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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-学术研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#学术研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>学术研究</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-学术研究-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关学术研究子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-学术研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-伦纳德·弗格森" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伦纳德·弗格森"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>伦纳德·弗格森</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伦纳德·弗格森-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-汉斯·艾森克" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汉斯·艾森克"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>汉斯·艾森克</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-汉斯·艾森克-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-艾森克的政治观点与他的研究之间的关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#艾森克的政治观点与他的研究之间的关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>艾森克的政治观点与他的研究之间的关系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-艾森克的政治观点与他的研究之间的关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对艾森克研究的后续批评" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对艾森克研究的后续批评"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>对艾森克研究的后续批评</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对艾森克研究的后续批评-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-米尔顿·罗克奇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#米尔顿·罗克奇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>米尔顿·罗克奇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-米尔顿·罗克奇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后续研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后续研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>后续研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后续研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他双轴模型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他双轴模型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>其他双轴模型</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他双轴模型-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其他双轴模型子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他双轴模型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-格林伯格及霍纳斯：左右轴和思想僵性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#格林伯格及霍纳斯：左右轴和思想僵性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>格林伯格及霍纳斯：左右轴和思想僵性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-格林伯格及霍纳斯：左右轴和思想僵性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英格尔哈特：世俗主义–传统主义和生存主义–自我表达" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英格尔哈特：世俗主义–传统主义和生存主义–自我表达"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>英格尔哈特：世俗主义–传统主义和生存主义–自我表达</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英格尔哈特：世俗主义–传统主义和生存主义–自我表达-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-波奈尔：自由–控制和非理性主义–理性主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波奈尔：自由–控制和非理性主义–理性主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>波奈尔：自由–控制和非理性主义–理性主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波奈尔：自由–控制和非理性主义–理性主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-诺兰：经济自由和个人自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#诺兰：经济自由和个人自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>诺兰：经济自由和个人自由</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-诺兰：经济自由和个人自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">政治光譜</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。53种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="طيف سياسي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيف سياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espeutru_pol%C3%ADticu" title="Espeutru políticu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espeutru políticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0" title="রাজনৈতিক মতপরিসর – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনৈতিক মতপরিসর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectre_pol%C3%ADtic" title="Espectre polític – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectre polític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A9_spektrum" title="Politické spektrum – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politické spektrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbectrwm_gwleidyddol" title="Sbectrwm gwleidyddol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbectrwm gwleidyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_politiske_spektrum" title="Det politiske spektrum – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det politiske spektrum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisches_Spektrum" title="Politisches Spektrum – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politisches Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeybeyo_politik" title="Xeybeyo politik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xeybeyo politik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πολιτικό φάσμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτικό φάσμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Political spectrum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_spektro" title="Politika spektro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika spektro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Espectro político – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectro político" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitiline_spekter" title="Poliitiline spekter – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poliitiline spekter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espektro_politiko" title="Espektro politiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espektro politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="طیف سیاسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliittinen_kirjo" title="Poliittinen kirjo – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poliittinen kirjo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chiquier_politique" title="Échiquier politique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échiquier politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="ספקטרום פוליטי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספקטרום פוליטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="राजनीतिक वर्णक्रम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीतिक वर्णक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dki_spektar" title="Politički spektar – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politički spektar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikai_spektrum" title="Politikai spektrum – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politikai spektrum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Քաղաքական սպեկտր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքական սպեկտր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_politik" title="Spektrum politik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spektrum politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettro_politico" title="Spettro politico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spettro politico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%84%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="政治的スペクトル – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治的スペクトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саяси пайымдар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саяси пайымдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%A0%81_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="정치적 스펙트럼 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치적 스펙트럼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eebenga_siyas%C3%AE" title="Şebenga siyasî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şebenga siyasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiskais_spektrs" title="Politiskais spektrs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politiskais spektrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Политички спектар – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политички спектар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_politik" title="Spektrum politik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spektrum politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="နိုင်ငံရေးစပက်ထရမ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံရေးစပက်ထရမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_spectrum" title="Politiek spectrum – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek spectrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scena_polityczna" title="Scena polityczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Scena polityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیاسي جریان – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیاسي جریان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Espectro político – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectro político" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectru_politic" title="Spectru politic – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spectru politic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Политический спектр – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политический спектр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dki_spektar" title="Politički spektar – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politički spektar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political spectrum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dni_spekter" title="Politični spekter – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politični spekter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Политички спектар – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политички спектар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiskt_spektrum" title="Politiskt spektrum – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politiskt spektrum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สเปกตรัมการเมือง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปกตรัมการเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_yelpaze" title="Siyasi yelpaze – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyasi yelpaze" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Політичний спектр – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політичний спектр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="سیاسی طیف – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاسی طیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Phổ chính trị – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phổ chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike_compasse" title="Politike compasse – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Politike compasse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="政治光譜 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政治光譜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C4%AB_kong-ph%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Chèng-tī kong-phó͘ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-tī kong-phó͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="政治光譜 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政治光譜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210918#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="margin-top: 0.2em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Category:政治">政治系列</a>主題條目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0;"><div class="skin-invert" style="background:#E6E6FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;margin:0.2em 0;white-space:unset!important;color: inherit;"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党">政黨政治</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">政治光譜</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左派</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="極左派">極左</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%A6" title="中間偏左">中間偏左</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中间主义">中間派</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%A6" title="中間偏左">中間偏左</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="激进中间主义">激進中間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%81%8F%E5%8F%B3" title="中間偏右">中間偏右</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%81%8F%E5%8F%B3" title="中間偏右">中間偏右</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="極右派">極右</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="左派和右派">左派和右派</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%B1%E9%A0%98" title="政治綱領">政綱</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="政治意識形態列表">意識形態</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="無政府主義">無政府主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民粹主義">民粹主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="共產主義">共產主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="保守主義">保守主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="民主主義">民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="环境保护主义">環保主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯主義">法西斯主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%99%E6%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="原教旨主義">原教旨主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="全球主義">全球主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="綠色政治">綠色政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国际主义">國際主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由意志主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%9C%E9%BB%A8" title="海盜黨">海盜黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基督教民主主義">基督教民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="進步主義">進步主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典激进主义">古典激進主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="地区主义">地區主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="融合政治">融合政治</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;">政黨類型</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:8em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" title="精英政黨">精英政黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" title="執政黨">執政黨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="具官方地位政黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Official party status"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B7%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="具官方地位政黨（页面不存在）">具官方地位政黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_party_status" class="extiw" title="en:Official party status"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Official party status</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡特爾政黨理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cartel party theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡特爾政黨理論（页面不存在）">卡特爾政黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Cartel party theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cartel party theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="企業型政黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Business-firm party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%9E%8B%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="企業型政黨（页面不存在）">企業型政黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-firm_party" class="extiw" title="en:Business-firm party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Business-firm party</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="單一問題政治">單一議題政黨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大眾政治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mass politics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大眾政治（页面不存在）">大眾政黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_politics" class="extiw" title="en:Mass politics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mass politics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E9%87%8E%E9%BB%A8" title="在野黨">在野黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="反對黨">反對黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%90%E7%AF%B7" title="大帐篷">大帳篷政黨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="少數族裔政黨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethnic party"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%97%8F%E8%A3%94%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="少數族裔政黨（页面不存在）">少數族裔政黨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_party" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnic party"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethnic party</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;">黨魁與組織</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%BA%A7%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1" title="後座議員">後座議員</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="少數黨領袖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minority leader"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E9%BB%A8%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="少數黨領袖（页面不存在）">少數黨領袖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_leader" class="extiw" title="en:Minority leader"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minority leader</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E9%BB%A8%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="反對黨領袖">反對黨領袖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96" title="政党领袖">政黨領袖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98" title="總書記">總書記</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政黨發言人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Party spokesperson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E7%99%BC%E8%A8%80%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政黨發言人（页面不存在）">政黨發言人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_spokesperson" class="extiw" title="en:Party spokesperson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Party spokesperson</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前座議員" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frontbencher"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%BA%A7%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前座議員（页面不存在）">前座議員</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontbencher" class="extiw" title="en:Frontbencher"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frontbencher</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多數黨領袖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Majority leader"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B8%E9%BB%A8%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多數黨領袖（页面不存在）">多數黨領袖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_leader" class="extiw" title="en:Majority leader"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Majority leader</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="議會領袖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parliamentary leader"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="議會領袖（页面不存在）">議會領袖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" class="extiw" title="en:Parliamentary leader"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parliamentary leader</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政黨主席" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Party chair"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政黨主席（页面不存在）">政黨主席</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_chair" class="extiw" title="en:Party chair"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Party chair</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E9%9E%AD" title="黨鞭">黨鞭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="主要候選人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lead candidate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%80%99%E9%81%B8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="主要候選人（页面不存在）">主要候選人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_candidate" class="extiw" title="en:Lead candidate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lead candidate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E5%9C%98%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="黨團會議">黨團會議</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黨團主席" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caucus chair"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%A8%E5%9C%98%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黨團主席（页面不存在）">黨團主席</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus_chair" class="extiw" title="en:Caucus chair"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caucus chair</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="影子内阁">影子內閣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="政治派別">政治派別</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;">黨內選舉</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"> <div>   <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E9%81%B8" title="初選">初選</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83" title="黨大會">黨大會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="開放名單">開放名單</a></li></ul> </div>  </td> <td> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="領導選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leadership election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="領導選舉（页面不存在）">領導選舉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_election" class="extiw" title="en:Leadership election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leadership election</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="領導大會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leadership convention"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="領導大會（页面不存在）">領導大會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_convention" class="extiw" title="en:Leadership convention"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leadership convention</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div>  </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E7%B4%80" title="黨紀">黨紀</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="良心投票" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conscience vote"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="良心投票（页面不存在）">良心投票</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_vote" class="extiw" title="en:Conscience vote"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conscience vote</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轉換陣營" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crossing the floor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E9%99%A3%E7%87%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉換陣營（页面不存在）">轉換陣營</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" class="extiw" title="en:Crossing the floor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crossing the floor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%A8%E7%B4%80" title="黨紀">政黨紀律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政黨路線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Party line (politics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政黨路線（页面不存在）">政黨路線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" class="extiw" title="en:Party line (politics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Party line (politics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黨派投票" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Party-line vote"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%A8%E6%B4%BE%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黨派投票（页面不存在）">黨派投票</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-line_vote" class="extiw" title="en:Party-line vote"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Party-line vote</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政黨轉換" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Party switching"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政黨轉換（页面不存在）">政黨轉換</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_switching" class="extiw" title="en:Party switching"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Party switching</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="政党制度">政党制度</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党制</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%BF%E5%88%B6" title="一党优势制">一党优势制</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" title="兩黨制">兩黨制</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" title="多黨制">多黨制</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="无党制民主">無黨制</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聯合" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coalition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯合（页面不存在）">政黨聯盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition" class="extiw" title="en:Coalition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coalition</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:8em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分立政府" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Divided government"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分立政府（页面不存在）">分立政府</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_government" class="extiw" title="en:Divided government"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Divided government</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B8%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="多數派政府">多數派政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="聯合政府">聯合政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E9%BB%A8%E5%9C%98" title="議會黨團">議會黨團</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輪替政府" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rotation government"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%AA%E6%9B%BF%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輪替政府（页面不存在）">輪替政府</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_government" class="extiw" title="en:Rotation government"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rotation government</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%AD%98%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="共識民主">共識民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="民族團結政府">國民團結政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="少數派政府">少數派政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="大聯合政府">大聯合政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99" title="信任供给">信任供給</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E5%B3%99%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="懸峙議會">懸峙議會</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#E6E6FA; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;color: inherit;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政黨列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lists of political parties"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政黨列表（页面不存在）">政黨列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of political parties"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lists of political parties</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em;"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:8em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國執政黨列表">各國執政黨列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各地區政黨列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of political parties by region"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各地區政黨列表（页面不存在）">各地區政黨列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" class="extiw" title="en:List of political parties by region"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of political parties by region</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="政治意識形態列表">政治意識形態列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="被禁政黨列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of banned political parties"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A2%AB%E7%A6%81%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="被禁政黨列表（页面不存在）">被禁政黨列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" class="extiw" title="en:List of banned political parties"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of banned political parties</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Template:政党政治"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:政党政治（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:政党政治"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-top: 0.1em; padding-bottom: 0.1em; font-size: 160%; font-weight: normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">政治意識形態</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">系列條目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 思想流派</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典自由主义">古典自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="个人主义">个人主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="個人無政府主義">個人無政府主義</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会自由主义">社会自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新自由主義">新自由主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由意志主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主主義</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="直接民主制">直接民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議民主制">代議民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宪政主义">宪政主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="不自由的民主">不自由的民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日本型社会民主主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本型社会民主主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9E%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="日本型社会民主主义">日本型社会民主主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9E%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:日本型社会民主主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本型社会民主主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="激进民主主义">激进民主主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基督教民主主義">基督教民主主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="資產階級民主主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="ブルジョア民主主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="資產階級民主主義（页面不存在）">資產階級民主主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:ブルジョア民主主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">ブルジョア民主主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無產階級民主主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="プロレタリア民主主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無產階級民主主義（页面不存在）">無產階級民主主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:プロレタリア民主主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">プロレタリア民主主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="人民民主">人民民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="三民主義">三民主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="専制主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="専制主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%82%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="専制主義（页面不存在）">専制主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%82%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:専制主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">専制主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="絕對主義">絕對主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义">法西斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="纳粹主义">纳粹主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭法西斯主義">伊斯蘭法西斯主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="军国主义">军国主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德治主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="徳治主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德治主義（页面不存在）">德治主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B3%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:徳治主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">徳治主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="封建主義 (政治意識形態)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="封建主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="封建主義 (政治意識形態)（页面不存在）">封建主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:封建主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">封建主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="集團主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="集団主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="集团主义">集團主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:集団主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">集団主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="國家主義">國家主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="地方主義">地方主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E8%A3%94%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="族裔民族主义">族裔民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社群主義">社群主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%9C%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社團主義">社團主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="集体主义">集体主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯兰主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%99%E6%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰原教旨主义">伊斯兰原教旨主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E8%A6%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基督教基要主义">基督教原理主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對伊斯蘭教的批評">對伊斯蘭教的批評</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度教至上主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="ヒンドゥー・ナショナリズム"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教至上主義（页面不存在）">印度教至上主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:ヒンドゥー・ナショナリズム"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">ヒンドゥー・ナショナリズム</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%BB" title="自由放任">自由放任</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国家资本主义">国家资本主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国家垄断资本主义">国家垄断资本主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超資本主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="超資本主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超資本主義（页面不存在）">超資本主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:超資本主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">超資本主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="無政府資本主義">無政府資本主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國際資本主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="グローバル資本主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際資本主義（页面不存在）">國際資本主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:グローバル資本主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">グローバル資本主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="情報資本主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="情報資本主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情報資本主義（页面不存在）">情報資本主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:情報資本主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">情報資本主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%83%B3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="空想社会主义">空想社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宗教社会主义">宗教社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="民主社会主义">民主社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="共产主义意识形态列表">列表</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會無政府主義">社會無政府主義</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%9B%A2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="工团主义">工团主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自主管理社會主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="自主管理社会主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自主管理社會主義（页面不存在）">自主管理社會主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:自主管理社会主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">自主管理社会主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="左翼共产主义">左翼共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="阿拉伯社会主义">阿拉伯社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="市场社会主义">市场社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="國家社會主義 (消歧義)">國家社會主義 (消歧義)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日本型社会主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本型社会主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9E%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="日本型社会主义">日本型社会主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9E%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:日本型社会主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本型社会主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日本型社会民主主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本型社会民主主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9E%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="日本型社会民主主义">日本型社会民主主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9E%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:日本型社会民主主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本型社会民主主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="卢森堡主义">卢森堡主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="列宁主义">列宁主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托洛茨基主义">托洛茨基主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="毛泽东思想">毛泽东思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="邓小平理论">邓小平理论</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="环境保护主义">环境保护主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="綠色政治">綠色政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="綠色保守主義">綠色保守主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">政治光譜</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="革新派" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="革新"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="革新派（页面不存在）">革新派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:革新"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">革新</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E8%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="改良主义">改良主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="進步主義">進步主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E9%80%B2%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="激進派">激进派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="極左派">極左派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="平等主義">平等主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">中間主義</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%A6" title="中間偏左">中間偏左</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%81%8F%E5%8F%B3" title="中間偏右">中間偏右</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">保守主義</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会保守主义">社会保守主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保守左派" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="保守左派"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保守左派（页面不存在）">保守左派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:保守左派"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">保守左派</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="緑色保守主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="緑の保守主義"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%91%E8%89%B2%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緑色保守主義（页面不存在）">緑色保守主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E3%81%AE%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:緑の保守主義"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">緑の保守主義</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族保守主義">民族保守主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新保守主義">新保守主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="極右派">極右派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%9A%87%E6%B4%BE" title="保皇派">保皇主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">其它</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A1%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="第三条道路">第三条道路</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政治融合主義" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="政治的シンクレティズム"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治融合主義（页面不存在）">政治融合主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%84%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:政治的シンクレティズム"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">政治的シンクレティズム</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8" title="中庸">中庸</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="統治體制" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="統治機構"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統治體制（页面不存在）">統治體制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:統治機構"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">統治機構</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">統治者類型</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">神權政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" title="无产阶级专政">无产阶级专政</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">權力分配</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="精英政治">精英政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" title="多头政体">多头政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">國家形式</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制">邦联制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无产阶级国际主义">无产阶级国际主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="超國家主義 (國際關係)">超國家主義 (國際關係)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世界主义">世界主义</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">其它</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="啓蒙思想" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="啓蒙思想"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="啓蒙思想（页面不存在）">啓蒙思想</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:啓蒙思想"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">啓蒙思想</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="混合经济">混合经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="現實主義 (國際關係)">現實主義 (國際關係)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="精英主义">精英主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民粹主義">民粹主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="宗教教義">宗教教義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%99%E6%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="原教旨主義">原教旨主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="多元主義">多元主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="結果責任" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="結果責任"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結果責任（页面不存在）">結果責任</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB" class="extiw" title="ja:結果責任"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">結果責任</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E6%9C%AF" title="权术">权术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">诸子百家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA" title="封建">封建主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="孤立主义">孤立主义</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="政治意識形態列表">列表</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題頁</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ideologies" title="Template:Ideologies"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ideologies" title="Template talk:Ideologies"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Ideologies" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Ideologies"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>政治光譜</b>（英語：<span lang="en">political spectrum</span>），也称<b>政治坐标</b>，是用作量度個人<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>立場傾向（即不同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="意识形态">意识形态</a>）的工具。政治光譜正如一般<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="光譜">光譜</a>一樣，由一条或多条<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">几何学</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB" title="坐標系">坐標軸</a>構成<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。政治光譜这一概念通常指代常用的二维政治光譜模型<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大多数政治光谱都包括两大派，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="左派和右派">左派和右派</a>，这是从18世纪<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>时期<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="法国议会">法国议会</a>的坐席方向沿袭而来的，在当时<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左派</a>偏向<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="激进政治">激进政治</a>而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a>偏向<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族政治</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp5ed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bobbio2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobbio2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。现今，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>在国际上常被视为左派，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义">保守主义</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8A%A8" title="反动">反动主义</a>则常被视为右派<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>因在不同的语境下指代不同位置也不同，有时为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左派</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會自由主義">社會自由主義</a>），有时为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="保守自由主義">保守自由主義</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經濟自由主義">經濟自由主義</a>）。觀點中等的人有時被列為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="中間派">中間派</a>。完全不使用传统左右划分的政治常被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="融合政治">融合政治</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，尽管这个标签往往会把那些在双轴图表上有逻辑位置的信念错误地带到另一种单轴划分上。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="政治学家">政治學家</a>注意到，一個單一的左右軸太簡單了，不足以描述政治信念的現有變化，因此在政治信念的探讨上常常使用两维或更高维度的图表描述政治信念<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。常用的二维光谱的两个坐标轴多为经济轴（左对右）和社会文化轴（权威对自由），尽管各个图表对轴线方向的用词可能各不相同<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg/220px-Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg/330px-Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg/440px-Political_Compass_purple_LibRight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>今日使用的最多的二维政治光谱图，横轴为社会经济轴（左对右），竖轴为政治文化轴（威权对自由）<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>政治上的左右派起源於1789-1799的法國革命時代的早期<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp5ed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。从当时<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国大革命用词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of the French Revolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国大革命用词（页面不存在）">各类立法机构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of the French Revolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of the French Revolution</span></a></span>）</span></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7" title="議長">議長</a>席位上可以观察到，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">貴族</a>坐在右邊，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91" title="平民">平民</a>則坐在左邊，便分别對應<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="右翼政治">右翼政治</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="左翼政治">左翼政治</a><sup id="cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp5ed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>最初，意识形态光谱的定义基于<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="旧制度">旧制度</a>。当时，右派支持贵族、王室和教会，而左派支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义">世俗主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="公民自由">公民自由</a><sup id="cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp5ed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由于<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a>初期的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83" title="选举权">政治选举权</a>相对狭窄，最初的左派主要代表<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="資產階級">資產階級</a>的利益，即崛起的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本家</a>阶层（有明显的例外，如早期共产主义者<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%A4%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B4%9D%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉古·巴贝夫">格拉古·巴贝夫</a>）。议会中的左派会支持<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%BB" title="自由放任">自由放任</a>的经济及<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="自由市場">自由市場</a>，因为这些代表了对资本家而不是对贵族有利的政策，但在议会政治之外，这些观点往往被定性为右派。 </p><p>造成这种明显矛盾的原因在于，那些在官方议会结构之外的左派（如法国大革命中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%A5%97%E8%A4%B2%E6%BC%A2" title="無套褲漢">無套褲漢</a>）通常代表着大部分工人阶级、贫苦农民和失业者。他们在法国大革命中的政治利益在于反对贵族，因此他们选择在早期与资本家结盟。然而，这并不意味着他们的经济利益与在政治上代表他们的人的自由放任政策相一致。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="学术研究"><span id=".E5.AD.A6.E6.9C.AF.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>学术研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：学术研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>近一个世纪以来，社会学家一直在考虑如何最恰当地描述政治立场。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伦纳德·弗格森"><span id=".E4.BC.A6.E7.BA.B3.E5.BE.B7.C2.B7.E5.BC.97.E6.A0.BC.E6.A3.AE"></span>伦纳德·弗格森</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：伦纳德·弗格森"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1950年，伦纳德·弗格森用十个量表分析了政治价值观，具体以人们对以下方面的态度作为衡量标准：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="生育控制">生育控制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91" title="死刑">死刑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="审查制度">审查制度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="愛國主義">愛國主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="有神论">有神论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA" title="犯罪">罪犯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a>。他对结果进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="因素分析">因素分析</a>，确定了三个因素，他将其命名为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="religionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教主义（页面不存在）">宗教主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/religionism" class="extiw" title="en:religionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">religionism</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人道主义">人道主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>。他把宗教主义定义为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="对上帝的信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="belief in God"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对上帝的信仰（页面不存在）">对上帝的信仰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/belief_in_God" class="extiw" title="en:belief in God"><span lang="en" dir="auto">belief in God</span></a></span>）</span></span>，以及对<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="生育控制">生育控制</a>的消极态度；人道主义与反对战争、死刑和严厉<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="刑事司法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Criminal justice"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刑事司法（页面不存在）">对待罪犯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice" class="extiw" title="en:Criminal justice"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Criminal justice</span></a></span>）</span></span>的态度有关；而民族主义则反映了对审查制度、法律、爱国主义和共产主义的意见变化。 </p><p>这个系统是通过探索性的经验实验得出的，而不是在纯粹的理论基础上设计一个政治模型并对其进行测试。因此，在解释弗格森的三个因素时必须谨慎，因为无论客观上是否存在一个真实的因素，因素分析都会输出一个抽象的因素<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。尽管对民族主义因素的重复实验结果并不一致，但宗教主义和人道主义已被弗格森和其他人通过重复实验确认了许多次<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="汉斯·艾森克"><span id=".E6.B1.89.E6.96.AF.C2.B7.E8.89.BE.E6.A3.AE.E5.85.8B"></span>汉斯·艾森克</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：汉斯·艾森克"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_spectrum_Eysenck.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Political_spectrum_Eysenck.svg/220px-Political_spectrum_Eysenck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Political_spectrum_Eysenck.svg/330px-Political_spectrum_Eysenck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Political_spectrum_Eysenck.svg/440px-Political_spectrum_Eysenck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>根据汉斯·艾森克理论所制作的二维政治光谱，横轴为激进对保守，纵轴为权威主义对民主主义</figcaption></figure> <p>弗格森的研究发表后没多久，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E5%85%8B" title="汉斯·艾森克">汉斯·艾森克</a>开始研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E5%B3%B6" title="大不列顛島">英国本土</a>的政治态度问题。他认为，尽管国家社会主义者（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="纳粹主义">纳粹</a>）和共产党人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="左派和右派">左右轴</a>上的立场相反，但他们在本质上有相似之处。汉斯·艾森克在其1956年出版的《心理学中的理智与废话》一书中对他在这方面实验的步骤进行了具体描述<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：艾森克整理了一份常在报纸和政治小册子中出现的政治观点的清单，并要求受试者描述其有多么同意或多么不同意每一种观点，再对这份观点调查表使用弗格森所用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="因素分析">因素分析</a>法进行研究。艾森克得出了两个因素，他将其命名为“激进主义”（R-因素）和“温和心态”（T-因素）。 </p><p>因素分析产生的因素需要谨慎的对待，因为这些因素可能不与现实世界的现象相对应。虽然艾森克的R-因素很容易被看作与传统的左右立场划分相同，但T-因素（与R-因素之间没有相关性的因素）却不那么直观，因为该因素的高分者赞成<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="和平主義">和平主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" title="种族平等">种族平等</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宗教教育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="religious education"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教教育（页面不存在）">宗教教育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/religious_education" class="extiw" title="en:religious education"><span lang="en" dir="auto">religious education</span></a></span>）</span></span>和对<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A7" title="人工流产">堕胎</a>的限制，而低分者则支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="军国主义">军国主义</a>、严厉的<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A9%E7%BD%9A" title="惩罚">惩罚</a>、约束更少的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%A9%9A" title="离婚">离婚</a>法和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%83%85%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%A0%E8%AE%BA#爱的类型" title="爱情三因论">友伴式</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="婚姻">婚姻</a>。 </p><p>社会学家博然·托多西耶维奇认为，根据艾森克的理论，激进主义（受R-因素支配）被定义为积极看待进化理论、罢工、福利国家、混合婚姻、学生抗议、法律改革、妇女解放、联合国、裸体主义营地、流行音乐、现代艺术、移民、废除私有财产和拒绝爱国主义。保守主义（受R-因素支配）被定义为积极看待白人的优越性、鞭打、死刑、反犹太主义、反对财产国有化和生育控制。温和心态（受T-因素支配）被定义为积极看待道德训练、天生的良知、圣经真理、贞洁、自我否定、和平主义、反对歧视、反对死刑和严厉对待罪犯。强硬心态（受T-因素支配）被定义为积极看待强制绝育、安乐死、更容易的离婚法、种族主义、反犹太主义、强制军事训练、换妻、休闲生活、死刑和严厉对待罪犯<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>尽管<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="方法学">方法学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE" title="地理位置">研究的位置</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="理論">理論</a>都不同，艾森克和弗格森取得的结果具有一致性。简单地将艾森克的两个因素旋转45度，就可以得到弗格森在美国确定的宗教主义和人道主义因素<sup id="cite_ref-Eysenck_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>通过对<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a><sup id="cite_ref-Eysenck_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的价值观进行相同方法的因素分析，同样发现了艾森克的R-因素和T-因素。 </p><p>艾森克在1956年的工作中注意了一个有趣的现象，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>和英国，大部分的政治差异都被左右轴所归纳，而在法国，T-因素的影响较大，在中东，T-因素几乎占了政治立场的全部：“在中东的阿拉伯人中，人们发现，虽然在不同态度之间观察到的关系中仍然清楚地表达了强硬-温和的维度，但没有任何东西与<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="激进政治">激进</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义">保守</a>的连续性相对应”<sup id="cite_ref-Eysenck_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="艾森克的政治观点与他的研究之间的关系"><span id=".E8.89.BE.E6.A3.AE.E5.85.8B.E7.9A.84.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E8.A7.82.E7.82.B9.E4.B8.8E.E4.BB.96.E7.9A.84.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E4.B9.8B.E9.97.B4.E7.9A.84.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>艾森克的政治观点与他的研究之间的关系</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：艾森克的政治观点与他的研究之间的关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>艾森克的研究与他的政治观点有关。艾森克直言不讳地反对他所认为的对左右派<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="权威主义">权威主义</a>的滥用，因此他认为通过T-因素，他找到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="纳粹主义">纳粹主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>之间的联系。根据艾森克的观点，这两种<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">意識形態</a>的信奉者往往十分强硬。艾森克论点的核心是，温和的意识形态是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>的，对<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">人的自由</a>持积极的态度；而强硬的意识形态具有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E7%95%A5_(%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="侵略 (社會科學)">侵略性</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="权威主义">权威主义</a>。艾森克的观点受到了政治上的批评。在这种情况下，艾森克对纳粹主义和共产主义团体进行了研究，声称发现这两个团体的成员比对照组更有“支配性”且更有“攻击性”<sup id="cite_ref-Eysenck_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>艾森克离开<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a>后在英国生活，并毫不客气地攻击<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a>，指出俄罗斯政府具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义">反犹</a>偏见、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>领导人的奢华生活方式以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a>作为“当今世界最<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="獨裁政體">不民主</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="政权">政权</a>之一”的情况下将自己命名为德意志民主共和国的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·奥威尔">奥威尔</a>式的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%83%B3" title="雙想">雙想</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。虽然艾森克是纳粹主义的反对者，但他与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义">法西斯</a>组织的关系却更为复杂。艾森克本人支持<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国国家党 (1976年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Party (UK, 1976)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%9A_(1976%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国国家党 (1976年)（页面不存在）">英国国家党</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1976)" class="extiw" title="en:National Party (UK, 1976)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Party (UK, 1976)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（该党反对“希特勒式的”纳粹主义）的理论，并在其杂志《灯塔》的第一期上接受了采访，内容涉及他对不同种族之间智力存在差异的争议性观点<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。采访过程中，艾森克曾被问及他是否有犹太血统<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。艾森克的立场问题同样受到其他研究人员的质疑，如英国神经科学家及社会评论者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史蒂芬·罗斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Steven Rose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史蒂芬·罗斯（页面不存在）">史蒂芬·罗斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rose" class="extiw" title="en:Steven Rose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Steven Rose</span></a></span>）</span></span>认为艾森克的研究有其政治目的<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="对艾森克研究的后续批评"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E8.89.BE.E6.A3.AE.E5.85.8B.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E7.9A.84.E5.90.8E.E7.BB.AD.E6.89.B9.E8.AF.84"></span>对艾森克研究的后续批评</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：对艾森克研究的后续批评"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>艾森克的T-因素在后续的研究中继续遭到批评： </p> <ul><li>几乎没有发现任何价值观只与强硬-温和这种划分有关。</li> <li>将强硬心态与权威关联同时将温和心态与民主相关联的做法与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派">法蘭克福學派</a>的单轴模型不一致，后者将权威主义概念化为保守主义的基本表现，此外许多其他研究者也对左翼权威主义的划分提出异议<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>艾森克为解释所观察到的维度中的个体差异而发展的理论将强硬心态与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%86%85%E5%90%91%E6%80%A7" title="外向性与内向性">外向性</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="精神病性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="psychoticism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神病性（页面不存在）">精神病性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/psychoticism" class="extiw" title="en:psychoticism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">psychoticism</span></a></span>）</span></span>相关联，但这一结果存在争议<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>艾森克认为纳粹和共产党比主流政治运动的成员更强硬这一点受到了社会学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米尔顿·罗克奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Milton Rokeach"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米尔顿·罗克奇（页面不存在）">米尔顿·罗克奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Rokeach" class="extiw" title="en:Milton Rokeach"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Milton Rokeach</span></a></span>）</span></span>的技术批评<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>艾森克的分析方法包括寻找一个抽象的维度（一个因素）来解释一组给定的数据的分布（在他的研究中是政治调查的得分）。这个抽象的维度可能对应也可能不对应真实情景，例如在这种方法被应用于人类心理学时，就会出现明显的问题。在这种分析中得到的第二个因素（如艾森克的T-因素）是对数据散布的次优解释，根据定义，它应与第一个因素互不相关。R-因素描述了一组数据中的大部分变化，更有可能代表客观真实的东西，而随后的因素变得越来越抽象。人们会期望找到一个与左右划分大致对应的因素，因为这与人类社会中政治的主导框架相符，但艾森克的强硬-温和维度（T-因素）很可能只代表一个抽象的数学结构而已。而且，无论这种抽象的数学结构是否与真实情景相对应，它总会出现在因素分析中，从而使艾森克的理论在因素分析上不具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">可证伪性</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="米尔顿·罗克奇"><span id=".E7.B1.B3.E5.B0.94.E9.A1.BF.C2.B7.E7.BD.97.E5.85.8B.E5.A5.87"></span>米尔顿·罗克奇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：米尔顿·罗克奇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于对艾森克的研究不满意，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米尔顿·罗克奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Milton Rokeach"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米尔顿·罗克奇（页面不存在）">米尔顿·罗克奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Rokeach" class="extiw" title="en:Milton Rokeach"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Milton Rokeach</span></a></span>）</span></span>在1973年提出了自己的政治坐标双轴模型，其基础是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="政治自由">自由</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="平等原則">平等</a>，他在《人类价值的本质》一书中对这两种基础作出了详细解释<sup id="cite_ref-Rokeach_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rokeach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>罗克奇认为，左派和右派之间的最大区别在于左派比右派更强调平等的重要性。尽管他批评了艾森克的强硬-温和划分，罗克奇也认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="纳粹主义">纳粹主义</a>之间具有相似性，声称这些意识形态的推崇者不会像更传统的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社会民主主义者</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="民主社会主义">民主社会主义者</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义者</a>那样重视自由，他写道：“在这点上我的双轴模型与艾森克的假说十分相似”<sup id="cite_ref-Rokeach_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rokeach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>为测试这个模型，罗克奇和他的同事对能体现纳粹主义（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>）、共产主义（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" title="弗拉基米尔·列宁">弗拉基米尔·列宁</a>）、资本主义（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E8%8F%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="貝利·高華德">貝利·高華德</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>（多位作者）的作品进行了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95" title="內容分析法">内容分析</a>。这种方法因依赖于实验者对所分析内容的熟悉程度以及研究者对特定政治观点的看法而遭受批评。 </p><p>多名受试者对含有罗克奇确定的一些价值（包括自由和平等）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" title="同义词">同义词</a>句子进行了频率统计，罗克奇通过比较四种意识形态的文本中的所有价值的相对频率排名来分析这些结果： </p> <ul><li>社会主义者—自由排名第一，平等排名第二</li> <li>希特勒–自由排名第十六，平等排第十七</li> <li>高华德—自由排名第一，平等排名第十六</li> <li>列宁—自由排名第十七，平等排名第一</li></ul> <p>后来一些基于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">意識形態</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="美国总统">美国总统</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%8C%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC" title="美国总统就职典礼">就职典礼</a>的样本进行的研究<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>使用了与罗克奇类似的研究方法<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="后续研究"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E7.BB.AD.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>后续研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：后续研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在后来的研究中<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，艾森克改进了他的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="方法学">方法学</a>，使用了更多关于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>的问题。他以这种方式揭示了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="社会政策">社会政策</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="经济政策">经济政策</a>上的左右派事实上描述了不同的东西，以及以前未被发现的社会主义-资本主义（S-因素）轴。 </p><p>虽然S-因素与R-因素不同，但二者具有<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關性</a>，表明社会和经济<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a>都有基本的左右倾向。具体来说，S-因素注重<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E5%AF%8C%E5%B7%AE%E8%B7%9D" title="貧富差距">貧富差距</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大企业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="big business"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大企业（页面不存在）">大企业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/big_business" class="extiw" title="en:big business"><span lang="en" dir="auto">big business</span></a></span>）</span></span>等经济问题，而R-因素更多的与如何对待罪犯、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7" title="人类的性">性</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" title="軍隊">軍隊</a>等社会问题有关。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="羅納德·英格爾哈特">羅納德·英格爾哈特</a>在对基于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5" title="世界价值观调查">世界价值观调查</a>的民族<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81" title="意见">意见</a>进行研究时进行了重复实验，不过英格爾哈特的研究实际上描述了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">国家</a>的价值观，而不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%8F" title="國族">國族</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" title="个体">个体</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93" title="社会团体">团体</a>的价值观。英格爾哈特的双轴模型的其中一轴采用了类似弗格森最初的宗教主义–人道主义维度的形式。英格哈特将其称为“世俗主义–传统主义”，这一维度涵盖了传统和宗教问题，如爱国主义、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A7" title="人工流产">堕胎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%90%E6%AD%BB" title="安乐死">安乐死</a>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="服从 (人类行为)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Obedience (human behavior)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8D%E4%BB%8E_(%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="服从 (人类行为)（页面不存在）">遵守</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="extiw" title="en:Obedience (human behavior)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Obedience (human behavior)</span></a></span>）</span></span>法律和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81" title="权威">权威人士</a>的重要性，以及另一维度“生存主义–自我表达”，衡量的问题包括日常行为和穿着、对<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多元性 (政治)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diversity (politics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%80%A7_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多元性 (政治)（页面不存在）">政治多元性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" class="extiw" title="en:Diversity (politics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diversity (politics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="外國人">外國人</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="創新">創新</a>的接受度以及对具有特定争议性<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%9E%8B%E6%85%8B" title="生活型態">生活方式</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀">同性戀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="素食主義">素食主義</a>者）的人的<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%8B%E5%BA%A6_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="態度 (心理學)">態度</a>，以及参与政治<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="行动主义">活动</a>的意愿。结果可以参见英格爾哈特所做的表格<sup id="cite_ref-worldvaluessurvey.org_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldvaluessurvey.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>虽然与艾森克的研究没有直接关系，但有证据表明，美国的政治光谱可能有多达6个维度，英国的政治光谱有10个维度。这一结论基于两个大型数据集，并使用了贝叶斯方法而不是传统的因素分析方法<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他双轴模型"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.8F.8C.E8.BD.B4.E6.A8.A1.E5.9E.8B"></span>其他双轴模型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：其他双轴模型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="格林伯格及霍纳斯：左右轴和思想僵性"><span id=".E6.A0.BC.E6.9E.97.E4.BC.AF.E6.A0.BC.E5.8F.8A.E9.9C.8D.E7.BA.B3.E6.96.AF.EF.BC.9A.E5.B7.A6.E5.8F.B3.E8.BD.B4.E5.92.8C.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3.E5.83.B5.E6.80.A7"></span>格林伯格及霍纳斯：左右轴和思想僵性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：格林伯格及霍纳斯：左右轴和思想僵性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2003年由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杰夫·格林伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jeff Greenberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杰夫·格林伯格（页面不存在）">杰夫·格林伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Greenberg" class="extiw" title="en:Jeff Greenberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jeff Greenberg</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊娃·霍纳斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eva Jonas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%A8%83%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊娃·霍纳斯（页面不存在）">伊娃·霍纳斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Jonas" class="extiw" title="en:Eva Jonas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eva Jonas</span></a></span>）</span></span>发表在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5" title="心理学公报">心理学公报</a>》的一篇文章<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出了一个模型，这一模型包含标准的左右轴和代表意识形态僵性的轴。格林伯格和霍纳斯认为意识形态的僵性使得“教条主义和独裁主义的相关概念能够有很多共同之处”，其相同特点是“信任强大的领导者和服从、偏爱自己的内群体、民族中心主义和民族主义、对异己的侵略，以及借助警察和军队进行控制”。格林伯格和乔纳斯认为，意识形态的僵性高可能是由“特别强烈的减少恐惧和不确定性的需求”所导致的，是“无关左右翼赞同任何极端政府或意识形态的人的主要共同特征”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英格尔哈特：世俗主义–传统主义和生存主义–自我表达"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E6.A0.BC.E5.B0.94.E5.93.88.E7.89.B9.EF.BC.9A.E4.B8.96.E4.BF.97.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E2.80.93.E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E5.92.8C.E7.94.9F.E5.AD.98.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E2.80.93.E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E8.A1.A8.E8.BE.BE"></span>英格尔哈特：世俗主义–传统主义和生存主义–自我表达</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：英格尔哈特：世俗主义–传统主义和生存主义–自我表达"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inglehart_Values_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Inglehart_Values_Map.svg/220px-Inglehart_Values_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Inglehart_Values_Map.svg/330px-Inglehart_Values_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Inglehart_Values_Map.svg/440px-Inglehart_Values_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>基于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5" title="世界价值观调查">世界价值观调查</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="羅納德·英格爾哈特">英格爾哈特</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%AD%96%E5%B0%94" title="克里斯蒂·韦尔策尔">韦尔策尔</a>世界文化图的重制版</figcaption></figure> <p>2003年1月4日的一期《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="经济学人">经济学人</a>》讨论了一个由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="羅納德·英格爾哈特">羅納德·英格爾哈特</a>提出并得到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5" title="世界价值观调查">世界价值观调查</a>（与<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="密歇根大学">密歇根大学</a>有关）支持的二维文化意识形态模型<sup id="cite_ref-worldvaluessurvey.org_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldvaluessurvey.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。该模型的Y轴考虑了传统和宗教的问题，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="愛國主義">愛國主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A7" title="人工流产">堕胎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%90%E6%AD%BB" title="安乐死">安乐死</a>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="服从 (人类行为)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Obedience (human behavior)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8D%E4%BB%8E_(%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="服从 (人类行为)（页面不存在）">遵守</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="extiw" title="en:Obedience (human behavior)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Obedience (human behavior)</span></a></span>）</span></span>法律和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81" title="权威">权威人士</a>的重要性。在坐标轴的下部是表示对这些问题持传统主义立场（对国家和家庭的忠诚以及对生命的尊重），而在顶部则是持世俗的立场。X轴衡量的问题包括日常行为和穿着、对<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多元性 (政治)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diversity (politics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%80%A7_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多元性 (政治)（页面不存在）">政治多元性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" class="extiw" title="en:Diversity (politics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diversity (politics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="外國人">外國人</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="創新">創新</a>的接受度以及对具有特定争议性<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%9E%8B%E6%85%8B" title="生活型態">生活方式</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀">同性戀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="素食主義">素食主義</a>者）的人的<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%8B%E5%BA%A6_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="態度 (心理學)">態度</a>，以及参与政治<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="行动主义">活动</a>的意愿。该模型的可视化图的右侧代表开放的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自我表现的价值观" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-expression Values"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自我表现的价值观（页面不存在）">自我表现主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-expression_Values" class="extiw" title="en:Self-expression Values"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-expression Values</span></a></span>）</span></span>立场，而左侧是它的相反立场，英格哈特称后者为生存主义。该模型不仅有能力映射出个人的价值观，而且还能比较不同国家的人的价值观。具体来说，在基于该模型制作的图表上，前<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>国家在左上方和左中部，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C" title="中东">中东</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>国家在左下方，<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>国家在上中方，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>国家在正中方，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>欧洲国家在右上方，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%9C%88" title="英语圈">英语国家</a>在右中部，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲">拉丁美洲</a>国家在右下方。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="波奈尔：自由–控制和非理性主义–理性主义"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E5.A5.88.E5.B0.94.EF.BC.9A.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E2.80.93.E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6.E5.92.8C.E9.9D.9E.E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E2.80.93.E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>波奈尔：自由–控制和非理性主义–理性主义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：波奈尔：自由–控制和非理性主义–理性主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波奈尔图表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pournelle chart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波奈尔图表（页面不存在）">波奈尔图表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pournelle_chart" class="extiw" title="en:Pournelle chart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pournelle chart</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <p>1963年，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杰里·波奈尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jerry Pournelle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杰里·波奈尔（页面不存在）">杰里·波奈尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" class="extiw" title="en:Jerry Pournelle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jerry Pournelle</span></a></span>）</span></span>在他的政治学博士论文中提出了一个非常独特的双轴模型。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波奈尔图表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pournelle chart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波奈尔图表（页面不存在）">波奈尔图表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pournelle_chart" class="extiw" title="en:Pournelle chart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pournelle chart</span></a></span>）</span></span>的双轴中一轴为<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>，自由轴上左倾者往往会追求不受控制的自由或对<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%BD%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="越轨社会学">社会越轨行为</a>的保护，右倾者则强调权威及对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" title="社會規範">社會規範</a>的保护（最右为国家崇拜，最左为国家是“终极邪恶”）。另一轴为<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a>，具体来说是指对有策划的社会进步的信念，上倾者会认为社会存在的问题可以理性地解决，而下倾者则对这种理性方法持怀疑态度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="诺兰：经济自由和个人自由"><span id=".E8.AF.BA.E5.85.B0.EF.BC.9A.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.AA.E4.BA.BA.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1"></span>诺兰：经济自由和个人自由</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：诺兰：经济自由和个人自由"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan_chart_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/220px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/330px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/440px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="諾蘭曲線">諾蘭曲線</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="諾蘭曲線">諾蘭曲線</a></div> <p>自由意志主义者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大卫·诺兰 (自由意志党)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Nolan (Libertarian Party)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%B0_(%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%85%9A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大卫·诺兰 (自由意志党)（页面不存在）">大卫·诺兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nolan_(Libertarian_Party)" class="extiw" title="en:David Nolan (Libertarian Party)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Nolan (Libertarian Party)</span></a></span>）</span></span>提出了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="諾蘭曲線">諾蘭曲線</a>。该图表在横轴上考量了他认为的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="經濟自由">經濟自由</a>”（税收、自由贸易和自由企业等问题）因素，在纵轴上考量了他认为的“个人自由”（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="毒品合法化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="drug legalization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毒品合法化（页面不存在）">毒品合法化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/drug_legalization" class="extiw" title="en:drug legalization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">drug legalization</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A7" title="人工流产">堕胎</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B5%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6" title="徵兵制">征兵</a>等问题）因素。这一坐标图以此将<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左派</a>置于左侧，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由意志主義</a>者置于上方，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中间主义">中间派</a>在中间，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a>在右侧，诺兰最初命名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民粹主義">民粹主義</a>者在下面。与诺兰图表相同，一些流行的在线测试，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E9%92%88%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" class="mw-redirect" title="政治指南针测试">政治指南针测试</a>和iSideWith.com在内的一些网上的政治倾向测试采用了两轴模型。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="意识形态">意识形态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="政治思想">政治思想</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Heywood, Andrew. Political Ideologies: An Introduction 6th. Basingstoke: Macmillan International Higher Education. 2017: 14–17. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781137606044" title="Special:网络书源/9781137606044"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781137606044</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/988218349"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 988218349</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=2017&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781137606044&rft.pages=14-17&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988218349&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Petrik, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622050457/http://www.jsse.org/index.php/jsse/article/view/541/538">Core Concept "Political Compass". How Kitschelt's Model of Liberal, Socialist, Libertarian and Conservative Orientations Can Fill the Ideology Gap in Civic Education</a>. JSSE – Journal of Social Science Education. 2010-12-03: 4–2010: Social Science Literacy I: In Search for Basic Competences and Basic Concepts for Testing and Diagnosing <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-06-27</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4119%2Fjsse-541"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.4119/jsse-541</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsse.org/index.php/jsse/article/view/541/538">原始内容</a>存档于2019-06-22） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Core+Concept+%22Political+Compass%22.+How+Kitschelt%27s+Model+of+Liberal%2C+Socialist%2C+Libertarian+and+Conservative+Orientations+Can+Fill+the+Ideology+Gap+in+Civic+Education&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.aulast=Petrik&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JSSE+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Social+Science+Education&rft.pages=4-2010%3A+Social+Science+Literacy+I%3A+In+Search+for+Basic+Competences+and+Basic+Concepts+for+Testing+and+Diagnosing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsse.org%2Findex.php%2Fjsse%2Farticle%2Fview%2F541%2F538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4119%2Fjsse-541&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna; Sznajd, Józef. Who is left, who is right?. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. June 2005, <b>351</b> (2–4): 593–604. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhyA..351..593S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2005PhyA..351..593S</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physa.2004.12.038"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.physa.2004.12.038</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Who+is+left%2C+who+is+right%3F&rft.au=Sznajd%2C+J%C3%B3zef&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.aulast=Sznajd-Weron&rft.date=2005-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.jtitle=Physica+A%3A+Statistical+Mechanics+and+Its+Applications&rft.pages=593-604&rft.volume=351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhyA..351..593S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physa.2004.12.038&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lester, J. C. The Political Compass and Why Libertarianism is not Right-Wing. Journal of Social Philosophy. September 1996, <b>27</b> (2): 176–186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2786"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0047-2786</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9833.1996.tb00245.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00245.x</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=The+Political+Compass+and+Why+Libertarianism+is+not+Right-Wing&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.date=1996-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0047-2786&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Philosophy&rft.pages=176-186&rft.volume=27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9833.1996.tb00245.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stapleton, Julia. Resisting the Centre at the Extremes: 'English' Liberalism in the Political Thought of Interwar Britain. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. October 1999, <b>1</b> (3): 270–292. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1369-1481"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1369-1481</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-856X.00016"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/1467-856X.00016</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Resisting+the+Centre+at+the+Extremes%3A+%27English%27+Liberalism+in+the+Political+Thought+of+Interwar+Britain&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.date=1999-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1369-1481&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft.pages=270-292&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-856X.00016&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knapp5ed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp5ed_6-3"><sup><b>6.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-capi2-distribution-p.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/books/9780203003497/9780203003497_googleScholarPDF.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%229781134247912_googlepreview.pdf%22&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&x-amz-security-token=FQoGZXIvYXdzEEYaDC12k9aKSsqdCDcHRiK3A7ovZerStO4eI3M8JICn0VHOfeXavdRNyFaCQlIuQ5xBi06cKJW2fGIAEakKjvbdvEgRkZ9yqrBnywhVrpaLwNEMsZoiJaOfBEDit4h0hmR3XAovZkXWTSF7VKlWpLqJKJZALky1tHPisAdhP%2B1QZAH%2FDrsHx%2F%2FKS6iHqPxR2ogRUvPn4Rw%2BY260GubnNzKAF1bzFFZeMNtiqGa0CtkLXsCMyBbBqGl4tzExr7I2xbkZl6K5jNL9NELR50wfFfzgLqpPScNz%2BStHFJeHr5fkmQa5DtlbDYoHGJ1uA7pAIiPSYXO6K7WcmqYgknkPaRkXN0bS6fVOgsjjeUmR3yYUcsXyw%2FZjziBTM%2F8zddIGDGbJn3B7aUTA1rXfnv2DX9ghCOwKMHuFovGCHZXYR0lPR906GDtv%2BKRT0bk%2F1qiP514Z7AqgDm3aSzr0tg8pBLFHeCkxc8b%2FkIpHdcSr0PC9S6O0fMe0pESFkg3%2Bb0%2FB1OE2HF2fIbQEoPKzjoruhM%2FydSA1xb6vG%2FT8AOJswIoTQkCjNwSh3DyiXQpMdeMwR5GwXp7UHyAw0iK4ElpI7OiF9TNJPeOkSQ0o4anR3gU%3D&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIAQFVOSJ57R7TRZPLU&Expires=1541251649&Signature=fslwfmNkm6IhLTDBKMjZjoz3PXg%3D">1 French political traditions in a changing context</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ebk)</span>. The Government and Politics of France 5. Taylor and Francis. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-203-40260-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-203-40260-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-203-40260-3</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>. <q>France invented the terms Left and Right early in the great Revolution of 1789– 94 which first limited the powers of, and then overthrew, the Bourbon monarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=1+French+political+traditions+in+a+changing+context&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Wright%2C+Vincent&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+France&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=5&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-203-40260-3&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-capi2-distribution-p.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com%2Fbooks%2F9780203003497%2F9780203003497_googleScholarPDF.pdf%3Fresponse-content-disposition%3Dattachment%253B%2520filename%253D%25229781134247912_googlepreview.pdf%2522%26response-content-type%3Dapplication%252Fpdf%26x-amz-security-token%3DFQoGZXIvYXdzEEYaDC12k9aKSsqdCDcHRiK3A7ovZerStO4eI3M8JICn0VHOfeXavdRNyFaCQlIuQ5xBi06cKJW2fGIAEakKjvbdvEgRkZ9yqrBnywhVrpaLwNEMsZoiJaOfBEDit4h0hmR3XAovZkXWTSF7VKlWpLqJKJZALky1tHPisAdhP%252B1QZAH%252FDrsHx%252F%252FKS6iHqPxR2ogRUvPn4Rw%252BY260GubnNzKAF1bzFFZeMNtiqGa0CtkLXsCMyBbBqGl4tzExr7I2xbkZl6K5jNL9NELR50wfFfzgLqpPScNz%252BStHFJeHr5fkmQa5DtlbDYoHGJ1uA7pAIiPSYXO6K7WcmqYgknkPaRkXN0bS6fVOgsjjeUmR3yYUcsXyw%252FZjziBTM%252F8zddIGDGbJn3B7aUTA1rXfnv2DX9ghCOwKMHuFovGCHZXYR0lPR906GDtv%252BKRT0bk%252F1qiP514Z7AqgDm3aSzr0tg8pBLFHeCkxc8b%252FkIpHdcSr0PC9S6O0fMe0pESFkg3%252Bb0%252FB1OE2HF2fIbQEoPKzjoruhM%252FydSA1xb6vG%252FT8AOJswIoTQkCjNwSh3DyiXQpMdeMwR5GwXp7UHyAw0iK4ElpI7OiF9TNJPeOkSQ0o4anR3gU%253D%26AWSAccessKeyId%3DASIAQFVOSJ57R7TRZPLU%26Expires%3D1541251649%26Signature%3DfslwfmNkm6IhLTDBKMjZjoz3PXg%253D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2019年10月失效">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobbio2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bobbio2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norberto Bobbio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8i7fCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112">Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction</a>. John Wiley & Sons. 2016: 112 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-02-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-5095-1412-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-5095-1412-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-5095-1412-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821021620/https://books.google.com/books?id=8i7fCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112">存档</a>于2021-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.au=Norberto+Bobbio&rft.btitle=Left+and+Right%3A+The+Significance+of+a+Political+Distinction&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-1412-0&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8i7fCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT112&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Griffin, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ssUAQAAIAAJ">Fascism</a>. Oxford University Press. 1995: 8,307 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-289249-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-289249-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-289249-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524222355/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ssUAQAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2021-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289249-2&rft.pages=8%2C307&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ssUAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eatwell, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC&pg=PA71">A 'Spectral-Syncretic' Approach to Fascism</a>. Kallis, Aristotle A. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC">The fascism reader</a>. Routledge. 2003: 71 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-24359-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-24359-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-24359-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525142922/https://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC">存档</a>于2021-05-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=A+%27Spectral-Syncretic%27+Approach+to+Fascism&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.btitle=The+fascism+reader&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24359-9&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtP2wXl5nzboC%26pg%3DPA71&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fenna, Alan; Robbins, Jane; Summers, John. Government Politics in Australia. Robbins, Jane., Summers, John. 10th. Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education AU. 2013: 126 f. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781486001385" title="Special:网络书源/9781486001385"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781486001385</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1021804010"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 1021804010</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Jane&rft.au=Summers%2C+John&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Fenna&rft.btitle=Government+Politics+in+Australia&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=10th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781486001385&rft.pages=126+f&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Pearson+Higher+Education+AU&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1021804010&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Love, Nancy Sue. Understanding Dogmas and Dreams Second. Washington, District of Columbia: CQ Press. 2006: 16. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781483371115" title="Special:网络书源/9781483371115"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781483371115</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/893684473"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 893684473</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Sue&rft.aulast=Love&rft.btitle=Understanding+Dogmas+and+Dreams&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781483371115&rft.pages=16&rft.place=Washington%2C+District+of+Columbia&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893684473&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Forman, F. N.; Baldwin, N. D. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masteringbritish0000form">Mastering British Politics</a>. London: Macmillan Education UK. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masteringbritish0000form/page/8">8</a> f. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780333765487" title="Special:网络书源/9780333765487"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780333765487</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-15045-8"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/978-1-349-15045-8</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+N.+D.+J.&rft.aufirst=F.+N.&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.btitle=Mastering+British+Politics&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780333765487&rft.pages=8+f&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasteringbritish0000form&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-15045-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis. British Politics Today. Kavanagh, Dennis. 7th. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2003: 259. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780719065095" title="Special:网络书源/9780719065095"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780719065095</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52876930"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 52876930</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.au=Kavanagh%2C+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=British+Politics+Today&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780719065095&rft.pages=259&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52876930&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Körösényi, András. Government and Politics in Hungary. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. 1999: 54. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9639116769" title="Special:网络书源/9639116769"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9639116769</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51478878"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 51478878</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s%C3%A9nyi&rft.btitle=Government+and+Politics+in+Hungary&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9639116769&rft.pages=54&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51478878&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAS(R) 3.11 Users Guide, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/stsug/62259/HTML/default/viewer.htm#ugmultfactor.htm">Multivariate Analysis: Factor Analysis</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210907050751/http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/stsug/62259/HTML/default/viewer.htm#ugmultfactor.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ferguson, L.W. The Stability of the Primary Social Attitudes: I. Religionism and Humanitarianism. Journal of Psychology. 1941, <b>12</b> (2): 283–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223980.1941.9917075"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/00223980.1941.9917075</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=The+Stability+of+the+Primary+Social+Attitudes%3A+I.+Religionism+and+Humanitarianism&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+L.W.&rft.date=1941&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychology&rft.pages=283-8&rft.volume=12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223980.1941.9917075&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kirkpatrick, C. Religion and humanitarianism: a study of institutional implications. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied. 1949, <b>63</b> (9): i–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0093615"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/h0093615</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Religion+and+humanitarianism%3A+a+study+of+institutional+implications&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+C.&rft.date=1949&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Monographs%3A+General+and+Applied&rft.pages=i-23&rft.volume=63&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0093615&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/eysenck/politics.html">politics</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-05-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118033951/http://www.ditext.com/eysenck/politics.html">存档</a>于2020-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.btitle=politics&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Feysenck%2Fpolitics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Todosijevic, Bojan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279512916_Structure_of_Political_Attitudes_A_Literature_Review">Political Attitudes and Mentalities. Eastern European Political Cultures: Modeling Studies</a>. ArsDocendi-Bucharet University Press. 2013: 23–52 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053056/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279512916_Structure_of_Political_Attitudes_A_Literature_Review">存档</a>于2021-09-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.aufirst=Bojan&rft.aulast=Todosijevic&rft.btitle=Political+Attitudes+and+Mentalities.+Eastern+European+Political+Cultures%3A+Modeling+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=23-52&rft.pub=ArsDocendi-Bucharet+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F279512916_Structure_of_Political_Attitudes_A_Literature_Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eysenck-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eysenck_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eysenck_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eysenck_20-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eysenck_20-3"><sup><b>20.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eysenck, H.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sensenonsenseinp00eyse">Sense and nonsense in psychology</a>. London: Penguin Books. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.au=Eysenck%2C+H.J.&rft.btitle=Sense+and+nonsense+in+psychology&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsensenonsenseinp00eyse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eysenck, H.J. Primary social attitudes: A comparison of attitude patterns in England, Germany, and Sweden. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1953, <b>48</b> (4): 563–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13108438"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 13108438</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0054347"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/h0054347</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Primary+social+attitudes%3A+A+comparison+of+attitude+patterns+in+England%2C+Germany%2C+and+Sweden&rft.au=Eysenck%2C+H.J.&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abnormal+and+Social+Psychology&rft.pages=563-8&rft.volume=48&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0054347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13108438&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dator, J.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz5BAAAAIAAJ">Measuring attitudes across cultures: A factor analysis of the replies of Japanese judges to Eysenck's inventory of conservative-progressive ideology</a>. Schubert, Glendon A.; Danelski, David Joseph (编). Comparative judicial behavior: cross-cultural studies of political decision-making in the East and West. Oxford University Press. 1969 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053053/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz5BAAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2021-09-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Measuring+attitudes+across+cultures%3A+A+factor+analysis+of+the+replies+of+Japanese+judges+to+Eysenck%27s+inventory+of+conservative-progressive+ideology&rft.au=Dator%2C+J.A.&rft.btitle=Comparative+judicial+behavior%3A+cross-cultural+studies+of+political+decision-making+in+the+East+and+West&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYz5BAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eysenck, H.J. 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Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Rose, "Racism Refuted", <i>Nature</i> 1978-08-24, volume 274, page 738</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Rose, "Racism", <i>Nature</i> 1978-09-14, volume 275, page 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stone, W.F. The myth of left-wing authoritarianism. Political Psychology. 1980, <b>2</b> (3/4): 3–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3790998"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3790998</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3790998"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3790998</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+left-wing+authoritarianism&rft.au=Stone%2C+W.F.&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.pages=3-19&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3790998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3790998&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ray, J.J.; Bozek, R.S. 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World Values Survey. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-12-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_54">原始内容</a>存档于2011-10-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.au=Inglehart%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Welzel%2C+Christian&rft.btitle=The+WVS+Cultural+Map+of+the+World&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Values+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org%2Fwvs%2Farticles%2Ffolder_published%2Farticle_base_54&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lewenberg, Yoad. Political dimensionality estimation using a probabilistic graphic model. Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. June 2016: 447–456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Political+dimensionality+estimation+using+a+probabilistic+graphic+model&rft.aufirst=Yoad&rft.aulast=Lewenberg&rft.date=2016-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Thirty-Second+Conference+on+Uncertainty+in+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pages=447-456&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Greenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Greenberg（页面不存在）">Greenberg, J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eva_Jonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eva Jonas（页面不存在）">Jonas, E.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407130351/http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf">Psychological Motives and Political Orientation—The Left, the Right, and the Rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5" title="心理学公报">Psychological Bulletin</a>. 2003, <b>129</b> (3): 376–382 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-04-24</span>]</span>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.396.6599"><span title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX 10.1.1.396.6599</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12784935"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12784935</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.129.3.376"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.376</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2008-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C&rft.atitle=Psychological+Motives+and+Political+Orientation%E2%80%94The+Left%2C+the+Right%2C+and+the+Rigid%3A+Comment+on+Jost+et+al.+%282003%29&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+J.&rft.au=Jonas%2C+E.&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.pages=376-382&rft.volume=129&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.396.6599&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychoanalystsopposewar.org%2Fresources_files%2FConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.129.3.376&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12784935&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後左翼無政府主義（页面不存在）">後左翼無政府主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="extiw" title="en:Post-left anarchy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-left anarchy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="极端左翼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ultra-leftism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="极端左翼（页面不存在）">极端左翼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-leftism" class="extiw" title="en:Ultra-leftism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ultra-leftism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="反斯大林主义左翼">反斯大林主义左翼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="新左翼">新左翼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中间马克思主义">中间马克思主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A1%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="第三条道路">第三条道路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="激进中间主义">激进中间主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="新右派">新右派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政治意识形态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基督教民主主義">基督教民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义">保守主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义">法西斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="纳粹主义">纳粹主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">宗教政治学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教社会主义">佛教社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="基督教左派">基督教左派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="犹太左翼">犹太左翼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰社会主义">伊斯兰社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="基督教右派">基督教右派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="印度教民族主義">印度教民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯兰主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭民主主義">伊斯蘭民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%8C%AB%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="宗教錫安主義">宗教錫安主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政治性贬义词</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B7%A6" title="白左">白左</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%AA%B3%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85" title="香檳社會主義者">香檳社會主義者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="硬左翼">硬左翼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%86%A0" title="左膠">左膠</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="左翼疯子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Loony left"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E7%96%AF%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="左翼疯子（页面不存在）">左翼疯子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left" class="extiw" title="en:Loony left"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Loony left</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="月蝙蝠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moonbat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%88%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="月蝙蝠（页面不存在）">月蝙蝠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonbat" class="extiw" title="en:Moonbat"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moonbat</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="红色法西斯主义">红色法西斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E6%AD%A5%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="退步左派">退步左派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会法西斯主义">社会法西斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会帝国主义">社会帝国主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E6%88%98%E5%A3%AB" title="社会正义战士">社会正义战士</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="温和左翼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soft left"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="温和左翼（页面不存在）">温和左翼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_left" class="extiw" title="en:Soft left"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soft left</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翼形螺母 (政治)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wingnut (politics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BC%E5%BD%A2%E8%9E%BA%E6%AF%8D_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翼形螺母 (政治)（页面不存在）">翼形螺母</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" class="extiw" title="en:Wingnut (politics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wingnut (politics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">模式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B9%84%E9%90%B5%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="馬蹄鐵理論">馬蹄鐵理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="左派和右派">左派和右派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="諾蘭曲線">諾蘭曲線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BC%97%E9%A1%BF%E4%B9%8B%E7%AA%97" title="奥弗顿之窗">奥弗顿之窗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开放-封闭的政治光谱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Open–closed political spectrum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE-%E5%B0%81%E9%97%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放-封闭的政治光谱（页面不存在）">开放-封闭的政治光谱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" class="extiw" title="en:Open–closed political spectrum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Open–closed political spectrum</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BD%97%E7%9B%98" title="政治罗盘">政治罗盘</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波奈尔图表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pournelle chart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波奈尔图表（页面不存在）">波奈尔图表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pournelle_chart" class="extiw" title="en:Pournelle chart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pournelle chart</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="右翼威权主义">右翼威权主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反权威主义">反权威主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)" title="自由意志主義 (政治)">自由意志主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%9B%A2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="工团主义">工团主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="進步主義">進步主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="綠色政治">綠色政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="身份認同政治">身份認同政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%9C%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社團主義">社團主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="威权">威权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8A%A8" title="反动">反动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6" title="反建制">反建制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="集体主义">集体主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社群主義">社群主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E6%B4%BE_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8A%BF%E5%8A%9B)" title="建制派 (政治势力)">建制派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="个人主义">个人主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="强硬派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hardline"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E7%A1%AC%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="強硬派">强硬派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardline" class="extiw" title="en:Hardline"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hardline</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民粹主義">民粹主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政治激進主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radical politics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%BF%80%E9%80%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治激進主義（页面不存在）">政治激進主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_politics" class="extiw" title="en:Radical politics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radical politics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三角关系 (政治术语)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Triangulation (politics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三角关系 (政治术语)（页面不存在）">三角关系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" class="extiw" title="en:Triangulation (politics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Triangulation (politics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=政治光譜&oldid=85089744">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=政治光譜&oldid=85089744</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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