndiala#page/190/mode/2up">The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers</a></i>, year 1872.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Tyndall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sound05tyndgoog"><i>Sound</i>, 3rd edition (1875)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The UK publisher was Longmans. The US publisher was Appleton. Longmans kept the book in print until sometime after 1908 and Appleton until sometime after 1915. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2536919/editions?editionsView=true">Worldcat.org</a>. The German publisher, Braunschweig, introduced a renewed German edition in 1894; and the French publisher, Gauthier-Villars, in 1887. In Russian the first edition was in 1864 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/24939/1/Why%20Does%20Levin%20Read%20Tyndall.pdf">(ref)</a> and an updated edition came out in Russian in 1888 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49259153">(ref)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Clerk Maxwell (1871, 1872) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/theoryheat06maxwgoog#page/n10/mode/2up"><i>Theory of Heat</i></a>, preface page vi (publisher: Longmans, Green & Co).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A review of how Tyndall demarcated science from religion, marshalling quotes from Tyndall, is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGieryn1999" class="citation book cs1">Gieryn, Thomas F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GljD3CHbDx0C&pg=PA37">"John Tyndall's Double Boundary-Work"</a>. <i>Cultural Boundaries of Science</i>. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 37–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Tyndall%27s+Double+Boundary-Work&rft.btitle=Cultural+Boundaries+of+Science&rft.pages=37-64&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Gieryn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGljD3CHbDx0C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of Tyndall's 1874 <i>Belfast Address</i> is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/science/science_texts/belfast.html">Victorianweb.org</a>. This speech got more coverage in the Victorian-era newspapers than any other single public speech in the decades-long Victorian debate over the status of evolution theory. A lengthy review of the speech and the speech's reception by London newspapers was published by <i>The New York Times</i> on 5 September 1874. It is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E4DE1E39EF34BC4D53DFBF66838F669FDE">downloadable</a>. The great majority of London newspapers either endorsed Tyndall's position or took a neutral but respectful attitude towards it. Among other commentators the speech did have critics but a majority of these looked askance at subtleties and minor aspects <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gkbenterprises.org.uk/thesis/ch05.htm#fnote61anc">(e.g.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907075712/http://www.gkbenterprises.org.uk/thesis/ch05.htm">Archived</a> 7 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/ideasinnatureove00mcco" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ideasinnatureove00mcco">(e.g.)</a>; only a minority defended a role for religious belief in formation of knowledge. As the London <i>Times</i> put it when the speech was making front-page news: "It is probably part of the great change in the manners of this country that [the speech]... will now encounter little contradiction even in the most religious circles" (reprinted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1874/09/07/79081649.pdf"><i>New York Times</i>, 7 Sep 1874</a>). Among the exceptions, the Irish Catholic bishops decried it as paganism. Because the speech got widespread attention and little contradiction, and came from the Establishment post of the presidency of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, later historians have seen the speech as the "final victory" of the evolutionists in Victorian Britain. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._Young1985" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Young (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWk5AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA257"><i>Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521317429" title="Special:BookSources/9780521317429"><bdi>9780521317429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+Metaphor%3A+Nature%27s+Place+in+Victorian+Culture&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521317429&rft.au=Robert+M.+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWk5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those quotations are from the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Syllabus_of_Errors" class="extiw" title="s:The Syllabus of Errors"><i>Syllabus of Errors</i></a> decree (year 1864, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>) and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_20061888_libertas_en.html"><i>Libertas</i></a> decree (year 1888, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>). The <i>Libertas</i> decree also says: [¶27, abridged] "The divine teaching of the Church brings the sure guidance of shining light. Therefore, there is no reason why true science should feel aggrieved at having to bear the restraint of laws by which, in the judgment of the Church, human teaching has to be controlled."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Italy see <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>. Also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_O'Leary2006" class="citation book cs1">Don O'Leary (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicism00olea"><i>Roman Catholicism and Modern Science: A History</i></a></span>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicism00olea/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1868-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1868-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-1868-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholicism+and+Modern+Science%3A+A+History&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1868-5&rft.au=Don+O%27Leary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancatholicism00olea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a list of Tyndall's pamphlets against Irish Home Rule search both <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?search-alias=stripbooks&field-author=tyndall&field-title=gladstone">Amazon</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Search/Home?lookfor=%28author%3AJohn+AND+author%3ATyndall%29+AND+%28subject%3A%22Ireland+-+Politics+and+government+-+1837-1901.%22+OR+subject%3A%22Great+Britain+-+Politics+and+government+-+1837-1901.%22%29&type=all&limits=format%3ABook&submit=Find">National Library of Australia</a>. One of the pamphlets, <i>Mr. Gladstone's Sudden Reversal of Polarity</i>, documented how British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> did a <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(politics)" title="Flip-flop (politics)">flip-flop</a> on the Home Rule question. The intent was to undermine Gladstone's intellectual credibility on the question. Gladstone publicly defended himself against the attack. The debate between them got a lot of attention in the newspapers. Tyndall was a conspicuous participant in the Irish Home Rule debate in the London newspapers between 1886 and 1893. When he died in 1893, <i>The Times</i> newspaper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/eminentpersonsbi06timeiala#page/84/mode/2up">obituary</a> noted that "our readers will remember many eloquent letters written by him of late years, full of unsparing condemnation of Mr. Gladstone's recent [Ireland] policy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More from Tyndall's letter is in the year 1891 compilation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstoneireland00londiala/"><i>Gladstone, Ireland, Rome: A word of warning to electors</i></a> (publisher: Fowler Brothers), page 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The scientists of the British Isles were nearly unanimous in opposing Irish Home Rule, but, to Tyndall's disappointment, a majority of them also thought that the matter didn't have enough direct bearing on the vital interests of science to warrant an organized formal denunciation by them. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Greta (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-KXwPEDYIC&pg=PA188">"Scientists against Home Rule"</a>. In Boyce, D. George; O'Day, Alan (eds.). <i>Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism Since 1801</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 188–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scientists+against+Home+Rule&rft.btitle=Defenders+of+the+Union%3A+A+Survey+of+British+and+Irish+Unionism+Since+1801&rft.place=London&rft.pages=188-208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Greta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLO-KXwPEDYIC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TyndallOnReligion-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TyndallOnReligion_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TyndallOnReligion_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TyndallOnReligion_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The collection of Tyndall's essays where his views on religion are most clearly stated is <i>Fragments of Science, Volume Two</i> (also published under the title <i>Fragments of Science for Unscientific People</i>). It is online in HTML text format at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/24527/pg24527.txt">Gutenberg.org</a> and in other text formats at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fragmscience02tyndrich">Archive.org</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeYoung-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeYoung_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeYoung_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeYoung,_Ursula2011" class="citation book cs1">DeYoung, Ursula (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionmodernscie00deyo_431"><i>A Vision of Modern Science: John Tyndall and the Role of the Scientist in Victorian Culture</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionmodernscie00deyo_431/page/n280">280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11053-3"><bdi>978-0-230-11053-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vision+of+Modern+Science%3A+John+Tyndall+and+the+Role+of+the+Scientist+in+Victorian+Culture&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11053-3&rft.au=DeYoung%2C+Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionmodernscie00deyo_431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> Reports that Tyndall's religious beliefs were "half-agnostic, half-deistic" (page 2) and "Tyndall viewed religion itself as both inescapable and emotionally necessary for humanity, though his conviction of religion's importance was often lost on his critics" (page 5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Hodson_BrockNorman_D._McMillanR._Charles_MollanRoyal_Dublin_Society1981" class="citation book cs1">William Hodson Brock; Norman D. McMillan; R. Charles Mollan; Royal Dublin Society (1981). William Hodson Brock (ed.). <i>John Tyndall, essays on a natural philosopher</i>. Royal Dublin Society. p. 67. <q>He did not give an answer – but he remained a confirmed agnostic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyndall%2C+essays+on+a+natural+philosopher&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Royal+Dublin+Society&rft.date=1981&rft.au=William+Hodson+Brock&rft.au=Norman+D.+McMillan&rft.au=R.+Charles+Mollan&rft.au=Royal+Dublin+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Whitmore_Smith1920" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Whitmore Smith (1920). <i>John Tyndall (1820–1893)</i>. The Science Press. p. 338. <q>Tyndall, like most of his friends, was a reverent agnostic. He did not believe that the ultimate truths of the universe could be expressed in words, or that our limited and finite intelligence could as yet comprehend them. His writings, however, contain many phrases which show that he was familiar with the books of Holy Scripture. And often, after a Sunday evening tea, he would join his friends in the singing of psalm tunes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyndall+%281820%E2%80%931893%29&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=The+Science+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Arthur+Whitmore+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_BrookeGeoffrey_Cantor2000" class="citation book cs1">John Brooke; Geoffrey Cantor (2000). <i>Reconstructing Nature: The Engagement Of Science And Religion</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 250 + 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567087256" title="Special:BookSources/9780567087256"><bdi>9780567087256</bdi></a>. <q>Tyndall's biographers rightly insist that he was not an atheist and instead suggest that he should be labelled an agnostic since he rejected the claims of both scientists and theologians who allowed science to be debased by ungrounded speculations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Nature%3A+The+Engagement+Of+Science+And+Religion&rft.pages=250+%2B+254&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780567087256&rft.au=John+Brooke&rft.au=Geoffrey+Cantor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_H._Lienhard2006" class="citation book cs1">John H. Lienhard (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howinventionbegi00lien/page/204"><i>How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howinventionbegi00lien/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305999" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305999"><bdi>9780195305999</bdi></a>. <q>The agnostic physicist John Tyndall once remarked that Faraday drank from a fount on Sunday that refreshed his soul for a week.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Invention+Begins%3A+Echoes+of+Old+Voices+in+the+Rise+of+New+Machines&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195305999&rft.au=John+H.+Lienhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowinventionbegi00lien%2Fpage%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Thompson2011" class="citation book cs1">Simon Thompson (2011). <i>Unjustifiable Risk?: The Story of British Climbing</i>. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849653787" title="Special:BookSources/9781849653787"><bdi>9781849653787</bdi></a>. <q>Tyndall was a committed agnostic who argued fiercely and frequently and once offered to fight a man who disagreed with his high opinion of Thomas Carlyle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unjustifiable+Risk%3F%3A+The+Story+of+British+Climbing&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cicerone+Press+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849653787&rft.au=Simon+Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_L._NumbersJohn_Stenhouse2001" class="citation book cs1">Ronald L. Numbers; John Stenhouse, eds. (2001). <i>Disseminating Darwinism: The Role of Place, Race, Religion, and Gender</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521011051" title="Special:BookSources/9780521011051"><bdi>9780521011051</bdi></a>. <q>Free thinkers and agnostics indeed occupied chairs at Canterbury College and the University of Otago. A. W. Bickerton, professor of chemistry at Canterbury, had trained in London under militant agnostics T. H. Huxley and John Tyndall, and tirelessly popularized scientific materialism in Christchurch, to the annoyance of local Christians besides Maskell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disseminating+Darwinism%3A+The+Role+of+Place%2C+Race%2C+Religion%2C+and+Gender&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521011051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Kenny2005" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Kenny (2005). <i>The Unknown God: Agnostic Essays</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826476340" title="Special:BookSources/9780826476340"><bdi>9780826476340</bdi></a>. <q>John Tyndall, the agnostic President of the Royal Society, thus describes the view from the summit of the Weisshorn: 'An influence seemed to proceed from it direct to the soul; the delight and exultation experienced were not those of Reason or Knowledge, but of Being...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+God%3A+Agnostic+Essays&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780826476340&rft.au=Anthony+Kenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_3/May_1873/Professor_Tyndall%27s_Deed_of_Trust" class="extiw" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 3/May 1873/Professor Tyndall's Deed of Trust">Professor Tyndall's Deed of Trust</a> in <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>, May 1873. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/07/08/109310694.pdf">Prof. Tyndall's Trust</a> in <i>The New York Times</i>, 8 July 1885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/06/25/104137128.pdf">Gladstone's Home Rule</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>, 25 June 1892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The value of Tyndall's estate at <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> was £22,122: biography of John Tyndall by W. M. Brock in <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (2004). Some ways to assess today the magnitude of £22,122 wealth in 1893 are at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1893&pound71=22122&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=22122&year_source=1893&year_result=2013">MeasuringWorth.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaia_Shpayer-Makov" class="citation web cs1">Haia Shpayer-Makov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/jbrown/papers/shpayer.pdf">"A Work-Life History of Policemen in Victorian and Edwardian England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Haifa, Israel. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Work-Life+History+of+Policemen+in+Victorian+and+Edwardian+England&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Haifa%2C+Israel&rft.au=Haia+Shpayer-Makov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarku.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fjbrown%2Fpapers%2Fshpayer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In late years he was taking magnesia for dyspepsia and chloral hydrate for insomnia. His wife, who administered the drugs, accidentally gave him none of the former and a lethal overdose of the latter. A newspaper report of Mrs. Tyndall's testimony at the coroner's inquest: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F00E4D9173EEF33A25756C2A9649D94629ED7CF">"Mrs. Tyndall's Fatal Error"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 25 December 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Tyndall%27s+Fatal+Error&rft.date=1893-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9F00E4D9173EEF33A25756C2A9649D94629ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Frankland1894" class="citation journal cs1">Edward Frankland (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsroya27britgoog">"Obituary Notice of John Tyndall"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>55</b>: xviii–xxxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notice+of+John+Tyndall&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=xviii-xxxiv&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Edward+Frankland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproceedingsroya27britgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDry,_Sandra2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dry, Sandra (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.sciencemag.org/books/2018/06/19/the-ascent-of-john-tyndall/">"A long-awaited biography does justice to John Tyndall, a pioneering climate researcher and science advocate"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>360</b>: 1307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat6293">10.1126/science.aat6293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49357758">49357758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+long-awaited+biography+does+justice+to+John+Tyndall%2C+a+pioneering+climate+researcher+and+science+advocate&rft.volume=360&rft.pages=1307&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat6293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49357758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Dry%2C+Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.sciencemag.org%2Fbooks%2F2018%2F06%2F19%2Fthe-ascent-of-john-tyndall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louisa Tyndall wanted a collaborator, but was unsatisfied with all candidates. Later, according to Crowther, she would only accept one who would live in her own house, and none such was found. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther,_J._G.1968" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, J. G. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientifictypes00crow"><i>Scientific Types</i></a></span>. London: Barrie & Rockliff, The Crescent Press Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientifictypes00crow/page/187">187–188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780248997294" title="Special:BookSources/9780248997294"><bdi>9780248997294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Types&rft.place=London&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Rockliff%2C+The+Crescent+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780248997294&rft.au=Crowther%2C+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientifictypes00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/81328e6318">"Tyndalldenkmal"</a>. <i>map.geo.admin.ch</i>. Swiss Confederation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=map.geo.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Tyndalldenkmal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs.geo.admin.ch%2F81328e6318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The short book <i>On Radiation</i> (1865) was wholly incorporated into the long book <i>Fragments of Science</i> (1871).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The short book <i>Scientific Addresses</i> was published in America only. It consisted of three speeches delivered in Britain in 1868–1870. Partly published in Britain in the short book entitled <i>Essays on the Use and Limit of the Imagination in Science</i>. Some of this material was republished in the <i>Fragments of Science</i> collection.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_of_John_Tyndall">Biographies of John Tyndall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biographies of John Tyndall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEve,_A.S.Creasey,_C.H.1945" class="citation book cs1">Eve, A.S.; Creasey, C.H. (1945). <i>Life and Work of John Tyndall</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+John+Tyndall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Eve%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Creasey%2C+C.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> 430 pages. This is the "official" biography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tulloch_Jeans" title="William Tulloch Jeans">William Tulloch Jeans</a> wrote a 100-page biography of Professor Tyndall in 1887 (the year Tyndall retired from the Royal Institution). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofelectrici00jean">Downloadable</a>. See also <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73641">The Lives of Electricians</a></i>: Professors Tyndall, Wheatstone, and Morse. (1887, Whittaker & Co.)</li> <li>Louisa Charlotte Tyndall, his wife, wrote an 8-page biography of John Tyndall that was published in 1899 in <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i> (volume 57). It is <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tyndall,_John_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Tyndall, John (DNB00)">readable online</a> (and a 1903 republication of the same biography is also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lecturesessays00tyndiala#page/n10/mode/1up">readable online</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a>, a longtime friend, wrote a 16-page biography of John Tyndall as an obituary in 1894 in a scientific journal. It is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsroya27britgoog/#page/n520/mode/1up">readable online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Thompson1957" class="citation journal cs1">D. Thompson (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057875780000061">"John Tyndall (1820–1893): A study in vocational enterprise"</a>. <i>Journal of Vocational Education & Training</i>. <b>9</b> (18): 38–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057875780000061">10.1080/03057875780000061</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vocational+Education+%26+Training&rft.atitle=John+Tyndall+%281820%E2%80%931893%29%3A+A+study+in+vocational+enterprise&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=38-48&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057875780000061&rft.au=D.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03057875780000061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> Gives an account of Tyndall's vocational development prior to 1853.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock,_W.H.1981" class="citation book cs1">Brock, W.H. (1981). <i>John Tyndall, Essays on a Natural Philosopher</i>. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society" title="Royal Dublin Society">Royal Dublin Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Tyndall%2C+Essays+on+a+Natural+Philosopher&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Royal+Dublin+Society&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Brock%2C+W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> 220 pages.</li> <li>Arthur Whitmore Smith, a professor of physics, wrote a 10-page biography of John Tyndall in 1920 in a scientific monthly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contributions05michuoft#page/n90/mode/1up">Readable online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1894" class="citation journal cs1">Anon (1894). "Obituary notices". <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions</i>. <b>65</b>: 389–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCT8946500382">10.1039/CT8946500382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Transactions&rft.atitle=Obituary+notices&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=389-393&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCT8946500382&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">John Walter Gregory</a>, a naturalist, wrote a 9-page obituary of John Tyndall in 1894 in a natural science journal. Readable online.</li> <li>An early, 8-page profile of John Tyndall appeared in 1864 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/portraitsofmenof02reev#page/n45/mode/1up"><i>Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science and Art</i>, Volume II, pages 25–32</a>.</li> <li>A brief profile of Tyndall based on information supplied by Tyndall himself appeared in 1874 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=article&did=HISTSCITECH.NATURE18740820.HELMH01&id=HistSciTech.Nature18740820&isize=L">"Scientific worthies, IV.--John Tyndall"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>10</b> (251): 299–302. 1874. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1874Natur..10..299.">1874Natur..10..299.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F010299a0">10.1038/010299a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Scientific+worthies%2C+IV.--John+Tyndall&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=251&rft.pages=299-302&rft.date=1874&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F010299a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1874Natur..10..299.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistSciTech%2FHistSciTech-idx%3Ftype%3Darticle%26did%3DHISTSCITECH.NATURE18740820.HELMH01%26id%3DHistSciTech.Nature18740820%26isize%3DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claud_Schuster,_1st_Baron_Schuster" title="Claud Schuster, 1st Baron Schuster">Claud Schuster</a>, <i>John Tyndall as a Mountaineer</i>, 56-page essay included in Schuster's book <i>Postscript to Adventure</i>, year 1950 (New Alpine Library: <a href="/wiki/Eyre_%26_Spottiswoode" title="Eyre & Spottiswoode">Eyre & Spottiswoode</a>, London).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeYoung,_Ursula2011" class="citation book cs1">DeYoung, Ursula (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionmodernscie00deyo_431"><i>A Vision of Modern Science: John Tyndall and the Role of the Scientist in Victorian Culture</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionmodernscie00deyo_431/page/n280">280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11053-3"><bdi>978-0-230-11053-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vision+of+Modern+Science%3A+John+Tyndall+and+the+Role+of+the+Scientist+in+Victorian+Culture&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11053-3&rft.au=DeYoung%2C+Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionmodernscie00deyo_431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Roland2018" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roland (2018). <i>The Ascent of John Tyndall</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198788959" title="Special:BookSources/9780198788959"><bdi>9780198788959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+John+Tyndall&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780198788959&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span> The first major biography of Tyndall since 1945.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyndall, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tyndall,_John">"Tyndall, John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 499–500.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tyndall%2C+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=499-500&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lucy_Allan" title="Jennifer Lucy Allan">Allan, Jennifer Lucy</a> (2018). "Horn Section: John Tyndall's 1873 Foghorn Testing Sessions". In <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Strang" title="Veronica Strang">Strang, Veronica</a>; Edensor, Tim; Puckering, Joanna (eds.). <i>From the Lighthouse: Interdisciplinary Reflections on Light</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472477354" title="Special:BookSources/9781472477354"><bdi>9781472477354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horn+Section%3A+John+Tyndall%E2%80%99s+1873+Foghorn+Testing+Sessions&rft.btitle=From+the+Lighthouse%3A+Interdisciplinary+Reflections+on+Light&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781472477354&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreet2020" class="citation news cs1">Street, Julie (4 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-04/pioneering-scientists-history-of-climate-science/11792558">"Two pioneering scientists who changed how we think about the climate"</a>. <i>ABC Radio National</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+Radio+National&rft.atitle=Two+pioneering+scientists+who+changed+how+we+think+about+the+climate&rft.date=2020-01-04&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-01-04%2Fpioneering-scientists-history-of-climate-science%2F11792558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tyndall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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Tyndall</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" class="extiw" title="c:John Tyndall">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Tyndall" class="extiw" title="q:John Tyndall">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Tyndall" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Tyndall">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04577">Portraits of John Tyndall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360808#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Tyndall,+John">Works by John Tyndall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Tyndall%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Tyndall%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tyndall%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Tyndall%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tyndall%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Tyndall%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tyndall%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Tyndall%22%29%20OR%20%28%221820-1893%22%20AND%20Tyndall%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Tyndall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16171">Works by John Tyndall</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcribingtyndall.wordpress.com/">A blog maintained by a historian who is involved in transcribing Tyndall's letters</a>.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/tyndall/index.html">Tyndall Correspondence Project</a> website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sequoia_National_Park" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sequoia_National_Park" title="Template:Sequoia National Park"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sequoia_National_Park" title="Template talk:Sequoia National Park"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sequoia_National_Park" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sequoia National Park"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sequoia_National_Park" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia National Park</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giant_sequoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant sequoia">Giant sequoias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwell_Mill_Grove" title="Atwell Mill Grove">Atwell Mill Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(tree)" title="Franklin (tree)">Franklin Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Grove" title="Garfield Grove">Garfield Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_(tree)" title="General Sherman (tree)">General Sherman Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Forest" title="Giant Forest">Giant Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_Tree" title="Hazelwood Tree">Hazelwood Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_(tree)" title="King Arthur (tree)">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(tree)" title="Lincoln (tree)">Lincoln Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain_Tree" title="Mark Twain Tree">Mark Twain Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muir_Grove" title="Muir Grove">Muir Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(tree)" title="President (tree)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharp%27s_Log" title="Tharp's Log">Tharp's Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(tree)" title="Washington (tree)">Washington Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaweah_downValley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hamilton Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaweah_downValley.jpg/80px-Kaweah_downValley.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaweah_downValley.jpg/120px-Kaweah_downValley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaweah_downValley.jpg/160px-Kaweah_downValley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Sequoia_National_Park" title="Category:Mountains of Sequoia National Park">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Peak" title="Alta Peak">Alta Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Barnard_(California)" title="Mount Barnard (California)">Mount Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kaweah" title="Black Kaweah">Black Kaweah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Peak_(California)" title="Florence Peak (California)">Florence Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_Peak" title="Junction Peak">Junction Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweah_Peaks_Ridge" title="Kaweah Peaks Ridge">Kaweah Peaks Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweah_Queen" title="Kaweah Queen">Kaweah Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kaweah" title="Mount Kaweah">Mount Kaweah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Langley" title="Mount Langley">Mount Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Le_Conte_(California)" title="Mount Le Conte (California)">Mount Le Conte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mallory" title="Mount Mallory">Mount Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_McAdie" title="Mount McAdie">Mount McAdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Mountain" title="Milestone Mountain">Milestone Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Muir" title="Mount Muir">Mount Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Kaweah" title="Red Kaweah">Red Kaweah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Russell_(California)" title="Mount Russell (California)">Mount Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_Peak" title="Sawtooth Peak">Sawtooth Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stewart_(California)" title="Mount Stewart (California)">Mount Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_(Tulare_County,_California)" title="Table Mountain (Tulare County, California)">Table Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Divide_Peak_(Tulare_County,_California)" title="Triple Divide Peak (Tulare County, California)">Triple Divide Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tyndall" title="Mount Tyndall">Mount Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Mountain_(Tulare_County,_California)" title="Thunder Mountain (Tulare County, California)">Thunder Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sequoia-Kings_Canyon_National_Parks" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks">Historic places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Mountain_Entrance_Sign" title="Ash Mountain Entrance Sign">Ash Mountain Entrance Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_Creek_Ranger_Residence_and_Dormitory" title="Cabin Creek Ranger Residence and Dormitory">Cabin Creek Ranger Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_Cabin" title="Cattle Cabin">Cattle Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Forest_Lodge_Historic_District" title="Giant Forest Lodge Historic District">Giant Forest Lodge Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Forest_Village%E2%80%93Camp_Kaweah_Historic_District" title="Giant Forest Village–Camp Kaweah Historic District">Giant Forest Village–Camp Kaweah Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockett_Meadow_Ranger_Station" title="Hockett Meadow Ranger Station">Hockett Meadow Ranger Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_Rock_(Three_Rivers,_California)" title="Hospital Rock (Three Rivers, California)">Hospital Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear_Lake_Ski_Hut" title="Pear Lake Ski Hut">Pear Lake Ski Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_Ranger_Station" title="Quinn Ranger Station">Quinn Ranger Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_Meadow_Ranger_Station" title="Redwood Meadow Ranger Station">Redwood Meadow Ranger Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Shelter" title="Smithsonian Institution Shelter">Smithsonian Institution Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatter%27s_Cabin" title="Squatter's Cabin">Squatter's Cabin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Other attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cave_(Sequoia_National_Park)" title="Crystal Cave (Sequoia National Park)">Crystal Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Lake_(Tulare_County)" title="Eagle Lake (Tulare County)">Eagle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forester_Pass" title="Forester Pass">Forester Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generals_Highway" title="Generals Highway">Generals' Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generals%27_Highway_Stone_Bridges" title="Generals' Highway Stone Bridges">Generals' Highway Stone Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Divide" title="Great Western Divide">Great Western Divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Trail" title="High Sierra Trail">High Sierra Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Trail" title="John Muir Trail">John Muir Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweah_Gap" title="Kaweah Gap">Kaweah Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_Plateau_salamander" title="Kern Plateau salamander">Kern Plateau salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilliput_Glacier" title="Lilliput Glacier">Lilliput Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_King" title="Mineral King">Mineral King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rock" title="Moro Rock">Moro Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor_(cave)" title="Ursa Minor (cave)">Ursa Minor Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuksachi_Village" title="Wuksachi Village">Wuksachi Village and Lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C.C._Curtis" title="C.C. Curtis">C.C. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mather" title="Stephen Mather">Stephen T. Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Tharp" title="Hale Tharp">Hale D. Tharp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Whitney" title="Josiah Whitney">Josiah Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stewart_(California)" title="Mount Stewart (California)">George W. Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Nearby municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers,_California" title="Three Rivers, California">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_Cove,_California" title="Lemon Cove, California">Lemon Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweah,_California" title="Kaweah, California">Kaweah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visalia,_California" title="Visalia, California">Visalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare,_California" title="Tulare, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California" title="Lone Pine, California">Lone Pine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sequoia_National_Park" title="Category:Sequoia National Park">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360808#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360808#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360808#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121310508">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46802617">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46691/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4gmwmqjbvjwg4y9J7HC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118803050">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139759">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173986t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173986t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459318">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35559888">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003202346&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1463375">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/796011">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070039089">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90238440">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000318903&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=159964">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn25fgh81bkdsb6">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623069305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/249648">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302421005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522940606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14426570">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01820531?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=219258">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24769813000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:tyndall.john">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/1348076">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/john-tyndall/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/995916">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tyndall, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.008696.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118803050.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118803050">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030293189">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044280">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w37zm7">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&oldid=1258605072">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tyndall&oldid=1258605072</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820_births" 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